Resumo Neste artigo, foram investigados os efeitos de curto e longo prazo das variáveis macroeconômicas sobre os indicadores socioeconômicos do setor agrícola, incluindo índice de preços, desemprego rural e produto interno bruto (PIB) sobre os primeiros seis programas de desenvolvimento do governo. Foi utilizada a abordagem de atraso distribuído autorregressivo (ARDL). Os resultados mostraram que no curto prazo a taxa de inflação com atraso tem um efeito significativo e negativo sobre o emprego no setor agrícola e aumenta o nível de desemprego rural. Os resultados sugerem que os efeitos da liquidez e da taxa de inflação no curto prazo sobre o PIB são negativos e os gastos do governo no curto prazo têm efeito positivo sobre o índice de preços agrícolas. No longo prazo, o efeito dessas variáveis sobre a inflação agrícola é semelhante ao de curto prazo, mas com a diferença de que as elasticidades foram maiores.

Abstract In this paper, the short-term and long-term effects of macroeconomic variables on socio-economic indicators of agricultural sector, including price index, rural unemployment and gross domestic product (GDP) over the first to six government development programs were investigated. The auto-regressive distributed lag approach (ARDL) was used. The results showed that in the short run, inflation rate with a delay has a significant and negative effect on employment in the agricultural sector and increases the level of rural unemployment. The findings suggest that the effects of liquidity and inflation rate in the short run on the GDP are negative and government spending in the short run has a positive effect on the agricultural price index. In the long run, the effect of these variables on agricultural inflation is similar to the short term, but with the difference that the elasticities were larger.

Abstract from a theoretical point of view, there is no general consensus on the identification of a company’s financial difficulties. The Altman Z-Score model is recognized in the literature as an indicator for measuring the probability of financial insolvency. While this model is widely used as a metric for predicting financial distress, there is no agreement on the factors that determine the behavior or outcome of the Z-Score. In this sense, the purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that determine the behavior of the Z-Score in Colombian companies. The research is developed under a quantitative methodological approach, with a correlational design. This scope of research seeks to measure the association between the Altman Z-Score and the financial indicators that determine its outcome; to this end, a total of 2,684 companies in the Colombian commercial sector that reported financial information on a systematic basis during the period 2016-2020 are analyzed. The results of the statistical tests carried out reveal that there is a direct relationship between the indicator measuring financial structure (equity/liabilities) and the Altman Z-Score. This leads to the conclusion that a company that seeks to capitalize profits and keep debt levels under control, from the point of view of Altman’s model, will be a company with financial stability and a low probability of financial insolvency.

Resumen desde un punto de vista teórico, no existe un consenso general sobre la identificación de las dificultades financieras de una empresa. El modelo Altman Z-Score es reconocido en la literatura como un indicador para medir la probabilidad de insolvencia financiera. Aunque este modelo es muy difundido y utilizado como métrica para predecir las dificultades financieras, no existe acuerdo sobre los factores que determinan el comportamiento o resultado del puntaje Z. En este sentido, el propósito de este estudio es analizar los factores que determinan el comportamiento del puntaje Z-Score en las empresas colombianas. Esta investigación se desarrolla bajo un enfoque metodológico cuantitativo, con un diseño de tipo correlacional. Este alcance de investigación busca medir la asociación entre el puntaje Z de Altman y los indicadores financieros que determinan su resultado; para tal fin se analizan un total de 2684 empresas del sector comercial colombiano que reportaron información financiera de forma sistemática durante el periodo 2016-2020. Los resultados de las pruebas estadísticas efectuadas revelan que existe relación directa entre el indicador que mide la estructura financiera (patrimonio/pasivo) y el puntaje Z de Altman. Adicionalmente, permiten concluir que, desde el punto de vista del modelo de Altman, las empresas que capitalizan sus beneficios y mantienen bajo control su nivel de endeudamiento son empresas financieramente estables y con baja probabilidad de insolvencia.

