Resumo Os materiais álcali-ativados são conhecidos por apresentarem rápido desenvolvimento de elevada resistência mecânica, alta estabilidade química e possível reutilização de resíduos durante sua formulação, o que permite reaproveitar recursos e reduzir impactos ambientais. O presente trabalho desenvolveu argamassas álcali-ativadas empregando cinzas de caldeira de dendê e de queima de madeira, beneficiadas por meio de moagem e peneiramento. Avaliaram-se as características físico-químicas dos materiais por meio de ensaios de difração de raios laser, difração e fluorescência de raios x e termogravimetria, e formularam-se aglomerantes variando as relações molares CaO/SiO2e SiO2/Al2O3. Foram avaliadas seis formulações, duas das quais commetacaulim como fonte complementar de Al2O3. Avaliadas as propriedades mecânicas dos aglomerantes, formularam-see avaliaram-se três argamassas com variação do teor volumétrico de agregado em 25% e 50% quanto a trabalhabilidade, resistência mecânica, absorção de água e desenvolvimento de eflorescência. Houve desenvolvimento total de resistência com apenas 2 dias, e resistência à tração média de 3,54 MPa e à compressão de 10,5 MPa. As argamassas apresentaram baixa susceptibilidade ao desenvolvimento de eflorescência e taxa de absorção de 9,6%, o que confirma o potencial de aproveitamento dessas cinzas como material precursor para argamassas.

Abstract Alkali-activated materials are known by its fast development of high mechanical strength and high chemical stability, and the possibility to reuse waste in its formulation contributes to the reduction of several environmental impacts. The present developed an alkali-activated mortar based on palm oil fuel ash and wood ash. To this end, the physical and chemical characteristics of the materials were evaluated through tests of laser diffraction, x-ray diffraction and fluorescence, and thermogravimetry, followed by the formulation of binders by varying the CaO/SiO 2 and SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 molar ratios. Six formulations were tested and metakaolin was used in two of them as a complementary source of Al 2 O 3 . After evaluating the mechanical properties of the binders, three mortars were formulated with a 25% and 50% variation in the volumetric aggregate content. Total strength development was observed in just 2 days, achieving an average flexural strength of 3.54 MPa and compressive strength of 10.5 MPa. The mortars showed low susceptibility to the development of efflorescence and an absorption rate of 9.6%, confirming the reuse potential of the ashes as precursors for the development of mortars.

Abstract In February 2022, Russia invaded the eastern territories of Ukraine. Three days after the invasion, pressured by public opinion and the British government, British Petroleum (BP) announced the abandonment of its almost 20% equity shareholding in Russian state-owned Rosneft at an estimated cost of USD 25 billion for the company. The case puts the reader in the position of CEO Bernard Looney to reflect on the redesign of the company’s strategy with regard to assessing the impact of political risk on its other businesses in the world. The case was designed for undergraduate and graduate students in Business Administration, International Relations, and related areas who want to address topics such as oil geopolitics, business strategy, political risk, and international business.

Resumo Em fevereiro de 2022, a Rússia invadiu os territórios do leste da Ucrânia. Pressionada pela opinião pública e pelo governo britânico, a British Petroleum (BP) anunciou, três dias após a invasão, o abandono da sua participação acionária de quase 20% na estatal russa Rosneft, com custo avaliado em USD 25 bilhões para a empresa. O caso coloca o leitor na posição do CEO da multinacional, Bernard Looney, para refletir sobre o redesenho da estratégia da empresa no que diz respeito à avaliação do impacto do risco político em seus demais negócios do mundo. O caso foi pensado para alunos de graduação e pós-graduação em administração, relações internacionais e áreas afins que queiram tratar de temas como geopolítica do petróleo, estratégia empresarial, risco político e negócios internacionais.

