Resumen La rehabilitación de pavimentos deteriorados requiere de diversos recursos tanto naturales como económicos. Ante tal problemática esta investigación tuvo como objetivo elaborar un diseño de mezcla para la estabilización de un suelo reciclado con emulsión asfáltica tipo CSS-1h, utilizando el método de diseño Marshall modificado. El estudio analizó la influencia del porcentaje de emulsión asfáltica (3,0 % a 6,0 %) respecto a las propiedades físicas y mecánicas del suelo estabilizado según los parámetros que exige el manual peruano de carreteras EG-2013. Los resultados muestran que, con una dosificación de 4,8 % de emulsión asfáltica y 2,88 % de residuo asfáltico se logra el mejor comportamiento en comparación a los demás porcentajes planteados, obteniendo una máxima estabilidad de 980 kg superando el mínimo valor de 227 kg establecido por la norma. Se concluyó que con dicha dosificación se obtiene una mezcla asfáltica estable con la que se puede estabilizar el pavimento deteriorado para soportar un tránsito vehicular mediano.

Abstract The rehabilitation of deteriorated pavements requires various natural and economic resources. Given this problem, this research aimed to elaborate a mix design to stabilize recycled soil with asphalt emulsion type CSS-1h, using the modified Marshall design method. This study analyzed the influence of the percentage of asphalt emulsion (3,0 % to 6,0 %) regarding the physical and mechanical properties of the stabilized soil according to the parameters required by the Peruvian road manual EG-2013. The results show that with a dosage of 4,8 % of asphalt emulsion and 2,88 % of asphalt residue, the best performance is achieved compared to the other percentages proposed, obtaining a maximum stability of 980 kg, exceeding the minimum value of 227 kg established by the regulations. It was concluded that with the aforementioned dosage a stable asphalt mixture is obtained with which the deteriorated pavement can be stabilized to withstand medium vehicular traffic.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo general diseñar un plan de mantenimiento periódico para la prolongación de la vida útil del pavimento en el tramo Paradero Las Retamas - Puente Los Ángeles de la carretera Central, elaborado en el 2021. Para ello, se abordó una metodología de enfoque cuantitativo, descriptiva, no experimental de corte transversal, aplicada a una muestra población de 1,9 km distribuida en 13 unidades de muestreo de 230,42 m2, a las cuales se determinó el Índice de Condición del Pavimento (PCI) según su propia metodología. Asimismo, se realizó un estudio de tráfico para determinar la composición y clasificación vehicular y se inspeccionó el sistema de drenaje para identificar las condiciones actuales del pavimento. En conjunto, se analizaron propiedades físicas mediante ensayos de laboratorio a fin de determinar el Índice de Regularidad Internacional (IRI) y el Índice de Servicialidad Presente (PSI), tomando en cuenta lo estipulado por el Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones (MTC). Por último, se procesó la información mediante el software HDM-4 para determinar las estrategias de mantenimiento periódico más adecuadas. De esta manera, se obtuvo un PCI general de 62, calificado como ''bueno”, un Índice Medio Diario Anual (IMDA) de 31 236 veh/día, que clasifica la vía como autopista de primer orden. Por su parte, la alternativa de mantenimiento más viable resultó el simple tratamiento superficial, el cual viene acompañado de la aplicación uniforme de un ligante bituminoso sobre pavimento granular, combinado con un óptimo mantenimiento de rutina y cuyos criterios de evaluación que muestran la rentabilidad del proyecto, obedecen a un Valor Actual Neto (VAN) de 3,20 millones de soles (844 804 USD) y una Tasa Interna de Rentabilidad (TIR) del 20 %. Por último, se obtiene un impacto positivo en el PSI producto de la implementación de la alternativa.

