The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has had a profound impact on global health and socio-economic conditions. To date, various vaccines have been administered worldwide in an effort to curb the spread of the virus. Despite vaccination efforts, there have been complications. Existing antiviral drugs have shown limited effectiveness, prompting the use of computational methods to understand the dynamics of the virus and develop suitable treatments. The current study focuses on using biocompatible para-sulfonato-calix[4]arenes to dock against two key proteins of SARS-CoV-2, namely ribonucleic acid (RNA)-dependent RNA polymerase, and helicase. Docking results indicate a strong binding affinity of these compounds to the target proteins, with higher scores compared to commonly used medications. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation validates the docking results, showing stable protein-ligand complexes over time. The compounds are also screened for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties and toxicity, suggesting their potential as lead candidates for inhibiting the virus’s key proteins. However, further in vivo and in vitro studies are recommended to confirm these findings. COVID19 COVID 19 (COVID-19 pandemic SARSCoV2, SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV , (SARS-CoV-2) socioeconomic socio economic conditions date efforts complications effectiveness treatments parasulfonatocalix4arenes parasulfonatocalixarenes para sulfonato calix 4 arenes 2, SARS-CoV-2 RNAdependent dependent polymerase helicase medications MD (MD proteinligand protein ligand time absorption distribution metabolism toxicity viruss s However findings COVID1 1 (COVID-1 (SARS-CoV-2 parasulfonatocalix SARS-CoV- (COVID- (SARS-CoV- SARS-CoV (COVID (SARS-CoV

With the increase in life expectancy and the significant incidence of lesions of the musculoskeletal system, both the public and private sectors seek improvements in their products and processes in order to contribute to the health of the population. Every year tons of chicken eggshell (CES) from domestic consumption are released in environment and the present work aims the production of a synthetic ceramic bone substitute using the eggshell as a source of calcium ions. According to the methodology, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mol% of iron ions were used and the characterization assays demonstrated the formation of a double calcium iron phosphate - Ca9Fe(PO4)7. MG63 cells were cultured on test specimens to cell viability assay and to each doped group analyzed, verifying cell compatibility with the studied compounds, as well as a good adhesion profile. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the cells showed that material surface favored cell adhesion and the results demonstrated that the production of the compounds were viable to Ca9Fe(PO4)7 phase. So, in the future, it will be possible to have a final comprehensive biological compatibility of the prototype for further in vitro and in vivo assays. system population CES (CES methodology 5 10 1 2 mol Ca9FePO47. Ca9FePO47 CaFePO Ca9Fe PO4 7. 7 Ca Fe PO MG MG6 analyzed profile SEM (SEM Ca9Fe(PO4) phase So future FePO Ca9FePO4 CaFe Ca9Fe(PO4 Ca9FePO Ca9Fe(PO

RESUMO Este estudo foca no desempenho de vacas para produção de carne, criadas nos pântanos do Paraguai, examinando cinco genótipos bovinos; Brahman, Brangus, Nelore, bem como duas raças locais em risco de extinção. O principal objetivo é identificar e classificar variáveis fenotípicas que incluem variáveis sanguíneas, clínicas, de pelagem e saúde, demonstrando ligação causal com o peso vivo das vacas analisadas. Inicialmente, foram identificadas correlações elevadas entre diferentes variáveis incluídas neste estudo, e, então, utilizando técnicas avançadas de aprendizado de máquina e a aplicação de explicações aditivas de Shapley (SHAP), foi proporcionado um entendimento mais profundo dos fatores fortemente associados à adaptabilidade nestes ambientes, e, portanto, o respectivo desempenho zootécnico. A associação entre o componente genotípico bovino ligado à estação do ano mostrou ser o fator influente mais predominante sobre o peso vivo bovino. Variáveis como comprimento do pelo, hematócrito, fosfatase, fósforo, creatina phosphokinase, creatinina, proteína, cortisol, cálcio e a presença de endoparasitas foram destacadas, demonstrando sua importância hierárquica para a seleção animal. Os modelos de ML são ferramentas eficazes para estabelecer hierarquias de relevância em multivariáveis fenotípicas complexas, o que é crucial em programas de melhoramento genético em diferentes espécies zootécnicas, bem como em ambientes especiais e específicos, como os pântanos. carne Paraguai bovinos Brahman Brangus Nelore extinção sanguíneas clínicas saúde analisadas Inicialmente então SHAP, SHAP , (SHAP) portanto zootécnico pelo hematócrito fosfatase fósforo phosphokinase creatinina proteína cortisol destacadas animal complexas zootécnicas específicos (SHAP

