Abstract Background: Agricultural management modifies the microclimate in the cultivated area, improving the physiology and productivity of plants. Questions: How does the microclimate, physiology and productivity of maize vary in a monoculture (M) and a milpa (polyculture, MFC) in shallow and deep soils of Yucatan? Study species: Zea mays L. Study site and date: Yucatán, Mexico; 2022 Methods: Air and soil temperature, water vapor pressure deficit, dew formation and volumetric soil water content (CVA); CO2 assimilation (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), water use efficiency, chlorophyll content (CC), quantum efficiency, electron transport rate and non-photochemical dissipation in maize plants were measured at 40 and 75 days after planting, in milpas and monocultures in Peto (shallow soil with high stoniness) and Mama (deeper soils with low stoniness), Yucatán. Results: The soil temperature was up to 5 °C higher in Peto and 2 °C in Mama in M compared to MFC, where soil water was also up to 22 % higher than in M. Maize plants in Mama showed higher A and E than those of Peto; the plants in MFC in Peto had higher A, E and gs than those of M; the opposite was observed in Mama. The CRA and CC were higher in MFC plants in Peto. Conclusions: The microclimatic modification associated with the polyculture, and its effect on maize was related to the soil: the Milpa was more productive on stony soils and monoculture in deep soils. The CVA was higher in MFC.

Resumen Antecedentes: El manejo agrícola modifica el microclima en el área de cultivo, afectando la fisiología y productividad de las plantas. Preguntas: ¿Cómo varía el microclima, fisiología y productividad del maíz en un monocultivo (M) y una milpa (policultivo, MFC) en suelos profundo y superficial de Yucatán? Especie de estudio: Zea mays L. Sitio de estudio: Yucatán, México; 2022 Métodos: Se midió temperatura del aire y suelo, déficit de presión de vapor, formación de rocío y contenido volumétrico de agua en suelo (CVA); asimilación de CO2 (A), transpiración (E), conductancia estomática (gs), eficiencia en el uso del agua, contenido de clorofila (CC), eficiencia cuántica, tasa de transporte de electrones y disipación no fotoquímica en plantas de maíz a 40 y 75 días después de la siembra, en milpas y monocultivos en Peto (suelo superficial, alta pedregosidad) y Mama (suelo más profundo, baja pedregosidad), Yucatán. Resultados: La temperatura del suelo fue hasta 5 °C mayor en Peto y 2 °C en Mama en M respecto a MFC, que registró hasta 22 % mayor CVA que M. El maíz en Mama presentó mayor A y E que en Peto; las plantas en MFC en Peto tuvieron mayor A, E y gs que las de M; en Mama fue lo contrario. El CRA y CC fue mayor en plantas de MFC en Peto. Conclusiones: La modificación microclimática y su efecto sobre el maíz dependió del suelo: MFC fue más productiva en suelos superficiales, mientras M en suelos profundos. El CVA fue mayor en MFC.

ABSTRACT Sowing arrangements composed of double-row spacing in corn can favor the interception of solar radiation by the canopy and, consequently, the yield performance of the crop. However, it is possible that the microclimate provided by this spacing, especially at high plant densities, favors the occurrence of leaf diseases. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effect of 0.45 m and double-row spacing arrangements on the severity of foliar diseases and yield performance of corn grown in the first and second-crop seasons. Two independent experiments were conducted (with and without the fungicide fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin) in the first and second-crop seasons in a randomized block design arranged in a split-plot scheme with four repetitions. The plots consisted of spacing (0.45 m) and double-row (0.30 × 0.60 m), and the subplots, four plant densities (59,200, 74,000, 81,400, and 96,200 plants ha-1). In the plant density factor, in the second-crop season, there is a decrease in the severity of white spot as plant density is increased. Also, for the plant density factor, in the first-crop season, there may be a significant yield increase as the plant density is increased.