Resumen En febrero de 2022, Rusia invadió los territorios orientales de Ucrania. Presionada por la opinión pública y el gobierno británico, British Petroleum (BP) anunció, tres días después de la invasión, el abandono de su participación accionaria de casi el 20% en la estatal rusa Rosneft, con un costo estimado de USD 25 mil millones para la compañía. El caso pone al lector en la posición del CEO de la multinacional, Bernard Looney, para reflexionar sobre el rediseño de la estrategia de la compañía con respecto a evaluar el impacto del riesgo político en sus otros negocios en el mundo. El caso fue concebido para estudiantes de grado y posgrado de Administración de Empresas, Relaciones Internacionales y áreas afines que quieran abordar temas como geopolítica petrolera, estrategia empresarial, riesgo político y negocios internacionales.

Resumen El objetivo del presente documento es, en primer lugar, identificar los temas centrales dentro de la literatura sobre seguridad energética (SE en adelante) a partir del shock petrolero y finales del siglo pasado. Posteriormente, se discuten los alcances y limitaciones de la visión actual, se resalta la incorporación de temas ambientales y las implicaciones que ello tiene en las recientes discusiones y evaluaciones del tema. Se identifica que la inclusión de temas ambientales en las discusiones actuales de SE puede derivar en un análisis contradictorio al momento de tener que asegurar el acceso a la energía y las repercusiones que tiene el consumo energía (especialmente fósiles) sobre el medio ambiente, los cuales a pesar del cambio tecnológico y la implementación de distintas medidas para reducir su consumo continuarán siendo predominantes en la matriz energética, al menos en los siguientes 30 años. Por otra parte, se reconoce la importancia de las energías renovables en garantizar las nuevas visiones de SE.

Abstract The objective of this paper is, first, identify the central themes in the literature on energy security (ES) since the oil shock and the end of the last century. Subsequently, it discusses the scope and limitations the current vision of ES, highlights the incorporation of environmental issues and the implications that this has in recent discussions and metrics of the subject. The research identifies that the inclusion of environmental issues in current ES discussions may lead to a contradictory analysis when it comes to ensuring access to energy and the repercussions of fossil fuel consumption on the environment, which, despite technological change and the implementation of different measures to reduce its consumption, will continue to be predominant in the energy matrix, at least in the next 30 years. On the other hand, the importance of renewable energies in guaranteeing the new ES visions is recognized.

The approach proposed here is focused on the separation of light fractions (corresponding to fatty acids with molecular chains between 8 to 14 carbons) from the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMES) of the biodiesel obtained by the reaction of transesterification of triacylglycerols in the kernel gueiroba oil (Syagrus oleracea) with methanol. The whole biodiesel was fractionated through atmospheric distillation in a single glass column with thermal insulation. Such a separation produced 59.79% in volume of light biodiesel (LB), which was mixed with the standard mineral Jet-A1 kerosene (cf. ASTM, corresponding to the QAV-1, cf. the Brazilian standard of the ANP) for aviation, in the volumetric ratios LB:Jet-A1 2:98; 5:95; 10:90 and 20:80. The values of density, water content, distillation analysis, flash point, calorific value and freezing point were carefully checked for their compliance with the official recommendations for jet fuel. It was found that the mixtures richest in the Jet-A1 mineral kerosene, that is, those containing no more than 5% LB by volume, well meet the recommended standards and are technologically viable to replace pure Jet-A1 kerosene for the propulsion of turbine aircraft.

Abstract: This research study aims to determine the operating temperature conditions and the raw material catalyst ratio in the yield of liquid fuels from the catalytic pyrolysis of polypropylene disposable face masks (GB/T32610-2016). Three-layer disposable masks are acquired and characterized. They are subjected to a pyrolysis process on a laboratory scale by using an equilibrium catalyst obtained from a Peruvian oil refinery’s catalytic cracking unit. The results show a maximum yield of 46.7% of liquid fuels at 700°C and a 0% catalyst-raw mass material ratio. It is concluded that both the operating temperature and the catalyst-raw material ratio affect liquid fuel production yield of polypropylene disposable face masks (GB/T32610-2016).

