Abstract This study handles the possibility of formulating artisanal paints for wall paintings whose pigments come from plants, considering the need for additives and techniques capable of guaranteeing a good performance for internal walls of buildings. The lack of recipes and publications on the proportion of each component to obtain a paint with good performance motivated the preparation of the present research, in which formulations were developed through experimental design of mixtures to obtain homogeneous suspensions that comply with the limits stipulated by NBR 15079-1:2021. The performance of the mixtures in the Abrasion Resistance Test was evaluated according to the variations in the proportions of the components of the mixtures, and the pH and viscosity variable. The results indicate that the highest levels of abrasion resistance were achieved by raising the levels of pigment and bactericide, while high pH indices showed high viscosity and good performance against abrasion resistance, and vice versa. Through this study, it is concluded that it is possible to elaborate paints with Curcuma Longa L. pigments and natural inputs with satisfactory performance for the application and elaboration of mural paintings on internal walls of buildings.

Resumo Opresente estudo buscou formular tintas artesanais para pinturas de murais cujos pigmentos sejam oriundos de plantas, considerando a necessidade de aditivos e técnicas capazes de garantir um bom desempenho para paredes internas de edificações. A falta de receitas e publicações sobre a proporção de cada componente para a obtenção de uma tinta com bom desempenho motivou a elaboração da presente pesquisa, em que foram desenvolvidas formulações através de delineamento experimental de misturas para obter suspensões homogêneas que estejam em conformidade com os limites de desempenho definidos pela NBR 15079-1:2021. O desempenho das misturas frente ao ensaio de resistência à abrasão (RAU) foi avaliado de acordo com as variações das proporções dos componentes das misturas e as variáveis de pH e viscosidade. Os resultados indicam que os índices mais elevados de RAU foram alcançados ao elevar os níveis de pigmento e bactericida, ao passo que altos índices de pH apresentaram viscosidade elevada e bom desempenho frente à RAU, e vice-versa. Através do presente estudo, conclui-se que é possível elaborar tintas com pigmentos de Curcuma Longa L. e insumos naturais com desempenho satisfatório para aplicação e elaboração de pinturas murais em paredes internas de edificações.

Abstract This study carried out Bg anaerobic Cd. RSM was employed to investigate the optimum experimental conditions for Bg yield. The input parameters were PD substrates combination, either with WH or GS. Using six different identical 25 L cylindrical digesters, 6 experimental setups of the substrate combinations were carried out, for an incubation time of 22 days, under ambient T of 33 °C, and pH of 6.7. The setups digesters were: 25% PD:75% WH (1); 50% PD:50% WH (2); 75% PD:25% WH (3); 25% PD:75% GS (4); 50% PD:50% GS (5); and 75% PD:25% GS (6). From experimental observations, Bg yield started on day 5, for setups 1, 2, 4 and 5, followed by setup 3 on day 6. Setup 6 was the last digester to produce Bg, on day 7. Setup 2 recorded the highest Bg yield (75 cm3/day), while setup 6 had the lowest value yield (48 cm3/day). Furthermore, additional setups (7 and 8) were carried out for determining Bg characteristics and evaluating the effect of a pre-activated active slurry in its yields. Optimum Bg yield (75 cm3/day) was attained by 50% PD:50% WH. This result validates Bg production through substrates Cd, and the employment of optimization tools, in order to obtain ideal process parameters. Furthermore, quadratic model developed by RSM was highly reliable and reproducible, while the predicted values were close to the experimental ones.

Abstract: In order to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological composition of functional beverages obtained from chayote pulp (Sechium edule) with L-carnitine. A randomized design with four replicates per treatment was used to evaluate chemical (dry matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, fiber, and ash), physical (pH, °Brix, acidity), and microbiological (mesophilic aerobes and molds and yeasts) parameters. The treatments studied were: V1, Chayote 100% plus 500 mg of L-carnitine; V2, Chayote 75% + 500 mg of L-carnitine and 25% of distilled water; V3, Chayote 75% + 250 mg of L-carnitine and 25% of distilled water; V4, Chayote 50% + 500 mg of L-carnitine and 50% of distilled water; V5, Chayote 50% + 250 mg of L-carnitine and 50% of distilled water. The pH values at V3 gradually decreased until day 21. Crude protein and ash differed (p<0.05) in V1 and V2 compared to the other treatments. While dry matter, ethereal, and nitrogen-free extract did not differ between the variants, mesophilic aerobes, molds, and yeasts were within the ranges (<3) of acceptance according to NTE INEN 1529-6 standards. Treatment V3 showed the highest pH reduction (5.09) compared to other variants after 21 days of storage. It is concluded that including different amounts of chayote pulp with L-carnitine is a suitable alternative to obtain functional beverages for human consumption.