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir como as demandas e as lógicas próprias ao mercado financeiro refletem-se na atividade laboral de professores que atuam no ensino superior privado e financeirizado no Brasil, indetificando elementos que contribuam com o debate acerca das implicações cotidianas da financeirização na atividade de professores. A partir de pesquisa exploratória com professoras e professores inseridos no contexto da financeirização do ensino superior e da posterior análise de conteúdo das respostas obtidas, mostrou-se que a financeirização aprofunda o processo de transformação do trabalho docente iniciado pela mercantilização da educação. Para além da precarização e da intensificação do trabalho, reflexos de elementos da financeirização tais como a preferência pela liquidez e pela rentabilidade a curto prazo, a financeirização reconfigura o trabalho docente e de gestão da educação, aumentando a padronização, ampliando a distância entre a gestão e o trabalho docente e introduzindo novos papéis relacionados à gestão das aparências dentro dessas organizações e à consequente auto-comercialização e auto-promoção dos professores.

This paper aims to discuss how the demands and logics of the financial market are reflected in the work of teachers in private and financialized higher education organizations in Brazil, identifying elements that contribute to the debate about the daily implications of financialization in the activity of teachers. Based on exploratory research with male and female teachers inserted in the context of the financialization of higher education and the subsequent content analysis of the responses obtained, it was shown that financialization deepens the process of transformation of labor initiated by the commodification of education. In addition to the precariousness and intensification of work, which are reflections of elements of financialization such as the preference for liquidity and short-term profitability, financialization reconfigures teaching and education management work, increasing standardization, widening the distance between management and teaching work and introducing new roles related to the management of appearances within these organizations and the consequent self-marketing and self-promotion of teachers.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir cómo las demandas y lógicas del mercado financiero se reflejan en el trabajo de los profesores que actúan en la educación superior privada y financiarizada en Brasil, identificando elementos que contribuyen al debate sobre las implicaciones cotidianas de la financiarización en la actividad de maestros. A partir de una investigación exploratoria con profesores y profesoras insertas en el contexto de la financiarización de la educación superior y el posterior análisis de contenido de las respuestas obtenidas, se demostró que la financiarización profundiza el proceso de transformación del trabajo docente iniciado por la mercantilización de la educación. Además de la precariedad e intensificación del trabajo, reflejo de elementos de la financiarización como la preferencia por la liquidez y la rentabilidad a corto plazo, la financiarización reconfigura el trabajo de gestión docente y educativa, aumentando la estandarización, ampliando la distancia entre la gestión y el trabajo docente e introduciendo nuevos roles relacionados con la gestión de las comparecencias dentro de estas organizaciones y la consecuente autocomercialización y autopromoción de los docentes.

RESUMO Keynes e Hayek são geralmente vistos na história do pensamento econômico como rivais intelectuais. Embora seja verdade que, em termos de recomendações de políticas, elas nem sempre concordam, há vários elementos teóricos que os dois economistas tendem a compartilhar. Isso é especialmente verdadeiro se seguirmos Axel Leijonhufvud (1976) ao considerar que o trabalho teórico fundamental de Keynes é o Tratado e não a Teoria Geral. No início dos anos 1930, seguindo os trabalhos de Wicksell (1989), ambos explicaram os ciclos de negócios como causados por uma discrepância entre poupança e investimento. Eles consideraram que na economia moderna a taxa de juros não pode ajustar rapidamente essas duas magnitudes. Até certo ponto, Keynes e Hayek chegaram a concordar com a sequência dinâmica de preços em uma depressão “normal”. Quando a Teoria Geral foi publicada, a preferência pela liquidez obscureceu a maioria das semelhanças entre os dois economistas. Embora Hayek tenha introduzido a preferência pela liquidez como um atrito de curto prazo em sua Teoria Pura do Capital de 1941, ele não podia aceitá-la como um determinante fundamental da taxa de juros. No entanto, na década de 1970, Hayek começou a acreditar que as crises “normais” de Hayek poderiam degenerar ainda mais em depressões keynesianas. Ao focar no desenvolvimento teórico de Keynes antes da elaboração da Teoria Geral em paralelo com a evolução de Hayek ao longo de sua vida, argumentamos que uma leitura seletiva de suas obras poderia levar a um modelo teórico em que os cenários keynesiano e hayekiano são casos específicos de uma teoria geral.