Resumen: La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar las condiciones de temperatura de operación y la relación catalizador-materia prima en el rendimiento de combustibles líquidos obtenidos a partir de la pirólisis catalítica de cubrebocas de polipropileno (GB/T32610-2016) desechables. Se adquirieron y caracterizaron mascarillas desechables de tres capas. Estas fueron sometidas a un proceso de pirólisis a escala de laboratorio en presencia de un catalizador de equilibrio procedente de la unidad de craqueo catalítico de una refinería de petróleo peruana. Los resultados muestran un rendimiento máximo de 46.7% de combustibles líquidos a la temperatura de 700 °C y una relación catalizador-materia prima de 0 % en masa. Se concluye que la temperatura de operación y la relación catalizador-materia prima ejercen un efecto en el rendimiento de producción de combustibles líquidos a partir de cubrebocas de polipropileno (GB/T32610-2016).

ABSTRACT We argue that there is a need to advance further research that strengthens the analysis of policy mixes for the energy transition in major emerging economies. In this context, this article aims to answer the following question: How do Brazil’s policies favor or hinder an energy transition of oil and gas companies (O&G) to renewables? To achieve this purpose, we conducted literature and archival research and interviews with experts to analyze (a) Brazil’s energy policy mixes that address O&G and renewables issues; and (b) major O&G companies’ activities and perspectives that influence the energy transition. Results demonstrated that though some of the O&G companies have made significant renewables investments in the last years, they continue focusing on O&G activities. We discuss the main policy mix features that hinder the prioritization of renewables by these O&G companies and that can undermine a sustainable energy transition in Brazil.

ABSTRACT The choice and distribution of the optimal fleet mix of helicopters to service the offshore air operation is an important logistical problem that has a potential to reduce costs considered in the oil and gas industry. The variability of helicopter models and sizes, as well as the possible operational restrictions of airport bases and airspace, requires that adequate numerical techniques of Operational Research are applied. In this context, this work develops a model to determine the trajectories and distances traveled between airport bases and offshore maritime units and vice-versa, through an airspace modeled by a directed graph. Also develop a helicopter performance model to obtain the estimated payload and flight times for each specified mission and last but not least an integer linear programming model to allocate an optimal fleet and airport mix for passenger transport through the use of different helicopter sizes. The model was applied to offshore units operating in the Santos basin due to their strategic importance in the oil and gas industry. The results obtained included a map of preferred regions for two different helicopter sizes (large and medium), the weekly flight tables showing the allocation of helicopters and airport for different demand scenarios, additionally the impact of fuel prices on different airport bases and the concentration of movements on air routes are also evaluated in order to complement the analysis.