Resumen: Con el objetivo de evaluar la composición fisicoquímica y microbiológica de las bebidas funcionales obtenidas a partir pulpa de chayote (Sechium edule) con L-Carnitina, se empleó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento se evaluaron parámetros químicos (materia seca, proteína cruda, extracto eterio, fibra y ceniza), físicos (pH, °Brix, acidez) y microbiológicos (aerobios mesófilos y mohos y levaduras). Los tratamientos estudiados fueron: V1, Chayote 100 % más 500 mg de L-carnitina; V2, Chayote 75% + 500 mg L-Carnitina y 25% agua destilada; V3, chayote 75% +250 mg L-Carnitina y 25% agua destilada; V4, Chayote 50% + 500 mg L-Carnitina y 50% agua destilada; V5, Chayote 50% + 250 mg L-Carnitina y 50% agua destilada. Los valores de pH en el V3 se redujeron gradualmente hasta el día 21. La proteína cruda y ceniza difirieron (p<0.05) en los V1 y V2 frente a los demás. Mientras que la materia seca, extracto etéreo y extracto libre de nitrógeno, no presentaron diferencia entre variantes. Los aerobios mesófilos, mohos y levaduras estuvieron dentro los rangos (<3) de aceptación según las normas NTE INEN 1529-6. El tratamiento V3 fue el que presentó mayor reducción de pH (5,09) con frente a otras variantes a los 21dias de conservado. Se concluye, que la inclusión de diferentes cantidades de pulpa de chayote con L-Carnitina es una alternativa apropiada para obtener bebidas funcionales aptos para consumo humano.

ABSTRACT The elution by imidazole is used in the purification process of non-alpha IL-2 mutein, specifically in the immobilized metal chelates affinity chromatography step (IMAC). In order to demonstrate that a new elution process is possible using cheaper solutions, changes were made in the former capture step. These changes consist on separate the size exclusion chromatography and the controlled oxidation stage which are currently performed together, as well as changing the elution solution. To achieve this, a 22 factorial design of experiments was performed to evaluate the effect of pH and molar concentration on recovery, purity, and particle diameter. The best results were obtained with the solution of sodium acetate 20 mmol L-1 pH 4 being similar to those obtained in the industry nowadays: 29 % recovery, 90 % of purity, and particle diameter 18,40 nm. The first contribution of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of using the new elution methodology. Moreover, by using the academic software SuperPro Designer, the actual capture step of the purification process (elution by Imidazole) was simulated, validated, and verified. To demonstrate the relationship between costs and benefits, the CH SFF matrix gel volume was incremented. This change increased costs at this stage. However, the productivity obtained grew to 109 mg h-1, 2.78 times greater than the current productivity. Therefore, the gross net increased by 879 325,00 $. This result constitutes the second contribution of this paper.

RESUMEN La elución por Imidazol se utiliza en la etapa de captura del proceso de purificación de la muteína Interleukina-2 no alfa, específicamente en la cromatografía de afinidad de quelatos metálicos inmovilizados (IMAC). Para demostrar que es posible una nueva forma de elución en IMAC haciendo uso de soluciones menos costosas, se realizaron cambios en esta etapa: separar la cromatografía de exclusión molecular y la oxidación controlada (se realizan actualmente de forma conjunta), además de cambiar la solución de elución. Para lograr el objetivo, se realizó un diseño de experimentos factorial 22 evaluando el efecto del pH y la concentración molar en el recobrado, la pureza y el diámetro de partícula. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con la solución de acetato de sodio 20 mmol L-1 pH 4, siendo similares a los obtenidos hoy en la industria: 29 % de recobrado, 90 % de pureza y un diámetro de partícula de 18,40 nm. La primera contribución de este trabajo es demostrar la viabilidad de utilizar la nueva metodología de elución. Haciendo uso del software académico SuperPro Designer, se simuló, verificó y validó esta etapa. Con el propósito de demostrar la relación entre costos y beneficios, siendo la segunda contribución de este trabajo, se incrementó el volumen de gel de la matriz CH SFF. Este cambio resultó en un aumento de los costos en esta etapa. Sin embargo, la productividad obtenida creció en 109 mg h-1, siendo 2,78 veces mayor a la productividad actual, acrecentándose los ingresos en $ 879 325,00.

