Abstract This article offers an alternative methodological framework for the smart city field, starting from a chronological literature review and empirical analysis of the smart city Konza Technopolis (Kenya), the smartification of São Paulo (State of São Paulo, Brazil), and the Smart City Laguna (State of Ceará, Brazil). Smart city experiences have been developed since the late 1990s, with greater expressiveness in the urban space from the 2010s onwards, concomitantly with an increase in the number of studies about the theme. Currently, the theme demonstrates a high level of discussion and maturity. Given its breadth, an analytical focus is necessary to address the particularities related to the three categories presented here: (1) smart cities developed from scratch; (2) initiatives aimed at consolidated cities; and (3) real estate developments. field Kenya, Kenya , (Kenya) State Brazil, Brazil Brazil) Ceará Brazil. . 1990s s onwards Currently maturity breadth here 1 (1 scratch 2 (2 3 (3 developments (Kenya (

Resumo Este artigo oferece uma alternativa de recorte metodológico para o campo da Smart city, partindo de uma revisão bibliográfica temporal e análise empírica da Smart city Konza Technopolis (Quênia), da smartificação de São Paulo (SP/Brasil), e da Smart city Laguna (CE/Brasil). As experiências Smart city desenvolvem-se desde o final de 1990, detendo maior expressividade no espaço urbano a partir dos anos 2010, concomitantemente ao aumento das pesquisas a seu respeito. Atualmente, a temática apresenta elevado nível de discussão e amadurecimento e, dada sua amplitude, torna-se necessário o direcionamento analítico, devido às particularidades relativas às três categorias aqui apresentadas: (1) as Smart cities desenvolvidas a partir do zero; (2) as iniciativas voltadas às cidades consolidadas; e (3) os empreendimentos imobiliários. Quênia, Quênia , (Quênia) SP/Brasil, SPBrasil SP/Brasil SP Brasil (SP/Brasil) CE/Brasil. CEBrasil CE/Brasil . CE (CE/Brasil) desenvolvemse desenvolvem se 1990 2010 respeito Atualmente amplitude tornase torna analítico apresentadas 1 (1 zero 2 (2 consolidadas 3 (3 imobiliários (Quênia (SP/Brasil (CE/Brasil 199 201 ( 19 20

Abstract This article proposes the possibility of reading urban space through the methodology presented by Ewing and Clement (2013) in the book Measuring Urban Design. This methodology was applied to a section of the central area of the city of Laguna, State of Santa Catarina, an area listed by the National Institute of Historical and Artistic Heritage in the 1980s due to its historical and cultural relevance. The methodology determines which public spaces in a city are more attractive to human presence compared to others and what the perceptible qualities of these spaces are, as well as how these qualities can be measured. Initial results indicate that the proposed methodology is suitable for identifying and measuring the perceptible qualities of the urban environment, both in urban heritage areas and in other areas. 2013 (2013 Design Laguna Catarina s relevance measured environment 201 (201 20 (20 2 (2 (

Resumo Este artigo propõe uma possibilidade de leitura do espaço urbano por meio da metodologia apresentada por Ewing e Clement (2013) no livro Measuring urban design. Essa metodologia foi aplicada em um trecho da área central da cidade de Laguna/SC tombada pelo Instituto de Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional nos anos 1980, por sua relevância histórica e cultural, o que determina quais espaços públicos de uma cidade são mais atrativos à presença humana em detrimento de outros, quais são as qualidades perceptíveis desse espaço e como essas qualidades podem ser mensuradas. Os resultados iniciais indicam que a metodologia proposta é adequada para identificar e mensurar as qualidades perceptíveis do ambiente urbano, tanto em áreas urbanas patrimoniais quanto nas demais áreas. 2013 (2013 design LagunaSC Laguna SC 1980 cultural outros mensuradas 201 (201 198 20 (20 19 2 (2 1 (

Abstract Introduction: The Mar Muerto lagoon is an ecosystem characterized by high productivity upon which various inhabiting organisms depend. Additionally, it is a system susceptible to environmental impacts. Consequently, indices have been developed to determine the degree of disturbance caused by natural and/or anthropogenic factors. Objective: To assess the degree of disturbance in the Mar Muerto lagoon using a Biotic Integrity Index (BII) based on ichthyofauna. Methods: From December 2019 to March 2021, 12 sampling stations were established in the lagoon. The Biotic Integrity Index was developed by collecting data on hydrological variables (salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, suspended solids, temperature, nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, and transparency) and classifying fish species based on their composition and richness. This was followed by a Water and Habitat Quality Index (WHQI) derived from the characterization and classification of sampling stations based on physicochemical variables. The correlation of the two indices allowed for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the BII. Results: 65 species were reported for the lagoon, with Lile gracilis, Oligoplites altus, Eucinostomus currani, and Gerres simillimus being the most frequently recorded. Only station 10 exhibited poor biotic integrity (BII = 26), while the rest displayed regular biotic integrity (BII = 30 - 44), with station nine presenting the highest calculated value (BII = 42). The assessment of the lagoon’s BII demonstrated an average biotic integrity considered “regular.” Conclusion: Through this study, the functionality of the modified BII for the Mar Muerto lagoon was verified, allowing for the evaluation of the present conservation status and comparison with previous studies.

