RESUMEN Este artículo se centra en el análisis de registros de acceso para obtener información valiosa sobre el tráfico de un sitio web, el comportamiento del usuario y posibles problemas de seguridad. Se desarrolló un script para limpiar y analizar los datos generados por sistemas web que utilizan Nginx o Apache. El script, escrito en Bash, permite la limpieza, análisis y visualización de trazas, identificando eventos significativos. El script puede analizar los registros de acceso de ambos servidores web, así como de otras tecnologías web que utilicen el mismo formato estándar para el almacenamiento de las trazas. Para la experimentación se utilizó el script sobre un conjunto de trazas generados por el sistema de gestión XABAL EXCRIBA. Los resultados obtenidos a partir del análisis de las trazas determinan que el sitio web EXCRIBA se utiliza principalmente para la consulta de información debido a la gran cantidad de peticiones GET. Además, los resultados muestran que el servicio es confiable y eficiente en la entrega de contenido o servicios debido a la cantidad de respuestas con código exitoso. Sin embargo, la presencia de redirecciones y errores sugiere que hay áreas de mejora en la optimización de rutas o enlaces y en la forma en que las solicitudes son manejadas por el servidor.

ABSTRACT This article focuses on analyzing access logs to obtain valuable information about a website's traffic, user behavior, and potential security issues. A script was developed to clean and analyze data generated by web systems using Nginx or Apache. The script, written in Bash, allows cleaning, analysis and visualization of traces, identifying significant events. The script can analyze access logs from both web servers, as well as other web technologies that use the same standard format for storing traces. For the experimentation, the script was used on a set of traces generated by the XABAL EXCRIBA management system. The results obtained from the analysis of the traces determine that the EXCRIBA website is mainly used for information consultation due to the large number of GET requests. Furthermore, the results show that the service is reliable and efficient in delivering content or services due to the number of responses with successful code. However, the presence of redirects and errors suggests that there are areas for improvement in route or link optimization and in the way requests are handled by the server.

Resumen La importancia de la integración entre los procesos sustantivos universitarios, como recurso de acercamiento entre la academia y la práctica social, se hace más evidente cada día por los beneficios que reporta, tanto para la formación de profesionales competentes, como para la solución de problemas del contexto de interacción de las instituciones de Educación Superior. El objetivo del presente artículo es reflexionar acerca de la tríada docencia-investigación-extensión en términos de cómo se abordan en la literatura científica las relaciones entre ellas, específicamente relativas a su integración. Para dar cumplimiento al mismo se empleó el método de revisión de literatura científica, apoyado en sus técnicas: selección de fuentes, lectura y registro, formulación de hipótesis, identificación de patrones, tendencias y relaciones entre las fuentes de consulta, verificación teórica de hipótesis, conclusiones y aporte o enriquecimiento de la teoría. Los principales resultados muestran una tendencia no declarada a magnificar la docencia (presencial o en línea), en detrimento del resto de los procesos sustantivos, así como el escaso rigor en la aplicación de la investigación contextualizada, que propicie la detección de las causas de los problemas que se estudian y la propuesta de soluciones pertinentes. Se concluye que la integración entre los procesos docencia-investigación-extensión está en el discurso de la mayoría de los modelos educativos que se aplican en la actualidad, pero no es una realidad lograda en la práctica cotidiana de muchas instituciones de Educación Superior.

Abstract The importance of integration between the substantive processes of the university, as a resource for bringing together academia and social practice, is becoming more evident every day due to the benefits it brings, both for the training of competent professionals and for solving problems in the context of interaction of Higher Education institutions. The objective of this article is to reflect on the teaching-research-extension triad in terms of how the relationships between them are addressed in scientific literature, specifically in relation to their integration. To achieve this, the method of scientific literature review was used, supported by its techniques: source selection, reading and recording, hypothesis formulation, identification of patterns, trends and relationships between the sources of consultation, theoretical verification of hypotheses, conclusions and contribution or enrichment of the theory. The main results show an undeclared tendency to magnify teaching (in person or online), to the detriment of the rest of the substantive processes, as well as the lack of rigor in the application of contextualized research, which encourages the detection of the causes of the problems being studied and the proposal of pertinent solutions. It is concluded that the integration between the teaching-research-extension processes is in the discourse of most of the educational models that are currently applied, but it is not a reality achieved in the daily practice of many Higher Education institutions.