Abstract The general objective of this study was to design a periodic maintenance plan for Paradero Las Retamas - Puente Los Angeles section of the Central highway, developed in 2021. For this purpose, a quantitative, descriptive, non-experimental, cross-sectional approach methodology was applied to a sample population of 1,9 km distributed in 13 sampling units of 230,42 m2, to which the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) was determined according to its own methodology. A traffic study was also conducted to determine the composition and classification of vehicles, and the drainage system was inspected to identify the current pavement conditions. In addition, physical properties were analysed through laboratory tests to determine the International Regularity Index (IRI) and the Present Serviceability Index (PSI), considering the stipulations of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MTC). Finally, the information was processed using HDM-4 software to determine the most appropriate periodic maintenance strategies. In this way, an overall PCI of 62 was obtained, qualified as "good", and an Average Daily Annual Index (IMDA) of 31 236 vehicles/day, which classifies the road as a first-class highway. On the other hand, the most viable maintenance alternative was a simple surface treatment, accompanied by the uniform application of a layer of bituminous binder on the granular pavement, combined with an optimal routine maintenance. The evaluation criteria show the profitability of the project, showing a Net Present Value (NPV) of 3,20 million soles (844 804 USD) and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 20 %. Finally, a positive impact on the PSI is obtained as a result of the implementation of the alternative.

Resumen El fenómeno subsidencia ocasionado por la sobreexplotación excesiva de algunos acuíferos para el abastecimiento de agua potable, ha provocado la aparición de agrietamientos y asentamientos diferenciales en los pavimentos, repercutiendo en un sin número de daños en las vías terrestres en diferentes estados de la República Mexicana y del mundo. En efecto, la tecnología ha progresado y de esta manera se han incorporado nuevas técnicas para acelerar la solución a este tipo de problemas como el Vehículo Aéreo No Tripulado (VANT) y el Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS); estas tecnologías han influido en distintas tareas como: a) levantar grandes áreas en periodos pequeños, b) disminuir el alto requerimiento de personal y c) la poca demanda de los recursos necesarios para cubrir las necesidades de uso. Esta investigación presenta una metodología para la medición de los agrietamientos en pavimentos con la finalidad de acelerar el proceso de identificación y predicción de asentamientos en un área, misma que presenta continuos movimientos por subsidencia desde hace años, provocando cuantiosos daños en la infraestructura existente. Se consideró monitorear el área por doce meses, obteniendo un ortomosaico y cinco Modelos Digitales de Elevación (MDE) cada dos meses y procesando mediante softwares especializados en fotogrametría VANT usando Puntos de Control Terrestres (GCP o BN) para poder corregir los MDE mediante la ortorectificación de las fotografías. Los resultados obtenidos muestran cómo se reduce el tiempo de identificación de daños en los pavimentos, asimismo, se han obtenido asentamientos de magnitud con 5.7 cm en el área, además de un procesamiento de datos de dos horas cubriendo un área de 27,224 m2. De la misma manera, con este procesamiento es posible conocer un valor más aproximado, se han podido medir la longitud y ancho de las grietas por la relación GSD (cm/pix) que es programada en el vuelo del VANT.

Abstract The subsidence phenomenon caused by the excessive overexploitation of some aquifers for the supply of drinking water, has caused the appearance of cracks and differential settlements in the pavements, affecting countless damages to land roads in different states of the Mexican Republic and of the world. Indeed, technology has progressed and thus new techniques have been incorporated to speed up the solution to these types of problems, being: the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and the Global Positioning System (GPS); These technologies have influenced different tasks such as: a) raising large areas in small periods, b) reducing the high requirement of personnel and, c) the low demand for the resources necessary to cover the needs of use. This research presents a methodology for the measurement of cracks in pavements in order to speed up the process of identification and prediction of settlements in an area, which has had continuous movements due to subsidence for years, causing extensive damage to existing infrastructure. It was considered to monitor the area for twelve months, obtaining an orthomosaic and five Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) every two months and processing through specialized UAV photogrammetry software using Ground Control Points (GCP or BN) in order to correct the DEMs through orthorectification. of the photographs. The results obtained show how the time to identify pavement damage is reduced, likewise, settlements of a magnitude of 5.7 cm have been obtained in the area, in addition to a two-hour data processing covering an area of 27,224 m2. In the same way, with this processing it is possible to know a more approximate value, it has been possible to measure the length and width of the cracks by the GSD ratio (cm/pix) that is programmed in the UAV flight.

