Abstract Introduction: Care towards nutrition is essential for the quality of a sustainable aquaculture product. Since the balance in food affects the growth and production of gametes. The circular economy is made possible through the use of discarded materials. Objective: The aim of this research was to study the fatty acid composition and metabolic pathways in the gametes of Arbacia dufresnii, with a focus on the implications of incorporating shrimp byproducts into aquaculture feeds. Methods: Four different treatments were designed to maintain optimal nutritional quality, particularly in lipids and proteins, based on previous studies. The fatty acid profiles of the feeds and gametes were analyzed by using gas-chromatography, and statistical analyses were conducted to determine significant differences. Results: Significant differences were observed in the abundance (%) of omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids. The (ω-3) metabolic pathway was more pronounced in the gametes of wild animals and those fed with the experimental feeds. In contrast, the (ω-6) metabolic pathway was less relevant in these groups. The (ω-3) /(ω-6) ratio was highest in the gametes of wild animals. Feeds enriched in fatty acids enhanced their bioaccumulation in the gametes reaching higher concentrations than wild animals. The availability of fatty acids in foods allowed their bioaccumulation in gametes, with concentrations equal to or higher than those observed in animals in their natural environment for certain fatty acids. Conclusions: Incorporating shrimp byproducts in aquaculture feeds demonstrated a promising strategy for resource utilization and organic input generation. The fatty acid composition in the gametes of A. dufresnii was influenced by the diet, highlighting the potential of balanced feeds to enhance the bioaccumulation of essential fatty acids. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of sustainable aquaculture practices and the production of nutritionally enriched seafood products.

Resumen Introducción: El cuidado hacia la nutrición es fundamental para la calidad de un producto acuícola sostenible. Ya que el balance en los alimentos afecta el crecimiento y producción de los gametos. A partir del aprovechamiento de materias de descarte se posibilita la economía circular. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la composición de ácidos grasos y las vías metabólicas en los gametos de Arbacia dufresnii, centrándose en las implicaciones de la incorporación de subproductos de camarones en los alimentos de acuicultura. Métodos: Se diseñaron cuatro tratamientos diferentes para mantener una calidad nutricional óptima, especialmente en lípidos y proteínas, basándose en estudios previos. Se analizaron los perfiles de ácidos grasos de los alimentos y los gametos mediante cromatografía de gases, y se realizaron análisis estadísticos para determinar diferencias significativas. Resultados: Se observaron diferencias significativas en la abundancia (%) de ácidos grasos omega-3 (ω-3) y omega-6 (ω-6). La vía metabólica de (ω-3) fue más pronunciada en los gametos de los animales en su entorno natural y aquellos alimentados con los piensos experimentales. Por el contrario, la vía metabólica de (ω-6) tuvo menos relevancia en estos grupos. La relación (ω-3) /(ω-6) fue más alta en los gametos de los animales en su entorno natural. La disponibilidad de ácidos grasos en los alimentos permitió su bioacumulación en los gametos, con concentraciones iguales o superiores a las observadas en los animales en su entorno natural para ciertos ácidos grasos. Conclusiones: La incorporación de subproductos de camarones en los alimentos de acuicultura demostró ser una estrategia prometedora para la utilización de recursos y la generación de insumos orgánicos. La composición de ácidos grasos en los gametos de A. dufresnii fue influenciada por la dieta, destacando el potencial de los alimentos balanceados para mejorar la bioacumulación de ácidos grasos esenciales. Estos hallazgos brindan información valiosa para el desarrollo de prácticas sostenibles en acuicultura y la producción de productos marinos enriquecidos nutricionalmente.

ABSTRACT This article analyses the validity evidence based on the internal structure and reliability of the 12-item Herth Hope Index in a sample of 1255 inhabitants of the city of Arequipa (46.3% men and 53.7% women), located in the south of Peru. Five models were tested by confirmatory factor analysis and, based on the results, comparisons were made according to sex and age. The results suggest a two-factor structure similar to that reported in a sample from Lima. These factors are Optimism and Agencies. Regarding reliability, the first factor obtained adequate levels of internal consistency through McDonald's Omega test and Cronbach's Alpha test; while the second factor obtained low but acceptable levels of reliability with both tests. Likewise, no gender differences were recorded, although there were differences with respect to age in the agency dimension, given the results of low reliability in this dimension, it is suggested to take these results with caution.

RESUMEN El presente artículo analiza la evidencia de validez basada en la estructura interna y la confiabilidad del Índice de Esperanza de Herth de 12 reactivos en una muestra de 1255 habitantes de la ciudad de Arequipa (46.3% hombres y 53.7% mujeres), ubicada al sur de Perú. Se pusieron a prueba cinco modelos mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio y sobre la base de los resultados, se realizaron comparaciones en función del sexo y la edad. Los resultados sugieren una estructura de dos factores similar a la reportada en una muestra de Lima. Estos factores son Optimismo y Agencias. Con respecto a la confiabilidad, el primer factor obtuvo adecuados niveles de consistencia interna mediante la prueba Omega de McDonald y la prueba Alfa de Cronbach, mientras que el segundo factor obtuvo niveles bajos pero aceptables de confiabilidad con ambas pruebas. Asimismo, no se registraron diferencias en función del sexo, aunque sí con respecto a la edad en la dimensión de agencias, pero dados los resultados de baja confiabilidad en esta dimensión, se sugiere tomar estos resultados con cautela.