ABSTRACT The paper analyzes the quality of the water supplied by the potable water treatment plant Altos of Quintero to the city of Santiago de Cuba through the study of five consumers. The quality of the parameters analyzed was determined for pH, color, turbidity, residual free chlorine and determination of total and fecal coliforms, resulting in La Colonia, La Cervecería Hatuey and the Combined Milk, which residual free chlorine and turbidity are outside the norm in some occasions. The effects of the quality of drinking water coming from the potabilizer were mainly the deterioration of the infrastructure of the supply networks and poor storage conditions of the liquid in the above mentioned institutions. Options are presented to ensure that water quality is maintained in the different consumption centers and a predictable model is proposed that allows the maximum time that guarantees the minimum level of allowable residual chlorine that a consumer source should have.

RESUMEN El trabajo analiza la calidad del agua que suministra la potabilizadora Altos de Quintero a la ciudad de Santiago de Cuba mediante el estudio de cinco consumidores. Al agua de los seis centros analizados se les determinó su calidad por la medición de los parámetros: pH, color, turbidez, cloro libre residual y determinación de coliformes totales y fecales, resultando La Colonia, La Cervecería Hatuey y el Combinado Lácteo las entidades en las cuales el cloro libre residual y la turbidez se encuentran fuera de norma en algunas ocasiones. Las afectaciones de la calidad del agua potable procedente de la potabilizadora se deben fundamentalmente al deterioro de la infraestructura de las redes de abastecimiento y a las malas condiciones de almacenamiento del líquido en las instituciones antes mencionadas. Se presentan opciones para garantizar que se mantenga la calidad del agua en los diferentes centros de consumo y se propone un modelo predictivo que posibilita determinar el tiempo máximo que garantiza el mínimo nivel de cloro residual libre permisible que debe disponer una fuente consumidora.

ABSTRACT • Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) is a tree native to India that, due to its multiple properties, is currently widely distributed throughout the world, mainly in tropical and semi-arid areas, being able to withstand adverse conditions such as high temperatures and soils. arid, infertile, stony or acid. Insect repellents and insecticides, fungicides and fertilizers of extraordinary value for integrated or organic agriculture are made from this plant. The objective of this research is the determination of quality parameters of the physical-chemical variables of the oil from the seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem). The oil was extracted, by artisanal cold pressing, from the seeds of fruits collected from specimens cultivated in the San Antonio del Sur municipality of the Guantánamo province. The quality parameters were determined: density, acidity index, pH, refractive, iodine and saponification indices. The values of the oil quality parameters of the neem seeds were shown to be similar to the results of other researchers and to be within the ranges required by the Codex. Of all the parameters, the only one that is above the required values is the acidity index. The Neem oil from trees located in Guantánamo could be an alternative to replace imported vegetable oils for industrial use, although with previous refining processes

RESUMEN • Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) es un árbol originario de la India que, por sus múltiples propiedades, se encuentra en la actualidad distribuido ampliamente en el mundo, principalmente en zonas tropicales y semiáridas, pudiendo soportar condiciones adversas tales como: altas temperaturas y suelos áridos, no fértiles, pedregosos o ácidos. A partir de esta planta se elaboran repelentes de insectos e insecticidas, fungicidas y fertilizantes de extraordinario valor para la agricultura integral o biológica. El objetivo de esta investigación es la determinación de parámetros de calidad de las variables físico-químicas del aceite de las semillas de Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem). El aceite se extrajo, mediante prensado al frío artesanal, de las semillas de frutos recolectados de especímenes cultivados en el municipio San Antonio del Sur de la provincia de Guantánamo. Se determinaron los parámetros de calidad: densidad, índice de acidez, pH, índices de refracción, de yodo y de saponificación. Los valores de los parámetros de calidad del aceite de las semillas de Neem mostraron ser similares a los resultados de otros investigadores y que se encuentran dentro los rangos exigidos por el Códex. De todos los parámetros el único que está por encima de los valores exigidos es el índice de acidez. El aceite de neem de árboles localizados en Guantánamo podría constituir una alternativa en la sustitución de aceites vegetales importados de uso industrial, aunque con previos procesos de refinación.