Resumen: En la actualidad se han visto problemas sociales, como la presencia de residuos de ladrillos en las calles y fuertes lluvias, afectando a la población en general, es así como se ha visto por conveniente utilizar el ladrillo reciclado como material para la elaboración de un pavimento permeable para parqueaderos con la finalidad de mitigar el impacto producido por las lluvias. La presente investigación utilizó el diseño de experimentos factorial 22 para la optimización de los diseños, para los cuales se manipularon dos variables, el ladrillo reciclado y agregado fino. La investigación buscó mejorar la resistencia a compresión del pavimento permeable. Se consiguió mejorar la resistencia a compresión del pavimento permeable obteniendo una resistencia a compresión promedio a los 28 días de 217 kg/cm2 utilizando proporciones de 4% de ladrillo reciclado molido y 8% de agregado fino, también se obtuvo un módulo de rotura de 29.97 kg/cm2 y una permeabilidad de 0.241 cm/s. Con los resultados obtenidos y en concordancia con la Norma ACI 522r-10 se concluye que el ladrillo debido a su alta resistencia permite utilizar una menor proporción de agregado fino para evitar disminuir la permeabilidad y de esa manera se puede elaborar un pavimento permeable para parqueaderos.

Abstract: At present, social problems have been seen, such as the presence of brick residues in the streets and heavy rains, affecting the population in general, so it has been seen as convenient to use recycled brick as a material for the preparation of a pavement. permeable for parking lots in order to mitigate the impact produced by the rains. The present investigation used the 22 factorial design of experiments for the optimization of the designs, for which two variables were manipulated, the recycled brick and fine aggregate. The research sought to improve the compressive strength of the pervious pavement. It was possible to improve the compressive strength of the permeable pavement, obtaining an average compressive strength at 28 days of 217 kg/cm2 using proportions of 4% ground recycled brick and 8% fine aggregate, a modulus of rupture of 29.97 was also obtained. kg/cm2 and a permeability of 0.241 cm/s. With the results obtained and in accordance with the ACI 522r-10 Standard, it is concluded that brick, due to its high resistance, allows the use of a lower proportion of fine aggregate to avoid reducing permeability and thus a permeable pavement for parking lots can be made

Resumen: La eliminación de una gran cantidad de desechos como plástico, botellas, llantas, etc., que se generan en grandes cantidades y producen un impacto y riesgo ambiental en las zonas donde se producen y almacenan. El presente estudio pretende utilizar el grano de caucho reciclado (GCR), proveniente de las llantas desechadas, en la fabricación de concreto asfáltico. Se diseñaron siete mezclas utilizando la metodología Marshall, una mezcla sin la adición de grano de caucho que será la mezcla base de comparación y seis mezclas con adición de 1% de grano caucho de diferentes tamaños, los cuales oscilan entre pasa tamiz de 4.76 mm (No. 40) y retenido tamiz de 0.075 mm (No. 200). Una vez determinadas las respectivas fórmulas de trabajo se realizaron pruebas de desempeño como: susceptibilidad al daño por humedad, resistencia a la deformación plástica, módulo resiliente, resistencia a la fatiga y resistencia al deslizamiento a cada una de las mezclas. Los resultados demuestran que la incorporación de grano de caucho produce en algunos casos una leve disminución en el contenido óptimo de cemento asfáltico, incremento en la estabilidad Marshall, mejora de la deformación plástica, incremento en la resistencia, mejor vida a la fatiga en comparación con la mezcla convencional. Los resultados de las pruebas de laboratorio indican que, al utilizar grano de caucho reciclado, se pueden obtener concretos asfálticos con mejores características técnicas requeridas y se pueden construir un pavimento amigable con el medio ambiente.

Abstract: The elimination of a large quantity of waste such as plastic, bottles, tyres, etc., that are generated in large quantities and produce an environmental impact and risk in the areas where they are produced and stored. The current study aims to use recycled rubber grain (GCR), originating from discarded tyres, in the manufacture of asphalt concrete. Seven mixtures were designed using the Marshall methodology, one mixture without the addition of the rubber grain, which will be the control mixture for comparison, and six mixtures with the addition of 1% of rubber grain of varying sizes, which oscillate between that passing through a sieve of 2.36 mm (No. 8) and that retained on a sieve of 0.075 mm (No. 200). Once the respective working formulas had been determined, performance tests were carried out such as: susceptibility to humidity damage, plastic deformation resistance, resilient modulus, fatigue resistance and skid resistance or each of the mixtures. The results show that the incorporation of rubber grain in some cases produces a slight decrease in the optimum content of asphalt cement, increase in Marshall stability, an improvement in plastic deformation, an increase in resistance, a longer fatigue life in comparison with a conventional mixture. The results of the laboratory tests indicate that in using recycled rubber grain, it is possible to obtain asphalt concretes with improved required technical characteristics whilst constructing a surface which is environmentally friendly.

