Abstract: Corn drying reduces the moisture content present in the grain to levels that allow safe storage. This process requires a large amount of energy, which is why, if not applied correctly, it can affect the quality of the product to be dried, in addition to representing important costs in the operation of the drying plants. The objective of this research is to analyze the corn drying systems used in Canton Quevedo, Province of Los Ríos. In order to achieve the objective, field visits were made to the area under study, considering factors related to the technology used and the corn harvesting period, as well as, characteristics of the coastal region of Ecuador. It was determined that stationary or fixed bed drying is the drying system widely used for corn drying, which uses subsidized liquefied petroleum gas as fuel for its operation. The moisture content of the corn received at the drying plants is above 30% in the two harvesting periods of the product, a situation that has an impact on processing times and product quality. The fuel demand for drying an average mass of product of 60.2 tons, between the first harvest period, March - June, and the second period, September - November, presents a difference of 300.77 kg of LPG in relation to the first harvest, being the moisture content a key factor to take into account.

Resumen: El secado del maíz permite reducir el contenido de humedad presente en el grano a niveles que permitan un almacenamiento seguro. El objetivo de esta investigación permite analizar los sistemas de secado de maíz empleados en el Cantón Quevedo, Provincia de Los Ríos. Para alcanzar nuestro objetivo se realizaron visitas de campo en la zona objeto de estudio, por lo que se consideraron factores relacionados con la tecnología empleada y período de cosecha de maíz, características de la región costera del Ecuador. Se determinó que el secado estacionario o de lecho fijo es el sistema de secado ampliamente empleado para el secado de maíz, el cual emplea como combustible el gas licuado de petróleo subsidiado para su funcionamiento. La humedad de recibo de maíz en las plantas de secado presenta niveles de humedad por encima del 30 %, en los dos periodos de cosecha del producto, situación que repercute en los tiempos de proceso y en la calidad del producto. La demanda de combustible para secar una masa promedio de producto, 60,2 Ton, entre el primer período de cosecha que va de Marzo - Junio, y el segundo período, Septiembre - Noviembre, presenta una diferencia de 300,77 Kg de GLP con relación a la primera cosecha, siendo la humedad de recibo un factor clave a tomar en cuenta.

Abstract Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a fossil fuel widely used in residential, commercial, and industrial applications. LPG systems must be designed and sized under minimum safety standards, which are established in national and international regulations. An LPG system is composed of fuel storage containers, pipelines, valves, meters, consumption equipment, and protection and safety elements. These must be sized and selected to withstand the action of the fuel gas and the working conditions to which they will be subjected. This document presents a review of the most important points to consider in the design and sizing of an LPG system based on the most representative international regulations.

Resumen El gas licuado de petróleo (GLP) es un combustible de origen fósil ampliamente utilizado en aplicaciones residenciales, comerciales e industriales. Los sistemas de GLP deben diseñarse y dimensionarse bajo estándares mínimos de seguridad, los cuales son establecidos en normativas nacionales e internacionales. Un sistema de GLP está conformado por recipientes de almacenamiento del combustible, tuberías, válvulas, medidores, equipos de consumo y elementos de protección y seguridad. Estos deben ser dimensionados y seleccionados para soportar la acción del gas combustible y las condiciones de trabajo a las que serán sometidos. En este documento se presenta una revisión de los puntos más importantes a tener en cuenta en el diseño y dimensionamientos de un sistema de GLP a partir de las normativas más representativas a nivel internacional.

Abstract The city of Tampico in Mexico is an industrial and commercial port marked by its extraction from oil fields at the beginning of the 20th century (1911-1938). Its history was described by American, English and Dutch foreigners who belonged to the oil industry, with lifestyles away from the local that were represented in the architectural style built in houses and multi-family buildings. These structures are part of the culturally and communicationally materialized history through inscriptions, writing models (Gray, 1960) or graphic symbols on their facades as identification, which we call historical identification graphics. The design objects represent the multicultural historical local color of that part of the world full of ornamentation with figurative forms, such as: acanthus leaves in the decoration of national roots, authentic graphic styles, use of proportions in high and low relief, as well as handling of construction materials of the time (concrete, brick, granite, among others). This research presents some of the results obtained from the morphological and symbolic study of the ornamental elements present in these cultural design objects, as a reflection of their stylistic evolution during the s. XIX - s. XX. The interpretation of these graphic constructions suggests an order, a balance, a texture, a rhythm, a symmetry, a formal coherence of the historical composition represented in its architectural materiality.