Resumo A importância da integração entre os processos universitários substantivos, como forma de aproximar a academia da prática social, torna-se cada dia mais evidente pelos benefícios que traz, tanto para a formação de profissionais competentes quanto para a solução de problemas no contexto de interação das instituições de Ensino Superior. O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre a tríade ensino-pesquisa-extensão em termos de como a literatura científica trata as relações entre eles, especificamente no que diz respeito à sua integração. Para tanto, foi utilizado o método de revisão da literatura científica, apoiado em suas técnicas: seleção de fontes, leitura e registro, formulação de hipóteses, identificação de padrões, tendências e relações entre as fontes consultadas, verificação teórica das hipóteses, conclusões e contribuição ou enriquecimento da teoria. Os principais resultados mostram uma tendência não declarada de engrandecer o ensino (presencial ou on-line), em detrimento do restante dos processos substantivos, bem como a falta de rigor na aplicação da pesquisa contextualizada, que favorece a detecção das causas dos problemas que estão sendo estudados e a proposta de soluções relevantes. Conclui-se que a integração entre os processos de ensino-pesquisa-extensão está no discurso da maioria dos modelos educacionais aplicados atualmente, mas não é uma realidade alcançada na prática cotidiana de muitas instituições de ensino superior.

ABSTRACT High soybean grain yield is based on adequate crop management, mainly on disease prevention and control, especially Asian soybean rust (ASR), which causes great crop damage. This study aimed to evaluate the ASR chemical control with different fungicide mixtures in three soybean-producing areas in Brazil during two consecutive crop seasons. Four fungicide treatments [T1: benzovindyflupyr + picoxystrobin, T2: benzovindyflupyr + azoxystrobin, T3: fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, and T4: inpyrfluxam + tebuconazole] were evaluated with five replications. Phytotoxicity damage, ASR disease severity, plant defoliation, 1,000-grain weight, and grain yield were evaluated. The results were relatively consistent among all regions and between the crop seasons, indicating that the treatments have similar responses when applied in diverse conditions. The T3 and T4 treatments presented higher phytotoxicity, lower disease severity, lower plant defoliation, and higher 1,000-grain weight and grain yield. The presence and damage caused by ASR tend to increase after the second soybean crop season in the same area, suggesting a loss of efficiency of the evaluated fungicides.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de prática de bullying e fatores associados entre adolescentes brasileiros, segundo a Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2019. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com amostragem por conglomerados. A variável desfecho, prática de bullying, foi obtida pela pergunta "Nos últimos 30 dias, você esculachou, zombou, mangou, intimidou ou caçoou algum de seus colegas da escola tanto que ele ficou magoado, aborrecido, ofendido ou humilhado?" (sim/não). Foram analisadas associações com características sociodemográficas, familiares, saúde mental e comportamentos de risco, utilizando regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: 12,1% (IC95% 11,7-12,6) dos adolescentes relataram praticar bullying. Houve associação positiva entre meninos (RP 1,66; IC95% 1,55-1,77); autodeclarados pretos (RP 1,23; IC95% 1,11-1,36) e pardos (RP 1,1; IC95% 1,02-1,18); de escola privada (RP 1,29; IC95% 1,21-1,37), que sentiam-se solitários (RP 1,17; IC95% 1,09-1,26), que a vida não vale a pena (RP 1,28; IC95% 1,19-1,39), apanharam de familiar (RP 1,67; IC95% 1,55-1,79), faltaram às aulas (RP 1,23; IC95% 1,15-1,31), usavam tabaco (RP 1,34; IC95% 1,22-1,47), álcool (RP 1,38; IC95% 1,28-1,50) e drogas regularmente (RP 1,17; IC95% 1,04-1,31) e tiveram relação sexual (RP 1,26; IC95% 1,18-1,35). A idade 16 e 17 anos (RP 0,82; IC95% 0,76-0,89) e supervisão familiar foram protetoras (RP 0,70; IC95% 0,66-0,75). Conclusão: Praticar bullying foi mais provável entre meninos, mais jovens, com problemas familiares e de saúde mental, e comportamentos de risco. Observa-se a importância de práticas como supervisão familiar contra o bullying.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the prevalence of bullying practices and associated factors among Brazilian adolescents, according to the National Survey of School Health 2019. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with cluster sampling. The outcome variable, bullying practice, was assessed by the question: "In the last 30 days, have you mocked, ridiculed, teased, intimidated, or bullied any of your schoolmates to the point that they felt hurt, upset, offended, or humiliated?" (yes/no). Associations with sociodemographic characteristics, family environment, mental health, and risk behaviors were analyzed using Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: 12.1% (95%CI 11.7-12.6) of adolescents reported bullying others. Positive associations were found among boys (PR 1.66; 95%CI 1.55-1.77); self-declared Black (PR 1.23; 95%CI 1.11-1.36) and brown (PR 1.1; 95%CI 1.02-1.18) adolescents; private school students (PR 1.29; 95%CI 1.21-1.37); those who felt lonely (PR 1.17; 95%CI 1.09-1.26); thought life was not worth living (PR 1.28; 95%CI 1.19-1.39); were physically assaulted by a family member (PR 1.67; 95%CI 1.55-1.79); skipped classes (PR 1.23; 95%CI 1.15-1.31); used tobacco (PR 1.34; 95%CI 1.22-1.47), alcohol (PR 1.38; 95%CI 1.28-1.50), and drugs (PR 1.17; 95%CI 1.04-1.31) regularly; and had sexual relations (PR 1.26; 95%CI 1.18-1.35). Ages 16 and 17 (PR 0.82; 95%CI 0.76-0.89) and family supervision were protective factors (PR 0.70; 95%CI 0.66-0.75). Conclusion: Bullying was more likely among boys, younger adolescents, those with family and mental health issues, and those engaged in risk behaviors. The importance of practices, such as family supervision in preventing bullying, is highlighted.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las sepsis urinarias son frecuentes en el paciente diabético debido a deficiencias inmunológicas, al mal control metabólico y la neuropatía autonómica, asociados a dicha enfermedad. Su evolución es más tórpida, pues la posibilidad de complicaciones y morbimortalidad es mayor. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente a los pacientes diabéticos con litiasis renal y sepsis urinarias complicadas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal en el servicio de Urología del Hospital Universitario Clínico-Quirúrgico «Arnaldo Milián Castro», entre enero de 2016 y diciembre de 2021. La población estuvo constituida por 174 pacientes. Se realizó un análisis de las historias clínicas individuales y se aplicó la prueba de independencia de Ji-cuadrado. Resultados: Prevaleció el color blanco de piel en 116 pacientes (66,66 %), el sexo femenino en 110 (63,21 %) y el grupo etario entre 31-40 en 56 (32,18 %). El síntoma predominante fue el dolor, en 110 individuos (63,21 %); con antecedentes de infecciones urinarias se detectaron 104 (59,77 %). Las opciones terapéuticas más frecuentes fueron el tratamiento médico en 78 pacientes (44,82 %) y el quirúrgico en 96 (55,17 %). Conclusiones: En el estudio predominó el color blanco de piel, el sexo femenino y el grupo de edad entre 31-40 años. El germen más aislado fue la Escherichia coli. La conducta terapéutica más recurrente fue el tratamiento quirúrgico, principalmente la cirugía endoscópica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: urinary sepsis is common in diabetic patients due to immunological deficiencies, poor metabolic control and autonomic neuropathy associated with this disease. Its evolution is more torpid since the possibility of complications, morbidity and mortality is greater. Objective: to characterize diabetic patients with kidney stones and complicated urinary sepsis clinically and epidemiologically. Methods: a descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was conducted in the Urology service at "Arnaldo Milián Castro" Clinical and Surgical University Hospital between January 2016 and December 2021. The population consisted of 174 patients. An analysis of individual medical records was performed and the Chi-square test of independence was applied. Results: white skin color prevailed in 116 patients (66.66%), female gender in 110 (63.21%) and the age group 31-40 years in 56 (32.18%). The predominant symptom was pain in 110 individuals (63.21%); a history of urinary tract infections was detected in 104 (59.77%). The most frequent therapeutic options were medical treatment in 78 patients (44.82%) and surgical treatment in 96 (55.17%). Conclusions: white skin color, female gender and age group 31-40 years predominated in the study. The most isolated germ was Escherichia coli. The most recurrent therapeutic approach was surgical treatment, mainly endoscopic surgery.