Resumen Introducción: La laguna Mar Muerto es un ecosistema caracterizado por una gran productividad, de la cual dependen diversos organismos que la habitan; también es un sistema susceptible a impactos ambientales. Por lo anterior, se han desarrollado índices que permiten conocer el grado de alteración por causas naturales y/o antropogénicas. Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de perturbación de la laguna Mar Muerto, mediante un índice de integridad biótica (IBI) basado en la ictiofauna. Métodos: De diciembre 2019 a marzo 2021, se establecieron 12 estaciones de muestreo en la laguna. La elaboración del índice de integridad biótica fue a partir de la recopilación de datos de las variables hidrológicas (salinidad, NO2, NO3, PO4, pH, OD, T, CE, transparencia y SDT) y la clasificación de las especies ícticas según su composición y riqueza; seguido de un índice de calidad de agua y hábitat (ICAH), elaborado a partir de la caracterización y clasificación de las estaciones de muestreo en función de variables fisicoquímicas. La correlación de los dos índices permitió evaluar la efectividad del IBI. Resultados: 65 especies fueron reportadas para la laguna, de las cuales Lile gracilis, Oligoplites altus, Eucinostomus currani y Gerres simillimus se registraron con mayor frecuencia. Sólo la estación 10 presentó una integridad biótica pobre (IBI = 26), el resto presentó un IBI regular (IBI = 30 - 44), siendo la estación nueve la que presentó el valor máximo calculado (IBI = 42). La valoración del IBI de la laguna demostró que ésta presenta una integridad biótica promedio considerada “regular”. Conclusión: A través de este trabajo, se comprobó la funcionalidad del IBI modificado para la laguna Mar Muerto, permitiendo evaluar el grado de conservación presente y compararlo con trabajos previos.

Abstract Introduction: The brackish lagoons are ecosystems with great diversity and possibilities for human use. Therefore, the knowledge about phytoplankton needs to be improved to understand its real impact. Objective: To relate the Mandinga’s Lagoon phytoplankton to the limnological conditions during the dry and wet seasons. Methods: The material was collected in three stations: Isla Conchas (ICO), Mandinga Chica (MCH) and Isla del Amor (IA) during the dry (March 2018) and wet (September 2017 and 2018) seasons. The limnological analysis included ten abiotic variables, and the phytoplankton was analyzed by the Utermöhl method. Data was analyzed with the Shannon index (H') and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Results: 136 species were identified: 68.4 % Heterokontophyta, 22.8 % Dinoflagellata, and 5.9 % Cyanobacteria; with 40 euryhaline and 96 stenohaline. The most abundant species were: Bacillaria paxillifera, Chaetoceros compressus, Coscinodiscus rothii, and Chaetoceros atlanticus. The highest abundance was in ICO (dry) and the lowest in MCH (wet), with 307 x 103 and 76 x 103 cells/ml, respectively; the H' ranged from 1.31 to 0.70 bits/ind. The CCA showed a relationship between salinity and dissolved oxygen with C. rothii and Ceratoneis closterium. The phosphates were associated with B. paxillifera, C. atlanticus, and Podosira stelligera. The nitrate, water temperature and pH were related to Tripos hircus, T. furca, Diploneis bombus, and Merismopedia elegans. In contrast, Skeletonema costatum, Cocconeis scutelum, and Nitzschia bicapitata did not correlate with the limnological variables. Conclusions: The Mandinga’s Lagoon is a shallow, euryhaline and well-oxygenated ecosystem. The dominance of diatoms and dinoflagellates was evidenced by their ability to survive in different salinities and temperatures. It is recommended monitor phytoplankton, in particular Microcystis wesenbergii, B. quinquecornis, Pseudo-nitzschia cf. pungens, and P. cf. pseudodelicatissima as they are harmful algae.