ABSTRACT Due to the diversification of dairy products developed in the state of Falcón, the introduction of a fermented dairy product derived from yogurt combined with Aloe vera gel, a traditional crop of the region, is novel due to its nutritional properties and health benefits. The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of a dairy drink with fermented aloe according to current regulations. Important authors such as Tamime and Robinson 1, Morillo and Toyo 2, Méndez and Romero 3 were taken as references. Product elaboration runs were carried out on a laboratory scale, in order to establish the adequate proportions of the fruity Aloe gel by mixing fruit pulp, sugar and Aloe gel, the most accepted being the 1:1:1 ratio. The physicochemical and microbiological characterization of the raw material and the finished product was carried out using the COVENIN standards and organoleptic tests to untrained judges to ensure the acceptance of the product, from which a fermented milk drink was obtained with the addition of 50 % gel of Fruity Aloe with a pH of 4,51; a titratable acidity of 0,837 % lactic acid; 3,64 % fat and 12,92 % non-fat solids. Regarding the microbiological quality, few yeasts and the absence of coliform bacteria were found, which complies with the physicochemical and microbiological requirements demanded by the regulations, allowing the obtaining of a quality product suitable for human consumption based on natural raw materials.

RESUMEN Debido a la diversificación de los productos de origen lácteo desarrollados en el estado Falcón, la introducción de un producto lácteo fermentado derivado del yogurt combinado con gel de Aloe vera, cultivo tradicional de la región, es novedoso por sus propiedades alimenticias y beneficios a la salud. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la calidad de una bebida láctea fermentada con gel de Aloe frutado según la normativa vigente. Se tomaron como referencias importantes autores como Tamime y Robinson, (1) Morillo y Toyo, (2) Méndez y Romero. (3) Se realizaron corridas de elaboración del producto a escala de laboratorio, a fin de establecer las proporciones adecuadas del gel de Aloe frutado mezclando pulpa de fruta, azúcar y gel de Aloe, siendo la más aceptada la proporción 1:1:1. Se realizó la caracterización fisicoquímica y microbiológica de la materia prima y del producto terminado mediante las normas COVENIN y pruebas organolépticas a 10 jueces no entrenados para asegurar la aceptación del producto, de donde se obtuvo una bebida láctea fermentada con la adición de 50 % de gel de Aloe frutado con un pH de 4,51; una acidez titulable de 0,837 % de ácido láctico; 3,64 % de grasa y 12,92 % de sólidos no grasos. Respecto a la calidad microbiológica se encontraron levaduras escasas y ausencia de bacterias coliformes, con lo cual se cumple con los requisitos fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos exigidos por la normativa, permitiendo la obtención de un producto de calidad apto para el consumo humano a base de materias primas naturales.

ABSTRACT Copper is an essential element for beet; however, it needs to be made available in adequate quantities since this nutrient, which is a heavy metal, can cause toxicity to plants and/or humans. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of beet fertigated with copper in a semi-arid region of Brazil. Two experiments were carried out in complete randomized blocks, with five treatments (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.0, and 6.0 kg ha-1 of copper) and four replicates. In 2019, the copper content was within the adequate range for beet. In 2021, fertigation with copper above 0.8 kg ha-1 led to contents in the phytotoxicity range, which may explain the reduction in total and tuberous root dry mass accumulation. Fertilization with copper increased marketable yield in 2019 (17.32 t ha-1 at the dose of 3.9 kg ha-1 of copper), while, in 2021, there was no fit of the equations. Copper fertilization altered the tuberous root pH but did not influence the other tuberous root quality components. Plants fertilized with copper accumulated more copper in the leaves than in the tuberous root, with a maximum accumulation of 6.0 kg ha-1 of copper in 2019 and 2021. Fertilization with 3.9 kg ha-1 suits soils with low copper content.