RESUMEN Introducción: La urolitiasis es una enfermedad crónica que ha impactado significativamente en la calidad de vida de la población mundial. Su creciente tasa de prevalencia y recurrencia repercute en el aspecto socioeconómico, al afectar los sistemas de salud. Numerosos factores biológicos y algunas variables sociodemográficas han favorecido su desarrollo. Objetivo: Contribuir al conocimiento de la comunidad científica respecto a los factores de riesgo asociados a la litiasis renal en pacientes adultos. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos SciELO, EBSCO, Scopus y PubMed, entre enero-julio del 2024. Los descriptores utilizados fueron: urolitiasis, nefrolitiasis y factores de riesgo. Se recuperaron 399 artículos y se seleccionaron como muestra los 27 más relevantes. Conclusiones: Se evidenció que la prevalencia de litiasis renal aumenta con la edad, tanto en hombres como en mujeres; aunque es más común en varones jóvenes. También se determinaron los factores de riesgo genéticos y medioambientales que favorecen esta enfermedad. Dentro de estos últimos se destaca la dieta: los hábitos alimenticios que propician la tendencia de algunos sujetos a la litogénesis. Es por ello que los modos de vida saludables son fundamentales en la prevención de este padecimiento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: urolithiasis is a chronic disease that has significantly impacted the quality of life of the world's population. Its increasing prevalence and recurrence rate has an impact on the socioeconomic aspect by affecting health systems. Numerous biological factors and some social and demographic variables have favoured its development. Objective: to contribute to the knowledge of the scientific community regarding the risk factors associated with kidney stones in adult patients. Methods: a bibliographic review was conducted in SciELO, EBSCO, Scopus and PubMed databases between January and July 2024. Urolithiasis, nephrolithiasis and risk factors were the descriptors used. A number of 399 articles were retrieved and the 27 most relevant were selected as a sample. Conclusions: we found that the prevalence of kidney stones increases with age both in men and women, although it is more common in young men. Genetic and environmental risk factors that promote this disease were also determined. Diet stands out among the latter: eating habits promote the tendency of some subjects to lithogenicity. That is why, healthy lifestyles are essential in the prevention of this disease.

ABSTRACT The estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) and crop water requirements are crucial for the proper management and allocation of water resources in terms of quantity, quality, and timeliness. Therefore, remote sensing estimation of ET using the SEBAL algorithm (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) can provide spatio-temporal, non-punctual data, unlike traditional calculations relying on the nearest meteorological station. This research analyzed ET using SEBAL, based on ten Landsat 8 satellite images processed with a program developed in the Model Builder of ArcGis® version 10.2. The analysis was conducted during the vegetative period of starchy corn from May to October 2016. Validation of the results happened with a drainage lysimeter installed in a monitoring plot. Additionally, the statistical indices - such as percentage relative error (PRE) (0,09), root mean square error (RMSE) (0,30), R2 (0,92), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NASH) (0,91) - indicated a good correlation of ET for starchy corn in the central highlands of Peru. The ET identified at ten monitoring points ranged from 1,05 to 7,79 mm d-1.