RESUMO Arranjos de plantas compostos pelo espaçamento fileira dupla no milho podem favorecer a interceptação da radiação solar pelo dossel e, consequentemente, o desempenho produtivo da lavoura. Entretanto, é possível que o microclima proporcionado por este espaçamento, sobretudo em altas densidades de plantas, favoreça a ocorrência de doenças foliares. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de arranjos compostos pelos espaçamentos de 0,45 m e fileira dupla sobre a severidade de doenças foliares e o desempenho produtivo do milho cultivado em 1a e 2a safra. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos independentes (com e sem o fungicida fluxapiroxade + piraclostrobina) na 1a e 2a safra, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas consistiram nos espaçamentos (0,45 m) e fileira dupla (0,30 × 0,60 m), e as subparcelas, quatro densidades de plantas (59.200, 74.000, 81.400 e 96.200 plantas ha-1). No fator densidade de plantas, na 2a safra, há decréscimo na severidade da mancha branca conforme adensamento de plantas. Ainda, também para o fator densidade, na 1a safra, pode haver incremento significativo na produtividade em função do adensamento de plantas.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the behaviour and physiological response of Brahman cows grazing in silvopastoral arrangements with scattered trees. The study was conducted in Puerto Nare, Antioquia, Colombia. Two productive systems were typified: a system with relevant shade cover with discontinuous trees and shrubs and a central alley of trees (protocol A) and a control system with scarce tree cover (protocol B). Each system included 19 Brahman cows with calves at foot. Lower environmental temperature was recorded in the paddocks of protocol A (p=0.04) and a higher respiratory rate in cows of protocol B (p=0.0001). There were no differences in dry matter intake (p=0.40), but there was more time dedicated to night grazing by cows from Protocol B (p=0.0017). It is concluded that silvopastoral systems with an adequate offer of shade allow to reduce the ambient temperature by up to 2°C, promoting welfare and comfort to Bos indicus cattle reared in tropical conditions.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento y respuesta fisiológica en pastoreo de vacas Brahman en arreglos silvopastoriles con árboles dispersos. El estudio se realizó en Puerto Nare, Antioquia, Colombia. Se tipificaron dos sistemas productivos: un sistema con revestimiento pertinente de sombra con árboles y arbustos discontinuos y un callejón central de árboles (protocolo A) y un sistema control con escasa cubierta de árboles (protocolo B). Cada sistema incluyó a 19 vacas Brahman con sus crías. Se registró menor temperatura ambiental en los potreros del protocolo A (p=0.04) y una frecuencia respiratoria mayor en las vacas del protocolo B (p=0.0001). No hubo diferencias en la ingesta de materia seca (p=0.40), pero hubo mayor tiempo dedicado al pastoreo nocturno en las vacas del Protocolo B (p=0.0017). Se concluye que los sistemas silvopastoriles con adecuada oferta de sombra permiten reducir la temperatura ambiente hasta en 2° C, propiciando mayor bienestar y comodidad a bovinos Bos indicus alojados en condiciones de trópico.

Abstract Thermal behavior was assessed through a causal relationship between four climatic variables: temperature, relative humidity, wind speed at 1.5 m, the temperature at ground level (0.05 m) and the presence of trees in a renovated pedestrian promenade. The measurements were collected in this area during the summer season, distributed in four Blocks (block I, II and III corresponding to renovated streets and block IV not renovated streets) in three daily schedules, generating 3,108 records. The statistical analysis showed a high dispersion, however, the Block III showed significant differences in both temperature and relative humidity, showing that urban trees cannot generate a mitigating effect in this renovated urban environment. In Blocks I and II, a decrease in temperatures was observed in schedule 2. Due to the differences found in the temperature and relative humidity records on the different measuring days, an unfavorable condition of environmental comfort was identified in Block III. This could be due to the section represented by this Block and the construction material used, along with a scarce green infrastructure. It is suggested that in future renovations, the type of construction material to be used on the surface should be previously evaluated, also promoting a green infrastructure to mitigate these effects during the summer.

Resumen Se exploró el comportamiento térmico a través de una relación causal entre cuatro variables climáticas: temperatura, humedad relativa, velocidad del viento a 1,5 m, temperatura a nivel del suelo (0,05 m) y la presencia de árboles en un paseo peatonal remodelado. Las mediciones se realizaron en este paseo durante la temporada de verano, distribuidas en cuatro Bloques (bloques I, II y III correspondientes a calles remodeladas y Bloque IV a calles sin remodelar), en tres horarios diarios, generando 3.108 registros. El análisis estadístico mostró una amplia dispersión, a pesar de ello, el Bloque III presentó diferencias significativas tanto en las temperaturas como en la humedad relativa, mostrando que el arbolado urbano es incapaz de generar un efecto mitigador en este ambiente urbano reformado. Debido a las diferencias encontradas en los registros de temperatura y humedad relativa en los diferentes días de medición, se identificó una condición desfavorable del confort ambiental en el Bloque III, que podría deberse al espacio que representa este Bloque y al material de construcción utilizado, además de la escasa infraestructura verde. Se sugiere que en futuras reformas se evalúe el tipo de material constructivo a utilizar en la superficie y se favorezca una infraestructura verde que pueda mitigar estos efectos de los periodos estivales.