RESUMO O cobre é um elemento essencial à beterraba, no entanto, é necessário disponibilizá-lo em quantidade adequada uma vez que esse nutriente, que é um metal pesado, pode causar toxicidade às plantas e, ou, ao ser humano. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho agronômico de beterraba fertirrigada com cobre em uma região semiárida do Brasil. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em delineados em blocos casualizados ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 e 6.0 kg ha-1 de cobre) e quatro repetições. Em 2019, o teor de cobre estava dentro da faixa adequada para a beterraba. Em 2021, a fertirrigação com cobre acima de 0.8 kg ha-1 proporcionou teores na faixa de fitotoxicidade, o que pode explicar a redução no acúmulo de massa seca total e de raízes tuberosas. A adubação com cobre aumentou a produtividade comercial em 2019 (17.32 t ha-1 na dose de 3.9 kg ha-1 de cobre) enquanto que, em 2021, não houve modelo ajustado. A adubação alterou o pH da raiz tuberosa, mas não influenciou nos demais atributos de qualidade pós-colheita da raiz tuberosa. Plantas adubadas com cobre acumularam mais cobre nas folhas do que na raiz tuberosa, com máxima acumulada em 2019 e em 2021, na dose 6.0 kg ha-1 de cobre. A adubação com 3.9 kg ha-1 é adequada para solos com baixo teor de cobre.

BACKGROUND. Education about planetary health (PH) and sustainable healthcare (SH), or education for sustainable healthcare (ESH), enables health professionals to help protect public health and healthcare from climate change and environmental degradation. The Association for Medical Education in Europe Consensus (AMEE Consensus) Statement on Planetary Health and Education for Sustainable Healthcare has proposed a set of ESH learning objectives, activities and assessments for adaptation to different health professions education (HPE) contexts. The national audit phase of a mixed methods study in South Africa (SA) found that awareness of ESH and its curriculum development is emerging. The African Medical Education Directives for Specialists (AfriMEDS) is a competency framework for undergraduate medical students in SA that defines key competencies and enabling competencies related to seven roles of a health professional. OBJECTIVES. To recruit a national Delphi panel of health professions educators to assess the applicability of the AMEE Consensus learning objectives, activities and assessments to HPE in SA; to elicit panellists' perceptions of the main barriers and opportunities for ESH in faculties; and to compare learning objectives recommended by AMEE and the panel for key competencies and enabling competencies within the AfriMEDS framework. METHODS. Nine educators from three different disciplines and six national faculties of health sciences participated in two rounds of a Delphi process and in follow-up discussions. In round 1, they rated the AMEE Consensus learning objectives, activities and assessments, and proposed additional ones. In round 2, they rated the score-ranked AMEE lists, as well as relevant additions from round 1. All panellists participated in further discussions regarding applicability, and highlighted the potential barriers and opportunities for integrating ESH into their faculties. The lead author then matched the panel's learning objectives with enabling competencies related to all seven health professional roles described by AfriMEDS. RESULTS. All panellists recognised the importance of ESH in SA and the need for eco-ethical leadership by health professionals. All 13 AMEE Consensus learning objectives, as well as three additional objectives from the panel, were matched most frequently with AfriMEDS-enabling competencies related to the roles of leader and manager (n=9), communicator (n=8) and healthcare practitioner (n=7). Panellists highly ranked learning activities and assessments that are authentic, multiprofessional and require systems thinking. They perceived the lack of capable educators and curriculum overload to be the main barriers to integration of ESH, as well as the need for strong leaders, disciplinary champions and trained educators. CONCLUSIONS. Situating the selected learning objectives within the AfriMEDS competency framework provides a good basis for developing aligned learning activities and assessments of ESH. Strong leadership, capable educators and multidisciplinary collaboration are important enablers of integrating ESH into HPE in SA.

Abstract Metals can contaminate the environment and increasingly affect ecological systems and public health worldwide. Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions play a significant part in increasing the cancer rate, since their amounts are higher in cancerous patients than in healthy individuals. Electrochemical methods have been extensively used for analyzing biological, beverages and food samples to estimate Cu(II) and Pb(II). The present study has employed LSASV for Cu(II) and Pb(II) determination in female patients (suffering from breast-cancer) cancerous blood serum samples. Optimized conditions for analysis have required: Gc, with an eacc of -0.2 V and a tacc of 400 s, as WE; 0.1 M AB (pH 5.1) as SE, at a stirring rate of 9 rpm and SR of 100 mV/s-1; Ag/AgCl as RE; and a Pt wire as CE. Under the optimized conditions, the cost-effective procedure was successfully applied for Cu(II) and Pb(II) determination in cancerous human serum. LOD was in the range of ppb. The analysis indicated higher Cu(II) and Pb(II) levels in cancerous female patients than in the healthy ones. Therefore, a strictly controlled diet is recommended.