Resumen Introducción: Las lagunas salobres son ecosistemas de alta diversidad y con posibilidades para uso humano. Por lo que es necesario mejorar el conocimiento del fitoplancton para entender su impacto real. Objetivo: Relacionar el fitoplancton de la Laguna Mandinga con las condiciones limnológicas durante épocas de secas y lluvias. Métodos: El material se recolectó en tres estaciones: Isla Conchas (ICO), Mandinga Chica (MCH) e Isla del Amor (IA) en secas (marzo 2018) y lluvias (septiembre 2017 y 2018). El análisis limnológico incluyó diez variables abióticas, además del fitoplancton mediante el método de Utermöhl. Los datos fueron analizados por el índice de Shannon (H') y Correspondencia Canónica (ACC). Resultados: Análisis de 136 especies; 68.4 % Heterokontophyta, 22.8 % Dinoflagellata, 5.9 % Cyanobacteria; con 40 eurihalinas y 96 estenohalinas. Las especies más abundantes fueron: Bacillaria paxillifera, Chaetoceros compressus, Coscinodiscus rothii y Chaetoceros atlanticus. La mayor abundancia se registró en ICO (secas) y la menor en MCH (lluvias) con 307 x 103 y 76 x 103 cell/ml, respectivamente. El H' osciló entre 1.31 y 0.70 bits/ind. El CCA mostró una relación entre salinidad y oxígeno disuelto con C. rothii y Ceratoneis closterium. Los fosfatos se asociaron con B. paxillifera, C. atlanticus y Podosira stelligera. Los nitratos, temperatura y pH se correlacionaron con Tripos hircus, T. furca, Diploneis bombus y Merismopedia elegans. Mientras, Skeletonema costatum, Cocconeis scutelum y Nitzschia bicapitata no presentaron correlación con las variables limnológicas. Conclusiones: La Laguna Mandinga es un ecosistema somero, eurihalino y bien oxigenado. La dominancia de diatomeas y dinoflagelados se evidenció por su capacidad para sobrevivir en diferentes concentraciones de salinidad y temperatura. Sugerimos monitorear al fitoplancton por la presencia de Microcystis wesenbergii, B. quinquecornis, Pseudo-nitzschia cf. pungens y P. cf. pseudodelicatissima ya que pueden formar proliferaciones dañinas.

Abstract Introduction: Bio bays in Puerto Rico play an important socio-economic role and declines in dominant bioluminescent dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense are concerning. Studies show erratic blooms with is weak correlation to in situ environmental factors. Our study examines shorter field and longer proxy records on dinoflagellate density at Laguna Grande de Fajardo (LGF). Objectives: To quantify temporal changes in dinoflagellate density in a long-term monitoring study, understand how the marine environment modulates those changes, and determine the wider impacts of a fluctuating climate and extreme events on proxies for dinoflagellate density. Methods: Bimonthly samples were collected from 2016 to 2021 at three sampling sites in LGF. Dinoflagellates density was estimated by Sedgewick Rafter counting cells. Environmental conditions were obtained from Rio Fajardo 5007100 station and NOAA buoy 41056. Marine climate and biotic proxies were obtained from remote sensing measurements. Kruskal Wallis, Spearman correlations and cross-correlations in the shorter field and longer proxy records were used to evaluate environmental controls on LGF dinoflagellate blooms. Results: Six years of field monitoring densities found a low period in 2016-2017, frequent and intense blooms in 2018-2021 punctuated by hurricanes. Generally low values were recorded in late winter in contrast with higher values in late summer (Aug-Nov). Light winds and mixed layer response to seasonal warming in the form of high tides and low salinity, were found to sustain dinoflagellate reproduction. Conclusions: Bioluminescent dinoflagellates are vital to coastal tourism and require resource management. LGF results show that: 1) dinoflagellate counts fluctuate widely, 2) fluorescing dinoflagellates are sensitive to environmental conditions because of limited seasonality and narrow physiological range, 3) hurricanes play a role by ‘raking and refreshing’ the coastal lagoon for subsequent biotic reproduction, and 4) intra-seasonal fluctuations of density and proxies relate to air-sea thermodynamic conditions, the salinity budget and sea level.