Resumen La ciudad de Tampico en México es un puerto industrial y comercial marcado por su extracción de yacimientos petroleros a principios del siglo XX (1911-1938). Su historia fue descrita por extranjeros estadounidenses, ingleses y holandeses que pertenecieron a la industria petrolera, con estilos de vida alejados del local que se representaron en el estilo arquitectónico construido en casas y edificios multifamiliares. Estas estructuras forman parte de la historia materializada cultural y comunicacionalmente por medio de inscripciones, modelos de escritura (Gray, 1960) o símbolos gráficos en sus fachadas como identificación, que denominamos gráficas identificativas históricas. Los objetos de diseño representan el color local histórico pluricultural de esa parte del mundo plagado de ornamentaciones conformas figurativas, como: hojas de acanto en la decoración de raíces nacionales, estilos gráficos auténticos, uso de proporciones en alto y bajo relieve, así como manejo de materiales de construcción de la época (concreto, ladrillo, granito, entre otros). Esta investigación presenta algunos de los resultados obtenidos del estudio morfológico y simbólico de los elementos ornamentales presentes en esos objetos culturales de diseño, como reflejo de su devenir estilístico durante el s. XIX - s. XX. La interpretación de esas construcciones gráficas sugiere un orden, un equilibrio, una textura, un ritmo, una simetría, una coherencia formal de la composición histórica representada en su materialidad arquitectónica.

Resumo A cidade de Tampico no México é um porto industrial e comercial marcado pela extração de campos de petróleo no início do século XX (1911-1938). Sua história foi narrada por estrangeiros americanos, ingleses e holandeses que pertenciam à indústria do petróleo, com estilos de vida distantes do local que eram representados no estilo arquitetônico construído em casas e edifícios multifamiliares. Essas estruturas fazem parte da história materializada cultural e comunicacionalmente por meio de inscrições, modelos de escrita (Gray, 1960) ou símbolos gráficos em suas fachadas como identificação, o que chamamos de gráficos de identificação histórica. Os objetos de design representam a cor multicultural histórica local daquela parte do mundo repleta de ornamentação com formas figurativas, tais como: folhas de acanto na decoração de raízes nacionais, estilos gráficos autênticos, uso de proporções em alto e baixo relevo, bem como manuseio de materiais de construção da época (concreto, tijolo, granito, entre outros). Esta pesquisa apresenta alguns dos resultados obtidos no estudo morfológico e simbólico dos elementos ornamentais presentes nestes objetos de design cultural, como reflexo da sua evolução estilística ao longo dos anos. XIX - s. XX. A interpretação dessas construções gráficas sugere uma ordem, um equilíbrio, uma textura, um ritmo, uma simetria, uma coerência formal da composição histórica representada em sua materialidade arquitetônica.

Resumo A fração solúvel de petróleo (WSF) prejudica os organismos, porém os danos podem variar entre os níveis celular e tecidual. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito agudo (24 h, 48 h e 72 h) e subcrônico (36 dias) da WSF (0%, 25% e 100%) em juvenis do peixe neotropical predador topo Hoplias aff. malabaricus. Os efeitos da WSF foram avaliados no nível molecular utilizando o ensaio do cometa e o teste do micronúcleo para o dano genômico e no nível morfológico através da identificação histológica de lesões patológicas no fígado. Em ambas exposições (aguda e subcrônica) encontramos baixos níveis de dano no DNA (< 10% de DNA na cauda do cometa) e frequência de micronúcleos não significativa em peixes expostos a WSF. As lesões mais significativas no fígado dos peixes expostos a WSF foram a vacuolização lipídica, hipertrofia e focos de necroses. Como estas lesões foram progressivas e persistentes, sua irreversibilidade pode afetar negativamente o recrutamento dos peixes, mesmo sendo um predador topo resistente.