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ABSTRACT University social responsibility is a set of actions that helps to promote the active participation of students in their university education, with ethical conduct to create a culture of social commitment based on values and academic quality. The main role of the university is to develop the functions of teaching, research and social responsibility; this allows creating a broader vision of the needs in the community, generating competent professionals and causing a positive impact (Palomino, Vázquez, Vicente, & Tomás, 2019). Objective: To identify the main authors of the subject from the systematic review of the literature, to point out the four axis that RSU has and the four university impacts. Materials and methods: This research is exploratory and documentary with a qualitative approach. The information sources used correspond to consultation pages, among which are: Google academic, and Lens.org. Likewise, inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to collect information and the results obtained were delimited after adding search conditions such as the year interval from 2017 to 2023. Another limitation is that they were only review articles and in any language. Results: The results obtained were 10 definitions of prominent authors which haves an impact on the fact that the University social responsibility has 8 dimensions among which are: Responsible Campus, Citizen Education, Social Knowledge Management, and Mutual Learning Communities for Development, Organizational, Educational, Cognitive and social. The four axis of the RSU are the basis of the organizations to be able to fulfill the mission that each university community pursues. Within the responsible campus, care is taken to ensure that environmental and sustainable care is met and students are taught to participate in it. , responsible citizen and professional training, deontology, which is the duty of people, this helps the university community to do things ethically and with good morals inside and outside universities, knowledge management is a of the main tasks of higher education institutions, social work, the reason for being of various organizations, thanks to which they can disseminate their knowledge and contribute to the development of community and group culture, and finally the need for The society of inclusion and communication between people occur within communities of mutual learning for development. The organizational impacts, within the RSU, impact people, management and sustainability. The educational impacts are related to the training of students (their ethics, their way of interpreting the world and the social role that corresponds to them) and involves all university processes (curriculum, central administration and knowledge management policies). Cognitive impacts are the dissemination of knowledge and social impacts are the relationship within and on the university campus, the treatment and participation of students; Students in the different branches offered. When reviewing and reading the different existing articles, it was observed that there is little information regarding the RSU, focusing on a chronology of the different authors from 2014 to date. Within the articles reviewed, it can be defined that RSU trains, teaches, supports, promotes, guides and organizes; involving the student community, teachers, administrative and managerial staff. The RSU transmits responsible knowledge, ethical principles and helps to train responsible citizen professionals. Conclusion: After studying the literary review, it can be mentioned that all the axis of the RSU must have the participation of the students and all the people who make up the university community in order to have a responsible university, both internally and externally, according to the different concepts that are mentioned of University Social Responsibility; In other words, it is a way to help the professional and civic training of all students, since this is part of what social responsibility seeks. It is mentioned that university students must get involved in real problems within their professional and civic training, since this helps to create links between learning and social responsibility and thus be able to promote human development, both ethically and morally, as that participation in the different projects that the same institution carries out in its activities will grow.Ramírez (2020),Quezada and Rodríguez (2019),Arauco and Apaza (2022),Évora (2017), agree that RSU is reflected in the existence of four axis for the socially responsible management of universities, so that the students are aware that everything that is done within the institution will be reflected outside of it. Complying with Social Responsibility in higher education is a transformation resource that promotes compliance with transparent practices and ethical conduct for sustainable development, generating social well-being on the university campus for the comprehensive and ideal training of its students. Currently, globalization leads to constant changes in organizations and forces them to be able to identify their challenges for the new trends that their environment requires. Therefore, globalization, competition, technology, social responsibility, knowledge and intangible assets demand serious modifications in their structures and strategies from companies.Niebles Nuñez et al. (2018)the universities have the important mission of equitably distributing knowledge and social information. That is why universities must assume the position of University Social Responsibility and analyze whether effective or null knowledge is being provided. The current era is characterized by its constant change, in social demands, in the role of traditional actors, in the situation at the regional and international level, in development approaches (Uribe et al., 2020). Addressing the issue of RSU requires articulating the various parts of the institution in an equitable and sustainable social promotion project, for the production and transmission of responsible knowledge and the training of equally responsible citizen professionals (Mosquera Tayupanta and Alba Granados, 2021; Peña y otros, 2017). There is a proposal for university social responsibility that provides a space for participation in the activities carried out and that are adapted to the new acquisition modalities for students, in addition to the fact that university social responsibility seeks not only to work on the axis of transformation within of the institution, but is also aimed at the entire society that is involved (Pedró, 2019). The university must promote the participation of its students in cultural, social, sports and environmental activities.