ABSTRACT Keynes and Hayek are usually perceived in the history of economic thought as intellectual rivals. Although it is true that in terms of policy recommendations, they have not always seen eye to eye, there are numerous theoretical elements that the two economists tend to share. This is especially true if one follows Axel Leijonhufvud (1976) in considering that Keynes’s fundamental theoretical work is the Treatise and not the General Theory. In the early 1930s, following the works of Wicksell (1989), both explained business cycles as caused by a discrepancy between savings and investment. They considered that in the modern economy the interest rate cannot speedily adjust these two magnitudes. To a certain extent, Keynes and Hayek even agreed on the dynamic sequence of prices in a “normal” depression. By the time the General Theory came out, liquidity preference obscured most of the commonalities between the two economists. Although Hayek introduced liquidity preference as a short run friction in his 1941 Pure Theory of Capital, he could not accept it as a fundamental determinant of the interest rate. However, in the 1970s Hayek began to believe that “normal” Hayekian crises could further degenerate into Keynesian depressions. By focusing on Keynes’s theoretical development prior to the elaboration of the General Theory in parallel with Hayek’s evolution throughout his life, we argue that a selective reading of their works could lead to a theoretical model in which Keynesian and Hayekian scenarios are specific cases of a more general theory.

Abstract Purpose: This study aims to analyze if, during periods of economic recession, the cash position impacts the performance of Brazilian companies. In addition, it seeks to identify if there are differences in the intensity of such relationships for the different sectors in which companies operate. Originality/value: The appropriate management of a company’s cash position is key for the maintenance of its financial health in the long term. This subject is particularly relevant for emerging countries, such as Brazil, considering the track record of frequent economic recessions. Such economic recessions lead to the deterioration of the companies’ operating results and shortage of credit facilities, negatively affecting the companies’ liquidity. In the last decade, studies have been discussing the relevance of the companies’ cash position to improve their performance in periods of financial constraint. Design/methodology/approach: To develop this study, a sample composed of 200 Brazilian companies listed on B3 was used, grouping information from the period between 2013 and 2016, organized in a balanced dynamic panel. Findings: The results obtained through regressions indicate that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between cash position and the performance of the companies, measured by the return on assets (ROA) – but not by the market to book ratio –, and it was also identified that the sector in which the company operates has a moderating factor on the intensity of such a relationship.

Resumo Objetivo: O presente trabalho analisa se, em momentos de recessão econômica, a posição de caixa tem impacto na performance das empresas brasileiras. Além disso, busca-se identificar se há diferenças na intensidade dessa relação para os diferentes setores de atuação das empresas. Originalidade/valor: A adequada gestão da liquidez das empresas é fundamental para a manutenção da sua saúde financeira e para a sua sustentabilidade econômica em longo prazo. Esse tema é especialmente importante em países emergentes, como o Brasil, que tem um histórico de frequentes recessões econômicas. As recessões levam à piora dos resultados operacionais das empresas e à escassez de linhas de crédito e, portanto, afetam negativamente a liquidez das companhias. Na última década, tem sido discutida a importância do uso de caixa pelas empresas para melhorar sua performance em períodos de restrição financeira. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Para desenvolver este estudo, foi utilizada uma amostra de 200 empresas listadas na B3, agrupando informações do período de 2013 a 2016, organizadas em um painel dinâmico balanceado. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos por meio das regressões indicam que há relação positiva e estatisticamente significante entre a posição de caixa e a performance medida pelo ROA (mas não pelo market to book). Identificou-se também que o setor de atuação da empresa modera a intensidade dessa relação.