ABSTRACT This study focuses on the performance of cows for meat production raised in the wetlands of Paraguay, examining five cattle genotypes: Brahman, Brangus, and Nelore, as well as two local breeds at risk of extinction. The main objective is to identify and rank phenotypic variables, including blood, clinical, hair, and health variables, demonstrating causal linkage with the live weight of the cows analyzed. Initially, high correlations were identified between different variables included in this study; then, using advanced Machine learning (ML) techniques and the application of Shapley additive explanations (SHAP), a deeper understanding was provided of the factors strongly associated with adaptability in these environments, and, therefore, the respective zootechnical performance. The association between cattle genotypic components linked with the season of the year proved to be the most influential factor on cattle live weight. Variables such as hair length, hematocrit, phosphatase, phosphorus, creatine phosphokinase, creatinine, protein, cortisol, calcium, and the presence of endoparasites were highlighted, demonstrating their hierarchical importance for animal selection. ML models are effective tools for establishing hierarchies of relevance in complex phenotypic multivariable, which is crucial in breeding programs for different zootechnical species and in special and specific environments like wetlands. Paraguay genotypes Brahman Brangus Nelore extinction blood clinical analyzed Initially then (ML SHAP, SHAP , (SHAP) therefore length hematocrit phosphatase phosphorus phosphokinase creatinine protein cortisol calcium highlighted selection multivariable (SHAP

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the impact of nanoliposome papaya seed extract on the number of osteoblasts and RANKL expression in a diabetic periodontitis rat model. Material and Methods: Thirty-six Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups; each group was Group T0 (rats induced to become diabetic periodontitis without treatment), Group T1 (rats induced to become diabetic periodontitis and given 96% papaya seed extract) and Group T2 (rats induced to become diabetic periodontitis and given 96% nanoliposome papaya seed extract). They were assessed at three points in time: day 3, day 7, and day 14. The extracts were given orally at 0.5 ml and drops as much as 0.03 ml on the gingival sulcus, and treatments were given once a day in each group at a predetermined time. Osteoblast cells were counted by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and RANKL expression was counted by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. The difference in osteoblast cells and RANKL expression between groups were analysed by one-way ANOVA and post hoc tests. Results: There was a significant difference in the number of osteoblasts on day 14 in the groups; a significant difference was also seen in RANKL expression on day 7 and day 14 in the groups. Conclusion: Administration of nanoliposome papaya seed extract affects the enhancement of the number of osteoblasts and reduction of RANKL expression in vivo. Objective model Methods Thirtysix Thirty six T treatment, treatment , treatment) 96 extract. . time 3 05 0 5 0. 003 03 0.0 sulcus hematoxylineosin hematoxylin eosin HE (HE staining IHC (IHC oneway one way tests Results 1 Conclusion vivo 9 00

Abstract Background: As a result of botanical explorations carried out for the project Bromeliaceae of Mexico, we collected plants of the genus Hechtia within the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve, in Xochipala, municipality of Tlaquiltenango, Morelos, Mexico. However, this plant does not resemble any known species. Question: Do the Hechtia populations in Xochipala correspond to an undescribed taxon? Studied species: Species of Hechtia previously reported from Morelos and all the taxa with greater morphological similarity to the new proposed taxon. Study site and date: Xochipala, municipality of Tlaquiltenango, Morelos, Mexico, 2023. Methods: Our research involved field work, review of herbarium specimens, protologues, and type material of all the species of Hechtia distributed in Morelos, in the neighboring states of Puebla and Guerrero, and of the most morphologically similar taxa. Results: After a careful and detailed review of the living material and herbarium specimens, we conclude that those plants belong to an undescribed taxon that we propose here. A morphological description, images, and a distribution map of Hechtia cerrostlatilpae are included, as well as an identification key and a list of examined specimens of all Hechtia species known from the state of Morelos. Conclusions: The discovery of a new species of Hechtia in Xochipala, Morelos, Mexico increases the plant diversity of Morelos, particularly at the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve. Hechtia cerrostlatilpae presents unique vegetative and floral characters that allow its recognition as a new species within the genus.