Abstract Petroleum water soluble fraction (WSF) impairs organisms, but damages may vary among cell and tissue levels. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute (24 h, 48 h, 72 h) and subchronic effects (36 days) of WSF (0%, 25% and 100%) in juveniles of the Neotropical top predator fish Hoplias aff. malabaricus. The effects of WSF were evaluated at a molecular level using the comet assay and micronucleus test for genome damage; and at a morphological level through histological identification of liver pathologic lesions. In both acute and subchronic exposure we found low levels of DNA damage (< 10% of comet tail) and non-significant frequency of micronucleus in WSF exposed fish. The most significant liver lesions in WSF exposed fish were fatty vacuolization, hypertrophy and focal necrosis. Since these tissue injuries were progressive and persistent, their irreversibility may negatively affect fish recruitment, even in a such resistant top predator.

Resumo A tendência de produção de biocombustíveis a partir de triacilgliceróis de microalgas está aumentando, porque esse substrato é uma boa alternativa sustentável e vantajosa ao combustível de petróleo e gás. No presente estudo, isolados de microalgas indígenas foram selecionados de amostras de água (n = 30) e solo (n = 30) coletadas em três distritos de Punjab, Paquistão, para avaliar seu potencial de produção de biocombustíveis. As amostras foram inoculadas em placas de meio BG – 11 agar por incubação em temperatura ambiente de 25°C proporcionando 1000 lux por 16h de ciclo claro seguido de 8h de escuro por 15 dias. As amostras de água foram ricas em microalgas e 65.33% de microalgas (49 isolados) foram isolados do distrito de Faisalabad. Com base na morfologia microscópica, isolados de microalgas (n = 180) foram selecionados e submetidos à detecção de lipídios por ensaio de coloração com vermelho do Nilo. Isolados positivos para vermelho do Nilo (n = 23) foram processados para caracterização bioquímica (lipídica, proteica e de carboidratos). O isolado AIN63 apresentou maior teor de lipídios (17.4%) conforme detectado pelo ensaio de microvanilina. O isolado de alga AIN128 apresentou os melhores teores de proteína (42.91%) detectados pelo ensaio de Bradford, e o isolado AIN172 apresentou maiores teores de carboidratos (73.83%), conforme detectado pelo ensaio de anthrone. Os isolados de algas selecionados também foram analisados por espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) para confirmação da análise de carboidratos, proteínas e lipídios. Essas algas nativas têm potencial para a produção de biocombustíveis in vitro a partir de resíduos agrícolas.

Abstract Trend of biofuel production from microalgal triacylglycerols is enhancing, because this substrate is a good sustainable and advantageous alternative to oil and gas fuel. In the present study, indigenous micro algal isolates were screened from water (n=30) and soil (n=30) samples collected from three districts of Punjab, Pakistan to evaluate their biofuel production potential. The samples were inoculated on BG – 11 agar medium plates by incubating at room temperature of 25°C providing 1000 lux for 16h light cycle followed by 8h of dark cycle for 15 d. Water samples were found to be rich in microalgae and 65.33% microalgae (49 isolates) were isolated from Faisalabad district. On the basis of microscopic morphology microalgal isolates (n=180) were selected and subjected to lipid detection by Nile red staining assay. Nile red positive isolates (n=23) were processed for biochemical (lipid, protein and carbohydrates) characterization. AIN63 isolate showed higher lipids (17.4%) content as detected by micro vanillin assay. Algal isolate AIN128 showed best protein contents (42.91%) detected by Bradford assay and AIN172 isolate showed higher carbohydrate contents (73.83%) as detected by anthrone assay. The selected algal isolates were also analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for confirmation of carbohydrate, protein and lipid analysis. These indigenous algae have the potential for in-vitro biofuel production from agricultural waste.