Abstract This paper adopts the stakeholder and the critical mass theories to study the relationship between the female participation on the boards and the financial performance of listed firms in Mexico (RoA, RoE, liquidity and share price). The research contributes to the Latin American literature in the field of gender diversity and corporate governance. Through a panel data and a sample of study composed bt 667 year- observations during the 2013-2019 period, the results show a limited progress of the female representation on the boards; going from 5% in 2013 to 7% in 2019, that is, just an increase of 2% in the last six years; while only 4.5% of the companies have at least three women participating in the boards. Econometric analysis shows that the presence of women on the board increases return on equity (ROE), although its effect is not significant on return on assets (ROA), liquidity or share price. It is necessary to generate strategies and laws that motivate to a higher representation of women on the boards.

Resumen Este trabajo adopta las teorías de los stakeholders y de la masa crítica para estudiar la relación entre la participación de mujeres en el consejo y el desempeño financiero de empresas cotizadas en México (ROA, ROE, liquidez y precio de la acción). La investigación contribuye a la literatura latinoamericana en el ámbito de la diversidad de género y el gobierno corporativo. A través de un panel de datos y una muestra de estudio conformada por 667 observaciones-año durante el periodo 2013- 2019, los resultados demuestran un limitado avance de la representación de mujeres en los consejos de administración; pasando de un 5% en 2013 a un 7% en 2019, es decir, apenas un incremento de 2% en los últimos seis años; mientras que solamente el 4.5% de las empresas cuentan con al menos tres mujeres participando en los consejos. El análisis econométrico muestra que la presencia de mujeres en el consejo incrementa la rentabilidad sobre el capital (ROE), aunque su efecto no es significativo en la rentabilidad sobre los activos (ROA), la liquidez o el precio de la acción. Es necesario generar estrategias y leyes que motive a una mayor representación de mujeres en los consejos.

Resumo O debate sobre o poder do banco central para controlar a inflação e estabilizar o ciclo de negócios foi reaberto recentemente. Este documento argumenta que a política monetária funciona mudando a disposição dos bancos ao invés de alterar a taxa de juros, e que não há “mestres” dos bancos centrais que conhecem o segredo da manutenção do pleno emprego e da estabilidade de preços. A transmissão das taxas de juros não funciona como os livros didáticos supõem. As evidências empíricas mostram que a taxa de juros do Fed não afeta as taxas de juros de longo prazo e que o investimento empresarial depende das condições de crédito e não tanto do custo dos fundos emprestados. No mundo real, não há mercados em que se troquem as mercadorias de hoje pelas mercadorias de amanhã; há mercados de crédito. A taxa de juros não mede o preço relativo do consumo presente versus consumo futuro, mas o trade-off entre renda versus liquidez e segurança.

Abstract The debate over the power of central banking to control inflation and stabilize the business cycle has recently been reopened. This brief argues that monetary policy works by changing the disposition of banks rather than by altering the interest rate, and that there are no central banking "masters" who know the secret of maintaining full employment and price stability. Interest rate pass-through does not work as the textbooks assume. Empirical evidence shows that the Fed's interest rate does not affect long-term interest rates, and that business investment depends on credit conditions and not so much on the cost of loanable funds. In the real world, there are no markets in which you exchange today's goods for tomorrow's goods; there are credit markets. The interest rate does not measure the relative price of present consumption versus future consumption, but the trade-off between income versus liquidity and security.

Resumen En los últimos tiempos se ha reabierto el debate sobre el poder de la banca central para controlar la inflación y estabilizar el ciclo económico. Este escrito argumenta que la política monetaria funciona modificando la disposición de los bancos más que alterando la tasa de interés, y que no existen "maestros" de la banca central que conozcan el secreto de mantener el pleno empleo y la estabilidad de precios. La transmisión de las tasas de interés no funciona como suponen los libros de textos. La evidencia empírica muestra que la tasa de interés de la Fed no afecta las tasas de interés de largo plazo, y que la inversión de las empresas depende de las condiciones crediticias y no tanto del costo de los fondos prestables. En el mundo real no existen mercados en los que intercambien bienes de hoy por bienes de mañana; existen mercados de crédito. La tasa de interés no mide el precio relativo del consumo presente versus el consumo futuro, sino la disyuntiva entre ingresos frente a liquidez y seguridad.