ABSTRACT Soil ameliorants play a crucial role in enhancing soil fertility and rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in acid-sulfate soils. This research aims to study the impact of Si-humic ameliorants on soil chemical properties, plant growth, Fe levels, and rice production in acid-sulfate soil. The experiments were conducted at the Laboratory and Greenhouse of the Indonesia Swampland Agricultural Research Institute. The greenhouse experiment adopted a factorial RCBD with Factor 1 representing the ameliorant formula type: 100% lime (F0), 30% commercial humate+30% rice husk ash+40% lime (F1), 30% water hyacinth humate+0% rice husk ash+40% lime (F2), 30% water hyacinth humate+30% rice husk biochar+40% lime (F3), 30% commercial humate+30% rice husk biochar+40% lime (F4), and control without ameliorant. Factor 2 represents dosage of soil ameliorant: 0, 1, 2, and 4 t ha-1. Observations included soil properties such as pH, exchangeable Fe, available P, plant growth, Fe toxicity, yield, and yield components. Silicon-humic soil ameliorant demonstrated the ability to enhance soil pH from 3.16 to 3.63, available P from 6.12 to 30.16 mg kg-1, and decrease Fe 690 to 371 mg kg-1. Specifically, the F3 Si-humate formulation alleviated Fe toxicity, enhanced P availability, promoted rice growth, and improved yield. The application of 4 t ha-1 Si-humate F3 had the best effect in increasing grain yield by 4.22 g pot-1 compared to the control. The application of Si-humate F3 not only improved soil quality and increased rice yields but also reduced the need for lime, contributing to the potential maintenance of soil health.

ABSTRACT Livestock systems at Region Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo depend on forage conservation during the spring-summer season, generally with low nutritional quality to animal requirements. To reduce nutrient loss, additives are commonly used, being spent brewery yeast a potential additive. Therefore, a study was carried out with the inclusion of two spent brewer’s yeast (Lager and Ale) as an additive in pasture mini silos compared to two commercial additives (SiloSolve MC™ and Josilac grass™) and mini silo without additive. It was observed that spent brewer’s yeast has a negative effect on crude protein and metabolizable energy, contents that decreased to 9.8% and 2.5%, respectively, compared to control. However, Ale yeast declined faster and maintained lower pH levels below 4.1. Spent brewer’s yeast do not improve nutritional quality, however decreased pH levels of pasture silage. Therefore, it should be noted that the effect of spent brewer’s yeasts has been insufficiently evaluated. Thus, is still a lack of trials within large scale of silage conservation and its effects on animal feed performance.

Resumo Os lactobacilos são probióticos com capacidade de desintoxicação da Aflatoxina (AF), encontrados em produtos fermentados, TGI de animais e meio ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a capacidade de isolados de frango de corte de Lactobacillus contra a Aflatoxina B1 (AFB1). Para tanto, 5 isolados de Lactobacillus de intestino de frango foram incubados com 100 ppb AFB1 em meio aquoso, e o efeito de diferentes parâmetros (frações celulares, tempo, temperatura, pH) na desintoxicação foi determinado por CLAE. O efeito melhorador de Lactobacillus salivarius (LS) contra AFB1 foi estudado em frangos de corte. Os resultados revelaram que LS (CR. 4) apresentou os melhores resultados (in vitro) em comparação com outros isolados [L. salivarius (CR. 3, CR. 4), L. agilis (CE. 2.1, CE. 3.1) e L. crispatus (CE. 28)]. Detritos celulares de CR. 4 mostraram desintoxicação significativamente maior (P < 0.05). A quantidade máxima de AFB1 foi desintoxicada a 30 °C (97%), pH 4.0 (99%) e 6 h (99,97%). O estudo in vivo mostrou que AFB1 diminuiu o ganho de peso (1,269 ± 0.04 g / ave), alimento consumido (2,161 ± 0.08 g / ave), proteína total sérica (2.42 ± 0.34 g / dl), albumina sérica (0.5 ± 0.22 gm / dl) e título de anticorpo (4.2 ± 0.83). As enzimas da função hepática foram encontradas (alanina transaminase (ALT): 32 ± 10.7 U / L) e aspartato transaminase (AST): 314.8 ± 27 U / L) elevadas em AFB1 alimentados com frangos. O tratamento com 1% LS não só diminuiu os efeitos tóxicos de AFB1 (grupo D), mas também melhorou a saúde geral dos frangos devido aos seus efeitos probióticos (p < 0.05) em comparação com o controle negativo (grupo A). A capacidade de desintoxicação do LS foi melhor do que o aglutinante comercial (CB) (0.2% Protmyc). Concluiu-se que a desintoxicação de AFB1 por Lactobacillus foi dependente da cepa, temperatura, pH e tempo. LS tem capacidade de desintoxicação contra AFB1 in vivo.