Summary: Bioremediation with humic substances is one of the recent and promising techniques for the restoration of soils contaminated by hydrocarbons, but little information is available on its behavior in different types of soil. For these reasons, this research aimed to evaluate the removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons (HTP) in three types of soil with different textures (S1, S2 and S3) and treated with organic vermicompost amendments (cocoa husks, Theobroma cacao; rice, Oriza sativa; sugarcane bagasse, Saccharum officinarum; cow manure) and commercial humic substances (potassium humate). A randomized multifactorial experimental design (3 × 3 × 2) was proposed, which consisted of the type of soil, organic amendment (without vermicompost, with organic vermicompost, commercial humic substances) and microbial load (with microorganisms, without microorganisms). The results were analyzed using the ANOVA-Tukey tests in the Statgraphics CenturionTM V.18 program (α = 0.05) in order to evaluate significant differences between treatments. The results show that S2 with the addition of organic matter had the highest removal (86% of HTP) after 60 days of incubation, compared to the treatment with commercial humic substances, which are related to the low bioavailability of the microorganisms. This behavior was also observed in S3 with a TPH percentage removal of 77.52 and 63.4% for S1. Finally, the cell growth rate was better in S2 with commercial humic substances. An average growth of 94 × 104 CFU g-1 of soil was obtained during the 60 days of evaluation of the experiment, and a maximum of 98×105 CFU g-1 of soil in the 45 days of treatment. To conclude, the use of vermicompost is adequate for clayey soils, since the degradation rates are higher in them. In addition, they represent a cheaper alternative to synthetic treatments and revaluation of organic waste.

Resumen: La biorremediación utilizando sustancias húmicas es una de las técnicas recientes y prometedoras para la restauración de suelos contaminados por hidrocarburos, pero existe poca información sobre su comportamiento en los diversos tipos de suelo. Por estas razones, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la remoción de hidrocarburos totales del petróleo o HTP en tres suelos con diferentes texturas (S1, S2 y S3) y tratados con enmiendas orgánicas de vermicomposta (cascarillas de cacao, Theobroma cacao; arroz, Oriza sativa; bagazo de caña, Saccharum officinarum; estiércol de vaca) y sustancias húmicas comerciales (humato de potasio). Se planteó un diseño experimental multifactorial aleatorio (3 × 3 × 2), constituido por tipo de suelo, enmienda orgánica (sin vermicomposta, con vermicomposta orgánica, con sustancias húmicas comerciales), y carga microbiana (con microorganismos, sin microorganismos). Los resultados fueron analizados mediante las pruebas ANOVA-Tukey en el programa Statgraphics Centurion TM V.18 (α = 0.05) con el fin de evaluar diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos. Los resultados muestran que S2 con vermicomposta orgánica tuvo la mayor remoción (86% de HTP) luego de 60 días de incubación, en comparación con el tratamiento con sustancias húmicas comerciales, relacionándose con la baja biodisponibilidad de microorganismos. Este comportamiento también se observó en S3, el cual tuvo un porcentaje de remoción de HTP de 77.52 y 63.4%. Finalmente, la tasa de crecimiento celular fue mejor en S2 con sustancias húmicas comerciales. Se obtuvo un crecimiento promedio de 94×104 UFC g-1 de suelo durante los 60 días de evaluación del experimento, y un máximo de 98×105 UFC g-1 de suelo a los 45 días de tratamiento. Se concluye que el uso de vermicomposta es adecuada para suelos arcillosos, ya que las tasas de degradación son mayores en ellos. Además, representan una alternativa de menor costo que los tratamientos sintéticos y de revalorización de residuos orgánicos.

Abstract The automobile industry is a leading industry in Mexico and thus an engine of its economic growth. In Mexico, Japanese automobile production, as well as the number of Japanese firms, doubled in the last decade amid the Japanese business expansion boom. However, since 2016, after Trump’s election as us President, the expansion boom came to a halt. Simultaneously, the production of Japanese Original Equipment Manufacturers in Mexico, which had reached its peak in 2016, began to decline. This study argues that this sudden production decline before the COVID-19 pandemic was mainly due to the change in consumers’ preference for pick-ups and SUVs in the US market because of the shale oil boom, rather than the so-called “Trump Shock.” It also examines the performances of the automobile industry in Mexico, including those of the Japanese assemblers, during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Resumen La industria automotriz es uno de los motores del crecimiento económico de México. En México, tanto la producción automotriz japonesa como el número de las empresas japonesas se duplicaron en la década de los 2010 con el auge de la expansión de negocios japonesa. Sin embargo, la expansión se ha estancado de repente desde 2016, cuando Trump fue elegido como el Presidente de los Estados Unidos. Simul-táneamente la producción de las ensambladoras japonesas comenzó a reducirse después de haber llegado al tope en 2016. Este artículo presenta un argumento de que esta inesperada reducción productiva, que había ocurrido antes de la pandemia, se debió mayormente al cambio de preferencia del mercado estadounidense a pick-ups y SUVs, que a las incertidumbres a causa de las políticas de Trump contra México. Además, examina el desempeño de la industria automotriz en México durante los primeros dos años de la pandemia, incluyendo el de las ensambladoras japonesas.