Resumen En el presente estudio se analiza la importancia de una eficiente administración del ciclo operativo por parte de las pymes de Santa Cruz y Carrillo de la provincia de Guanacaste, como estrategia para lograr la operatividad, competitividad y permanencia en el tiempo. La gestión adecuada permite contar con la información suficiente para estimar y cubrir las necesidades de efectivo, y los límites para gestionar las operaciones de crédito o de contado. Para la realización de este, se hizo en primera instancia una revisión bibliográfica para fundamentar teóricamente los elementos, tanto del ciclo operativo como del ciclo de conversión de efectivo. Posteriormente, se aplicó una encuesta que permitió argumentar la necesidad, el grado de conocimiento y aplicación del ciclo operativo y los datos que permiten conocer la cantidad de días en el que operan. Como resultado se determinó que una cantidad considerable de las pymes desconoce la gestión del ciclo operativo, por lo tanto, no incorporan esta información en la toma de decisiones.

Abstract This study analyzes the importance of an efficient administration of the operating cycle by the SMEs of Santa Cruz and Carrillo in the province of Guanacaste, as a strategy to achieve operability, competitiveness, and permanence over time. Adequate management allows having sufficient information to estimate and cover cash needs, and the limits to manage credit or cash operations. To carry out this, a bibliographic review was made in the first instance to theoretically base the elements, both operating cycle and of the cash conversion cycle. Subsequently, a survey was applied that allowed to argue the need, the degree of knowledge and application of the operating cycle and the data that allow knowing the number of days in which they operate. As a result, it was determined that a considerable number of SMEs are unaware of the management of the operating cycle, therefore, they do not incorporate this information in decision making. Regarding the management of collection, payment and inventory cycles, the results found are contrary to what is applied in good administrative practice, and to what the theory indicates.

Resumen El presente artículo analiza los límites de la política monetaria desde una perspectiva teórica. Parte de la teoría de Keynes presentada en la Teoría general en la que se resalta la idea de la trampa de liquidez, pero también se reconocen otros límites que enfrentan las autoridades monetarias, siendo fundamentales el análisis de la incertidum- bre y las expectativas. Ello se contrapone al concepto del zero lower bound (ZLB), que se utiliza para señalar los límites actuales de la política monetaria. Concluye en que la falta de reconocimiento actual de las expectativas impide que la política monetaria supere los límites que enfrenta, rescatando el importante papel que juega la política fiscal como alternativa para influir en el ciclo económico.

Abstract This article analyzes the limits of monetary policy from a theoretical perspective. The analysis parts from Keynes’s theory presented in the General Theory in which the ideal of the liquidity trap is highlighted. Other limits faced by monetary authorities are also recognized, the analysis of uncertainty and expectations being fundamental. This is opposed to the concept of the zero lower bound (ZLB) which is used to indicate the current limits of monetary policy. The article concludes that the lack of current recognition of expectations prevents monetary policy from exceeding the limits it faces, rescuing the important role that fiscal policy plays as an alternative to influence the economic cycle.

Abstract The main objective of this study is to determine the financial indices and the macro-economic variables that dictate the patrimonial share value of Colombian Stock Exchange companies between the years 2015 and 2018. A fixed-effect panel data model is used. The results show that companies with high liquidity and assets have increased equity share value. On the other hand, acquired high indebtedness and non-operational expenses reduces patrimonial action value. Regarding macroeconomic variables, the greater the economic growth of the business sector, the greater the patrimonial action value. In contrast, the higher the nominal interest rate and the dollar’s nominal exchange rate, the lower the equity share value. It is concluded that investors can predict the performance of patrimonial action values by examining financial and macroeconomic indicators.