Abstract Studies have shown that carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induces hepatic and renal damage arising from oxidative stress. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of omega-3 fatty acids and/or soya isoflavones on CCl4 induced toxicity in male albino rat liver and kidney. For this purpose, 42 rats were divided as follows: group 1, rats serves as the control without any treatment; group 2, rats were administered a single dose of CCl4 intraperitoneally (1 mg/kg b. wt.); group 3, rats were supplemented daily with omega-300 orally (400 mg/kg b. wt.); group 4, rats were supplemented daily with pro-S orally (50 mg/kg b. wt.); group 5, rats were supplemented daily with omega-300 orally for four weeks, then after 24 hours treated with a single dose of CCl4 at the same tested doses. group 6, rats were supplemented daily with pro- S orally for four weeks, then after 24 hours treated with a single dose of CCl4 at the same tested doses; group 7, rats were supplemented daily with an oral combination of omega-300 and pro-S orally for four weeks, then after 24 hours treated with a single dose of CCl4 at the same tested doses. Results showed that CCl4 administration induces hepatic damage indicated by a significant increase in the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Aalanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes and glucose level, with a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels and a significant decrease of reduced glutathione (GSH) level in liver tissue. Also, CCl4 toxicity induce renal damage manifested in a significant increase in serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, and oxidative stress of kidney tissue reflected by increase of MDA, NO and the decrease of GSH levels. The pre-treatment with omega-3 fatty acids and/or soya isoflavones revealed ameliorative effect against deleterious effects of CCl4 toxicity on hepatic and renal tissues and all tested parameters. Results of the current study revealed also that the pre-treatment with omega-3 fatty acids and/or soya isoflavones to rats improved liver and kidney function and produced high antioxidant activity. CCl (CCl4 omega3 omega 3 omega- andor or purpose 4 follows 1 treatment 2 ( mgkg mg kg b wt. wt wt.) omega300 300 omega-30 400 (40 proS pro 50 (5 5 weeks doses 6 7 ALP, ALP , (ALP) AST (AST ALT (ALT MDA (MDA (NO (GSH Also urea creatinine acid pretreatment pre parameters activity (CCl omega30 30 40 (4 (ALP

Resumo Estudos demonstram que o tetracloreto de carbono (CCl4) induz danos hepáticos e renais decorrentes do estresse oxidativo. O presente estudo almejou examinar o efeito de ácidos graxos ômega-3 e/ou isoflavonas de soja na toxicidade induzida por CCl4 no fígado e no rim de ratos albinos machos. Para tanto, 42 ratos foram divididos da seguinte forma: grupo 1, indivíduos que servem como controle sem nenhum tratamento; grupo 2, indivíduos que receberam uma dose única de CCl4 intraperitonealmente (1 ml/kg do peso corporal); grupo 3, indivíduos que foram suplementados diariamente com ômega-300 por via oral (400 mg/kg do peso corporal); grupo 4, indivíduos que foram foram suplementados diariamente com pró-S por via oral (50 mg/kg do peso corporal); grupo 5, indivíduos que foram suplementados diariamente com ômega-300 por via oral por quatro semanas, depois de tratados por 24 horas com uma dose única de CCl4 nas mesmas doses testadas; grupo 6, os indivíduos foram suplementados diariamente com pro-S por via oral por quatro semanas, depois de tratados por 24 horas com uma dose única de CCl4 com as mesmas doses testadas; grupo 7, os indivíduos foram suplementados diariamente com uma combinação oral de ômega-300 e pró-S por via oral por quatro semanas, depois de tratados por 24 horas com uma dose única de CCl4 com as mesmas doses testadas. Os resultados mostraram que a administração de CCl4 induz dano hepático, indicado por um aumento significativo nas atividades das enzimas fosfatase alcalina (ALP), aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e Alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e nível de glicose, com aumento significativo de malondialdeído (MDA) e nítrico, e dos níveis de óxido (NO), além da diminuição significativa do nível de glutationa reduzida (GSH) no tecido hepático. Além disso, a toxicidade do CCl4 induz dano renal manifestado em um aumento significativo da ureia sérica, creatinina, ácido úrico e estresse oxidativo do tecido renal, refletindo no aumento de MDA, NO e diminuição dos níveis de GSH. O pré-tratamento com ácidos graxos como ômega-3 e/ou isoflavonas de soja revelou efeito melhorador contra os efeitos deletérios da toxicidade do CCl4 nos tecidos hepático e renal e em todos os parâmetros testados. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram também que o pré-tratamento com ácidos graxos ômega-3 e/ou isoflavonas de soja em ratos melhorou a função hepática e renal e produziu alta atividade antioxidante. CCl (CCl4 ômega3 ômega 3 ômega- eou ou machos tanto 4 forma 1 tratamento 2 ( mlkg ml kg corporal corporal) ômega300 300 ômega-30 400 (40 mgkg mg próS pró S 50 (5 5 semanas testadas 6 proS pro 7 ALP, ALP , (ALP) AST (AST ALT (ALT glicose MDA (MDA nítrico NO, (NO) GSH (GSH disso sérica creatinina prétratamento pré testados antioxidante (CCl ômega30 30 40 (4 (ALP (NO

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in the diet of Sardinella brasiliensis on their hematological parameters. A total of 375 fish were distributed in 15 experimental units to evaluate the effects of the diet on their blood for 45 days. The levels of n-3 PUFA added in the diet were 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2% of the lipid fraction. These values represent the total percentage of n-3 PUFA in the lipid fraction of the diet, and 0% n-3 PUFA was used as the negative control. Five fish from each experimental unit were sampled at the end of the experiment for hematological analysis, and the parameters measured include the total number of erythrocytes, hematocrit percentage, hemoglobin and glucose concentration and differential leukocyte count. Higher numbers of circulating eosinophils were observed in fish fed 0.3% and 1.2% n-3 PUFA. Although no significant differences were observed in several of the parameters, the results demonstrate that the health of the sardines was not affected by the addition of n-3 PUFA in their diet. It should be emphasized that this is the first study with emphasis on the blood analysis of S. brasiliensis. omega3 omega 3 omega- n3 n (n- 37 1 4 days n- 0 03 0.3 06 6 0.6 09 9 0.9 12 2 1.2 control erythrocytes count S (n 0. 1.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ômega-3 (PUFA n-3) na dieta de Sardinella brasiliensis sobre seus parâmetros hematológicos. Um total de 375 peixes foi distribuído em 15 unidades experimentais para avaliar os efeitos da dieta em seu sangue durante 45 dias. Os níveis de PUFA n-3 adicionados à dieta foram 0, 0,3, 0,6, 0,9 e 1,2% da fração lipídica. Esses valores representam a porcentagem total de PUFA n-3 na fração lipídica da dieta, e 0% de PUFA n-3 foi usado como controle negativo. Cinco peixes de cada unidade experimental foram amostrados no final do experimento para análise hematológica, e os parâmetros medidos incluem o número total de eritrócitos, a porcentagem de hematócrito, a concentração de hemoglobina e glicose e a contagem diferencial de leucócitos. Foram observados números mais altos de eosinófilos circulantes em peixes alimentados com 0,3% e 1,2% de PUFA n-3. Embora não tenham sido observadas diferenças significativas em vários dos parâmetros, os resultados demonstram que a saúde das sardinhas não foi afetada pela adição de PUFA n-3 em sua dieta. Deve ser enfatizado que este é o primeiro estudo realizado com ênfase na análise sanguínea de S. brasiliensis. poliinsaturados poli insaturados ômega3 ômega 3 ômega- n3 n hematológicos 37 1 4 dias n- 0 03 0,3 06 6 0,6 09 9 12 2 1,2 negativo hematológica eritrócitos hematócrito leucócitos n3. 3. S 1,