Resumen Antecedentes: Como resultado de exploraciones botánicas realizadas para el proyecto Bromeliaceae de México, se recolectaron plantas del género Hechtia dentro de los límites de la reserva de biosfera Sierra de Huautla en Xochipala, municipio de Tlaquiltenango, Morelos, México. Sin embargo, esta planta no se parece a ninguna especie conocida. Pregunta: ¿Las poblaciones de Hechtia en Xochipala corresponden a un taxón no descrito? Especies de estudio: Especies de Hechtia reportadas para Morelos y todos los taxa morfológicamente más similares al nuevo taxón propuesto. Sitio y año de estudio: Xochipala, municipio de Tlaquiltenango, Morelos, México, 2023. Métodos: Nuestra investigación implicó trabajo de campo, revisión de especímenes de herbario, protólogos y material tipo de todas las especies de Hechtia distribuidas en Morelos, en los estados vecinos de Puebla y Guerrero y también, de los taxones más similares morfológicamente. Resultados: Tras una cuidadosa y detallada revisión de material vivo y de ejemplares de herbario, concluimos que estas plantas son un taxón no descrito que aquí proponemos. Se incluye una descripción morfológica, imágenes y un mapa de distribución de Hechtia cerrostlatilpae, así como una clave de identificación y una lista de especímenes examinados de todas las especies de Hechtia conocidas en el estado de Morelos. Conclusiones: El descubrimiento de una nueva especie de Hechtia en Xochipala, Morelos, México, aumenta la diversidad de plantas en Morelos, particularmente en la reserva de la biosfera Sierra de Huautla. Hechtia cerrostlatilpae presenta caracteres vegetativos y florales únicos que permiten su reconocimiento como una nueva especie del género.

Abstract Background: Tillandsia recurvata collected in San Luis Potosí does not have studies focused on its use as an adjuvant in treating diabetes mellitus. Questions and / or Hypotheses: Will Tillandsia recurvata L. (Bromeliaceae) have antidiabetic activity in vitro and in vivo? Studied species: Tillandsia recurvata L. (Bromeliaceae) Study site and dates: T. recurvata was collected in Guadalcázar municipality, San Luis Potosí, Mexico, in December 2021. Methods: The antidiabetic potential of Tillandsia recurvata methanol extract (TRM) was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo models, and its secondary metabolite content was analyzed using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: Results demonstrate that extract reduces blood glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels in vivo. In addition, in vitro tests showed that extract diminished the formation of advanced glycation end products, methylglyoxal concentrations, and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified several compounds in the extract, including 2-methylbenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-methylacetophenone, 3',5' dimethoxyacetophenone, pentanoic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, phytol, margaric acid, oleamide, cis-11-eicosenamide, stearic acid, 13-docosenamide, (Z), campesterol, and β-sitosterol. Conclusions: These results highlight the potential of T. recurvata collected in San Luis Potosi as an adjuvant in treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Resumen Antecedentes: Tillandsia recurvata colectada en San Luis Potosí, no cuenta con estudios enfocados a su uso como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus. Preguntas y / o Hipótesis: ¿Tillandsia recurvata L. (Bromeliaceae), tendrá actividad antidiabética in vitro e in vivo? Especies de estudio: Tillandsia recurvata L. (Bromeliaceae) Sitio y años de estudio: T. recurvata fue colectada en el municipio de Guadalcazar, San Luis Potosí, México, en diciembre 2021. Métodos: Se evaluó el potencial antidiabético del extracto de metanol de Tillandsia recurvata (TRM) en modelos in vitro e in vivo y se realizó un perfilamiento de los metabolitos secundarios presentes mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Resultados: Los resultados demuestran que el extracto reduce eficazmente los niveles de glucosa, triglicéridos y colesterol en sangre in vivo. Además, las pruebas in vitro indican que el extracto reduce la formación de productos finales de glicación avanzada, así como la concentración de metilglioxal y los niveles de hemoglobina glicosilada. El análisis por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas identificó varios compuestos presentes en el extracto, incluidos: 2-metilbenzaldehído, 4-hidroxi-2-metilacetofenona, 3',5'-dimetoxiacetofenona, ácido pentanóico, ácido palmítico, ácido linoleico, fitol, ácido margárico, oleamida, cis- 11-Eicosenamida, ácido esteárico, 13-Docosenamida, (Z), campesterol y β-sitosterol. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos resaltan el potencial de T. recurvata recolectada en San Luis Potosí como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus, debido a sus propiedades antidiabéticas.