Resumen: El principal objetivo de este estudio es determinar los índices financieros y las variables macroeconómicas que determinan el valor de la acción patrimonial en empresas de la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia entre los años 2015 y 2018. Se utiliza un modelo de datos de panel de efectos fijos. Los resultados muestran que las empresas que tienen mayor liquidez y activos tienen mayor valor de la acción patrimonial. En cambio, las que adquieren mayor endeudamiento y tienen más gastos no operacionales, tienen menor valor de la acción patrimonial. Referente a variables macroeconómicas, a mayor crecimiento económico del sector de las empresas, mayor valor de la acción patrimonial. En contraste, a mayor tasa de interés nominal y tasa de cambio nominal del dólar, menor valor de la acción patrimonial. Se concluye que los inversionistas pueden intuir mediante indicadores financieros y macroeconómicos el desempeño del valor de la acción patrimonial.

Resumen En el presente artículo se discutió el impacto de la fìnanciación pública-privada en el desarrollo de los proyectos productivos en la formación no convencional de Vaca Muerta a través de las experiencias que más invirtieron en la misma: YPF -con Chevron- y Tecpetrol. El sector energético resulta indispensable para el funcionamiento y reproducción del conjunto de la economía. Por esta razón, el Estado se encuentra interesado en su desenvolvimiento. Para ello pretende atraer inversiones privadas a través de estímulos, y al hacerlo contribuye en el financiamiento de este. El sector privado ha invertido a través de préstamos intra-firma desde sociedades relacionadas en el exterior. Sin embargo, la sostenibilidad del financiamiento se dirimirá en términos de la disponibilidad de divisas que este refleje dado que los países como Argentina poseen una severa restricción externa, así como dificultades para retener el capital. En este sentido, las amortizaciones de dichos préstamos significarán la repatriación de los capitales y presionarán sobre la liquidez de divisas. Además, se trata de un sector que demandará inversiones y financiamiento constantemente para mantenerse activo debido a que su necesidad de fondos se encuentra relacionada a la reducida vida útil que poseen los pozos no convencionales. JEL: 013; 012; 020; 023.

Abstract The article will discuss the impact of public-private financing on the development of productive projects in the unconventional formation of Vaca Muerta through the analysis of the two companies with the biggest investment in it: YPF (with Chevron) and Tecpetrol. The energy sector is essential for the functioning and reproduction of the economy as a whole. For this reason, the State is interested in its development. The State aims to attract private investment through incentives and contributes to its financing. The private sector has invested through intra-firm loans from related companies abroad. However, the sustainability of the financing will be determined in terms of the availability of foreign currency. Developing countries like Argentina have severe external restrictions, as well as difficulties in retaining capital. In this sense, the repayments of these loans will mean the repatriation of capital and will put pressure on foreign exchange liquidity. In addition, the sector will constantly demand investment and financing because of the short useful life that unconventional wells usually have. JEL: 013; 012; 020; 023.

Resumen La crisis económica ha tenido un efecto asimétrico en las economías españolas a nivel nacional y regional/local. Este estudio analiza las estrategias desarrolladas por las bodegas cooperativas de Castilla-La Mancha (CLM) y su impacto en las medidas de rendimiento. Se ha optado por un estudio exploratorio basado en una compilación de estados financieros, se ha definido como medidas de rendimiento los tradicionales ratios de rentabilidad económico-financiera (ROA, ROI, ROS) y adicionalmente un análisis específico: Rendimiento para el socio cooperativista (ROC). También se han incluido dos ratios financieros: Liquidez y Apalancamiento. El dinamismo comercial es el sello distintivo de las cooperativas vitivinícolas de CLM como acción estratégica ante la crisis, y su resiliencia es patente en la conquista de mercados exteriores a través de bajos costes unitarios, que se han trasladado a los precios de venta. En este trabajo se incluyen las implicaciones para la comprensión de la resiliencia de las bodegas cooperativas durante el período de crisis. La coherencia de los resultados proporciona un contexto para promover el modelo cooperativo, como factor esencial de la economía social. Este documento responde a una necesidad identificada de mostrar el modelo cooperativo como el modelo más resistente en el ámbito agrícola y como dinamizador en el desarrollo rural.