RESUMEN Debido al ambiente urbano los árboles urbanos deben enfrentar condiciones más secas y calientes que en áreas rurales. Conocer el consumo de agua de las especies e indicadores de déficit hídrico es útil para decidir el volumen y la frecuencia de riego y para seleccionar especies de acuerdo al microclima de cada lugar. Para determinar aproximadamente la frecuencia de irrigación e identificar variables fisiológicas indicadoras de déficit hídrico, se llevó a cabo un experimento en el cual cinco especies tropicales (Citharexylum montanum M., Citharexylum sulcatum M., Caesalpinia spinosa K., Inga edulis M. y Retrophyllum rospigliosii P.) fueron sometidas a déficit hídrico. Después de un mes de plantadas, ocho arboles por especie fueron sometidos a cuatro tratamientos: tratamiento control (contenido volumétrico de agua superior al 45% (TC)), contenido volumétrico de agua del 20% (VM20), quince y treinta días después de que el suelo había alcanzado un contenido volumétrico de agua del 20% VM20 (T15 y T30, respectivamente). En árboles con altura similar se encontró que el consumo de agua en orden descendente fue I. edulis, C. montanum, C. spinosa, C. sulcatum, R. rospigliosii y que el mejor indicador de déficit hídrico fue el potencial hídrico del tallo. En general, una humedad volumétrica del 20% fue un umbral adecuado para decidir el momento de riego, sin importar la especie. Considerando el efecto de los tratamientos sobre las especies evaluadas, T30 disminuyó severamente el crecimiento en un 50%, en comparación con el tratamiento control, excepto para C. sulcatum en la cual no hubo diferencias significativas.

ABSTRACT Due to the urban environment urban trees must deal with drier and hotter than in rural areas. Knowing the water consumption of each species and the indicators of water deficit is useful to decide the frequency and volume of irrigation and to select species according to the microclimate of the location. To determine approximately the irrigation frequency and to identify physiological variables that indicate water stress, it was carried out an experiment in which five tropical species (Citharexylum montanum M., Citharexylum sulcatum M., Caesalpinia spinosa K., Inga edulis M. and Retrophyllum rospigliosii P.) were subjected to water deficit. After a month of planting, eight trees per species were subjected to four treatments: control treatment (volumetric water content higher than 45% (TC)), the volumetric water content of 20% (VM20), fifteen and thirty days after the soil had reached VM20 (T15 and T30, respectively). In trees with similar height, it was found that the descending order of water consumption was I. edulis, C. montanum, C. spinosa, C. sulcatum, R. rospigliosii and that the best indicator of water deficit was the stem water potential. In general, volumetric moisture of soil of 20% was a suitable threshold to decide when irrigating regardless of the species. Deeming the effect of the treatments on the growth of the assessed species, T30 diminished severely the growth by 50% in comparison to the control, except for C. sulcatum in which there were no significant differences.

According to recent studies, about 19% of the population in Peru is at risk of suffering from respiratory diseases due to frost, which is a drop in temperature below 0°C and causes a decrease in thermal comfort inside homes. In addition to these respiratory diseases, frost also increases the risk of other cold-related health conditions, such as hypothermia and circulatory diseases. Therefore, it is important to implement measures to improve thermal conditioning and reduce the risks of these diseases in the affected population. For this reason, the purpose is to improve thermal conditioning through the use of natural insulation. An investigation was carried out in the district of Taraco, using a rural house as a sample. The internal and external temperatures of the house were measured every half hour for 24 hours, and plans of the house were drawn up to collect information. It is proposed to make a natural thermal insulator with quinoa, to increase the temperature by 2 °C inside the house during the night. The thermal conductivity of the material will be evaluated. This study seeks to promote the use of local materials and thermal comfort to achieve sustainable development in the affected population and can be replicated in other areas of the country.

Según estudios recientes, cerca del 19% de la población en el Perú está en riesgo de padecer enfermedades respiratorias debido a las heladas, que son bajadas de la temperatura por debajo de 0°C y causan una disminución en el confort térmico dentro de las viviendas. Además de estas enfermedades pueden respiratorias, las heladas también aumentan el riesgo de otras afecciones de salud relacionadas con el frío, como hipotermia y enfermedades circulatorias. Por lo tanto, es importante implementar medidas para mejorar el acondicionamiento térmico y reducir los riesgos de estas enfermedades en la población afectada. Por tal motivo el propósito es mejorar el acondicionamiento térmico mediante el uso de un aislamiento natural. Se realizó una investigación en el distrito de Taraco, utilizando una vivienda rural como muestra. Se midieron las temperaturas internas y externas de la vivienda cada media hora durante 24 horas, y se elaboraron planos de la vivienda para recopilar información. Se propone la elaboración de un aislante térmico natural con quinua, con el objetivo de incrementar la temperatura en 2 °C en el interior de la vivienda durante la noche. La conductividad térmica del material elaborado será evaluada. Este estudio busca fomentar el uso de materiales locales y el confort térmico para lograr un desarrollo sostenible en la población afectada, y es replicable en otras zonas del país.