Abstract Lactobacilli are probiotics with Aflatoxin (AF) detoxification ability, found in fermented products, GIT of animals and environment. Purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of broiler isolates of Lactobacillus against Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). For this purpose, 5 isolates of Lactobacillus from broiler gut were incubated with 100 ppb AFB1 in aqueous environment and effect of different parameters (cell fractions, time, temperature, pH) on detoxification was determined by HPLC. The ameliorative effect of Lactobacillus salivarius (LS) against AFB1 was studied in broiler. The results revealed that LS (CR. 4) showed the best results (in vitro) as compared to other isolates (L. salivarius (CR. 3, CR, 4), L. agilis (CE. 2.1, CE. 3.1) and L. crispatus (CE. 28). Cell debris of CR. 4 showed significantly higher detoxification (P<0.05). Maximum amount of AFB1 was detoxified at 30°C (97%), pH 4.0 (99%) and 6 h (99.97%). In vivo study showed that AFB1 decreased weight gain (1,269 ± 0.04 gm/ bird), feed consumed (2,161 ± 0.08 gm/ bird), serum total protein (2.42 ± 0.34 gm/ dl), serum albumin (0.5 ± 0.2 2 gm/dl) and antibody titer (4.2 ± 0.83). Liver function enzymes were found (alanine transaminase (ALT): 32 ± 10.7 U/L) and aspartate transaminase (AST): 314.8 ± 27 U/L) elevated in AFB1 fed broilers. Treatment with 1% LS not only decreased the toxic effects of AFB1 (group D) but also improved the overall health of broilers due to its probiotic effects (p<0.05) as compared to control negative (group A). The detoxification ability of LS was better than commercial binder (CB) (0.2% Protmyc). It was concluded that detoxification of AFB1 by Lactobacillus was strain, temperature, pH and time dependent. LS has detoxification ability against AFB1 in vivo.

Resumo As montanhas de Liupan são uma região importante na China no contexto de cobertura florestal e vegetação devido às enormes práticas de florestamento e plantação, que trouxeram mudanças nas propriedades físico-químicas do solo, e estoques e estequiometrias do solo raramente são compreendidos. O estudo visa explorar a distribuição de nutrientes do solo a 1 m de profundidade do solo na região da floresta plantada. As amostras de solo em cinco incrementos de profundidade (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 e 80-100 cm) foram coletadas e analisadas para diferentes características físico-químicas do solo. Os resultados mostraram uma variação significativa nos valores de densidade do solo (BD), porosidade do solo, pH, capacidade de troca catiônica (CEC) e condutividade elétrica (CE). Mais DB do solo (1,41 g cm-3) e pH (6,97) do solo foram observados na camada profunda do solo (80-100 cm), enquanto os maiores valores de porosidade (60,6%), CE (0,09 mS cm-1) e CEC (32,9 c mol kg-1) foram refletidos na camada superior do solo (0-20 cm). Da mesma forma, os maiores teores de carbono orgânico do solo (SOC), fósforo total (TP), fósforo disponível (AP), nitrogênio total (TN) e potássio disponível (AK) foram calculados na camada superficial do solo (0-20 cm). Com o aumento do incremento da profundidade do solo, uma tendência decrescente no SOC e na concentração de outros nutrientes foi encontrada, enquanto o potássio total do solo (TK) produziu uma correlação negativa com a profundidade da camada do solo. Todos os resultados produziram a distribuição de SOCs e TNs (estoques) em várias profundidades de solo em padrões de floresta 0 → 20cm> 20 → 40cm> 40 → 60cm ≥ 60 → 80cm ≥ 80 → 100 cm. Além disso, as relações estequiométricas de C, N e P, as relações C / P e N / P, apresentaram valores máximos (66,49 e 5,46) em 0-20 cm, e valores mais baixos (23,78 e 1,91) em solo de 80-100 cm profundidade da camada. Embora a relação C / N fosse estatisticamente semelhante em todo o perfil do solo (0-100 cm). Esses resultados destacaram que os incrementos de profundidade do solo podem ser amplamente atribuídos a flutuações nas propriedades físico-químicas do solo, estoques e estequiometrias do solo. Mais estudos são necessários para tirar conclusões adicionais sobre a dinâmica dos nutrientes, estoques de solo e estequiometria do solo nessas florestas.