Abstract The economic crisis has had an asymmetric effect on Spanish and regional/local economies. This study aims to analyze the strategies developed by cooperative wineries in Castilla-La Mancha (CLM) and their impact on performance measurements. The paper opted for an exploratory study based on a compilation of financial statements consisting of the traditional economic-financial profitability ratios (ROA, ROI, ROS) plus a specific analysis, Return of Owner Cooperative (ROC). We have also used two financial measurements: Liquidity and Leverage. Trade dynamism is the hallmark of wine cooperatives in CLM in terms of strategic action in the face of a crisis. Their resilience is patent in the conquest of foreign markets via low unit costs, which have been transferred to sales prices. The paper has implications for the understanding of the resilience of the agricultural cooperatives during the crisis period in question. The consistency of the results provides a context to promote the cooperative model as an essential factor in the social economy. This paper fulfils an identified need to show the cooperative model as a resilient one in the agricultural field and in the context of rural development.

Abstract The use of macroprudential policies to mitigate credit risk has been used in emerging economies, and according to recent evidence, these policies could affect other financial variables such as the credit growth and housing prices. In March 2011 in México authorities mandated loan loss provisions for housing loans based on the loss expectations of mortgage loans instead of the recorded losses. And, between 2014 and 2015, there were modifications on the capital and liquidity requirements. The objective of this study is to examine whether macroprudential policy affected the housing credit growth and house price appreciation related to macroprudential changes applied to housing. Using the methodology of unit root test with structural break, we found macroprudential policies implemented had effects on the growth of mortgage credit and there is a house price appreciation that might be related to macroprudential policies analyzed.

Resumen La implementación de políticas macroprudenciales para mitigar el riesgo crediticio se ha utilizado en economías emergentes. De acuerdo con la evidencia, estas políticas podrían afectar otras variables financieras como el crecimiento de la cartera de crédito total bancario, la cartera de crédito de vivienda y el precio de los activos, en particular de la vivienda. En marzo de 2011, se modificó en México la constitución de las estimaciones preventivas de riesgos crediticios al crédito a la vivienda de la banca comercial, con base a las expectativas de pérdida de los créditos de hipoteca en lugar de las pérdidas registradas. En adición, entre 2014 y 2015 se realizaron modificaciones en el requerimiento de liquidez y de capital en vivienda. El objetivo de este estudio consiste en examinar si las herramientas de política macroprudencial afectaron el comportamiento de la cartera de crédito total de vivienda de la banca comercial, así como del índice SHF de precios de vivienda, a consecuencia de los cambios macroprudenciales aplicados referente a vivienda. Mediante la metodología de la presencia de cambios estructurales se encontró que estas políticas macroprudenciales, en la banca comercial, tuvo efectos en el crecimiento del crédito hipotecario y existe un proceso inflacionario en el índice SHF de precios de vivienda.

Resumen: Este artículo estudia la relación entre la estructura financiera y el crecimiento económico de México durante el periodo 1980-2014. La literatura identifica dos tipos de estructura financiera: bank-based y stock-market-based. En la primera, la banca comercial impacta positivamente la actividad económica y, en la segunda, el mercado bursátil influye en el desempeño de la economía. Una tercera visión considera que toda la actividad financiera (bancos, mercado bursátil y otras instituciones financieras) influye en el crecimiento. Estas hipótesis se evalúan mediante modelos de vectores de corrección de errores (VEC). Los hallazgos empíricos sugieren que, considerando la liquidez del sistema financiero, la actividad bursátil predominó durante todo el periodo de estudio; pero al considerar el tamaño del sistema financiero, prevaleció la actividad bancaria. También se muestra que el incremento de la liquidez del sistema financiero elevó el crecimiento económico, pero el incremento del tamaño del sistema financiero disminuyó el PIB per cápita en el periodo 1980-2014. Y el análisis dinámico de corto plazo revela que si la estructura financiera se hiciera más bursátil el efecto en el crecimiento económico sería positivo. Clasificación JEL: O16, G10, G20.