Resumen Introducción: Los rasgos funcionales de las plantas han sido ampliamente utilizados para predecir la productividad (en términos de crecimiento en diámetro, crecimiento en altura, sobrevivencia e índice de respuesta integral) de las comunidades vegetales. Sin embargo, rara vez han sido utilizados para predecir el desempeño de las especies leñosas plantadas en suelos degradados. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre el desempeño y los rasgos funcionales de 25 especies leñosas plantadas en suelos afectados por actividades de extracción de petróleo en la Amazonía ecuatoriana. Métodos: Se establecieron 18 parcelas permanentes de muestreo y en cada parcela se sembraron aleatoriamente cinco plántulas de 6 meses de las 25 especies (125 individuos por parcela), a una distancia de 4×4 m. Se determinaron ocho rasgos funcionales (área foliar, área foliar específica, concentración de nitrógeno foliar, concentración de fósforo foliar, unidad mínima foliar, contenido foliar de materia seca, densidad específica del fuste y fuerza tensil foliar) de cada especie. Resultados: Las especies leñosas con alto desempeño presentaron mayor área foliar, área foliar específica y densidad específica del fuste que las especies de bajo desempeño. La concentración de nitrógeno foliar y la densidad específica del fuste mostraron una relación directa. El área foliar, la concentración de fósforo foliar, el contenido de materia seca foliar y la fuerza tensil foliar presentaron una relación inversa con el Índice de Respuesta Integral. Conclusión: Se demostró que el desempeño de las especies leñosas plantadas en suelos alterados puede predecirse satisfactoriamente por rasgos funcionales de hoja y de tallo, debido posiblemente a que los rasgos influyen en el crecimiento y supervivencia de las especies, y reflejan la mayoría de las condiciones ambientales.

Abstract Introduction: Plant functional traits are widely used to predict community productivity. However, they are rarely used to predict the performance (in terms of growth diameter, growth height, survival, and integral response index) of woody species planted in degraded soils. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the functional traits and the performance of 25 woody species planted in disturbed soils affected by oil extraction activities in Ecuadorian Amazon. Methods: Eighteen permanent sampling plots were established and five 6-month-old seedlings of each 25 species were randomly planted in each plot (125 individuals per plot), at a distance of 4×4 m. Eight quantitative functional traits (leaf size, specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen concentration, leaf phosphorus concentration, leaf minimum unit, leaf dry matter content, stem specific density and leaf tensile strength) were determined for each species. Results: The woody species with high performance shows greater leaf size, specific leaf area and Stem Specific Density than those showing low performance. Leaf nitrogen concentration and stem specific density had a direct relationship with the integral response index. The leaf size, leaf phosphorus concentration, leaf dry matter content and leaf tensile strength showed a negative relationship with the integral response index. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the performance of woody species o disturbed soils can be predicted satisfyingly by leaf and stem functional traits, presumably because these traits capture most of environmental and neighborhood conditions.

Abstract Various studies have focused on estimating the price of cryptocurrencies using time series models and static variables. This study focuses on Bitcoin price prediction, using a model that combines multiple linear regression and neural networks. This approach makes it possible to identify the factors that influence Bitcoin volatility and, through a dynamic selection of variables, to constantly detect the most relevant set of characteristics for prediction. Likewise, the amount of data is optimized to improve precision and avoid overuse of historical information. The combination of these techniques captures underlying patterns and trends, increasing the reliability of predictions, with an accuracy of 88%. However, it is crucial to consider the need for continuous evaluations to adapt to changing market conditions. This approach provides a more accurate tool for making informed decisions in a highly volatile market.