De acordo com estudos recentes, cerca de 19% da população do Peru arrisca sofrer de doenças respiratórias devido à geada, sendo uma queda na temperatura abaixo de 0°C e causa uma diminuição no conforto térmico dentro de casa. Além dessas doenças respiratórias, a geada também aumenta o risco de outras condições de saúde relacionadas ao frio, tais como hipotermia e doenças circulatórias. Portanto, é importante implementar medidas para melhorar o condicionamento térmico e reduzir os riscos dessas doenças na população afetada. Portanto, o objetivo é melhorar o condicionamento térmico, utilizando isolamento natural. Foi realizada uma investigação no distrito de Taraco, utilizando uma casa rural como amostra. As temperaturas internas e externas da casa foram medidas a cada meia hora durante 24 horas, elaborados planos da casa para coletar informações. É proposto fazer um isolante térmico natural com quinoa, para aumentar a temperatura dentro da casa em 2 °C durante a noite. A condutividade térmica do material produzido será avaliada. Este estudo procura promover o uso de materiais locais e conforto térmico para alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável da população afetada, e é replicável em outras áreas do país.

Resumen Los procesos importantes relacionados con la dinámica del agua ocurren principalmente en la interfase suelo-atmósfera. La estructura de la cobertura de rastrojos de cultivos, tanto por cantidad como su distribución, tiene efecto sobre el microclima de la superficie del suelo y, en consecuencia, en el grado de conservación del agua. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar algunos cambios en la interfase suelo-atmósfera y su impacto sobre el agua del suelo con diferentes estructuras de los residuos de cosecha. La experimentación se realizó en la Estación Experimental del Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria en Hilario Ascasubi, Villarino, Buenos Aires. Se evaluaron tres cereales invernales (trigo, centeno y avena) como antecesores del trigo entre junio del 2017 y diciembre de 2020, es decir, dos ciclos consecutivos de rotaciones agrícolas bianuales con cereales invernales. Se evaluó la estructura del rastrojo al final del barbecho a partir de la biomasa seca, su distribución por estratos y el índice de área del tallo. Además, se determinó la temperatura del suelo, velocidad relativa del viento y la dinámica del agua en el barbecho. Los cultivos de invierno antecesores y principalmente la disposición del rastrojo, presentaron diferencias en el aporte de biomasa y la estructura de la cobertura, asimismo se logró similar porcentaje de cobertura. Se observaron diferencias en el impacto de la disposición del rastrojo sobre la temperatura del suelo y velocidad del viento, pero no así por los antecesores. Esto modificó la eficiencia de barbecho, la humedad a la siembra del cultivo posterior y la evolución de la humedad del suelo hasta 13 días posteriores a un evento de precipitación. La disposición del rastrojo y los antecesores impactaron en los factores que componen la interfase suelo-atmósfera y, en consecuencia, en la dinámica del agua en el suelo.

Abstract Critical processes related to water dynamics occur mainly at the soil-atmosphere interface. The structure of crop stubble cover, both in quantity and distribution, affects the soil surface microclimate and, consequently, on the degree of water conservation. The aim of this work was to evaluate changes in the soil-atmosphere interface and their impacts on soil water as affected by different crop residue structures. The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of the National Institute of Agricultural Technology in Hilario Ascasubi, Villarino, Buenos Aires. Three winter cereals (wheat, rye, and oats) were evaluated as preceding crops of wheat from June 2017 to December 2020, that is, two consecutive cycles of biannual agricultural rotations with winter cereals. Dry biomass quantification, its distribution by strata, and the stem area index were used to evaluate stubble structure at the end of fallow. In addition, soil temperature, relative wind speed, and water dynamics in the fallow were determined. Although preceding winter crops and mainly their stubble arrangement showed differences in biomass contribution and cover structure, similar soil cover was achieved. Soil temperature and wind speed were affected by stubble arrangement but were unaffected by the preceding crop. Stubble arrangement modified fallow efficiency, moisture at seeding of the subsequent crop, and soil moisture evolution up to 13 days after a rainfall event. The stubble arrangement and winter cereal preceding crops impacted on the soil-atmosphere interface and, consequently, on soil water dynamics.