Abstract: This paper studies the relationship between the financial structure and the economic growth of Mexico during 1980-2014. The literature identifies two types of financial structure: bank-based and stock-market-based. In the first, commercial banking positively impacts economic activity, while in the second, the stock market influences the performance of the economy. A third view considers that all financial activity (banks, stock market and other financial institutions) influences growth. These hypotheses are assessed by using a VEC model. The empirical findings suggest that, considering the liquidity of the financial system, stock market activity predominates throughout the study period; but when we take the size of the financial system, banking activity prevails. We also show that increasing financial system liquidity had a positive effect on economic growth, although increasing the size of the financial system decreased the GDP per capita over the period 1980-2014. Moreover, the short-term dynamic analysis reveals that if the financial structure became more marketed-oriented, the effect on economic growth would be positive.

Résumé: Cet article étudie la relation entre la structure financière et la croissance économique du Mexique au cours de la période 1980-2014. La littérature identifie deux types de structure financière: bank-based et stock-market-based. Dans le premier cas, les services bancaires commerciaux ont un impact positif sur l’activité économique et, dans le second, le marché boursier influence la performance de l’économie. Un troisième point de vue considère que toutes les activités financières (banques, marchés boursiers et autres institutions financières) influencent la croissance. Ces hypothèses sont évaluées à l’aide de modèles vectoriels de correction d’erreur (VEC). Les résultats empiriques suggèrent que, compte tenu de la liquidité du système financier, l’activité boursière a prédominé tout au long de la période à l’étude; mais si l’on considère la taille du système financier, l’activité bancaire prévaut. Il montre également que l’augmentation de la liquidité du système financier a augmenté la croissance économique, mais l’augmentation de la taille du système financier a diminué le PIB par habitant au cours de la période 1980-2014. Et l’analyse dynamique à court terme révèle que si la structure financière devenait plus boursière, l’effet sur la croissance économique serait positif.

Abstract The research objective is to demonstrate how treasury management influences the company's liquidity in the insurance sector located in Lima. Through a quantitative, descriptive approach with a non-experimental design and correlational scope, a population of 15 workers in the accounting area is approached, through a questionnaire, using the SPSS statistical software for its processing. The results show that the company's treasury management is favorable, which is reflected in the positive liquidity indicators, confirmed by Spearman's Rho of .787 with a high correlation. In conclusion, Treasury management positively influences the company's liquidity in the insurance sector. Demonstrating optimal income management, registration, and expense control, and allows strengthening accounting activities based on the company's financial sustainability.

RESUMEN La presente investigación tiene como objetivo demostrar de qué manera la gestión de tesorería tiene influencia en la liquidez en una empresa del sector seguross ubicada en Lima. Mediante un enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo descriptivo con diseño mo experimental y alcance correlacional, se aborda una población de 15 trabajadores del área contable, por medio de cuestionario, utilizando el software estadístico SPSS para su procesamiento. Los resultados evidencian que la gestión de tesorería de la empresa es favorable, lo que se refleja en los indicadores positivos de liquidez, confirmado con el Rho de Spearman de .787 de correlación alta. Se concluye que la gestión de tesorería influye de manera positiva en la liquidez de la empresa del sector seguross, demostrando el óptimo manejo de los ingresos, su registro y control de los egresos, acciones que permiten fortalecer las actividades contables en base a la sostenibilidad financiera de la empresa.