Resumen Diversos estudios se han enfocado en estimar el precio de las criptomonedas utilizando modelos de series de tiempo y variables estáticas. Este estudio se centra en la predicción del precio de Bitcoin, utilizando un modelo que combina la regresión lineal múltiple y las redes neuronales. Este enfoque permite identificar los factores que influyen en la volatilidad de Bitcoin y, mediante una selección dinámica de variables, detectar constantemente el conjunto de características más relevante para la predicción. Asimismo, se optimiza la cantidad de datos para mejorar la precisión y evitar la sobreutilización de información histórica. La combinación de estas técnicas permitió capturar patrones y tendencias subyacentes, aumentando la confiabilidad de las predicciones, con una precisión del 88%. Sin embargo, es crucial considerar la necesidad de evaluaciones continuas para adaptarse a las cambiantes condiciones del mercado. Este enfoque brinda una herramienta más precisa para tomar decisiones informadas en un mercado altamente volátil.

Abstract Establishing the causal relationship between international oil prices (WTI) and economic activity in Bolivia is the scope of the research. Based on a previous conjecture, “There is causality between oil prices (WTI) and economic activity in Bolivia, period 2011-2020,” the eminently quantitative methodological design, with historical information summarized in 38 quarterly data in time series, allowed for statistical analysis. The statistical approach to the data was developed based on the Windows 2013 Excel program and the EVIEWS program. The results, based on statistics, allow us to affirm that the relationship between the WTI variable and GDP and the main sectors of the Bolivian economy is nonexistent. There is no longer any adjustment between the variables. Fluctuations in oil prices do not explain changes in Bolivian economic variables. The Granger causality test, through VAR, considering 4 lags, allowed to reinforce the previous conclusions in the sense that there is no Granger causality between the variables analyzed. Variable X does not cause variable Y in the sense of Granger. Therefore, it is concluded that any relationship is spurious, since there is no cointegration, synchronization between the rises and falls of the variables.

Resumen Establecer la relación causal de los precios internacionales del petróleo (WTI) y la actividad económica en Bolivia, representa el alcance de la investigación, a partir de una conjetura previa “Existe causalidad entre los precios del petróleo (WTI) y la actividad económica en Bolivia, periodo 2011 - 2020” el diseño metodológico eminentemente cuantitativo, con la información histórica resumida en 38 datos trimestrales en series de tiempo, permitió el análisis estadístico. El abordaje estadístico de los datos, se desarrolló en base al programa Excel de Windows 2013, y el programa EVIEWS, los resultados fundamentados en estadísticos, permite afirmar que la relación de la variable WTI, con el PIB y los principales sectores de la economía boliviana, es inexistente, ya no existe ajuste entre las variables, las fluctuaciones en los precios del petróleo, no explican los cambios en las variables económicas bolivianas. El test de causalidad de Granger, por medio del VAR, considerando 4 rezagos, permitió reforzar las conclusiones anteriores en el sentido de que no existe causalidad de Granger entre las variables analizadas, la variable X, no causa a la variable Y en el sentido de Granger, por lo que se concluye que cualquier relación es espuria, ya que, no existe cointegraciòn, sincronía entre los ascensos y descensos de las variables.

This paper evaluates the different socioeconomic impacts of the biodiesel sector on family farming and other sectors of the economy of the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Mato Grosso, which are the largest biodiesel producers in Brazil and have structural and regional differences. The Input-Output Theory was the methodology used to measure the direct and indirect effects on the jobs generated and on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The research shows that the production of biodiesel via family farming in Rio Grande do Sul is 66 times that of Mato Grosso, generating approximately 19,000 jobs, which is explained by the greater development of the agricultural sector in Rio Grande do Sul. Compared to fossil diesel, one million barrels of oil equivalent of family biodiesel in Rio Grande do Sul generates 7,700 jobs, while the fossil route generates 1,600 jobs.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar os diferentes impactos socioeconômicos do setor do biodiesel na agricultura familiar e demais setores da economia dos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e do Mato Grosso, que são os maiores produtores de biodiesel no Brasil e possuem diferenças estruturais e regionais. Utilizou-se como base metodológica a Teoria de Insumo-Produto para mensurar os efeitos diretos e indiretos nas ocupações geradas e no Produto Interno Bruto (PIB). Os resultados indicam que a produção de biodiesel via agricultura familiar no Rio Grande do Sul é 66 vezes àquela no Mato Grosso, gerando aproximadamente 19 mil ocupações, que é explicado pelo maior desenvolvimento do setor agrícola gaúcho. Na comparação com o diesel fóssil, um milhão de barris equivalentes de petróleo (bep) de biodiesel familiar no Rio Grande do Sul gera 7,7 mil ocupações, enquanto na rota fóssil gera 1,6 mil ocupações.