Abstract Liupan Mountains are an important region in China in the context of forest cover and vegetation due to huge afforestation and plantation practices, which brought changes in soil physio-chemical properties, soil stocks, and soil stoichiometries are rarely been understood. The study aims to explore the distribution of soil nutrients at 1-m soil depth in the plantation forest region. The soil samples at five depth increments (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, and 80-100 cm) were collected and analyzed for different soil physio-chemical characteristics. The results showed a significant variation in soil bulk density (BD), soil porosity, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and electric conductivity (EC) values. More soil BD (1.41 g cm-3) and pH (6.97) were noticed in the deep soil layer (80-100 cm), while the highest values of porosity (60.6%), EC (0.09 mS cm-1), and CEC (32.9 c mol kg-1) were reflected in the uppermost soil layer (0-20 cm). Similarly, the highest contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), total nitrogen (TN), and available potassium (AK) were calculated in the surface soil layer (0-20 cm). With increasing soil depth increment a decreasing trend in the SOC and other nutrient concentration were found, whereas the soil total potassium (TK) produced a negative correlation with soil layer depth. The entire results produced the distribution of SOCs and TNs (stocks) at various soil depths in forestland patterns were 0→20cm > 20→40cm > 40→60cm ≥ 60→80cm ≥ 80→100 cm. Furthermore, the stoichiometric ratios of C, N, and P, the C/P, and N/P ratios showed maximum values (66.49 and 5.46) in 0-20 cm and lowest values (23.78 and 1.91) in 80-100 cm soil layer depth. Though the C/N ratio was statistically similar across the whole soil profile (0-100 cm). These results highlighted that the soil depth increments might largely be attributed to fluctuations in soil physio-chemical properties, soil stocks, and soil stoichiometries. Further study is needed to draw more conclusions on nutrient dynamics, soil stocks, and soil stoichiometry in these forests.

Resumo O trabalho de pesquisa foi projetado para investigar a densidade e diversidade de rotíferos pelágicos em um lago perto de Marala Headworks. Foram avaliados os parâmetros físico-químicos da água como pH, oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, condutividade elétrica, transparência e turbidez. A correlação entre rotíferos e esses parâmetros também foi estudada. A amostragem do plâncton foi realizada mensalmente para verificar a densidade populacional dos rotíferos. No total, foram identificadas 18 espécies de rotíferos pertencentes a 11 gêneros. O maior número de rotíferos e sua diversidade foi demonstrado pelos gêneros Brachionus, Keratella e Filinia. O Brachionus calyciflorus foi a espécie dominante em todas as amostras, com densidade populacional média (41%). A análise de variância dos parâmetros físico-químicos mostrou que a temperatura do ar e da água, condutividade elétrica, transparência, oxigênio dissolvido e saturação de oxigênio foram estatisticamente significantes em todos os meses. Enquanto o pH foi estatisticamente não significativo (p≥0,05), a correlação de Pearson mostrou que o oxigênio e a transparência foram negativamente correlacionados com a densidade e diversidade dos rotíferos. A temperatura do ar e da água, a concentração de íons de hidrogênio (pH), a condutividade elétrica e a salinidade mostraram relação positiva com a densidade e diversidade de rotíferos.

Abstract Research work was designed to investigate the density and diversity of pelagic rotifers in a Lake near Marala Headworks. The physico-chemical parameters of water such as pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, electrical conductivity, transparency and turbidity were evaluated. Correlation between rotifers and these parameters was also studied. Plankton sampling was done on monthly basis in order to check the population density of rotifers. In total, 18 species of rotifers were identified which belonged to 11 genera. The highest number of rotifers and their diversity was shown by genera namely Brachionus, Keratella, and Filinia. The Brachionus calyciflorus was dominant species in all the samples with mean population density (41%). Analysis of variance of physico-chemical parameters presented that the air and water temperature, electrical conductivity, transparency, dissolved oxygen and oxygen saturation were statistically significant in all the months. While pH was statistically non-significant (p≥0.05. Pearson correlation showed that oxygen and transparency were negatively correlated with rotifers density and diversity. Air and water temperature, concentration of hydrogen ions (pH), electrical conductivity and salinity showed positive relationship with density and diversity of rotifers.