Abstract: The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and select superior mango genotypes using the mixed-models approach. The 16 genotypes, varieties and hybrid selections, were evaluated regarding physical and physical-chemical traits of the fruit using the REML/BLUP methodology. Mango fruit weight and pulp weight can be selected indirectly based on fruit length and diameter, which are more easily evaluated. The hybrids CPAC 26394, Lita, and Rosa 46 stand out in regard to fruit size. The genotypes R12P09, CPAC 2293, Roxa, Omega, Alfa, and Lita have better quality fruit than the Tommy Atkins variety that is widely used in commercial orchards. The Roxa variety has pulp with little or no fiber, a trait that is of great importance to consumers and for industrial processing. The genotypes Alfa, CPAC 5895, Ômega, R10P08, R12P09, R13P10, Rosa 2, Rosa 36, and Rosa 46 have pulp free of internal breakdown. The varieties and hybrid selections of mango show variability regarding fruit traits, and the REML/BLUP methodology is efficient for selection of genotypes with desirable fruit traits in mango. Abstract mixedmodels mixed models approach 1 physicalchemical chemical REMLBLUP REML BLUP diameter 26394 4 size R12P09 RP R P 2293 Omega Alfa orchards fiber processing 5895 Ômega R10P08 R13P10 2 36 breakdown 2639 R12P0 229 589 R10P0 R13P1 3 263 R12P 22 58 R10P R13P 26 5

Resumo: Objetivou-se estimar parâmetros genéticos e selecionar genótipos superiores de mangueira, utilizando a abordagem de modelos mistos. Os 16 genótipos, variedades e seleções híbridas, foram avaliados quanto aos caracteres físicos e físico-químicos do fruto, utilizando a metodologia REML/BLUP. A massa do fruto e a massa da polpa de mangueira podem ser selecionadas indiretamente com base no comprimento e no diâmetro do fruto, que são mais facilmente avaliados. Os híbridos CPAC 26394, Lita e Rosa 46 destacam-se quanto ao tamanho do fruto. Os genótipos R12P09, CPAC 2293, Roxa, Omega, Alfa e Lita apresentam frutos de melhorqualidade do que a variedade Tommy Atkins, bastante utilizada em pomares comerciais. Avariedade Roxa apresenta polpa com pouca ou nenhuma fibra, característica muito requisitadapor consumidores e para processamento industrial. Já os genótipos Alfa, CPAC 5895, Ômega, R10P08, R12P09, R13P10, Rosa 2, Rosa 36 e Rosa 46 apresentam polpa livre de colapso interno. Resumo Objetivouse Objetivou se mistos 1 híbridas físicoquímicos físico químicos REMLBLUP REML BLUP REML/BLUP 26394 4 destacamse destacam R12P09 RP R P 2293 Omega Atkins comerciais fibra industrial 5895 Ômega R10P08 R13P10 2 3 interno 2639 R12P0 229 589 R10P0 R13P1 263 R12P 22 58 R10P R13P 26 5

Abstract A number of studies have focused on the evaluation of the relationship between pre-pregnancy overweight and polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. However, given the complexity of potentially confounding risk factors, the use of graphical tools is recommended to identify possible biases. This article aims to propose a theoretical model of causality using the directed acyclic graph between pre-pregnancy overweight and polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. Methods: An extensive literature review was performed to identify variables with causal relationships with exposure and/or outcome. The choice of variables for adjustment followed the graphic algorithm that comprises six criteria for selecting a minimum set of potentially confounding variables. Socioeconomic conditions, interpartum interval, maternal age and food consumption pattern were the variables that would have to be adjusted in order to estimate the total effect of pre-pregnancy overweight on polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. The minimum set of variables found in the present study can be used in the analysis of other studies that evaluate this association. prepregnancy pre pregnancy milk However factors biases Methods andor or outcome conditions interval association

Resumo Inúmeros estudos têm se detido na avaliação da associação entre o excesso de peso pré-gestacional e os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados no leite humano. Todavia, diante da complexidade de fatores de risco potencialmente confundidores, é recomendável a utilização de ferramentas gráficas para identificar possíveis vieses. O objetivo deste artigo é propor um modelo teórico de causalidade utilizando o gráfico acíclico direcionado entre o excesso de peso pré-gestacional e os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados no leite humano. Foi realizada ampla revisão da literatura para identificar as variáveis com relações causais com a exposição e/ou desfecho. A escolha das variáveis para ajuste seguiu o algoritmo gráfico que compreende seis critérios para a seleção de um conjunto mínimo de variáveis potencialmente confundidoras. Condições socioeconômicas, intervalo interpartal, idade materna e padrão de consumo alimentar foram as variáveis ajustadas a fim de se estimar o efeito total do excesso de peso pré-gestacional sobre o conteúdo dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados no leite humano. O conjunto mínimo de variáveis encontrado pelo presente estudo pode ser utilizado na análise de outros estudos que avaliem essa associação. prégestacional pré gestacional poliinsaturados poli insaturados humano Todavia confundidores vieses eou ou desfecho confundidoras socioeconômicas interpartal