RESUMEN El presente artículo de reflexión estudia la configuración del sujeto femenino a través del discurso literario de las escritoras wayuu Vicenta Siosi Pino y Estercilia Simanca Pushaina a partir de los vínculos entre los recuerdos y los hechos, que constituyen la memoria cultural de su comunidad. Desde este punto de vista, se propone un análisis sobre la relevancia del pasado al momento de develar huellas de acontecimientos históricos que marcan precedentes dentro de la tradición oral de la etnia. En este sentido, el principal hallazgo radica en que, desde el contenido ficcional de sus testimonios narrados, se establece un vínculo entre la cultura, el testimonio vivo y los imaginarios relacionados con la figura de la mujer. Se revisa la relación de los textos con una dinámica de continuidad o ruptura con las implicaciones que posee ejercer este rol dentro de la colectividad, resultado del acontecer sociohistórico como metáfora del pasado y de las prácticas sociales establecidas por el pueblo wayuu.

RESUMO Este artigo de reflexão estuda a configuração do sujeito feminino por meio do discurso literário das escritoras wayuu Vicenta Siosi Pino e Estercilia Simanca Pushaina, a partir dos vínculos entre memórias e acontecimentos que constituem a memória cultural de sua comunidade. Desse ponto de vista, propõe-se uma análise da relevância do passado ao revelar vestígios de eventos históricos que estabelecem precedentes na tradição oral da etnia. Nesse sentido, a principal constatação reside no fato de que, a partir do conteúdo ficcional de seus depoimentos narrados, estabelece-se um vínculo entre cultura, testemunho vivo e imaginários relacionados à figura da mulher. Revisa-se a relação dos textos com uma dinâmica de continuidade ou ruptura com as implicações que podem exercer esse papel dentro da coletividade, resultado de eventos sócio-históricos como metáfora do passado e das práticas sociais estabelecidas pelo povo Wayuu.

ABSTRACT This article examines the configuration of the female subject in the literary discourse of Wayuu writers Vicenta Siosi Pino and Estercilia Simanca Pushaina, exploring the connections between memories and events that shape the cultural memory of their community. From this point of view, an analysis is proposed on the relevance of the past when revealing traces of historical events that set a precedent within the oral tradition of the ethnic group. In this regard, the main finding is that, through the fictional content of their narrated testimonies, a link is established between culture, the contemporary world, and the world-view of women as a proposal for continuity or rupture with the implications of fulfilling this role within the community. This role emerges as a result of socio-historical evolution, serving as a metaphor for the past and for the social practices established by the Wayuu people.

Abstract There is a need for novel alternatives to the medical use of allopurinol. In this sense, the present study obtained a leaf extract from L. leucocephala, and its chemical composition, inhibitory action against xanthine oxidase (XO) in vitro, inhibitory interaction between the extract and allopurinol, and the inhibitory action on XO in vivo using mice treated with potassium oxonate and hypoxanthine, were determined. Polyphenol and flavonoid compounds were found in the leaf extract. For the leaf extract, the IC50 and maximal values were 334.60 µg/mL and 46.4 % for the inhibition of XO. The 3:1 ratio combination of allopurinol and extract showed IC50 and waDRI values of 1.35 µg/mL, 1.13 (allopurinol) and 1015.72 (extract) to inhibit XO, resulting in a synergistic interaction against XO in vitro. This combination also enhanced the therapeutic success in the mouse model compared with allopurinol administered alone. The present study presents the first evidence for the use of an allopurinol and L. leucocephala extract combination at a 3:1 ratio, as a substitute for the administration of allopurinol alone.

Resumen Hay una necesidad de nuevas alternativas al uso medicinal de alopurinol. En este sentido, el presente estudio obtuvo un extracto de hojas de L. leucocephala al cual se le determinó su composición química, acción inhibitoria contra xantina oxidasa (XO) in vitro, interacción inhibitoria entre el extracto y alopurinol, y acción inhibitoria contra XO in vivo empleando ratones bajo administración de hipoxantina y oxonato de potasio. Compuestos polifenoles y flavonoides fueron detectados y cuantificados en el extracto de hojas. Para el extracto solo, su valor IC50 y máximo de inhibición contra XO fueron de 334.60 µg/mL y 46.4 %. La combinación a una proporción 3:1 de alopurinol y extracto obtuvo valores IC50 y waDRI de 1.35 µg/mL, 1.13 (alopurinol) y 1015.72 (extracto) para inhibir a XO, resultando en una interacción sinérgica contra XO in vitro. Donde esta misma combinación incrementó el éxito terapéutico en el modelo murino al compararse con la administración de alopurinol solo. Nuestro estudio presenta la primera evidencia para el uso de una combinación de alopurinol y extracto de L. leucocephala a una proporción 3:1 como un sustituto para la administración de alopurinol solo.