Resumen Introducción: Las bahías bioluminiscentes en Puerto Rico desempeñan un papel socioeconómico importante y disminuciones del dinoflagelado bioluminiscente dominante Pyrodinium bahamense son preocupantes. Los estudios muestran proliferaciones erráticas débilmente correlacionadas con factores ambientales locales. Objetivos: Cuantificar cambios en la densidad de dinoflagelados a largo plazo en la Laguna Grande de Fajardo (LGF), comprender cómo el ambiente marino modula esos cambios y determinar los impactos de eventos climáticos extremos en la densidad de dinoflagelados. Métodos: Se recolectaron muestras bimestrales del 2016-2021 en tres sitios de la LGF. La densidad se estimó mediante el conteo de células de Sedgewick Rafter. Condiciones ambientales se obtuvieron de la estación Río Fajardo 5007100 y de la boya NOAA 41056. El clima marino y los indicadores bióticos se obtuvieron por mediciones de teledetección. Se utilizaron correlaciones Kruskal Wallis, Spearman y las correlaciones cruzadas en los registros de campo corto y proxy largos para evaluar los controles ambientales en las proliferaciones de dinoflagelados LGF. Resultados: En seis años de monitoreo se encontraron densidades bajas entre el 2016-2017 y proliferaciones frecuentes e intensas en 2018-2021 marcadas por huracanes. Se registraron valores bajos a finales del invierno, en contraste con valores más altos a finales del verano (agosto-noviembre). Vientos ligeros y la respuesta de capas mixtas al calentamiento estacional en forma de mareas altas y baja salinidad, mantienen la reproducción de los dinoflagelados. Conclusiones: Los dinoflagelados bioluminiscentes son vitales para el turismo costero y requieren manejo de los recursos. En general: 1) los recuentos de dinoflagelados fluctúan ampliamente, 2) los dinoflagelados fluorescentes son sensibles a las condiciones ambientales debido a su estacionalidad limitada y estrecho rango fisiológico, 3) los huracanes juegan un rol de rastrillar y refrescar la laguna costera para su posterior reproducción, y 4) fluctuaciones intra-estacionales se relacionan con las condiciones termodinámicas aire-mar, el balance de salinidad y el nivel del mar.

Abstract Introduction. Seedlings formation under controlled conditions is crucial for cultivating species like strawberry. With LED artificial lighting technology allowing greater control over light, variations in components such as wavelength and intensity can be manipulated to generate seedlings with different characteristics. However, there is a need to generate information for the development of precise and efficient light control practices. Objective. The evaluate strawberry seedling formation under different intensities of violet, blue, and red LED light. Material and methods. The study was conducted in 2020 at the Plant Genetics Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy at the Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. Seeds from San Andreas variety fruits were collected, and seedlings were grown under violet, blue, and red LED light at high, medium, and low intensities. Color determinations of cotyledon area, Chroma saturation index, and Hue angle were performed. Additionally, physio-technical, chemical, and antioxidant activity variables were measured. Results. The most suitable treatments were high and medium intensity violet light, as well as high intensity blue light, with germination range exceeding 60 %. Seedlings did not elongate or thin out and exhibited the largest cotyledons areas and chlorophyll concentrations. Furthermore, these light treatments consumed, on average, 31.2 % less electrical energy. Conclusions. In addition to white light, the most suitable treatments for strawberry seedlings formation were high and medium intensity violet light, as well as high intensity blue light. It is suggested to evaluate violet and blue light treatments in other cultivars to confirm their positive effect on strawberry seedlings. Red light limited germination and showing higher antioxidant activity.

Resumen Introducción. La formación de plántulas en condiciones controladas es fundamental para cultivar especies como la fresa. Dado que la tecnología de iluminación artificial LED ha permitido un mayor control de la luz, la variación de componentes como la longitud de onda y la intensidad pueden ser manipulados para generar plántulas con diferentes características. Sin embargo, es necesario generar información para el desarrollo de prácticas precisas y eficientes en el control de la luz. Objetivo. Evaluar la formación de plántulas de fresa en diferentes intensidades de luz LED violeta, azul y roja. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó durante 2020 en el Laboratorio de Genética Vegetal del Departamento de Agronomía de la Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México. Se recuperaron semillas de frutos de la variedad San Andreas y se sembraron plántulas en luz LED violeta, azul y roja a intensidades alta, media y baja. Se realizaron determinaciones de color del área del cotiledón, índice de saturación de color y ángulo Hue. Además, se midieron variables fisiotécnicas, químicas y actividad antioxidante. Resultados. Los tratamientos más adecuados fueron luz violeta de intensidades altas y medias; así como luz azul de alta intensidad, debido a que el porcentaje de germinación superó el 60 %. Las plántulas no se alargaron ni adelgazaron, presentaron las mayores áreas de cotiledones y concentraciones de clorofila. Además, estos tratamientos de luz consumieron en promedio 31,2 % menos energía eléctrica. Conclusiones. Además de la luz blanca, los tratamientos más adecuados para la formación de plántulas de fresa fueron la luz violeta a alta y media intensidad, así como la luz azul a alta intensidad. Se sugiere evaluar los tratamientos de luz violeta y azul en otros cultivares para confirmar el efecto positivo en las plántulas de fresa. La luz roja limitó la germinación y mostró mayor actividad antioxidante.