This research aimed to analyze the exchange rate pass-through in Brazil between 1995 and 2019. Using Input-Output Analysis (IOA) was investigated cost-push channel exerted by exchange rate variations, in addition to analyzing the role of imported final goods and the participation and relevance of specific sectors in price formation. The results suggest that changes in the structure of intermediate consumption may be causing a higher cost pressure in recent years. Furthermore, the effects disaggregated by sector are revealed, in which sectors such as automobiles, food, pharmaceuticals, oil refining and wholesale and retail trade have greater participation in the exchange rate pass-through.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o pass-through cambial aos preços domésticos no Brasil entre 1995 e 2019. Utilizando Análise Insumo-Produto (AIP) foi investigada a pressão de custos exercida por variações cambiais (cost-push channel), além de serem analisados o papel dos bens finais importados e a participação e relevância de setores específicos na formação de preços. Os resultados sugerem que mudanças na estrutura de consumo intermediário podem estar provocando maior pressão de custos nos últimos anos. Além disso, são revelados os efeitos desagregados setorialmente, mostrando que setores como o automobilístico, alimentício, farmacêutico, de refino do petróleo e de comércio por atacado e varejo têm maior participação no repasse cambial.

ABSTRACT Mangrove ecosystems are sensitive to oil, as spills can impair developmental processes of mangrove vegetation. Since the 2010s, the Brazilian equatorial margin, more specifically the Pará-Maranhão Basin and the mouth of the Amazonas River, has been affected by oil runoff from urban activities and the increased risk from exploratory deepwater drilling for oil extraction. Dispersal of mangrove propagules occurs during the tidal cycles, when the presence of tensors in the water can affect germination. We analyzed the effects of diesel oil on the germination of propagules of the two most common mangrove species in the region, Laguncularia racemosa and Avicennia germinans, in six treatments of diesel oil in the water (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 3% and 4%) and a diesel-free control. The response variables were germinability (G%), mean germination time, mean germination speed and the germination speed index (GSI). G% and GSI in L. racemosa propagules differed significantly between the control and all treatments (G% and GSI < 10% in the 3% treatment). Propagules of A. germinans were more resistant, and the physiological variables did not differ significantly among treatments and control (G% > 90% in all treatments). Our results indicate that, at the germination stage, L. racemosa was more susceptible than A. germinans to contamination by automotive diesel oil.

RESUMO Os ecossistemas de manguezais são sensíveis ao óleo, pois os derramamentos podem prejudicar os processos de desenvolvimento da vegetação de mangue. Desde a década de 2010, a margem equatorial brasileira, mais especificamente a Bacia do Pará-Maranhão e a foz do Rio Amazonas, vem sendo afetada pelo vazamento de petróleo proveniente de atividades urbanas e pelo aumento do risco de perfurações exploratórias em águas profundas para extração de petróleo. A dispersão dos propágulos do manguezal ocorre durante os ciclos das marés, quando a presença de tensores na água pode afetar a germinação. Analisamos os efeitos do óleo diesel na germinação de propágulos de duas espécies de mangue mais comuns na região, Laguncularia racemosa e Avicennia germinans, em seis tratamentos de óleo diesel na água (0,5%, 1%, 1,5%, 2%, 3% e 4%) e um controle sem óleo diesel. As variáveis resposta foram germinabilidade (G%), tempo médio de germinação, velocidade média de germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). G% e IVG dos propágulos de L. racemosa diferiram significativamente entre o controle e todos os tratamentos (G% e GSI < 10% no tratamento 3%). Os propágulos de A. germinans foram mais resistentes e as variáveis fisiológicas não diferiram significativamente entre tratamentos e controle (G% > 90% em todos os tratamentos). Nossos resultados indicam que, no estágio de germinação, L. racemosa foi mais suscetivel que A. germinans à contaminação por óleo diesel automotivo.