Resumen Introducción. Las condiciones edafoclimáticas del Ecuador son ideales para el cultivo del arroz, los rendimientos son mayores al promedio mundial, pero su manejo agronómico conlleva a un aumento de cadmio en el suelo, que puede llegar al grano por translocación, lo cual afectan su inocuidad. Objetivo. Evaluar la absorción de cadmio mediante la técnica de omisión de macronutrientes en seis suelos del Ecuador y su efecto sobre el desarrollo vegetativo del cultivo de arroz. Materiales y métodos. El ensayo se realizó en la Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Ecuador, durante el año 2018. Se estudiaron nueve tratamientos 1) Sin fertilización y sin Cd (testigo 1), 2) sin fertilización y con Cd (Testigo 2), 3) Fertilización completa y seis tratamientos de omisión de un nutriente a la vez, se usó un diseño de experimentos de bloques completamente al azar, parcelas divididas y tres repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron las relacionadas a la producción de materia seca en raíz y parte aérea. Para la comparación entre medias, se utilizó la prueba de Tukey (p<0,05). Resultados. Las omisiones de los nutrientes (N y P) llevaron a la reducción de la absorción del Cd, que disminuyó la producción de materia seca, en particular en los suelos muy ácidos o alcalinos como en Sucumbíos (pH 4) y Guayas (pH 7,9), respectivamente. Conclusiones. La absorción de cadmio en plantas de arroz se redujo en mayor medida con la omisión de los macronutrientes N y P, principalmente en los suelos de Sucumbíos, Los Ríos, El Oro y Manabí, afectando también la omisión de nutrientes a la producción de materia seca y los rendimientos, observándose además que un pH por debajo de 5 o superior a 7,9 afecta la absorción de cadmio en los suelos estudiados

Abstract Introduction. The soil and climatic conditions of Ecuador are ideal for rice cultivation, yields are higher than the world average, but agronomic management leads to an increase of cadmium in the soil, which can reach the grain by translocation, which affects its safety. Objetive. To evaluate the absorption of cadmium through the omission of macronutrients technique in six soils of Ecuador and its effect on the vegetative development of rice crops. Materials and methods. The trial was carried out at the Pichilingue Tropical Experimental Station of the National Institute of Agricultural Research, Ecuador, during 2018. Nine treatments were studied: 1) Without fertilization and without Cd (control 1), 2) without fertilization and with Cd (Control 2), 3) Complete fertilization and six omission treatments of one nutrient at a time, a completely randomized block design of experiments, divided plots and three repetitions was used. The variables evaluated were those related to the production of dry matter in the root and aerial part. For the comparison between means, the Tukey test was used (p<0.05). Results. Nutrients omissions (N and P) led to reduced Cd absorption, which decreased dry matter production, particularly in very acidic or alkaline soils such as in Sucumbíos (pH 4) and Guayas (pH 7, 9), respectively. Conclusions. The absorption of cadmium in rice plants was reduced to a greater extent with the omission of the macronutrients N and P, mainly in the soils of Sucumbíos, Los Ríos, El Oro and Manabí, the nutrient omission technique also affecting the production of dry matter and yields, also observing that a pH below 5 or higher than 7.9 affects the absorption of cadmium in the soils studied.

Abstract: Purpose: The objective is to descriptively analyze the employment of accounting professionals from a university in Chile, contrasting their situation with the national average. Methodology: The analysis employed frequency distribution tables, contingency tables, Chi-square tests, and correlation coefficients. Data were obtained from a survey administered to 184 accounting graduates between 2012 and 2021 from a university in Chile. Results: The findings indicate that employability is higher among graduates from the studied university; however, their gross income is lower compared to the national average. Implications: The results are useful for improving aspects of the curriculum to better align with current and future labor market trends for accounting professionals. Additionally, it calls for an exploration of the determinants that explain the employment situation, with the aim of identifying potential areas for professional development. Value: Although there are existing studies on the employability of accounting professionals, this work contrasts a local reality with the national average to identify differences that can be translated into curricular improvements and public employment policy to balance labor market conditions.