Abstract Background: Mangroves are communities whose structure expresses patterns according to the coastal landforms in which they develop. Questions: Is there a structural variation of mangroves among landforms and regions of the South Pacific? What is the effect of the geomorphological-regional factor on the structure of mangroves? What is the level of consistency of mangrove structure within each analyzed landform and region? Data description: Basal area, height, density, complexity index, and importance value. Study site: Mangroves from 39 systems in five hydrological regions in the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas, Mexico. Methods: The structural classification of mangroves was carried out considering the landform (inlet, estuary, lagoon) and the hydrological region. Correlations were used to assess their relationship with salinity and water recharge, and multivariate techniques were employed to identify differences between factors and clustering patterns. Results: Density and basal area correlated positively with water recharge, and it was found that mangrove density and complexity varied significantly among landforms and regions, while basal area and height were affected by landform and region. Discrete groups of variables in ordinations were not evident, with greater structural variability of mangroves found by hydrological region rather than landform. Conclusions: There is structural variation in mangroves among landforms and regions of the South Pacific; however, the variation in basal area, height, and density is low, resulting in consistency when compared across hydrological regions.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los manglares son comunidades cuya estructura expresa patrones de acuerdo a las geoformas costeras en las que se desarrollan. Preguntas: ¿Existe una variación estructural de los manglares entre geoformas y regiones del Pacífico sur? ¿Cuál es el efecto del factor geomórfico-regional sobre la estructura de los manglares? ¿Cuál es el nivel de consistencia de la estructura de los manglares entre cada geoforma y región analizada? Descripción de datos: Área basal, altura, densidad, índice de complejidad y valor de importancia. Sitio de estudio: Manglares de 39 sistemas de cinco regiones hidrológicas en los estados de Guerrero, Oaxaca y Chiapas, México. Métodos: La clasificación estructural de los manglares se realizó considerando la geoforma (bocana, estero, estuario, laguna) y la región hidrológica. Se emplearon correlaciones para evaluar su relación con la salinidad y la recarga hídrica; y técnicas multivariadas para identificar diferencias entre los factores y patrones de agrupación. Resultados: La densidad y el área basal se correlacionaron positivamente con la recarga hídrica, y se encontró que la densidad y la complejidad del manglar variaron significativamente entre geoformas y regiones; mientras que el área basal y la altura fueron afectadas por geoforma y región. Los grupos discretos de las variables en las ordenaciones no resultó evidente, encontrándose mayor variabilidad estructural de los manglares por región hidrológica que por geoforma. Conclusiones: Existe variación estructural en los manglares entre geoformas y regiones del Pacífico sur, sin embargo, la variación del área basal, altura y densidad es baja, resultando consistente al compararse entre regiones hidrológicas.

ABSTRACT Echinoderms are exclusively marine animals with their bodies covered in rigid (calcareous) structures in the form of spines. These deuterostome organisms can colonize any type of marine habitat, and are characterized by pentaradial symmetry, as well as a wide range of sizes and shapes. The presence of Asteroidea class specimens, the second most represented among echinoderms, is lower in the Caribbean Sea compared to the Gulf of California and the Pacific. In Cuba, a greater number of genera have been described, but there are fewer species (76) within the Asteroidea class. The objective of this study was to visually present a previously unknown specimen, potentially belonging to the Oreaster Müller y Troschel, 1842 genus, within the Asteroidea class. The specimen was collected on September 29, 2019, in Laguna Inglés, part of the Los Canarreos archipelago on the southwestern shelf of Cuba. No bibliographic references were found that report the presence or existence of a specimen with similar characteristics. Only two species, Oreaster clavatus Müller and Troschel, 1842, primarily found in the eastern Atlantic region, and Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), wich has the widest distribution reported in Cuba to date, were identified as representatives of the genus.

RESUMEN Los equinodermos son animales exclusivamente marinos con el cuerpo cubierto de estructuras rígidas en forma de espinas. Capaces de colonizar cualquier tipo de hábitat marino, estos organismos deuterostomados se caracterizan por presentar simetría pentarradial y alcanzar tallas y formas extremadamente variadas. La presencia de ejemplares de la clase Asteroidea, segunda mejor representada entre los equinodermos, es menor en el mar Caribe que en el golfo de California y el Pacífico. En Cuba, se ha descrito un número mayor de géneros, pero un menor número de especies (76) integrantes de la clase Asteroidea. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar un espécimen desconocido hasta la fecha y potencialmente integrante del género Oreaster Müller y Troschel, 1842, dentro de la clase Asteroidea. El ejemplar fue recolectado el 29 de septiembre de 2019, en la Laguna Inglés, archipiélago de Los Canarreos, plataforma suroccidental de Cuba. No se encontraron referencias bibliográficas que reporten la presencia o existencia de un ejemplar con características similares. Como representantes del género, se registraron sólo las especies Oreaster clavatus Müller y Troschel, 1842, descrita principalmente para la región del Atlántico este, y Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), de distribución más amplia y única reportada hasta la fecha en Cuba.