Abstract (Objective) The objective was to determine the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of Annona muricata as an alternative or preventive therapy for cancer treatment. (Methodology ) A systematic search was conducted in 3 databases (Scopus, Pubmed/MEDLINE, and Web of Science) using keywords and controlled vocabularies on Annona muricata, alternative or preventive therapy, and cancer treatment, following the methodology of the PRISMA statement. After the initial search, selected studies were exported to Mendeley as the bibliographic reference manager. Excel and a reference form were used for data extraction of the included studies. (Results) Ten studies were selected, which evidenced the pharmacological effect of Annona muricata leaf extracts on various cancer cells. All the selected studies corresponded to in vitro/in vivo assays. In addition, the studies demonstrated the presence of several bioactive compounds present in Annona muricata, which confer cytotoxic and anticarcinogenic power. (Conclusions) This systematic review showed that Annona muricata is a plant with excellent anticancer and cytotoxic potential to be used as an alternative or complementary therapy in various types of cancer because it has bioactive compounds such as acetogenins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and alkaloids, whose main effect is the apoptosis of cancer cells. However, further studies, mainly intervention studies, are required to prove its effectiveness to benefit human health.

Resumen (Objetivo) El objetivo fue determinar las propiedades farmacológicas y terapéuticas de la Annona muricata, como terapia alternativa o preventiva para el tratamiento del cáncer. (Métodos) Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en tres bases de datos (Scopus, Pubmed/MEDLINE y Web of Science) utilizando palabras claves y vocabularios controlados sobre Annona muricata, terapia alternativa o preventiva y tratamiento del cáncer, siguiendo la metodología de la declaración Prisma. Después de la búsqueda inicial, los estudios seleccionados se exportaron al gestor bibliográfico de referencias Mendeley. Para la extracción de los datos de los estudios incluidos, se utilizó el programa Excel, y se empleó un formulario referencial. (Resultados) Se seleccionaron diez estudios, los cuales evidenciaron el efecto farmacológico de los extractos de hojas de Annona muricata sobre las células cancerígenas diversas. Todos los estudios seleccionados correspondieron a ensayos in vitro/in vivo. Asimismo, los estudios demostraron la presencia de diversos compuestos bioactivos presentes en la Annona muricata, los cuales le confieren un poder citotóxico y anticancerígeno. (Conclusiones) Esta revisión sistemática demostró que la Annona muricata, es una planta de excelente potencial anticancerígeno y citotóxico, para ser utilizada como terapia alternativa o complementaria en diversos tipos de cáncer, debido a que presenta compuestos bioactivos, como acetogeninas, compuestos fenólicos, flavonoides, alcaloides, entre otros, cuyo efecto principal es la apoptosis de células cancerígenas. Sin embargo, se requieren de mayores análisis, principalmente de intervención, para probar su efectividad en beneficio de la salud humana.

Resumo (Objetivo) O objetivo foi determinar as propriedades farmacológicas e terapêuticas da Annona muricata como uma terapia alternativa ou preventiva para o tratamento do câncer. (Métodos) Foi realizada uma busca sistemática em três bancos de dados (Scopus, Pubmed/MEDLINE e Web of Science) usando palavras-chave e vocabulários controlados sobre Annona muricata, terapia alternativa ou preventiva e tratamento do câncer, seguindo a metodologia da declaração Prisma. Após a busca inicial, os estudos selecionados foram exportados para o gerenciador bibliográfico de referência Mendeley. Os dados dos estudos incluídos foram extraídos usando o software Excel e um formulário de referência. (Resultados) Foram selecionados dez estudos que mostraram o efeito farmacológico dos extratos de folhas de Annona muricata em várias células cancerígenas. Todos os estudos selecionados foram ensaios in vitro/invivo. Os estudos também demonstraram a presença de vários compostos bioativos presentes na Annona muricata, atribuindo-lhe propriedades citotóxicas e anticancerígenas. (Conclusões) Essa revisão sistemática mostrou que a Annona muricata é uma planta com excelente potencial anticancerígeno e citotóxico para uso como terapia alternativa ou complementar em vários tipos de câncer, pois contém compostos bioativos como acetogeninas, compostos fenólicos, flavonoides, alcaloides, entre outros, cujo principal efeito é a apoptose das células cancerígenas. No entanto, é necessária uma análise mais aprofundada, principalmente da intervenção, para comprovar sua eficácia em beneficiar a saúde humana.