Resumen: Propósito: Analizar de manera descriptiva el empleo de profesionales contables provenientes de una universidad en Chile, contrastando su realidad con la media nacional. Metodología: Para el análisis se utilizaron tablas de distribución de frecuencias, de contingencia, pruebas Chi-cuadrado y coeficientes de correlación. Los datos fueron obtenidos de una encuesta aplicada a 184 titulados de contabilidad entre los años 2012 y 2021 de una universidad en Chile. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que la empleabilidad es superior en titulados provenientes de la universidad estudiada, sin embargo, el ingreso bruto es inferior en comparación a la media nacional. Implicaciones: Los hallazgos son útiles para mejorar aspectos del currículum de la carrera, de manera tal de ajustarse a las tendencias actuales y futuras del mercado laboral para los profesionales contables. Además, hace un llamado hacia la exploración de los determinantes que explican la situación de empleo, con el fin de identificar potenciales líneas de desarrollo profesional. Valor: Aunque existen estudios sobre la empleabilidad de profesionales contables, este trabajo propone el contraste de una realidad local con la media nacional, para identificar diferencias que se puedan traducir en mejoras curriculares y de la política pública de empleo para equilibrar las condiciones del mercado laboral.

Abstract: Despite the evident social relevance of hate crimes, there are profound disagreements regarding the most appropriate way to explain their nature and justify their punishment. In this paper, we will analyse three different approaches to justifying hate crimes. We will demonstrate that the objectivist view, paradoxically, strips hate of any normative relevance concerning the enhancement of penalties, conferring upon it a dubious form of probative relevance. We will argue that the expressive view transforms hate crimes into heinous crimes, providing a distorted view of the attribution of responsibility. This distortion entails shifting the focus of the punishment enhancement not on the agent’s emotion but on the emotional impact their action has on the community. We will conclude that the hate driving the agent's action must be understood as the normatively justifying factor for the increased reproach and, consequently, as an element subject to proof in each case.