Glycerophospholipids (GP) are important lipids of direct relevance to health and disease, and in marine fish, they are often enriched in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) due to marine microorganisms consumption. It has been speculated that the different diets and habitats to which Amazonian fish are exposed can be ascribed to different lipid compositions, differently than those that occur in marine fish. Here, the GP in Amazonian fish is investigated to achieve nutritional value. Using mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis, we investigated the GP composition of muscles and livers from nine species of wild Amazonian fish. GP profiles mainly comprised a diversity of phosphatidylcholines and varied according to eating habits, the season of capture, and tissue metabolism. In this sense, our results may help in the future aquaculture as a potential source of lipid-based nutrient supplementation to supply food to eradicate global hunger. (GP disease omega3 omega 3 omega- PUFA (PUFA consumption compositions Here value analysis habits capture metabolism sense lipidbased based hunger

RESUMEN Objetivos: realizar adaptación cultural y evaluación de evidencia de validez de la Student Nurse Stressor-15 (SNS-15) Scale para su uso en Brasil. Métodos: estudio psicométrico, realizado desde las etapas de traducción, síntesis, retrotraducción, revisión por un comité de siete expertos, pretest y evaluación de propiedades de medición con 32 y 238 estudiantes de enfermería, respectivamente. Se realizó estadística descriptiva, Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE), Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC). La confiabilidad del instrumento se estimó mediante el Omega de McDonald (ω). Resultados: AFE subvencionó la distribución de los quince ítems del SNS-15 en cuatro factores. A través de la AFC se lograron índices de ajuste satisfactorios (Comparative Fit Index = 0,94; Tucker-Lewis Index = 0,93; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0,06; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual = 0,16) y ω = 0,86. Conclusiones: la versión brasileña del SNS-15 presenta evidencias que confirman su validez y confiabilidad. Objetivos Stressor15 Stressor 15 Stressor-1 SNS15 SNS (SNS-15 Brasil Métodos psicométrico traducción síntesis retrotraducción expertos 3 23 enfermería respectivamente descriptiva AFE, , (AFE) AFC. . (AFC) ω. (ω) Resultados SNS-1 factores Comparative 0,94 094 0 94 TuckerLewis Tucker Lewis 0,93 093 93 0,06 006 06 0,16 016 16 086 86 0,86 Conclusiones Stressor1 1 Stressor- SNS1 (SNS-1 2 (AFE (AFC (ω SNS- 0,9 09 9 0,0 00 0,1 01 08 8 0,8 (SNS- 0, (SNS

ABSTRACT Objectives: to carry out the cultural adaptation and evaluation of validity evidence of the Student Nurse Stressor-15 (SNS-15) Scale for use in Brazil. Methods: psychometric study, conducted from the stages of translation, synthesis, back-translation, review by a committee of seven experts, pre-test and evaluation of measurement properties with 32 and 238 nursing students, respectively. Descriptive statistics, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed. The reliability of the instrument was estimated using McDonald’s Omega (ω). Results: EFA subsidized the distribution of the fifteen SNS-15 items into four factors. Using AFC, satisfactory fit indices were achieved (Comparative Fit Index = 0.94; Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.93; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.06; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual = 0.16) and ω = 0.86. Conclusions: the Brazilian version of the SNS-15 presents evidence that confirms its validity and reliability. Objectives Stressor15 Stressor 15 Stressor-1 SNS15 SNS (SNS-15 Brazil Methods study translation synthesis backtranslation, backtranslation back back-translation experts pretest pre test 3 23 students respectively statistics EFA, , (EFA) CFA (CFA performed McDonalds McDonald s ω. . (ω) Results SNS-1 factors AFC Comparative 0.94 094 0 94 TuckerLewis Tucker Lewis 0.93 093 93 0.06 006 06 0.16 016 16 086 86 0.86 Conclusions Stressor1 1 Stressor- SNS1 (SNS-1 2 (EFA (ω SNS- 0.9 09 9 0.0 00 0.1 01 08 8 0.8 (SNS- 0. (SNS

RESUMO Objetivos: realizar a adaptação cultural e a avaliação das evidências de validade da Student Nurse Stressor-15 (SNS-15) Scale para uso no Brasil. Métodos: estudo psicométrico, conduzido a partir das etapas de tradução, síntese, retrotradução, revisão por um comitê de sete especialistas, pré-teste e avaliação das propriedades de medida com 32 e 238 estudantes de enfermagem, respectivamente. Realizou-se estatística descritiva, Análise Fatorial Exploratória (AFE), Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (AFC). Estimou-se a confiabilidade do instrumento através do Ômega de McDonald’s (ω). Resultados: a AFE subsidiou a distribuição dos quinze itens da SNS-15 em quatro fatores. Mediante AFC, alcançou-se índices satisfatórios de ajuste (Comparative Fit Index = 0,94; Tucker-Lewis Index = 0,93; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0,06; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual = 0,16) e ω = 0,86. Conclusões: a versão brasileira da SNS-15 apresenta evidências que confirmam sua validade e confiabilidade. Objetivos Stressor15 Stressor 15 Stressor-1 SNS15 SNS (SNS-15 Brasil Métodos psicométrico tradução síntese retrotradução especialistas préteste pré teste 3 23 enfermagem respectivamente Realizouse Realizou se descritiva AFE, , (AFE) AFC. AFC . (AFC) Estimouse Estimou McDonalds McDonald s ω. (ω) Resultados SNS-1 fatores alcançouse alcançou Comparative 0,94 094 0 94 TuckerLewis Tucker Lewis 0,93 093 93 0,06 006 06 0,16 016 16 086 86 0,86 Conclusões Stressor1 1 Stressor- SNS1 (SNS-1 2 (AFE (AFC (ω SNS- 0,9 09 9 0,0 00 0,1 01 08 8 0,8 (SNS- 0, (SNS