Resumen Este estudio provee un panorama descriptivo sobre comunidades de lagartijas en 3 islas y el continente en la costa del Pacífico mexicano, estimando el efecto insular (cambios ecológicos entre lagartijas de islas y del continente) sobre poblaciones de lagartijas. El panorama incluyó número de especies, frecuencia de encuentro y clase de edad. El efecto insular se estimó comparando estas variables, así como comportamiento de asoleo, actividad relacionada al microclima y percha usada en islas y continente. De 11 especies registradas, 8 se presentaron en islas; sin embargo, cada comunidad insular se compuso de 3 a 5 especies (4 protegidas por leyes mexicanas). La frecuencia de encuentro de todas las especies fluctuó entre 11 y 0.1 individuos por hora. Las comunidades de lagartijas se compusieron principalmente por adultos. Solo 2 especies, Aspidoscelis communis y A. lineattissima, se compartieron entre sitios, sin mostrar efecto insular sobre la frecuencia de encuentro ni comportamiento de asoleo. Sin embargo, hubo señales del efecto insular sobre clase de edad y efecto claro sobre percha usada, sugiriendo expansión del nicho. El estudio contribuye al conocimiento regional de especies de lagartijas, así como sobre teorías ecológicas como expansión del nicho y compensación por densidad.

Abstract This study provides a descriptive panorama of the lizard communities on 3 islands and the mainland on the Pacific coast of Mexico, estimating the effect of insularity (ecological changes between lizards on the islands and on the mainland) on lizard populations. The panorama included the number of species, encounter frequency and age classes. The insularity effects were estimated by comparing these variables, as well as basking behavior, activity related to microclimate, and perch height among the islands and the mainland. Of 11 species recorded, 8 occurred on the islands; however, every insular community was composed of 3 to 5 species (4 are protected by Mexican law). The encounter frequency for all species ranged between 11 and 0.1 individuals per hour. Lizard communities were predominantly composed of adults. Only 2 lizard species, Aspidoscelis communis and A. lineattissima, were shared among all sites, showing no insularity effects on the encounter frequency nor basking behavior. There were signs of insularity, however, on age classes and a clear effect on perch height, suggesting niche expansion. The study contributes to the regional knowledge of lizard species, as well as to ecological theories such as niche expansion and density compensation.

ABSTRACT The Cerrado-Amazon Transition region has a high deforested area in Brazil. Given the importance of the forest in maintaining the climate of this region, were evaluated the patterns of micrometeorological variables in forested and deforested areas in the Cerrado-Amazon Transition region in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Precipitation, solar radiation, average, minimum and maximum air temperature, relative air humidity, soil temperature and wind speed were measured into a forest (FOR) and in a deforested area (DEF). Precipitation in the studied region has a hyper-seasonal pattern with 95% of the volume in the wet season (October to April), which influenced the seasonality of the micrometeorological variables. Solar radiation in DEF was 8-folds higher than in FOR, air temperature in DEF was up to 11% higher than in FOR, relative humidity in FOR was up to 14% higher than in DEF, soil temperature in DEF was 18% greater than in FOR and wind speed in DEF was 22-folds greater than in FOR. Deforestation significantly influenced the seasonality and magnitude of the analyzed micrometeorological variables.

RESUMO A região de Transição Cerrado-Amazônia possui uma elevada área desmatada no Brasil. Dada a importância da floresta na manutenção do clima desta região, foram avaliados os padrões de variáveis micrometeorológicas em áreas florestadas e desmatadas na região de Transição Cerrado-Amazônia em Mato Grosso, Brasil. A precipitação, radiação solar, temperatura média, mínima e máxima do ar, umidade relativa do ar, temperatura do solo e velocidade do vento foram medidas no interior de uma floresta (FOR) e em uma área desmatada (DEF). A precipitação na região estudada apresenta um padrão hipersazonal com 95% do volume na estação chuvosa (outubro a abril), o que influenciou na sazonalidade das variáveis micrometeorológicas. A radiação solar em DEF foi 8 vezes maior que em FOR, a temperatura do ar em DEF foi até 11% maior que em FOR, a umidade relativa em FOR foi até 14% maior que em DEF, a temperatura do solo em DEF foi 18% maior que em FOR e a velocidade do vento em DEF foi 22 vezes maior do que em FOR. O desmatamento influenciou significativamente a sazonalidade e magnitude das variáveis micrometeorológicas analisadas.

ABSTRACT Brazilian spinach is a leafy vegetable originating from the tropical region of South America. Despite the similarity in agroclimatic conditions, this nutrient-rich plant has not been widely cultivated in southeast Asia. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the most suitable growing technique (conventional, floating or bottom-wet culture systems) for Brazilian spinach grown in the wet tropical climate. Non-fertilizer ameliorants were applied to improve the physical characteristics of the growing substrate, making it more permeable. The addition of fine sand and/or rice husk biochar to the growing substrate did not increase the growth rate and the leaf yield of Brazilian spinach. The floating and bottom-wet culture systems performed better, when compared to the conventional system commonly practiced by farmers, particularly during the onset of the dry season. The harvest period lasted from 6 to 9 weeks after planting (WAP). The rate of leaf fresh weight to the total shoot weight gradually decreased during the harvest period, along with the percentage of marketable yield. Related to microclimate conditions, the floating and bottom-wet culture exhibited a higher substrate humidity, while the canopy temperature was not significantly affected by the air or substrate temperature. The substrate temperature measured at midday was significantly higher in the conventional system due to a decrease in the substrate water. In conclusion, Brazilian spinach is suitable for cultivation in wet tropical climate zones, with the application of floating or bottom-wet culture systems and harvest between 6 and 9 WAP emerging as the recommended approach.