La utilización de materiales no convencionales ha sido una técnica ampliamente estudiada y utilizada en el mundo. Se reporta los resultados del análisis comparativo desde el punto de vista técnico y económico de una mezcla densa en frío con la adición de asfaltita. El diseño se realizó por las metodologías Marshall y Ramcodes, previa caracterización de los agregados, esto con el fin obtener puntos de comparación en el cumplimiento de las especificaciones y propiedades volumétricas obtenidas y determinar si la asfaltita puede ser utilizada en la construcción de capas de estructuras de pavimentos flexibles en nuestro país. La mezcla diseñada con asfaltita, para la gradación del límite central de las especificaciones, cumple los criterios de diseño para una mezcla densa en frio usada en labores de bacheo, con excepción del flujo. Estas mezclas, pueden llegar a tener un mejor comportamiento que las mezclas convencionales, a un costo no muy alto. Es prometedor el uso de las asfaltitas de Pesca Boyacá, como agregado fino en una mezcla densa en frio con emulsión asfáltica, una vez que aumenta su estabilidad a un costo de fabricación inicial, inferior al costo de una mezcla convencional.

The use of unconventional materials has been a widely studied and used technique around the world. The results of the comparative analysis of a dense cold mix of aggregates with the addition of asphaltite from a technical and economic point of view is reported. The study was carried out using the methods developed by Marshall and Ramcodes, which characterized the aggregates first, in order to make an accurate comparison between the specifications and volumetric properties obtained and determine if asphaltite can be used in the construction of layers of flexible pavements in Colombia. The mix designed for the gradation of the central limit of the specifications using asphaltite meets the design criteria for a cold dense mix used in patching work except for flow. These mixtures can have a better performance than conventional mixtures while remaining economic. The use of Pesca, Boyacá asphaltites as a fine aggregate in a dense cold mix with asphalt emulsion is promising. This is due to its increased stability at an initial manufacturing cost which is lower than the cost of a conventional mix.

Resumen Contexto: Las inspecciones termográficas se utilizan en la actualidad para evaluar la eficiencia energética de equipos eléctricos y estructuras civiles o para detectar fallas en sistemas de enfriamiento y dispositivos eléctricos o electrónicos. Sin embargo, las imágenes térmicas carecen de detalles de textura, lo cual no permite identificar con precisión la geometría de la escena ni los objetos en ella. Método: En este trabajo se describe el desarrollo de la herramienta de software DepTherm, la cual permite realizar calibraciones intrínsecas y extrínsecas entre cámaras infrarrojas y RGBD para fusionar imágenes térmicas, RGB y RGBD, así como para registrar datos térmicos y de profundidad. Funcionalidades adicionales incluyen el manejo de usuarios, una GUI para visualización de los tres tipos de imágenes, el almacenamiento en una base de datos y la generación de reportes. Resultados: Además de las pruebas de integración para validar la funcionalidad de DepTherm, se realizaron dos pruebas cuantitativas para evaluar su precisión. Se encontró un error máximo de reproyección de 1,47±0,64 pixeles, mientras que el registro de un cubo con 11 cm de lado tuvo un error promedio máximo de 4,147 mm. Conclusiones: Las funcionalidades de la herramienta software DepTherm están enfocadas en facilitar las inspecciones termográficas capturando modelos 3D de las escenas con información térmica. Agradecimientos: Este trabajo contó con financiamiento parcial del proyecto de investigación Sistemas multi-sensoriales de integración para clasificar fallas superficiales en el pavimento (ID No. 21034) de la Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.