Abstract Introduction. In some countries of the Andean region, interest in guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) breeding is growing due to the potential of this species’ meat to contribute to food security. Genetic improvement in guinea pigs has resulted in animals with high productive yields. However, these advancements have not been accompanied by studies on the net energy requirements of guinea pigs. Objective. To perform a theoretical estimation of the energy requirements for maintenance and weight gain in guinea pigs. Development. Based on bibliographic information regarding of the energy of rabbits and guinea pigs, an approximate calculation of energy requirements for weight gain and maintenance in guinea pigs was established. For this purpose, an animal with an initial weight of 0.3 kg and a final weight of 1.2 kg, with an average gain of 13 g/day, was considered. It was found that energy studies in guinea pigs for meat production are mostly expressed in energy densities, primarily in digestible energy (DE), whose values were between 2700 and 3000 kcal/kg of dry matter, and to a lesser extent of metabolizable energy. According to theoretical calculations, for an animal with an average live weight of 0.75 kg, the DE requirements for maintenance and weight gain were 92.8 and 49.34 kcal/day, respectively. With a diet providing 3000 kcal of DE in the feed, the animal must consume 47.38 g of dry matter to meet its total requirements. Conclusion. The energy requirements derived from theoretical calculations were biological consistent for meat production guinea pigs.

Resumen Introducción. En algunos países de la región andina el interés por la crianza de cuyes (Cavia porcellus) está creciendo, debido al potencial que la carne de esta especie tiene para contribuir con la seguridad alimentaria. El mejoramiento genético realizado en cuyes ha permitido que se obtengan animales de elevados rendimientos productivos. Sin embargo, estos logros no han sido acompañados con estudios de requerimientos de energía neta del cuy. Objetivo. Realizar una estimación teórica de los requerimientos de energía para mantenimiento y ganancia de peso en cuyes. Desarrollo. Mediante información bibliográfica de la nutrición energética en conejos y cuyes, se estableció un cálculo aproximado de los requerimientos de energía para ganancia de peso y mantenimiento en cuyes. Para esto, se consideró un animal con un peso inicial de 0,3 y un peso final de 1,2 kg con una ganancia promedio de 13 g/día. Se encontró que los estudios de energía en cuyes para la producción de carne están dados en densidades energéticas, en su mayoría en energía digestible (ED), cuyos valores estuvieron entre 2700 y 3000 kcal/kg de materia seca de alimento, y en menor proporción de energía metabolizable. Según los cálculos teóricos, para un animal de 0,75 kg de peso vivo promedio, los requerimientos de ED de mantenimiento y ganancia de peso fueron de 92,8 y 49,34 kcal/día, respectivamente. Con una dieta de 3000 kcal de ED en el alimento, el animal debe consumir 47,38 g de materia seca para llenar sus requerimientos totales. Conclusión. Los requerimientos de energía encontrados desde los cálculos teóricos, fueron coherentes para cuyes de producción de carne desde el punto de vista biológico.

Resumen El CIGB-370 es un polipéptido recombinante antiangiogénico y antimetastásico in vitro y antiproliferativo in vivo en modelos de ratones xenotransplantados con células tumorales humanas. La respuesta de anticuerpos de esa biomolécula bacteriana puede provocar reacciones adversas y alterar la eficacia del medicamento durante su estudio en seres humanos. Se realizó la validación de dos inmunoensayos escalonados, heterogéneos, con el CIGB-370 recubierto directamente en la fase sólida y revelados con proteína A-peroxidasa: uno de pesquisaje y otro competitivo de confirmación de la especificidad. Con esos inmunoensayos se evaluaron retrospectivamente muestras de plasma de 18 pacientes con cáncer que recibieron tres dosis de CIGB-370 (1,8; 3,7; y 6,1 mg/m2) endovenoso durante una hora, dos veces por semana durante cuatro semanas. Con los umbrales de corte fluctuantes de pesquisaje y de confirmación calculados, estos inmunoensayos detectaron anticuerpos anti- CIGB-370 y no otros contaminantes del proceso, del producto o de la matriz biológica. Los coeficientes de variación intra e interanálisis de los inmunoensayos fueron menores de 20%. La sensibilidad de esos inmunoensayos permitió la detección de una prevalencia de los anticuerpos anti-CIGB-370 mayor del 82% con predominio de los pacientes con anticuerpos inducidos sobre los pacientes con anticuerpos preexistentes. Esta metodología escalonada de inmunoensayos con una adecuada sensibilidad, especificidad, selectividad y precisión detectó un aumento de la prevalencia de anticuerpos anti-CIGB-370 en pacientes con cáncer tratados con el CIGB-370 con o sin modificaciones estructurales en un ensayo clínico inicial y favorece el estudio de la relevancia clínica de esos anticuerpos.