RESUMO O espinafre-brasileiro é um vegetal folhoso originário da região tropical da América do Sul. Apesar da semelhança nas condições agroclimáticas, essa planta rica em nutrientes não tem sido amplamente cultivada no sudeste asiático. Objetivou-se determinar a técnica de cultivo mais adequada (convencional, flutuante ou por capilaridade) para o espinafre-brasileiro cultivado sob clima tropical úmido. Melhoradores não fertilizantes foram aplicados para melhorar as características físicas do substrato de cultivo, tornando-o mais permeável. A adição de areia fina e/ou biocarvão de casca de arroz ao substrato de cultivo não aumentou a taxa de crescimento e a produtividade foliar do espinafre-brasileiro. As técnicas flutuante e por capilaridade apresentaram melhor desempenho que o sistema de cultivo convencional comumente praticado pelos agricultores, especialmente no início da estação seca. O período de colheita durou de 6 a 9 semanas após o plantio (SAP). A taxa de massa fresca foliar, em relação à massa total da parte aérea, diminuiu gradativamente durante o período de colheita, assim como a porcentagem de produtividade comercial. Em relação às condições microclimáticas, as técnicas flutuante e por capilaridade mostraram maior umidade do substrato, enquanto a temperatura do dossel não foi significativamente afetada pela temperatura do ar ou do substrato. A temperatura do substrato medida ao meio-dia foi significativamente maior no sistema de cultivo convencional, devido a uma diminuição na umidade do substrato. Conclui-se que o espinafre-brasileiro é adequado para o cultivo em zonas de clima tropical úmido, bem como recomenda-se a utilização dos sistemas de cultivo flutuante ou por capilaridade e colheita entre 6 e 9 SAP como as abordagens mais recomendadas.

RESUMO O sombreamento é uma forma de resfriamento em áreas quentes e ensolaradas para modificar o microclima e melhorar o crescimento das culturas. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de tratamentos de sombreamento no crescimento de berinjela e pimentão, em condições de casa-de-vegetação, no início do verão, quando ocorrem elevadas temperaturas e intensidades de radiação solar. Os filmes plásticos foram recolhidos no início de abril e as malhas de sombreamento utilizadas nos meses de maio e junho. O sombreamento melhorou a altura de planta, peso vegetativo, número de frutos por planta, peso de frutos, rendimento por planta e rendimento total por casa-de-vegetação para ambas as culturas, especialmente para o pimentão. O híbrido de pimentão (Charisma) e a variedade local de berinjela apresentaram os maiores valores para a maioria das características estudadas. culturas Objetivouse Objetivou se casadevegetação, casadevegetação casa vegetação, vegetação verão solar junho vegetativo Charisma (Charisma estudadas

ABSTRACT Shading is a way of cooling in hot and sunny areas to modify the microclimate and improve crop growth. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of shading treatments on eggplant and sweet pepper growth, under plastic house conditions, at the beginning of the summer, when there are high temperatures and solar radiation intensity. The plastic covers were lifted at the beginning of April and the shading nets used in May and June. The shading treatment improved the plant height, vegetative weight, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, plant yield and total yield per plastic house for both crops, especially for the sweet pepper. The sweet pepper hybrid (Charisma) and the local variety of eggplant showed the highest values for most of the studied characteristics. growth conditions summer intensity June height weight crops Charisma (Charisma characteristics

Abstract Background: Cocoa is a species commonly cultivated under agroforestry systems (AFs), when microclimate conditions are adequate, it achieves high growth rates and seed yield. Questions and Hypotheses: How do four cocoa varieties respond to open (OC) and closed (CC) shade tree canopy conditions within AFs? We hypothesized that cocoa functional traits values correlate with microclimate conditions in the CC. Studied species: Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae). Study site and dates: Papantla, Nautla, Veracruz; San Pedro, Oaxaca. Rainy season, 2018. Methods: Three AFs were selected; either one with OC and CC zones, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), air temperature (Ta) and relative humidity (RH) were registered. Cocoa tree and leaves functional traits were evaluated in four regional cocoa varieties, in ten individuals per variety, canopy condition and AFs. Results: Higher values of PAR, VPD and Ta, and lower RH were recorded under OC than in CC. Cocoa tree height, stem diameter, fruit production, SLA (Specific Leaf Area), LWC (Leaf Water Content) and SS (Stomatal Size) were higher for Nautla. Only the cocoa clone Inifap8 displayed higher height and fruit production than the other varieties. Conclusions: Veracruz and Oaxaca states have AFs with microclimatic conditions where cocoa cultivation can potentially develop. However, it is essential to incorporate our understanding of the adaptive responses of cocoa to particular shade trees canopy structure. Cocoa leaf traits, SLA, LWC and SS, may be used as indicators for enhancing management and sustainability in AFs in the face of climate change.