Abstract Background Skepticism has traditionally been associated with critical thinking. However, philosophy has proposed a particular type of skepticism, termed naive skepticism, which may increase susceptibility to misinformation, especially when contrasting information from official sources. While some scales propose to measure skepticism, they are scarce and only measure specific topics; thus, new instruments are needed to assess this construct. Objective This study aimed to develop a scale to measure naive skepticism in the adult population. Method The study involved 446 individuals from the adult population. Subjects were randomly selected for either the pilot study (phase 2; n = 126) or the validity-testing study (phase 3; n = 320). Parallel analyses and exploratory structural equation modelling were conducted to assess the internal structure of the test. Scale reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients Finally, a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess invariance, and a Set- Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling was applied to estimate evidence of validity based on associations with other variables. Results The naive skepticism scale provided adequate levels of reliability (ω > 0.8), evidence of validity based on the internal structure of the test (CFI = 0.966; TLI = 0.951; RMSEA = 0.079), gender invariance, and a moderate inverse effect on attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines. Conclusions The newly developed naive skepticism scale showed acceptable psychometric properties in an adult population, thus enabling the assessment of naive skepticism in similar demographics. This paper discusses the implications for the theoretical construct and possible limitations of the scale. thinking However misinformation sources topics population 44 phase 2 126 validitytesting testing 3 320. 320 . 320) Cronbachs Cronbach s McDonalds McDonald Finally invariance Set variables ω 0.8, 08 0.8 , 0 8 0.8) CFI 0.966 0966 966 0.951 0951 951 0.079, 0079 0.079 079 0.079) COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 vaccines demographics 4 12 32 0. 0.96 096 96 0.95 095 95 007 0.07 07 COVID1 1 COVID- 0.9 09 9 00 0.0

Abstract Objectives Montelukast is a well-known leukotriene receptor antagonist commonly used in treating allergic rhinitis and asthma. Omega-3 fatty acid is also known as an antiallergic and immunomodulator molecule. This study aimed to elucidate the efficacy of systemic montelukast and omega-3 fatty acid treatment in allergic rhinitis models in Wistar Hannover rats. Methods This research was conducted on 28 healthy Wistar Hannover rats weighing 250-350 g. After establishing the allergic rhinitis model, nasal symptoms were observed and scored, and the nasal mucosa of all rats was investigated histologically. Light microscopy was utilized to evaluate the degree of ciliary loss, goblet cell hyperplasia, vascular congestion, vascular proliferation, inflammatory cell infiltration, eosinophil infiltration, and hypertrophy in chondrocytes. Results As a result of the analysis of the data obtained from the study, it was determined that typical allergic rhinitis symptoms such as nasal scratching and sneezing were significantly reduced in the rats in the montelukast and omega-3 treated group, and these symptoms did not increase after repeated intranasal OVA-protease applications. Histological examinations after fish oil treatment did not reveal typical inflammatory changes in allergic rhinitis. None of the rats in the montelukast and omega-3 groups had any increase in goblet cells, whereas 14.3% of the rats in the control group and 28.6% of the rats in the allergic rhinitis group had mild increase. Last but not least, 71.4% of rats in the allergic rhinitis group had a moderate increase. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p< 0.001). Conclusion Regarding the outcomes of this research, it was observed that w-3 fatty acids had antiallergic effects, both histopathological and clinical, in the allergic rhinitis model. We believe that further randomized controlled trials incorporating larger cohorts are warranted to verify the use of omega-3 fatty acids in treating allergic rhinitis. The level of evidence of this article is Level 2. wellknown well asthma Omega3 Omega 3 Omega- molecule omega3 omega omega- 2 250350 250 350 250-35 g model scored histologically loss hyperplasia congestion proliferation infiltration chondrocytes OVAprotease OVA protease applications cells 143 14 14.3 286 6 28.6 least 714 71 4 71.4 p< p (p 0.001. 0001 0.001 . 0 001 0.001) w3 w w- effects clinical 25035 25 35 250-3 1 14. 28. 7 71. 000 0.00 00 2503 250- 0.0 0.

Abstract The gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa, poses a significant global threat to Eucalyptus cultivation, by causing substantial economic losses. The objective of this study was to differentiate between resistant and susceptible genotypes by morphological characteristics using image analysis based on the damage caused by the gall wasp. In addition, consensus sequences derived from transposable elements (TEs) and the genome of Eucalyptus spp. Were identified by in silico analysis. Furthermore, another objective was to discriminate Eucalyptus genotypes in response to Leptocybe invasa by conducting molecular analyses involving transposable elements and inter simple sequence markers. For image analysis, the GroundEye ® system was used to collect images of 60 leaves from six genotypes, three of which were resistant and three susceptible. Eucalyptus spp. sequences were obtained from the GenBank database by in silico analysis and pairwise alignments with TE sequences were conducted using BLASTN. Multiple sequence alignment was performed with Clustal Omega, followed by the identification of conserved regions in Jalview. A motif signature was generated using Weblogo. For molecular characterization using ISSR markers and TEs, samples of young leaves were obtained from a total of 80 Eucalyptus seedlings, of which 50 were classified as resistant and 30 as susceptible to L. invasa. It was possible to distinguish gall wasp susceptible and resistant genotypes by image analysis. In silico analysis enabled the identification of conserved regions in the Eucalyptus spp. genome, which were associated with proteins involved in secondary metabolite production, e.g., terpenes, which play a role in the response to L. invasa. The discrimination capacity of TEs and ISSR primers was demonstrated and bands were generated that could be used to identify resistant genotypes. However, increasing the number of markers required to discriminate genotypes in both cases is suggested. cultivation losses addition (TEs spp Furthermore 6 BLASTN Omega Jalview Weblogo 8 seedlings 5 3 L production eg e g e.g. terpenes However suggested e.g