Abstract Introduction: Aquatic birds (AB) are usually associated with wetlands, which provide refuge, food, and/or nesting sites for resident and migratory species. Despite their ecological importance, there is little knowledge on AB in some tropical environments, such as those found on the Colima coast. Objective: To investigate the spatial and temporal composition of the AB community in Juluapan Lagoon, Colima, Central Mexican Pacific. Methods: Monthly counts were conducted between June 2017 and May 2018 during low-tide conditions to record habitat use by AB. Species richness and bird counts were obtained to compare sampling areas; mean richness and number of individuals were compared between seasons. Results: We detected 53 species and 5 750 individuals. The highest species richness and relative abundance values were obtained in winter at the lagoon area farthest from the connection with the marine system, where anthropogenic activity is lower. Diversity was greater in zones 2 and 3 in spring, summer, and fall. Muddy flats were the most used environment, and the most frequent activity was resting. Nesting activity was only recorded in the middle of the lagoon at the mangrove during spring. “Shorebirds” and “waders” were the most dominant groups in the bird community of the Juluapan lagoon. Conclusions: This coastal wetland is a site of great biological importance for aquatic birds; thus, conservation measures should be implemented, and there should be a continuous study of the effects of anthropogenic pressure.

Resumen Introducción: Las aves acuáticas (AA) son usualmente relacionadas a los humedales debido a que éstos funcionan como sitios de refugio, alimentación y anidación de diferentes especies residentes y migratorias. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre las aves acuáticas en algunos humedales es nulo. Objetivo: Investigar la composición espacio-temporal de la comunidad de AA en la laguna Juluapan, Colima, en el Pacífico Central Mexicano. Métodos: Entre junio de 2017 y mayo de 2018 se llevaron a cabo conteos mensuales en condiciones de marea baja para registrar el uso de hábitat de las AA. Se obtuvieron valores de riqueza de especies y número de individuos para realizar comparaciones entre zonas de muestreo, así como el promedio del número de especies y número de individuos para comparaciones entre temporadas. Resultados: Se registraron un total de 53 especies y 5 750 individuos. Los valores de riqueza de especies y densidad de individuos fueron más altos durante invierno, en la zona más alejada al ambiente marino, donde la actividad antropogénica es menor. La diversidad tuvo valores más altos en la zona 2 y 3, durante primavera, verano y otoño. El ambiente más explotado por las aves fueron las planicies lodosas; y el descanso fue la actividad más frecuente. Asimismo, la actividad de anidación sólo se registró en el manglar de la zona media durante primavera. Las “aves playeras” y “aves zancudas” fueron los grupos más predominantes en la comunidad de aves de la laguna Juluapan. Conclusiones: Este humedal costero es un sitio de gran importancia biológica para aves acuáticas, por lo que resulta necesario la implementación de medidas de conservación, así como el estudio de los efectos por la presión antropogénica.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess obstetric and perinatal outcomes in women with hyperprolactinemia according to the type of treatment indicated, with cabergoline or bromocriptine. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study with 464 women diagnosed with hyperprolactinemia was undertaken at the endocrine gynecology outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital from May 2002 to February 2022. All women diagnosed with hyperprolactinemia who were being treated with dopamine agonists (cabergoline or bromocriptine) and who became pregnant during the follow-up were included. Women whose medical records did not provide data related to pregnancy and delivery were excluded. The women were divided into two groups according to the type of treatment: bromocriptine or cabergoline. Clinical and laboratory characteristics and obstetric and perinatal outcomes, such as complications during pregnancy, type of delivery, and intrapartum complications, were evaluated in both groups. RESULTS: Of the 464 women evaluated, 72 became pregnant during the follow-up, 66 of them were using dopamine agonists, while 6 were not using medication. The mean age of the women was 28.3±6.8 years. Among the causes of hyperprolactinemia, 48.6% were idiopathic, 45.7% were tumoral, and 3.7% had other causes. Most women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia used bromocriptine, while those with tumoral hyperprolactinemia used cabergoline (p=0.04). There was no difference in obstetric outcomes according to the type of treatment used. The majority of women did not have any complications during pregnancy (76.3%) or intrapartum (86.8%). CONCLUSION: Regardless of the type of previous drug treatment with dopamine agonists, hyperprolactinemia does not alter obstetric outcomes. OBJECTIVE indicated METHODS 46 200 2022 followup follow up included excluded RESULTS 7 followup, up, medication 28368 28 3 8 28.3±6. years 486 48 48.6 457 45 45.7 37 3.7 p=0.04. p004 p p=0.04 . 0 04 (p=0.04) 76.3% 763 76 (76.3% 86.8%. 868 86.8% 86 (86.8%) CONCLUSION 4 20 202 2836 2 28.3±6 48. 45. 3. p00 p=0.0 (p=0.04 76.3 (76.3 86.8 (86.8% 283 28.3± p0 p=0. (p=0.0 76. (76. 86. (86.8 28.3 p=0 (p=0. (76 (86. 28. p= (p=0 (7 (86 (p= ( (8 (p