Abstract The zenith of oil and the greenhouse effect are the main reasons why it is necessary to use nonconventional renewable energy (NCRE) sources. Solid urban waste is one of these sources, and the main objective of this research is to determine its main features, including calorific value, as well as the use of modern hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) procedures for the generation of energy and electrical power. For this purpose, it was used the sampling data of urban solid waste from the metropolitan Chiclayo area. A calorimetric bomb was employed for measuring its calorific value and the electrical generation potential was simulated. In addition, the main objective was fulfilled, and it was also possible to steadily generate energy and power. This will help to avoid greenhouse gas emissions, and thus contribute to meet the commitments signed by Peru to reduce greenhouse gases, and follow the path to a new sustainable energy matrix, while simultaneously providing a potential solution to the problem of managing solid urban waste, which is the main environmental problem of the city of Chiclayo Peru.

Resumen El cenit del petróleo y el efecto invernadero son las razones que justifican la necesidad de utilizar energías renovables no convencionales (ERNC). Los residuos sólidos urbanos constituyen una de esas fuentes, por lo que la determinación de las principales características, incluido el poder calorífico, fue el primer objetivo de la presente investigación, así como la utilización de los modernos procedimientos de carbonización hidrotermal (CHT) y licuefacción hidrotermal (LHT), para la generación de energía y potencia eléctrica. Se trabajó con los datos de muestreo de los residuos sólidos urbanos del área de Chiclayo metropolitano. Se empleó una bomba calorimétrica para la medición del poder calorífico y la simulación numérica del potencial de generación eléctrica. Además, se obtuvo como resultado el cumplimiento del objetivo principal, y el hecho de que es posible obtener energía y potencia firme, que ayude a evitar las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero, contribuyendo a los compromisos firmados con tal efecto y a seguir el camino a una nueva matriz energética sostenible; a la vez se da una posible solución al problema del manejo de residuos sólidos urbanos, principal problema ambiental de la ciudad de Chiclayo, Perú.

Abstract Introduction: Since the conflict between Russia and Ukraine began on February 24, 2022, economic consequences are already being observed worldwide. One of them was the increase in the price of BRENT oil, which closed on February 24 at US$ 99.08. Methodology: The research work was carried out through an experimental type, to develop the research the database of the closing price of the barrel of Brent Oil was used, during the period between January 2, 2022 to June 3, 2022. Results: Based on the statistical analysis of the data applying the Chow test, the Fc of the test was 47,97, this was greater than the Ft that was 3,087, in this way Ho was rejected, that is, that there is stability in Brent oil prices before and during the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. And therefore, there is a structural change in day 39 which is when the conflict between Russia and Ukraine began. Conclusion: The price of Brent oil remains captive of strong swings as a result of Russia's war in Ukraine. On the first day of the invasion of Ukraine, the increase was 2.31% with a settlement price per barrel of USD 99.08 and one hundred days after the start of the conflict on June 3, 2022, the price of the Brent barrel increased by 20 .8%, and traded at $119.72 per barrel.

Resumen Introducción: Desde que el 24 de febrero de 2022 se iniciara el conflicto entre Rusia y Ucrania ya se están observando consecuencias económicas a nivel mundial. Una de ellas fue el aumento del precio del petróleo BRENT, que cerró ese 24 de febrero en U$ 99,08. Metodología: El trabajo de investigación se realizó mediante un tipo experimental, para desarrollar la investigación se utilizó la base de datos del precio de cierre del barril del Petróleo Brent, durante el período comprendido entre enero el 2 de enero de 2022 al 3 junio de 2022. Resultados: Con base en el análisis estadístico de los datos aplicando la prueba de Chow, el Fc de la prueba fue de 47,97, este fue mayor al Ft que fue de 3,087, de esta manera se rechazó Ho, es decir, que existe estabilidad en los precios del petróleo Brent antes y durante el conflicto entre Rusia y Ucrania. Y por lo tanto existe un cambio estructural en el día 39 que es cuando comenzó el conflicto entre Rusia y Ucrania. Conclusión: El precio del petróleo Brent sigue cautivo de fuertes oscilaciones como consecuencia de la guerra de Rusia en Ucrania. El primer día de la invasión a Ucrania el aumento fue del 2,31% con un precio de cierre del barril de 99,08 USD y cien días después del inicio del conflicto el 3 de junio de 2022 el precio del barril Brent aumentó un 20,8%, y cotizó a 119,72 dólares por barril.