Resumo A vespa-da-galha, Leptocybe invasa, representa uma ameaça global significativa para o cultivo de Eucalyptus, causando consideráveis prejuízos econômicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi diferenciar entre genótipos resistentes e suscetíveis por meio de características morfológicas, usando análise de imagem com base nos danos causados pela vespa-da-galha. Além disso, sequências de consenso derivadas de elementos transponíveis (TEs) e do genoma de Eucalyptus spp. foram identificadas por análise in silico. Outro objetivo foi discriminar genótipos de Eucalyptus em resposta a L. invasa, por meio de análises moleculares envolvendo elementos transponíveis e marcadores de sequências simples intercaladas (ISSR). Para a análise de imagem, o sistema GroundEye® foi utilizado para coletar imagens de 60 folhas de seis genótipos, sendo três resistentes e três suscetíveis. Sequências de Eucalyptus spp. foram obtidas do banco de dados GenBank por análise in silico, e alinhamentos de sequências em pares com sequências de TE foram conduzidos usando o BLASTN. Alinhamento de múltiplas sequências foi realizado com Clustal Omega, seguido pela identificação de regiões conservadas no Jalview. Uma assinatura de motivo foi gerada usando o Weblogo. Para a caracterização molecular usando marcadores ISSR e TEs, amostras de folhas jovens foram obtidas de um total de 80 mudas de Eucalyptus, das quais 50 foram classificadas como resistentes e 30 como suscetíveis a L. invasa. Foi possível distinguir genótipos suscetíveis e resistentes à vespa-das-galhas por meio da análise de imagem. A análise in silico permitiu a identificação de regiões conservadas no genoma de Eucalyptus spp., associadas a proteínas envolvidas na produção de metabólitos secundários, como terpenos, que desempenham um papel na resposta a L. invasa. A capacidade de discriminação de TEs e iniciadores ISSR foi demonstrada, e bandas foram geradas que poderiam ser usadas para identificar genótipos resistentes. No entanto, sugere-se aumentar o número de marcadores necessários para discriminar genótipos em ambos os casos. vespadagalha, vespadagalha vespa galha, galha vespa-da-galha invasa econômicos morfológicas vespadagalha. galha. disso (TEs spp L ISSR. . (ISSR) GroundEye 6 BLASTN Omega Jalview Weblogo 8 5 3 vespadasgalhas galhas secundários terpenos demonstrada entanto sugerese sugere se casos (ISSR

Resumen La Teoría Social Cognitiva reconoce a la autoeficacia en el marco de las creencias personales que permiten a las personas ejercer cierto control sobre su comportamiento, y es de particular relevancia en relación con la vida universitaria y el rendimiento académico. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión abreviada de la Escala de Autoeficacia para el Rendimiento Académico en universitarios adaptada por Krumm y Lemos (2012). El estudio que se presenta fue de índole instrumental, con un diseño transversal, no experimental y se utilizó un muestreo no probabilístico incidental. Participaron 1044 estudiantes universitarios residentes todos en Formosa capital al momento del estudio. La edad media de los participantes fue de 26 años (DE = 7.125), de los cuales un 24.9 % de hombres (n = 260) y un 75.1 % de mujeres (n = 784). Según la técnica de ecuaciones estructurales, se efectuó el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) sobre la versión original de la escala (Modelo 1), y se realizaron dos reespecificaciones que generaron dos modelos: el Modelo 2 definido como una escala unidimensional con 24 ítems y el Modelo 3 o versión breve, definido a partir de una escala unidimensional con nueve ítems. La solución final obtuvo índices de ajuste óptimos (RMSEA = .019; TL I = .999; CFI = .998 y GFI = .997) y confirma que la propuesta de una versión breve de la Escala de Autoeficacia para el Rendimiento Académico presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas y posibilita la evaluación de la autoeficacia académica en estudiantes universitarios de manera práctica, por lo que resulta particularmente útil en contextos de investigación.