Biodiesel is considered to be more friendly to the environment than petroleum-based fuels, cheaper and capable for producing greener energy which contributed positively in boosting bio-economy. In this work, waste cooking oil (WCO) is converted into biodiesel utilizing a waste eggshell (CaO) nano-catalyst in an effort to discover environmentally beneficial and economically viable processes for social and economic development. The eggshell-based CaO catalyst developed for the production of ecologically friendly biodiesel at a reduced price is calcined at temperatures between 600 and 1100 °C. The synthesized catalysts were assessed in terms of their physical and chemical qualities via BET, TGA and XRD analysis. This revealed that, besides displaying exceptional transesterification activity, the catalyst synthesised at 950 °C also offered the greatest biodiesel yield. Transesterification, used in biodiesel generation, was used to evaluate the catalytic performance of manufactured catalysts under several reaction circumstances. Under prime reaction conditions i.e., a reaction time of 3 hours, an ethanol-oil molar ratio of 9:1, and a catalyst amount of 4 wt.%, it was ascertained that a catalyst which had calcined at 950 °C demonstrated excellent transesterification activity and delivered a ceiling yield of 88% fatty acid ethyl esters. The production of FAME was confirmed by using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Fuel properties of fatty acid ethyl ester complied with ASTM D 6751 which indicated that it would be an appropriate alternative form of fuel.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The alcohols obtained by distillation of fusel oil have great potential for obtaining esters such as ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, isobutyl acetate and isoamyl acetate. These products constitute raw materials in different industries, especially in the food industry. Objective: To determine the experimental conditions for obtaining esters, as high-value products, by esterification of distilled fractions of fusel oil. Materials and Methods: A 2k experimental design was carried out to obtain esters from the distilled fraction 79 - 108 oC fraction of fusel oil. Independent variables considered were alcohol/acetic acid ratio and reaction time and the yield was the response variable. Results and Discussion: In the esterification of the distilled fraction of fuel oil from 79 - 108 oC, the best results were achieved when the two independent variables were used at their maximum levels. The highest yield of ester formed was obtained for isobutyl acetate with 42.52%, followed by n-propyl acetate with 13.73% and, to a lesser extent, ethyl acetate with 2.96%. Conclusions: The yields determined from the purified samples of the esterification reactions indicated the presence of ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate and isobutyl acetate in all the distilled fractions. The highest proportion of esters obtained by chromatography corresponds to their boiling points in the range of temperatures in which the distilled fractions were obtained.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los alcoholes obtenidos por destilación del aceite de fúsel, son un gran potencial en la obtención de ésteres como el acetato de etilo, acetato de n-propilo, acetato de isobutilo y acetato de isoamilo. Estos productos constituyen materias primas en diferentes industrias, especialmente en la alimenticia. Objetivo: Determinar las condiciones experimentales para la obtención de ésteres, como productos de alto valor, mediante la esterificación de fracciones destiladas del aceite de fúsel. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un diseño experimental 2k para la obtención de ésteres de la fracción destilada 79 - 108 oC del aceite de fúsel. Las variables independientes fueron: relación alcohol/ácido acético y tiempo de reacción y el rendimiento la variable respuesta. Resultados y Discusión: En la esterificación de la fracción destilada del aceite de fúsel de 79 - 108 oC los mejores resultados se alcanzaron cuando se emplearon las dos variables independientes en sus máximos niveles. Se obtuvo un mayor rendimiento de éster formado para el acetato de isobutilo con 42,52 %, seguido del acetato de n-propilo con 13,73 % y en una menor proporción el acetato de etilo con 2,96 %. Conclusiones: Los rendimientos determinados, a las muestras purificadas de las reacciones de esterificación, indicaron la presencia en todas las fracciones destiladas de acetato de etilo, acetato de n-propilo y acetato de isobutilo. La mayor proporción obtenida de los ésteres, por cromatografía, se corresponde con sus puntos de ebullición en el rango de temperaturas en que fueron obtenidas las fracciones destiladas.

Resumen En México, la meta de crecimiento económico, sustentabilidad, disminución del consumo de combustibles petroleros importados y aditivos que cumplan con los compromisos de cambio climático con biocombustible de etanol es una meta de desarrollo aún no resuelta. Este trabajo se basa en la premisa de que la materia prima, el uso de las tierras agrícolas en función de los aspectos económicos, ecológicos y sociales, las políticas públicas ineficientes, la desinformación y la falta de conocimiento, la cultura y la actitud de la población y los actores hacia los biocombustibles se han identificado como factores críticos de éxito para la transición de un ingenio azucarero convencional a un complejo agroindustrial. Por lo tanto, se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la investigación académica y tecnológica sobre las innovaciones recientes y el alcance de los esfuerzos futuros en biocombustible de etanol. El etanol puede ganar importancia en países en desarrollo como México, productores y exportadores de petróleo sin capacidad de refinación para beneficios ambientales, climáticos y financieros. En tal escenario, las inversiones y las políticas públicas en el sector para aumentar la eficiencia de la producción y los rendimientos de los cultivos como la caña de azúcar jugarán un papel crítico en la cadena de valor del bioetanol.

Abstract In Mexico, the goal of economic growth, sustainability, decrease consumption of imported oil fuels and additives meeting the climate change commitments with ethanol biofuel is a development goal not yet resolved. This work is based on the premise that feedstock, the use of agricultural lands as a function of economic, ecological and social aspects, inefficient public policies, disinformation and lack of knowledge, culture and attitude of the population and stakeholders towards biofuels has been identified as critical success factors for the transition of conventional sugar mill to an agro-industrial complex. Therefore, a systematic review of academic and technological research was carried out on the recent innovations and scope for future endeavours in ethanol biofuel. Ethanol can gain importance in developing countries as Mexico, producers, and exporters of oil without refining capacity for environmental, climatic and financial benefits. In such a scenario, investments, and public policies in the sector for increasing production efficiency and crop yields as sugarcane will play a critical role in bioethanol value chain.