Abstract Context: Thermographic inspections are currently used to assess energy efficiency in electrical equipment and civil structures or to detect failures in cooling systems and electrical or electronic devices. However, thermal images lack texture details, which does not allow for a precise identification of the geometry of the scene or the objects in it. Method: In this work, the development of the software tool called DepTherm is described. This tool allows performing intrinsic and extrinsic calibration between infrared and RGBD cameras in order to fuse thermal, RGB, and RGBD images, as well as to record thermal and depth data. Additional features include user management, a visualization GUI for all three types of images, database storage, and report generation. Results: In addition to the integration tests performed to validate the functionality of DepTherm, two quantitative tests were conducted in order to evaluate its accuracy. A maximum re-projection error of 1,47±0,64 pixels was found, and the maximum mean error in registering an 11 cm side cube was 4,15 mm. Conclusions: The features of the DepTherm software tool are focused on facilitating thermographic inspections by capturing 3D scene models with thermal data.

Resumo As metástases para as glândulas salivares são raras, ocorrendo sobretudo de neoplasias da cabeça e do pescoço para a glândula parótida. Até ao momento apenas uma metástase na glândula sublingual foi reportada na literatura. Neste trabalho apresentamos o segundo caso, que ocorreu numa mulher na casa dos 50 anos, anteriormente diagnosticada com carcinoma metaplásico da mama (MpBC) com diferenciação condroide, e com metástases ganglionares e orgânicas difusas. A lesão sublingual surgiu como uma tumefação no pavimento da boca que causava desconforto na mastigação. Histologicamente era formada por células epiteliais com características citomorfológicas de alto grau, com uma área central condroide. O caso foi desafiante dada a raridade do tumor primário e o local improvável de metastização. Considerámos tumores primários da glândula salivar com diferenciação condroide como diagnósticos alternativos, mas a integração clínica foi crucial para estabelecer o diagnóstico de metástase de MpBC para a glândula sublingual.

Abstract Metastatic spread to the salivary glands is rare, occurring primarily from head and neck tumors to the parotid gland. So far, only one sublingual gland metastasis has been reported in the literature. We herein report the second case of metastasis to this gland occurring in a woman in her 50s, previously diagnosed with HER2-positive metaplastic breast carcinoma (MpBC) with chondroid differentiation, with lymph node and diffuse organ metastases. The sublingual lesion presented as a tumefaction on the floor of the mouth, causing masticatory discomfort. Histologically it was formed by epithelial cells with high-grade cytomorphological features with a large central area of chondroid differentiation. The case was clinically and pathologically challenging, given the rarity of the primary MpBC and the improbable secondary location. Alternative primary salivar gland tumors with chondroid differentiation were considered, but ultimately the clinical integration was crucial in establishing the diagnosis of MpBC metastasis to the sublingual gland.

Resumo O uso de polímeros na indústria está em expansão, principalmente o de polímeros reforçados com fibra de vidro (PRFV). Na produção de peças com PRFV, inevitavelmente, são geradas quantidades significativas de resíduos, que carecem de destino em aterros industriais, o que representa um custo para o setor industrial e um problema ambiental. A busca por soluções que possam incorporar esses resíduos no processo ou como substituinte de matérias-primas é um dos focos atuais de pesquisas na área de materiais. Assim, este estudo avaliou a aplicação do resíduo de PRFV em misturas de concreto para a produção de peças para pavimento intertravado. O resíduo apresentou granulometria de agregado miúdo, com módulo de finura de 1,71. A morfologia revelou haver uma superfície heterogênea, com grânulos de diferentes tamanhos e bastonetes alongados lisos. A substituição parcial da areia pelo resíduo de PRFV (5%, 10% e 15%) resultou em peças com menor resistência à compressão (< 31 MPa) quando comparadas ao controle, sem PRFV. Entretanto, os resultados de resistência permitem a aplicação dos pavers em lugares com tráfego leve ou mesmo em calçadas, com a vantagem de a peça ser mais leve.