Abstract The Social Cognitive Theory recognizes Self-efficacy within the framework of personal beliefs that allow people to exercise some control over their behavior, being of particular relevance in relation to university life and Academic Performance. University life poses not only cognitive challenges but also emotional and social challenges that involve the development and mobilization of personal resources to adapt to the demands of higher education. Self-efficacy linked to Academic Performance in this context can be a factor that favors learning in the case of perceived adequately capable, or it can be a factor that contributes to shelling or abandonment in the case of not being adequately experienced. Given its importance, the conceptualization of the concept of Self-efficacy has made possible the design of various scales that allow evaluating this construct, some oriented to the evaluation of General Self-efficacy and others to Self-efficacy in relation to specific aspects. However, given the complexity of the concept and the factors that influence its configuration, it is considered necessary to research and develop specific instruments related to the transit through university life with all the demands that it entails and that allow a deeper understanding of this particular training stage. The present work aimed to study the psychometric properties of the abbreviated version of the Self-efficacy Scale for Academic Performance in university students adapted by Krumm and Lemos (2012). The study presented was instrumental in nature, with a cross-sectional, non-experimental design, an incidental non-probabilistic sampling was used. 1044 university students, all residing in Formosa Capital at the time of the study, participated. The mean age of the participants was 26 years (SD = 7.125), being 24.9% men (n = 260) and 75.1 % women (n = 784). The original Scale consisted of 24 items and three subscales: (1) coping with negative physical and emotional states; (2) social relationships; and (3) coping with positive emotions. The following reliability indices were reported for each subscale: Cronbach's Alpha of .59, .69 and .55 respectively. Considering the technique of structural equations, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out on the original version of the Scale (Model 1), carrying out two re-specifications, which generated two models, Model 2 defined as a one-dimensional Scale with 24 items and Model 3 or short version, defined from a one-dimensional scale with 9 items. The results obtained show that the three dimensions proposed in the original scale did not emerge as such, since the items that made it up presented differences in grouping by factor. The final solution or short version obtained optimal fit indices (RMSEA = .019; TL I = .999; CFI = .998 and GFI = .997). Regarding reliability, the Omega coefficient showed a high internal consistency of the scale both for the original test and for the abbreviated version, indicating that, despite having reduced the number of items on the scale, it retains adequate reliability. From the results obtained, it is confirmed that the proposal of a short version of the Self-efficacy Scale for Academic Performance presents adequate psychometric properties and enables the evaluation of academic self-efficacy in university students in a practical way, which is why it is particularly useful in research contexts.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los florecimientos algales han aumentado en frecuencia e intensidad en las últimas décadas. El exceso de nutrientes de origen antropogénico puede ser un factor esencial. Objetivos: Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar un florecimiento inusual de la clorofita Chlamydomonas en un lago urbano desde un enfoque morfológico y químico. Métodos: El sitio de estudio fue un pequeño lago somero ubicado en la Cantera Oriente, Ciudad de México. El muestreo se realizó en febrero de 2016 (época fría-seca); las variables ambientales se midieron in situ y se obtuvieron muestras de superficie para determinar la abundancia de organismos y la concentración de clorofila-a. Una muestra adicional se liofilizó para análisis químicos y otra muestra se fijó en glutaraldehído para estudios ultraestructurales mediante MEB, MET, ML y microscopía confocal, utilizando la tinción de rojo Nilo para detectar la presencia de lípidos intracelulares. Resultados: Los resultados de las observaciones morfológicas coincidieron con las características de la descripción de C. reinhardtii. Los valores de abundancia del florecimiento fueron altos (6.98 x 105 ± 1.37 x 105 células mL-1), lo cual se asocia con los altos valores de concentración de clorofila-a (5548 ± 796 µg L-1). La proporción de carbohidratos: proteínas de las células (0.15) indica una alta síntesis de proteínas durante la enorme proliferación de algas. El bajo contenido de lípidos (6.5 %) está asociado a la ausencia de gránulos de lípidos intracelulares, posiblemente vinculado con la disponibilidad de nitrógeno y fósforo y a la alta multiplicación vegetativa. C. reinhardtii sintetiza ácidos grasos esenciales, como el ácido alfa-linolénico (Omega 3), un importante precursor de lípidos beneficiosos para la salud cardiovascular y neurológica humana. Conclusiones: Se concluye que el florecimiento estuvo constituido principalmente por C. reinhardtii, lo que se correlacionó significativamente con la abundancia y concentración de clorofila, indicando alta capacidad fotosintética y división celular activa. Se encontró la presencia en las algas del ácido linoléico (Omega 3), de importancia en la salud humana, que podría aumentar su concentración en un cultivo controlado y así ofrecer un recurso biotecnológico en el futuro.

Abstract Background: Algal blooms have increased in frequency and intensity in recent decades. Excess nutrients of anthropogenic origin may be an essential factor that gives rise to these blooms. Goals: This work aimed to study an unusual bloom of the chlorophyte Chlamydomonas in an urban lake from a morphological and chemical approach. Methods: The study site was a small lake located in Cantera Oriente, Mexico City. Sampling was performed in February 2016 (the cold-dry season); environmental variables were measured in situ, and surface samples were obtained for organism abundance and chlorophyll-a concentration. An additional sample was freeze-dried for chemical analyses, and another sample was fixed in glutaraldehyde for ultrastructural studies by SEM, TEM, LM, and confocal microscopy, using the stain Nile red to detect the presence of intracellular lipids. Results: The results of morphological observations agreed with the characteristics of the description of C. reinhardtii. The bloom abundance values were high (6.98 x 105 ± 1.37 x 105 cells mL-1), confirmed by the high values of chlorophyll-a concentration (5548 ± 796 µg L-1). The carbohydrate:protein ratio of the cells (0.15) indicates high protein synthesis during the enormous algal proliferation. The low lipid content (6.5 %) is associated with the absence of intracellular lipid granules and may be related to the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus and high vegetative multiplication. C. reinhardtii synthesizes essential fatty acids, such as alpha-linolenic acid (Omega 3), a precursor of beneficial lipids in human cardiovascular and neurological health. Conclusions: The bloom consisted mainly of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and it significantly correlated with the chlorophyll a concentration, indicating high photosynthetic capacity and active cell division. Linoleic acid (Omega 3), an important substance for human health, was present in the alga composition. A controlled culture of this alga could improve the Omega 3 concentration offering a biotechnological resource for the future.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: To reduce the incidence and prevalence of diseases related to eating habits, the School Diet Optimization Project was implemented, which aims to contribute to a school food supply in line with the premises of healthy eating. OBJECTIVES: To compare qualitatively and quantitatively the school food supply related to the lunch meal considering direct and concession management models. METHODOLOGY: Observational cross-sectional study. The School Diet Optimization Project, implemented in 34 public schools in the district of Viana do Castelo, aims to guarantee the offer of varied, normoenergetic, and nutritionally balanced meals that guarantee hygiene and food safety criteria. Data corresponding to one month of each school, between 2014 and 2019, was analyzed. RESULTS: School canteens under direct management fulfilled a higher percentage (82%), on a median, of qualitative criteria of the School Diet Optimization Project, compared to those under concession management (p = 0,022). All canteens with direct management complied with the required frequency of offering fish rich in omega 3 (ω3). These canteens used a greater amount of fat and saturated fat compared to those under concession management (p = 0,030 and 0,040, respectively). The opposite occurred in fiber supply (p = 0,016). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the qualitative assessment, the school canteens under direct management met the School Diet Optimization Project criteria better and offered fish rich in ω3 with greater frequency than those under concession management. Quantitatively, canteens under concession offered meals with lower amounts of fat and saturated fat and higher amounts of fiber.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: De forma a contribuir para a diminuição da incidência e prevalência das doenças relacionadas com os hábitos alimentares, implementou-se o Projeto de Otimização das Dietas Escolares que pretende contribuir para uma oferta alimentar escolar alinhada com as premissas de uma alimentação saudável. OBJETIVOS: Comparar qualitativa e quantitativamente a oferta alimentar escolar referente à refeição do almoço considerando os modelos de gestão direta e concessionada. METODOLOGIA: Estudo observacional de desenho transversal. O Projeto de Otimização das Dietas Escolares, implementado em 34 escolas do ensino público do distrito de Viana do Castelo, tem como objetivo garantir a oferta de refeições variadas, normoenergéticas, nutricionalmente equilibradas e que garantam os critérios de higiene e segurança alimentar. Analisaram-se dados correspondentes a uma avaliação mensal de cada escola, entre 2014 e 2019. RESULTADOS: Os refeitórios com gestão direta cumpriram maior percentagem (82%), em mediana, de critérios qualitativos do Projeto de Otimização das Dietas Escolares, relativamente aos de gestão concessionada (p = 0,022). Todos os refeitórios com gestão direta cumpriram a periodicidade de oferta de peixe rico em ómega-3 (ω3) exigida. Estes utilizaram uma maior quantidade de gordura e gordura saturada comparativamente aos de gestão concessionada (p = 0,030 e 0,040, respetivamente). O contrário ocorreu na oferta de fibra (p = 0,016). CONCLUSÕES: Considerando a avaliação qualitativa, os refeitórios com gestão direta cumpriram melhor os critérios do Projeto de Otimização das Dietas Escolares e ofereceram peixe rico em ω3 com maior periodicidade, relativamente aos com gestão concessionada. Quantitativamente, os refeitórios com gestão concessionada ofereceram refeições com menor quantidade de gordura e gordura saturada e maior quantidade de fibra.