Abstract This paper presents the distributional characterization of the surface lithic record from the Barrancas-Buta Ranquil locality, Neuquén, northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. In particular, the results of techno-morphological and archaeometric analyses are presented that show the use of local obsidian (Cerro Huenul and Laguna del Maule 2-Río Barrancas), accessible throughout the area, for the manufacture of artifacts. In addition, the use of non-local obsidian (Laguna del Maule 1- Laguna Negra) is recorded, mostly for tools. In contrast, siliceous rocks and basalt were used to a lesser extent, principally for the manufacture of instruments linked to processing activities that require sites to be occupied for longer. Thus, the distributional and archaeometric evidence accounts for great logistical mobility and different forms of human use of space within the study region.

Resumen En este trabajo se presenta la caracterización distribucional del registro lítico de superficie de la localidad Barrancas-Buta Ranquil (Neuquén), noroeste de Patagonia, Argentina. En particular, se exponen los resultados de los análisis tecnomorfológicos y arqueométricos que dan cuenta del uso de la obsidiana local (Cerro Huenul y Laguna del Maule 2-Río Barrancas), accesible en toda el área, para la manufactura de artefactos. Además, se registra el uso de obsidiana no local (Laguna del Maule 1-Laguna Negra), mayormente sobre artefactos formatizados. En cambio, rocas silíceas y basalto se emplearon en menor proporción, especialmente en instrumentos vinculados a actividades de procesamiento que requieren de estadías de mayor permanencia. De este modo, las evidencias distribucionales y arqueométricas permitieron dar cuenta de una gran movilidad logística y de distintas formas de uso humano del espacio dentro de la región de estudio.

Abstract The aim of this work is to (re)construct the life histories of two people who were buried together in the northern Pampean region at the end of the Late Holocene from the perspective of Social Bioarchaeology. An osteobiographical approach is applied integrating cultural and bioanthropological information to contextualize the social identities of the individuals. For both, skeletal defects were identified on the cranium (e.g., oral conditions) and the postcranium (e.g., activity indicators) that account for their lifestyles and changes in their diet. One of them presented bone lesions compatible with interpersonal violence. The results are presented following the three-body model of Scheper-Hughes and Lock (1987), although considering that several skeletal indicators contribute to the interpretation of more than one body.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo es (re)construir las historias de vida de dos personas que fueron inhumadas juntas en el norte de la región pampeana, a finales del Holoceno tardío, desde la perspectiva de la Bioarqueología Social. Se aplica un enfoque osteobiográfico que integra información cultural y bioantropológica para contextualizar sus identidades sociales. Para ambos individuos, se identificaron defectos esqueletales en el cráneo (e.g., condiciones orales) y en el postcráneo (e.g., indicadores de actividad) que dan cuenta de sus modos de vida y los cambios en su dieta. Uno de ellos presentó lesiones óseas compatibles con violencia interpersonal. Los resultados son presentados siguiendo el modelo de los tres cuerpos de Scheper-Hughes y Lock (1987) advirtiendo que varios indicadores esqueletales contribuyen a la interpretación de más de un cuerpo.

ABSTRACT The National Institute of Water Resources promotes efficient water management in agricultural enterprises, based on the application of scientific research results. In spite of the investment made in the Laguna Blanca Agricultural Enterprise, there are still difficulties in making agricultural production sustainable, due to the low agro-productivity of the soils and the decrease in the efficiency of irrigation water use. For this reason, it is necessary to update, from the design of the installations, the operating parameters of the irrigation systems with centre pivot and reel machines. Based on the solution of two real case studies, the negative effects of the presence of salts in the soil solution on crop yields and on the sustainability of the supply sources involved in the irrigation activity are addressed. The hypothetical-deductive method was used to validate the convenience of considering salinity in the soil saturation extract at the design stage. As a result, the average pumping flow rate was identified as the design parameter that significantly influences the operation of these irrigation machines; the increase of this parameter infers the need to establish plot drainage systems to reduce the effects of soil saturation and the presence of salts in the soil solution.