Abstract The use of polymers in industry is expanding, especially glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP). The production process of GFPR parts generates significant amounts of waste, which then needs to be disposed of in industrial landfills, which both generates financial costs for the industrial sector and constitutes an environmental problem. The search for solutions that incorporate the waste either in the process or as a substitute for raw materials is one of the current concerns of research into materials. This study evaluates the application of GFRP waste in concrete mixtures for the production of interlocking pavers. The waste presented fine aggregate granulometry, with a fineness modulus of 1.71. The morphology revealed a heterogenous surface, with granules of different sizes and smooth and elongated stems. The partial replacement of sand by GFRP residue (5%, 10% and 15%) resulted in pavers with lower compressive strength (< 31 MPa) when compared to the control specimens without GFRP, however, the strength results allow the application of pavers in places with light traffic or on sidewalks, with the advantage that these pavers are lighter.

resumo As pontes rodoviárias geralmente estão sujeitas a ações dinâmicas aleatórias de magnitude variável devido aos comboios de veículos que cruzam o tabuleiro da ponte ao longo de sua vida útil. Diante deste contexto, a condição de deterioração da superfície do pavimento asfáltico da estrutura torna-se relevante para avaliar os valores de deslocamentos e tensões. Deste modo, este trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia de análise para avaliação da resposta estrutural dinâmica de pontes rodoviárias mistas (aço-concreto), considerando-se as ações dinâmicas oriundas do tráfego de comboios de veículos sobre a superfície irregular, além do efeito da deterioração progressiva da superfície do pavimento. As conclusões desta investigação indicam que os valores de deslocamentos e tensões são consideravelmente superiores, com amplificações de até quatro vezes, quando o efeito da deterioração do pavimento da pista é considerado na análise dinâmica da ponte.

abstract: Highway bridges are usually subjected to random dynamic actions of variable magnitude due to vehicles convoys crossing on the bridge pavement deck along their service life. In this context, the asphalt pavement deteriorated road surface condition represents a key issue to assess the bridge displacement and stress values. This way, this research work aims to develop an analysis methodology in order to assess the dynamic structural behaviour of steel-concrete composite highway bridges including the vehicles convoys dynamic actions and the pavement progressive deterioration effect. The conclusions of this investigation have indicated that the displacements and stresses values are considerably higher, with relevant amplifications up to four times, when the road pavement deterioration effect is considered in the bridge dynamic analysis.

Resumen El factor camión es uno de los principales factores dentro de la estimación de la demanda de cargas que tendrá el pavimento de una carretera. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los pesajes realizados entre los años 2008 y 2017. A partir de lo anterior, se contabilizaron más de 12 millones de vehículos pesados, los cuales estaban distribuidos en la estación de pesaje de Limón y Cartago. Para cada vehículo se calculó el factor camión asociado y se determinó si el vehículo, según el peso de cada uno de sus ejes, incumplía lo establecido en el Decreto n.° 31363 del Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes (MOPT, 2003). A partir de las variables factor camión y el incumplimiento se realizan modelos econométricos. Estos modelos toman el efecto de distintas variables de tipo de camión, espaciales y temporales, y el tipo de medición, sobre el factor camión y el incumplimiento. Los modelos econométricos consideran las siguientes variables: año, mes, tipo de vehículo, día, hora y el tipo de medición aplicado en las estaciones analizadas. Uno de los resultados más relevantes del presente estudio es que hubo un incremento en los factores camión y porcentajes de incumplimiento analizados al pasar de un sistema de pesaje manual a uno automatizado.

Abstract The truck factor is one of the main components in computing the load demand for highway pavements. The aim of this study is to analyse the databases on weighing’s carried out between 2008 and 2017. Therefore, more than 12 million heavy transport vehicles were counted, these vehicles were distributed in Limon and Cartago weighing stations. For each vehicle, the associated truck factor was calculated. Besides, according to the weight of each of its axles, it was determined if the vehicle did not comply with the provisions of the Legal Decree n.o 31363 of the MOPT. The econometric models are computed from the truck factor variables and non-compliance percentages. These models take the effect from different variables of the type of truck on the truck factor and non-compliance: spatial and temporal, and the type of measurement. The econometric models consider the following variables: year, month, type of vehicle, day, hour, and the type of measurement applied in the analysed stations. One of the results of this research is that there was an increase in the truck factors and non-compliance percentages analysed when going from a manual weighing system to an automated one.