Resumen: En este trabajo analizaremos tres enfoques diferentes para fundamentar los delitos de odio. Mostraremos que la familia de fundamentación objetivista, paradójicamente, priva al odio de toda relevancia normativa en cuanto al aumento de pena, otorgándole una dudosa relevancia probatoria. Sostendremos que la concepción expresiva convierte a los delitos de odio en delitos odiosos, lo que proporciona una visión distorsionada de la atribución de responsabilidad, consistente en centrar el aumento de la pena no en la emoción que impulsa al delincuente, sino en el efecto emocional que su acción provoca en la comunidad. Concluiremos que el odio que impulsa la acción del agente debe ser entendido como el factor normativamente justificante del aumento de reproche y, por lo tanto, como un factor empírico susceptible de prueba en cada caso.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between seroprevalence of chronic diseases, hair cortisol concentration (HCC), and welfare of dairy goats housed throughout a productive cycle. Sixty multiparous dairy goats, over four years old, were selected. Ananimal welfare assessment was conducted using health indicators for goats, according to the AWIN protocol. Blood samples were also collected for haematology and determination of seroprevalence of chronic diseases, hair samples for determination of HCC, milk samples for chemical composition and somatic cell counts, and faecal samples for parasite load. Small Ruminant Lentivirus (SRLv) had a prevalence of 71.66%, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) of 5%, Leptospira interrogans of 40% and Ovine Gammaherpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2) of 50%. The percentages of goats that tested positive for one, two or three diseases were 31.67%, 50% and 11.66% respectively. Haematological alterations included hyperproteinaemia (84.94±1.58g/L) and hyperfibrinogenaemia (6.11±0.65g/L) for those with one or two diseases, with significant differences being found (P<0.05). The welfare indicators related to health and the number of diseases were poor body condition, poor coat, poor udder conformation, and mucosal lesions (P<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed between HCC and the number of chronic diseases in dairy goats (P>0.05). Higher concentrations of cortisol in hair were found at 150 days of lactation (16.65±1.39pg/mg) compared to the mating season (9.55±0.04pg/mg) (P<0.05). No associations were found (P>0.05) between the production, composition, and somatic cell counts in milk and cortisol concentrations and diseases. It was concluded that the presence of chronic diseases in goats did not influence hair cortisol concentrations, possibly due to an effect of adaptive tolerance to diseases, as occurs in other domestic species; however, there was an effect of the productive stage.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la clasificación de estudiantes universitarias en función de su comportamiento infiel utilizando las categorías: estilos de comunicación en pareja y conducta sexual. Participaron 454 mujeres universitarias de 18 a 28 años (x̄ = 20.28; σ = 1.785). Se utilizaron instrumentos válidos y confiables. Se realizó un análisis multivariado con la variable infidelidad, identificándose tres grupos: “Deseo de vínculo romántico”, “Infieles” y “No infieles”. Se empleó un ANOVA para contrastar a los tres grupos, encontrándose diferencias de acuerdo con las variables comunicación de pareja y conducta sexual. Se concluye que el grupo “No infieles” es más receptivo socialmente y se comunica positiva y amablemente con sus parejas, demostrando menos conductas seductoras; el grupo “Deseo de vínculo romántico” muestra un estilo de comunicación negativo con sus parejas, y mayor conducta sexual; y el grupo “Infieles” manifiesta más conductas de seducción que los otros dos grupos.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to analyze the classification of female university students based on their unfaithful behavior, describing each category by their communication styles as a couple and sexual behavior. 454 university women aged 18 to 28 years participated (x̄ = 20.28; σ = 1.785). Each variable was measured with valid and reliable instruments. A multivariate analysis was carried out with the infidelity variable, identifying three groups: “Desire for a romantic bond”, “fidelity” and “non-fidelity”. An ANOVA was used to contrast the three groups, finding differences according to the variables couple communication and sexual behavior. It is concluded that the “not-fidelity” group is more socially receptive and communicates positively and kindly with their partners, demonstrating fewer seductive behaviors; the “Desire for a romantic bond” group shows a negative communication style with their partners, and greater sexual behavior; and the “fidelity” group shows more seduction behaviors than the other two groups.

Resumen: Utilizando la teoría crítica y metodología cualitativa documental, a través de los conceptos de neoliberalismo autoritario y acumulación por legitimación, en el presente ensayo se analiza la reforma energética materializada en el gobierno de Enrique Peña Nieto en México a partir del Pacto por México, signado entre los principales partidos políticos y el gobierno federal. Las evidencias reflejan una imposición de dicha reforma sin consultar a la población con el fin de privatizar los recursos energéticos del país, la cual fue allanada por una legitimación mediática donde el gobierno canalizó grandes recursos económicos a los principales medios de comunicación del país. Se concluye que la reforma energética se da en un contexto neoliberal autoritario, de imposición para el reforzamiento del modelo económico imperante, donde el Estado renuncia a la posibilidad de negociar con los diversos sectores de la población y buscando la legitimación a través de moldear la opinión pública.

Abstract: Using critical theory and qualitative documentary methodology, through the concepts of authoritarian neoliberalism and accumulation by legitimization, this essay analyzes the energy reform materialized in the government of Enrique Peña Nieto in Mexico through the Pact for Mexico, signed between the main political parties and the federal government. The evidence reflects an imposition of such reform without consulting the population with the purpose of privatizing the country’s energy resources, which was paved by a media legitimization where the government channeled large economic resources to the country’s main media. It is concluded that the energy reform takes place in an authoritarian neoliberal context, of imposition for the reinforcement of the prevailing economic model, where the State renounces the possibility of negotiating with the different sectors of the population and seeks legitimization through the molding of public opinion.