ABSTRACT The objective of the article is the diagnosis of lubrication and lubricants management for fuel oil power plants at the West of Havana. It was based on the tool of the Center for Maintenance Engineering Studies to assess the status of such management, and was modified by consensus of experts. The tool made it possible to identify deficiencies in lubrication management and to develop strategies that contribute to increase the physical assets availability, as well as reducing the consumption of energy, lubricants and spare parts. This allows to obtain significant savings in the organization and reducing the negative impact on the environment. A group of deficiencies were identified, among which stand out for their negative impact, the lack of training in lubrication management issues, and inadequate storage of new oils and used oil management.

RESUMEN El objetivo del artículo es el diagnóstico de la gestión de la lubricación y los lubricantes de las centrales eléctricas fuel oíl del Oeste de La Habana. Se basó en la herramienta del Centro de Estudios de Ingeniería de Mantenimiento para evaluar el estado de dicha gestión, y se modificó mediante el consenso de expertos. La herramienta permitió identificar las deficiencias en la gestión de la lubricación y concebir estrategias que contribuyan al aumento de la disponibilidad de los activos físicos, así como, la disminución del consumo de energía, lubricantes y piezas de repuesto. Esto permite obtener ahorros significativos en la organización y reducir el impacto negativo al medio ambiente. Se identificaron un grupo de deficiencias, entre las que se destacan por su impacto negativo, la falta de capacitación en los temas de la gestión de la lubricación, y un inadecuado almacenamiento de aceites nuevos y la gestión de aceite usado.

Resumen Contexto: La inminente preocupación en torno a la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero asociada a los motores de combustión interna ha motivado a la industria y la academia a proponer soluciones confiables para mitigar los efectos adversos de las maquinas térmicas. La sustitución parcial de combustible es una diversa, conveniente y prometedora tecnología que puede contribuir a minimizar los niveles de emisión. Método: El estudio incorporó un montaje para pruebas experimentales de un motor diésel de baja cilindrada que permite controlar las condiciones de operación para evaluar el desempeño térmico, de consumo de combustible y de niveles de emisión. Se produjo una mezcla biodiésel de aceite de alga a un porcentaje de substitución del 5 % (AB5) y 15 % (AB15) a través de una técnica de transesterificación. La evaluación de desempeño se centró en el impacto de la relación de compresión variable y el margen de torque del motor. Resultados: La implementación del aceite de alga como mezcla biodiésel redujo los niveles de emisión del CO, CO2 y HC en un 40-95 % en comparación con la operación autónoma de diésel comercial. En contraste, se incrementaron las emisiones de NOx en una proporción razonable (<45 %). Se pudo obtener una minimización adicional de las emisiones de CO y HC al incrementar la relación de compresión, pero las emisiones de CO2 y NOx fueron negativamente afectadas. Adicionalmente, al aumentar la relación de compresión se incrementó la presión durante la combustión, lo cual mejoró el consumo de combustible y el desempeño térmico. Contrariamente, un mayor contenido de aceite de alga en la mezcla biodiesel redujo la presión dentro del cilindro, lo que aumentó el consumo de combustible y redujo el desempeño térmico. Conclusiones: En conclusión, la implementación de biodiésel demostró ser una herramienta robusta para mitigar en gran medida las emisiones globales del motor. Los resultados negativos en cuanto a desempeño térmico y consumo de combustible son consecuencia de la alta densidad y la menor capacidad calorífica. Sin embargo, esto puede ser parcialmente contrarrestado al incrementar la relación de compresión del motor. La exploración del hidrógeno e hydroxy es alta recomendada para contribuir a mejorar el desempeño global de las tecnologías de sustitución parcial de combustible.