Resumen La siguiente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la serviciabilidad y capacidad resistente en el pavimento flexible del Azángaro-Salinas km 0+000 al km 3+000, en Puno, Perú. Los resultados determinan que, para el tramo indicado, se tiene un PSI (Índice de serviciabilidad de pavimento) de 3,41 de acuerdo con el método de Merlín, teniendo una clasificación de serviciabilidad buena. Así mismo, mediante los resultados de laboratorio, se establece la capacidad resistente en la subrasante, subbase y base. Con los CBR más críticos encontrados para cada una de las capas de la estructura del pavimento y con los espesores encontrados en campo, se logra realizar un diseño estructural obteniendo como resultado que sí se cumple con los requisitos del diseño. Las conclusiones son que la serviciabilidad es buena debido a que se determinó un IRI para cada tramo con un promedio de 2,15. Asimismo, se obtuvo un PSI promedio total de 3,41 correspondiendo una serviciabilidad buena de todo el tramo estudiado.

Abstract The following investigation aims to determine the serviceability and resistant capacity in a flexible pavement in Azángaro-Salinas km 0+000 to km 3+000, in Puno, Peru. From the results it was possible to determine that for the indicated section there is a PSI (Pavement Serviceability Index) of 3,41 according to the Merlin method, meaning that it has a good serviceability classification. Likewise, through the laboratory results, the resistant capacity is established for the subgrade, subbase, and base. After the most critical CBR was found for each of the layers of the pavement structure, and with the thicknesses found in the field, it is possible to carry out a structural design obtaining as a result that the design requirements were met. As conclusion, it was found a good serviceability of each section, since the determined IRI showed an average of 2,15. Likewise, the PSI total average of 3,41 corresponds to a good serviceability of the entire section studied.

Abstract: This study determine the mechanical performance of a 40 mm thick overlay using UHPFRC (Ultra High-Performance Concrete) as the outer surface for restoring a flexible pavement structure. A 30 m long test section was built, divided into two 15 m sections. Section 1 was restored with a 60 mm overlay of Hot Mix Asphalt -HMA- and Section 2 was restored with a 40 mm overlay of UHPFRC without intermediate transverse joins. The two sections were instrumented with pressure cells in order to evaluate the vertical load in the inner fiber of each restoration layer. The mechanical properties of the materials were evaluated, the structural modeling was carried out with the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) and the Bisar 3.0 software. The structural modeling showed an 82% increase in the lifecycle for the section restored with UHPFRC. The functional evaluation of the rehabilitated structures was carried out considering parameters as: friction, percentage of cracking, rutting, international roughness index -IRI- and smoothness.

Resumen: Este estudio determinó el desempeño mecánico de una sobre capa de 40 mm ± 10 mm de espesor construida con UHPFRC (Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete, por sus siglas en inglés) como capa de rodadura en la rehabilitación de un pavimento flexible. Se construyó un tramo de prueba de 30 m de longitud, dividido en dos secciones de 15 m. Sección 1 rehabilitada con una sobre capa de 60 mm de Mezcla Asfáltica semi-densa en Caliente (MSC). Sección 2 rehabilitada con una sobre capa de 40 mm de UHPFRC sin juntas transversales intermedias. Las secciones fueron instrumentadas con celdas de presión para evaluar la presión vertical en la fibra inferior de cada sección. Se evaluaron las propiedades mecánicas de los materiales, se realizó la modelación estructural con el deflectómetro de impacto (FWD, por sus siglas en ingles). La modelación estructural indicó un incremento del 82% de la vida útil para la sección rehabilitada con UHPFRC. Adicionalmente, la evaluación funcional de las estructuras rehabilitadas se realizó teniendo en cuenta parámetros de fricción, porcentaje de fisuración, ahuellamiento, índice de rugosidad internacional -IRI- y lisura.

RESUMO Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) has a variety of organic and inorganic compounds that can interact with the environment and promote deleterious effects on human health. This study investigated the potential toxicity of RAP through metal determination, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) analysis and acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna. Leached and solubilized extracts of RAP samples and a freshly produced asphalt sample were compared. Regarding metals, Mn was above the Brazilian acceptance criteria in the solubilized extract. The samples showed concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Pb, which are on the list of substances that render waste hazardous. For PAH, two samples of leachate had BaP concentration above the maximum value allowed and the other samples had BaP values close to the established limit. In addition, the samples still presented concentrations of BaA, BbF, IcdP, and Chr. For the acute toxicity tests, two solubilized samples indicated acute toxicity to Daphnia magna. The results indicated that the method of preparing the leached and the solubilized extract influenced the values of metals and acute toxicity. Two samples of RAP could be classified as hazardous waste, pointing out that these materials have the potential to leach hazardous substances to the environment. Therefore, the disposal of this type of waste should be carefully evaluated, as its composition contains substances that may degrade the environment and cause toxicological effects on living organisms.