Abstract The CIGB-370 recombinant polypeptide is antiangiogenic and antimetastatic in vitro and antiproliferative in vivo in xenograft mouse models with human tumor cells. The antibody response of this bacterial biomolecule can cause inmunoenadverse reactions and alters the effectiveness of the drug during its study in humans. The validation of two tiered heterogeneous immunoassays with CIGB-370 coated directly on the solid phase and revealed with protein A-peroxidase was performed. One was a screening immunoassay and the other was a competitive immunoassay confirming of specificity. With these immunoassays, plasma samples were evaluated. These samples were extracted in a retrospective clinical trial of 18 cancer patients who received an infusion of three doses of CIGB-370 (1.8, 3.7, and 6.1 mg/m2) intravenously over 1 hour, twice in a week for 4 weeks. The calculated screening and confirmation cut-point were floating. These immunoassays detected antibodies to CIGB-370 and not to other contaminants of process or product or of human plasma. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation of the immunoassays were less than 20%. The sensitivity of these immunoassays allowed for the detection of a prevalence of anti CIGB-370 antibodies higher than 82%. The prevalence of patients with induced antibodies was significantly higher than that of patients with pre-existing anti-CIGB-370 antibodies. This tiered immunoassay methodology with adequate specificity, sensitivity, selectivity and precision allows for the detection of anti-CIGB-370 antibodies in cancer patients treated with CIGB-370 with or without structural modifications in an initial clinical trial and makes it possible to study clinical relevance of these antibodies.

Resumo O CIGB-370 é um polipeptídeo recombinante antiangiogênico e anti-metastático in vitro e antiproliferativo in vivo em modelos de ratos xenotransplantados com células tumorais humanas. A resposta de anticorpos dessa biomolécula bacteriana pode causar reações adversas e alterar a eficácia do medicamento durante o seu estudo em seres humanos. Foram validados dois imunoensaios escalonados, heterogêneos, por etapas, com o CIGB-370 revestido diretamente na fase sólida e revelados com proteína A-peroxidase: um ensaio de pesquisa e um ensaio de confirmação da especificidade competitiva. Com esses imunoensaios foram avaliadas retrospectivamente amostras de plasma de 18 doentes com câncer que receberam três doses de CIGB-370 (1,8, 3,7 e 6,1 mg/m2) endovenoso durante uma hora, duas vezes por semana, durante quatro semanas. Com os limiares de interrupção flutuante e de confirmação calculados, estes imunoensaios detectaram anticorpos anti-CIGB-370 e não outros contaminantes do processo, do produto ou da matriz biológica. Os coeficientes de variação intra e inter-ensaio dos imunoensaios foram inferiores a 20%. A sensibilidade destes imunoensaios permitiu a deteção de uma prevalência dos anticorpos anti-CIGB-370 superior a 82% com predomínio dos doentes com anticorpos induzidos sobre doentes com anticorpos pré-existentes. Esta metodología escalonada de imunoensaios com uma adequada sensibilidade, especificidade, seletividade e precisão detectou um aumento da prevalência de anticorpos anti-CIGB-370 em doentes com câncer tratados com o CIGB-370 com ou sem modificações estruturais em um ensaio clínico inicial e favorece o estudo da relevância clínica destes anticorpos.

Resumen El presente ensayo ofrece una reflexión crítica de carácter onto-epistemológica y decolonial en torno a la producción de conocimientos en general y en la arquitectura en particular, tomando el cuento Prosa del observatorio de Julio Cortázar (1972/2018) como catalizador de la reflexión. En un intento de aproximación a la pregunta que plantea este número de la revista A&P Continuidad, el ensayo analiza y propone puntos de contacto interculturales entre formulaciones epistemológicas y ontológicas tanto tradicionales como contemporáneas, desplazando consideraciones rígidas de “lo nuevo” o “lo viejo” en la producción de conocimientos. El interés del ensayo no es dar una respuesta fácil a la pregunta, sino provocar una incomodidad que permita observar las intenciones políticas e ideológicas que han dado y dan origen, sentido y direccionalidad a las formulaciones onto-epistemológicas. De este modo, el ensayo sugiere múltiples preguntas, sobre todo acerca de las relaciones de poder implícitas en las diversas formas de entender la producción de conocimientos (conceptos, procedimientos y protocolos). Es decir, se invita a visualizar el impacto y las consecuencias sobre la vida humana y no humana que se ponen en juego con cada elección de un aparato onto-epistemológico determinado para el despliegue disciplinar en este caso, para la arquitectura.