Resumen Antecedentes: El cacao se cultiva comúnmente en sistemas agroforestales (SAF), cuando las condiciones microclimáticas son adecuados, logra altas tasas de crecimiento y rendimiento. Preguntas e Hipótesis: ¿Cómo responden diferentes clones locales de cacao a las condiciones microclimáticas de tres SAF distintos? Se sugiere que los valores de los atributos funcionales del cacao se relacionan con el microclima del dosel cerrado. Especies de estudio: Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae). Sitio y años de estudio: Papantla y Nautla, Veracruz; San Pedro, Oaxaca. Estación lluviosa, 2018. Métodos: Se seleccionaron tres SAF, considerándose zonas de dosel abierto (DA) y cerrado (DC). Se midió la radiación fotosintéticamente activa (RFA), déficit de presión de vapor (DPV), temperatura del aire (Ta) y humedad relativa. Se evaluaron los atributos funcionales de cuatro variedades clonales de cacao, en cada condición de dosel y SAF. Resultados: En todos los SAF se obtuvieron valores mayores de RFA, DPV y Ta en condiciones de DA. Para Nautla, el DC mostró mayor la altura del cacao, diámetro del tallo, producción de frutos, área foliar específica (AFE), contenido de agua foliar (CAF) y tamaño de estomas (TE), en comparación con los demás SAF. Conclusiones: Los estados de Veracruz y Oaxaca tienen SAF con microclimas donde se puede desarrollar el cultivo del cacao. Sin embargo, es esencial incorporar las respuestas adaptativas del cacao a las condiciones microclimáticas del dosel. Los atributos funcionales del cacao, AFE, CAF y TE, pueden usarse como indicadores para mejorar el manejo y sostenibilidad de SAF frente al cambio climático.

Resumo Este trabalho apresenta o procedimento para realizar a calibração de um modelo climático do ENVI-met, com suas etapas metodológicas, para a avaliação de espaços urbanos abertos de porções da cidade de São Paulo na condição deum dia quente e seco, marcado por altas temperaturas e incidência solar, baixa umidade e baixa nebulosidade. O processo de calibração foi realizado por meio de sucessivas simulações baseadas em dados microclimáticos de medições realizadas no local representado nas simulações, além de dados das estações meteorológicas do Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas(IAG/USP) e do arquivo climático do Aeroporto de Congonhas, e seus resultados foram avaliados comparando-se as principais variáveis microclimáticas (temperatura do ar, umidade relativa, velocidade do vento, direção do vento e radiação) entre simulação e medições. O modelo calibrado apresentou aderência às medições realizadas, dentro dos limites de tolerância esperados, e no processo de calibração foi possível evidenciar as vantagens do uso do ENVI-met, sua adequação e adaptabilidade para modelos representativos de São Paulo, e as principais dificuldades do processo de simulação, sobretudo em função das grandes necessidades de capacidade e tempo de computação para o processamento das simulações.

Abstract This article presents the procedure to perform the calibration of an ENVI-met climate model, with its methodological steps, for the evaluation of open urban spaces in portions of the city of São Paulo in the condition of a hot and dry day, marked by high temperatures. and solar incidence, low humidity and low cloudiness. The calibration process was carried out through successive simulations based on microclimatic data from measurements performed at the location represented in the simulations, in addition to data from the Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas (IAG/USP) meteorological stations and from the Congonhas Airport climate file, and its results were evaluated by comparing the main microclimatic variables (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and radiation) between simulation and measurements. The calibrated model presentedadherence to the measurements, within the expected tolerance limits and, in the calibration process, it was possible to highlight the advantages of using the ENVI-met, its suitability and adaptability for representative models of São Paulo, and also the main difficulties of the simulation process, mainly due to the significant needs of computation capacity and time for the processing of the simulations.