ABSTRACT Pavimentos asfálticos fresados (PAF) apresentam uma variedade de compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos que podem interagir com o meio ambiente e promover efeitos deletérios à saúde humana. Este estudo investigou o potencial de toxicidade dos PAF por meio da determinação de metais, hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA) e testes de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia magna. Foram comparados extratos lixiviados e solubilizados de amostras de PAF e de resíduo asfáltico fresco. As análises de Mn apresentaram concentrações acima do critério de aceitação normativo brasileiro para os extratos solubilizados. As amostras resultaram em concentrações de Cd, Cr e Pb, que estão na lista de substâncias que conferem periculosidade aos resíduos. Em relação aos HPA, duas amostras de lixiviado apresentaram concentração de BaP acima do valor máximo permitido e as demais amostras apresentaram valores de BaP próximos ao limite estabelecido. Ademais, foram identificadas nas amostras concentrações de BaA, BbF, IcdP e Chr. Para os ensaios de toxicidade aguda, duas amostras solubilizadas indicaram toxicidade aguda para Daphnia magna. Os resultados indicaram que o método de preparo dos lixiviados e do extrato solubilizado influenciaram os valores de metais e a toxicidade aguda. Duas amostras de PAF foram classificadas como resíduos perigosos, sinalizando que tais materiais apresentam potencial para lixiviar substâncias perigosas ao ambiente. Portanto, a disposição em solo desse tipo de resíduo deve ser criteriosa, uma vez que sua composição contém substâncias que podem impactar o meio ambiente e causar efeitos toxicológicos em organismos vivos.

Resumo Os sistemas de vedação vertical externa constituídos por fachadas-cortina compostas por aço e vidro são exemplares que, após anos de uso, encontram-se em vulnerabilidade, posto que a obsolescência funcional e tecnológica acelera a necessidade de retrofit. Entre1960 e 1970, a fachada-cortina em aço carbono foi amplamente usada nos edifícios modernistas, que justifica a compreender como a degradação ocorre ao longo dos anos. Com o objetivo de delinear um método de investigação do estado de conservação para compreender o padrão de envelhecimento natural desse sistema, esta pesquisa avaliou o comportamento da fachada-cortina de um edifício da década 1960 localizado em Brasília. Para tanto, foi realizada uma inspeção predial, cujos dados alimentaram a análise estatística em que as múltiplas comparações entre as variáveis foram usadas para entender como a fachada envelheceu e discutir as relações de causa-efeito. O pavimento térreo apresentou o pior estado de conservação. Por sua vez, a tipologia de esquadria fixa foi a mais conservada. Os resultados da avaliação dos trechos horizontais mostraram que a fachada envelheceu de forma semelhante, exceto para o estado de corrosão no encontro com a fachada norte, que apresentou o pior resultado.

Abstract External vertical sealing systems constituted of steel and glass curtain walls become vulnerable after years of use, and their functional and technological obsolescence increases the need for retrofitting. In the 1960s and 1970s, carbon steel curtain walls were widely used in modernist buildings, which justifies efforts to understand how their degradation occurs over the years. With the aim of outlining a method to investigate the state of conservation in order to understand the natural aging pattern of this type of system, this research study statistically evaluated the behaviour of the curtain wall of a 1960s building located on the Esplanade of the Ministries, in the Brazilian capital, Brasilia. To this end, a building inspection was carried out and the data fed the statistical analysis, where multiple comparisons between variables were used to understand how the façade aged and to discuss cause-effect relationships. The ground floor presented the worst state of conservation. The fixed frame typology was the most preserved. When the horizontal sections were evaluated, the results showed that the facade aged in a similar way, except for the corrosion state at the joining with the north facade, which presented the worst results.