Abstract This essay offers a critical reflection of an onto-epistemological and decolonial nature on the production of knowledge in general and in architecture in particular, taking Julio Cortázar’s tale From the Observatory (1972/2018) as a catalyst. In an attempt to approach the question posed by this issue of A&P Continuidad magazine, the essay analyzes and proposes intercultural points of contact between epistemological and ontological formulations, both traditional and contemporary ones, displacing rigid considerations of “the new” or “the old” in the production of knowledge. It is not a matter of interest in the essay to give an easy answer to the question, but to provoke a kind of discomfort that allows us to observe the political and ideological intentions that have given and give origin, meaning and direction to onto-epistemological formulations. Thus, the essay suggests multiple questions, especially about the power relations implicit in the various ways of understanding the production of knowledge—concepts, procedures, and protocols. That is, the essay invites to visualize the impact and consequences on human and non-human life that are brought into play with each choice of a specific onto-epistemological apparatus for disciplinary deployment—in this case, architecture.

RESUMEN El artículo recuerda la doctrina de los loci theologici de Melchor Cano y la abre para una epistemología teológica al servicio de la eclesiogénesis en tiempos de sinodalidad. En la edad moderna, Cano ha abierto caminos para una dogmática moderna al incluir la historia como locus alienus. En el presente, la doctrina de los loci theologici contribuye al desarrollo de una dialéctica tópica que da espacio a la iglesia local postconciliar y a los desarrollos teológicos contextuales. Abre el camino a una epistemología teológica de una iglesia mundial en la que los diferentes contextos culturales entran en un diálogo vivo en el discernimiento de la verdad teológica. Desde la perspectiva de una teóloga alemana, puede entonces ser posible identificar los elementos básicos de una forma de epistemología que sea consciente de la crítica a las figuras teológicas eurocéntricas del pensamiento del pasado y tenga en cuenta los desafíos decoloniales. sinodalidad alienus presente contextuales alemana decoloniales

ABSTRACT The essay recalls the loci theologici doctrine of Melchior Cano and opens it up for a theological epistemology in the service of ecclesiogenesis in times of synodality. In the modern age, Cano has opened up paths for a modern dogmatics by including history as locus alienus. In the present, the doctrine of the loci theologici contributes to the development of a topical dialectic that gives space to post-conciliar local church and contextual theological developments. It opens the way for a theological epistemology of a world church in which the different cultural contexts enter into a lively dialogue about the struggle for theological truth. From the perspective of a German theologian, it may then be possible to identify the basic elements of a form of epistemology, which is aware of the criticism of Eurocentric theological figures of thought of the past and takes decolonial challenges into account. synodality age alienus present postconciliar post conciliar developments truth theologian account

ABSTRACT. Including probiotic yeasts, such as Debaryomyces hansenii, in fish diets improves aquaculture production and fish health. Some fish-isolated yeasts, like Candida tropicalis, produce antimicrobial metabolites. However, there have been no reports on their in vivo effects. We evaluated the effects of dietary administration of both yeasts on growth, survival, digestive enzyme activity, expression of intestinal barrier genes, and intestinal microbiota composition in Atractosteus tropicus juveniles. We administered diets with three concentrations of C. tropicalis (104, 106, and 108 CFU g-1), three with D. hansenii (103, 105, and 107 CFU g-1), and a control diet without yeast for 45 days. We also evaluated the antagonistic capacity of both yeasts against fish pathogens in vitro. Results showed that lower doses of C. tropicalis (104 CFU g-1) and D. hansenii (103 CFU g-1) improved growth, survival, and lipase activity. However, C. tropicalis compromised intestinal barrier integrity by reducing zo-1 expression and increasing il-8 expression while altering the microbiota to favor Desulfovibrionaceae. Conversely, D. hansenii enhanced intestinal barrier integrity by increasing the expression of muc-2, zo-1, and il-10 genes and decreasing il-8 expression without altering the microbiota, where Mycoplasma predominated. Both yeasts showed antagonistic activity against pathogens. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of C. tropicalis did not favor the intestinal health of the fish. Conversely, D. hansenii at a concentration of 103 CFU g-1 is recommended to improve the growth, digestive function, and health of A. tropicus juveniles.