RESUMEN El Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos promueve la gestión eficiente del agua en las empresas agropecuarias, sobre la base de aplicar resultados de investigaciones científicas. A pesar de la inversión realizada en la Empresa Agropecuaria Laguna Blanca, aún persisten dificultades para hacer sostenible las producciones agrícolas, debido a la baja agroproductividad de los suelos y el descenso de la eficiencia en el uso del agua de riego, por ello se infiere la necesidad de actualizar, desde el diseño de las instalaciones, los parámetros de explotación de los sistemas de riego con máquinas de Pivote Central y Enrolladores. Se aborda, a partir de la solución de dos casos de estudios reales, los efectos negativos de la presencia de sales en la solución del suelo, sobre el rendimiento de los cultivos y en la sostenibilidad de las fuentes de abasto implicadas en la actividad del riego. Se empleó el método hipotético - deductivo, para validar la conveniencia de considerar en la etapa de diseño, la salinidad en el extracto de saturación del suelo. Como resultado se identificó el caudal medio de bombeo, como el parámetro de diseño que influye significativamente en la explotación de estas máquinas de riego; el incremento de este parámetro infiere la necesidad de establecer sistemas de drenaje parcelario para disminuir los efectos de la saturación de los suelos y la presencia de sales en la solución del suelo.

ABSTRACT The Andean intra-arc is characterized by large-scale continuous lineaments, often the direct surface expression of tectonic structures. In this study, we analyze the main lineaments around the Laguna del Maule Volcanic Complex, Central Chile (∼36° S), to shed light on the main tectonic processes. We show that the lineament directions are consistent with structures based on a theoretical Riedel model and suggest the occurrence of two conjugate Riedel shears crossing Laguna del Maule. This structural arrangement can accommodate deformation related to either a transtensional regime, having a WNW-oriented master fault (Laguna Fea Fault), or a transpressional regime, characterized by NNE-oriented master faults (e.g., Melado Fault). In this context, the NE-striking Troncoso Fault would be a long-lived dextral fault compatible with both regimes. According to the Riedel model, ENE-oriented lineaments are predicted to be tensional structures, whilst NW-oriented structures (e.g., Los Cóndores Fault) would correspond to P-type structures accommodating compressional deformation. This tectonic architecture, characterized by the most intense deformation just at the intersection between shears, has likely promoted magma accumulation and would explain the compositional variability at Laguna del Maule. This study therefore demonstrates the usefulness of oriented lineament maps in interpreting regional tectonics for volcanically active areas.

RESUMEN El intrarco andino está caracterizado por la presencia de lineamientos continuos de carácter regional, los que frecuentemente son la expresión superficial directa de estructuras tectónicas mayores. En este estudio se presenta un análisis de los principales lineamientos en torno al Complejo Volcánico Laguna del Maule, ubicado en Chile Central (∼36° S), para proveer inferencias sobre los principales procesos tectónicos en la zona. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las direcciones de los lineamientos principales pueden ser explicados por un modelo teórico de deformación Riedel. La distribución espacial de ellos sugiere la ocurrencia de dos bandas de cizalla conjugadas, las que dividen la Laguna del Maule. Esta disposición estructural puede acomodar la deformación asociada tanto a un régimen transtensional, caracterizado por una falla maestra orientada ONO (Falla Laguna Fea), como a un régimen transpresional, caracterizado por fallas maestras orientadas al NNE (e.g., Falla Melado). En este contexto, la Falla Troncoso, de orientación NE, sería de tipo dextral transcurrente bajo cualquiera de los dos regímenes. Los lineamientos ENE, en tanto, corresponderían a estructuras tensionales, mientras que los lineamientos NO (e.g., Falla Los Cóndores) serían estructuras tipo P, acomodando la deformación compresional. Este marco tectono-estructural, caracterizado por una deformación más intensa donde las bandas de cizalla se cortan, facilitaría la acumulación de magma en profundidad y explicaría la variación composicional de los productos volcánicos del Complejo Volcánico Laguna del Maule. Este estudio, en consecuencia, demuestra que los mapas de lineamientos orientados pueden ser de gran utilidad para interpretar la tectónica regional en áreas volcánicas activas.

ABSTRACT. Oreochromis niloticus is the most important aquacultural species worldwide. Several countries are interested in repopulating natural or artificial reservoirs with the fry of tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) to develop new fisheries or to enhance the existing ones. However, as tilapia is considered an invasive species, it is essential to check the existence of the species in the place before releasing any fry. Characterization of tilapia species with meristic is unreliable because of existing morphological similarities among species. In this work, the composition of the tilapia species of Laguna El Mastranzo (LEM), Nayarit, Mexico, was explored for the first time through a molecular method using the mitochondrial DNA control region. Three tilapia species (Oreochromis niloticus, O. aureus, and O. urolepis) were found in LEM, and it was confirmed that the two commercial strains (Aquamol and Spring) intended for repopulation were O. niloticus. Seven haplotypes of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences were obtained: three in LEM, three in Aquamol, and one in Spring strains. Before repopulating any reservoir, a molecular verification strategy is recommended to avoid spreading the species. The results of this work represent a glimpse into the genetic material of LEM, Nayarit, Mexico.