Abstract Context: The imminent concern regarding greenhouse gas emissions associated with internal combustion engines has motivated both the industrial and academic sectors to propose reliable solutions in order to mitigate the adverse effects of thermal machines. Partial fuel substitution with biodiesel blends is a promising, convenient, and diverse technology that can contribute to minimizing emission levels. Method: This study incorporated an experimental test bench for a low-displacement diesel engine that enabled control of the operating conditions in order to evaluate thermal performance, fuel metrics, and emission levels. An algae oil biodiesel blend at replacement percentages of 5 % (AB5) and 15 % (AB15) was produced via a transesterification technique. The performance evaluation was centered on the impact of the variable compression ratio and torque ranges of the engine. Results: The implementation of algae oil as a biodiesel blend reduced the emission levels of CO, CO2, and HC by 40-95 % compared to diesel standalone operation. In contrast, it boosted NOx emissions in a reasonable proportion (<45 %). Further emission minimization of CO and HC could be reached by increasing the compression ratio, but CO2 and NOx emissions were negatively affected. Moreover, increasing the compression ratio intensified the combustion pressure while improving both fuel consumption and thermal performance. Contrarily, a higher algae oil content in the biodiesel blend reduced the in-cylinder pressure, thus increasing the fuel consumption and reducing the thermal performance. Conclusions: In conclusion, biodiesel implementation demonstrated to be a robust tool to mitigate the global emissions of the engine to a great extent. The negative results regarding thermal performance and fuel consumption are a consequence of the higher density and lower heating value. However, this can be partially offset by increasing the compression ratio of the engine. The exploration of hydrogen and hydroxy is strongly recommended to contribute to enhancing the overall performance of partial fuel substitution technologies.

ABSTRACT Used lubricating oil is a valuable resource, in its original and residual form, for this reason some methods for its recovery based on its life cycle were identified as alternatives for its management through management schemes that consider technological and treatment aspects, for the recovery of the base material and its possible reintegration into the production processes as alternative fuel or as base oil, thus contributing to achieving sustainable management of this waste material, avoiding thus possible sources of environmental contamination and risks to human health.

RESUMEN El aceite lubricante usado generado por vehículos automotores y procesos industriales es un recurso valioso, tanto en su forma original como en su forma residual, por esta razón se identificaron algunos métodos para su recuperación basados en su ciclo de vida, como alternativas para su gestión mediante esquemas de manejo que consideran aspectos tecnológicos y de tratamiento, para la recuperación del material-base y su posible reintegración a las procesos productivos como combustible alterno o como aceite base, contribuyendo de esta manera a lograr un manejo sustentable de este material-residuo, evitando así posibles fuentes de contaminación ambiental y riesgos a la salud humana.

SIGNIFICANCE: We argue that the immediate, intermediate, and long-term implications of seismic surveys for hydrocarbon exploration merit noting. If seismic surveys detect feasible hydrocarbon deposits, they effectively serve as a precursor to hydrocarbon extraction and consumption. The additional greenhouse gas emissions that will originate from new oil and gas fields in South Africa will push the world closer to the tipping point of breaching the limit of 1.5 °C targeted at the 2021 COP26 UN climate summit, and should thus be avoided at all costs. South Africa's pursuit of energy self-sufficiency through local fossil fuel extraction should not come at the cost of its unique biodiversity nor planetary health.

ABSTRACT The main resources needed for an alternative fuel are availability and renewability, that is, less dependence on restricted raw materials accompanied by no or less pollution. Due to being eco-friendly and non-toxic to nature, biodiesel is attracting more and more interest. Biodiesel has many important technical advantages compared to petroleum diesel, such as inherent lubricity, low toxicity, derivation of renewable and domestic raw materials, biodegradability, insignificant sulfur content, and lower exhaust emissions. However, they have some important disadvantages that include the high cost of the raw material, lower storage and oxidative stability, lower volumetric energy content, lower low-temperature operability, and in some cases, higher NOx exhaust emissions. One of the major challenge obstacles is the high cost of refined vegetable oil as raw material, which consists of almost 70% of the total production costs. Therefore, in order to reduce the cost of biodiesel, non-edible sources such as residual cooking oil (WCO), algae oil, non-edible vegetable oil, and residual fats are commonly used for the production of biodiesel due to its low cost and don’t affect the food chain. The most common method used in the production of biodiesel is the transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats. Production and process are influenced by several factors, such as temperature and reaction time, the molar ratio of alcohol to oil, and type and concentration of catalyst. Therefore, this review focuses on the recent discovery of the transesterification of inedible sources for biodiesel, the influence of the composition of the raw material on the quality of biodiesel, and the possible solutions to its disadvantages for the production of biodiesel.