Abstract This study aimed to gather evidence on the adequacy of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in Brazil, considering a random sample of Brazilian physicians. Specifically aimed: (1) to test the GHQ-12 bifactor structure compared to alternative models, (2) to check its factorial invariance regarding to gender and the diagnosis of mental and behavioral disorders, and (3) to know the association of this measure with indicators of poor health (e.g., suicidal thoughts, decreased libido, medication use). The study included 1,085 physicians with a mean age of 45.7 (SD = 10.6), mostly male (61.5%), married (72.6%) and Catholic (59.2%). They answered the GHQ-12, the Positive and Negative Suicidal Ideation Inventory, and demographic questions. The best fit model was the bifactor structure composed of anxiety and depression, in addition to a general dimension, which presented Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s ω and composite reliability higher than 0.70 just for a general fact. Psychological distress scores correlated with suicidal ideation and indicators of health and sexual satisfaction. This is a psychometrically suitable instrument that can be used in terms of its total, but its specific factors need to be used with caution. GHQ12 GHQ 12 (GHQ-12 Brazil 1 (1 GHQ-1 models 2 (2 disorders 3 (3 e.g., eg e g (e.g. thoughts libido use. use . use) 1085 085 1,08 457 45 7 45. SD 10.6, 106 10.6 , 10 6 10.6) 61.5%, 615 61.5% 61 5 (61.5%) 72.6% 726 72 (72.6% 59.2%. 592 59.2% 59 (59.2%) GHQ12, 12, Inventory questions depression dimension Cronbachs Cronbach s alpha McDonalds McDonald 070 0 70 0.7 fact satisfaction total caution GHQ1 (GHQ-1 ( GHQ- e.g. (e.g 108 08 1,0 4 10. 61.5 (61.5% 72.6 (72.6 59.2 (59.2% 07 0. (GHQ- e.g 1, 61. (61.5 72. (72. 59. (59.2 (GHQ (61. (72 (59. (61 (7 (59 (6 (5

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo reunir evidências sobre a adequação do Questionário de Saúde Geral (QSG-12) no Brasil, considerando uma amostra aleatória de médicos brasileiros. Especificamente, objetivou-se: (1) testar uma estrutura bifactor em comparação com modelos alternativos, (2) verificar invariância fatorial em relação ao gênero e ao diagnóstico de transtornos mentais e comportamentais, e (3) conhecer a associação com indicadores de saúde precária (por exemplo: pensamentos suicidas, diminuição da libido e uso de medicamentos). Participaram do estudo 1.085 médicos, com média de idade de 45,7 (DP = 10,6), maioria de sexo masculino (61,5%), casados (72,6%) e católicos (59,2%). Eles responderam ao QSG-12, ao Inventário de Ideação Suicida Positiva e Negativa e a questões demográficas. O modelo de melhor ajuste foi a estrutura bifactor (composta por ansiedade, depressão e uma dimensão geral), que apresentou alfa de Cronbach, ômega de McDonald e confiabilidade composta superior a 0,70 apenas para o fato geral. Pontuações de sofrimento psicológico se correlacionaram a ideação suicida e indicadores negativos de saúde e satisfação sexual. O instrumento foi psicometricamente adequado e pode ser utilizado em termos de sua pontuação total, mas seus fatores específicos precisam ser utilizados com cautela. QSG12 QSG 12 (QSG-12 Brasil brasileiros Especificamente objetivouse objetivou objetivou-se 1 (1 alternativos 2 (2 comportamentais 3 (3 exemplo suicidas medicamentos. medicamentos . medicamentos) 1085 085 1.08 457 45 7 45, DP 10,6, 106 10,6 , 10 6 10,6) 61,5%, 615 61,5% 61 5 (61,5%) 72,6% 726 72 (72,6% 59,2%. 592 59,2% 59 (59,2%) QSG12, 12, QSG-12 demográficas ansiedade geral, geral geral) Cronbach 070 0 70 0,7 sexual total cautela QSG1 (QSG-1 ( 108 08 1.0 4 10, 61,5 (61,5% 72,6 (72,6 59,2 (59,2% QSG-1 07 0, (QSG- 1. 61, (61,5 72, (72, 59, (59,2 QSG- (QSG (61, (72 (59, (61 (7 (59 (6 (5