Abstract:Due to climate change consequences, microclimate effects, and heat islands in cities, this research seeks to evaluate the natural potential ventilation and energy use at an urban scale in the Casco Antiguo of Panama City. The Natural Ventilation Climate Potential (NVCP), the Natural Ventilation Satisfied Hours (NVSH), and the Electricity Consumption Indicator (ECI) were used as indicators to evaluate natural ventilation. For this purpose, a methodology based on dynamic energy simulations was conducted by coupling ENVI-met and DesignBuilder software. Furthermore, an optimization process based on parametric studies, sensitivity, and uncertainty analysis allow for comparing envelopes of construction materials, glazing, and operating hours of windows with thermal discomfort hours. Results showed that the area under study does not have a beneficial micro-climate for natural ventilation (NVCP = 19.41%), affecting indoor thermal comfort (NVSH = 3.11%). Finally, an optimization process showed that envelope materials do not generate significant changes concerning hours of thermal discomfort in passive mode at the urban scale. However, energy use in active mode was reflected by implementing walls and roofs of superinsulated material.

Resumen:Debido a las consecuencias del cambio climático, las afectaciones del microclima y el efecto de isla calor en las ciudades, esta investigación busca evaluar el potencial de ventilación natural y aprovechamiento energético a escala urbana en Casco Antiguo de la Ciudad de Panamá. Indicadores como Potencial Climático de Ventilación Natural (PCVN), Horas Satisfechas de Ventilación Natural (NVSH) e Indicador de Consumo Eléctrico (ICE) fueron empleados. Para ello, se llevaron a cabo simulaciones energéticas dinámicas acoplando los programas ENVI-met y DesignBuilder. Un proceso de optimización a partir de estudios paramétricos y análisis de sensibilidad permite comparar materiales de construcción de envolventes, acristalamientos y horario de operación de ventanas con cantidad de horas de incomodidad térmica. Los resultados mostraron que el espacio construido no cuenta con un microclima beneficioso para ventilación natural (PCVN = 19.41%) y esta no favorece el confort térmico interior de las edificaciones (NVSH = 3.11%). El proceso de optimización mostró que los materiales de las envolventes no generan cambios significativos con respecto a horas de incomodidad térmica en modo pasivo a escala urbana; sin embargo, un aprovechamiento energético en modo activo se vio reflejado al implementar paredes y techos de material super aislado.

Resumen Las ciudades del mundo están creciendo en tamaño y número. Al mismo tiempo, el cambio climático global eleva las temperaturas medias del planeta y aumenta los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos. Sao Paulo, la quinta región urbanizada del mundo, tiene actualmente más de 11 millones de habitantes y estudios recientes alertan sobre el aumento de la frecuencia de los eventos climáticos/ meteorológicos extremos en la ciudad. En este contexto, este trabajo presenta una experiencia de investigación interdisciplinaria, basada en la escuela de Arquitectura y Urbanismo en colaboración con el Departamento de Ciencias Atmosféricas, que aborda las interdependencias entre la morfología urbana, la infraestructura verde y el microclima en Sao Paulo, con el objetivo de discutir alternativas de planificación, diseño urbano y de edificios para contrarrestar los efectos del calentamiento urbano en un clima subtropical cambiante. El equipo de investigación, dirigido por un investigador de arquitectura y un investigador asociado de ciencias atmosféricas, incluye un investigador postdoctoral, estudiantes de grado y de posgrado, que se dedican a la arquitectura, el diseño urbano, la planificación y la meteorología y que tratan el papel de la planificación, el diseño urbano y de edificios para la adaptación al cambio climático. Este artículo resume brevemente lo que hemos aprendido con la teledetección, las mediciones y la simulación numérica, abarcando las escalas metropolitanas, de barrio y de edificio, y discute los resultados de una investigación interdisciplinaria que potencia la educación arquitectónica en diferentes niveles.

Abstract The world's cities are growing in size and number. At the same time, the global climate change rises global average temperatures as well as increase weather extreme events. Sao Paulo, the 5th urbanized region in the world, has currently more than 11 million inhabitants and recent studies alert for the increased frequency of extreme climate/weather events in the city. In this context, this work presents an interdisciplinary research experience, based at the Architecture and Urbanism school in partnership with the Atmospheric Sciences' Department, approaching the interdependences between urban morphology, green infrastructure, and microclimate in São Paulo, aiming to discuss planning, urban and building design alternatives to counterbalance urban warming effects in a subtropical changing climate. The research team, led by an architecture researcher and an associate researcher from atmospheric sciences, includes a post-doc researcher, graduate and undergraduate students, engaging architecture, urban design, planning, and meteorology dealing with the role of planning, urban and building design for climate change adaptation. This paper briefly summarizes what we have learnt with remote sensing, measurements and numerical simulation encompassing the metropolitan, the neighbourhood and the building scales and discuss the results of an interdisciplinary research empowering architectural education in different levels.