Abstract The improper disposal of this waste poses environmental challenges, which can be addressed through effective reuse strategies. This study aims to explore the potential of utilizing marine shell waste as partial substitutes for aggregates in concrete. The research involves investigating the physical characteristics of the recycled aggregate using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques to elucidate the contact surface with the paste. Additionally, chemical and mineralogical characteristics are analyzed through X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction tests. The compressive strength test is conducted on concrete samples to assess the performance of these materials as both aggregate (shell type A) and filler (shell type B). The findings indicate that replacing up to 20% of marine shells as coarse aggregate and 10% as filler demonstrates feasibility for applications in structural concrete. Furthermore, up to 30% replacement can be directed towards non-structural concrete, providing a comprehensive understanding of the potential applications of marine shell residues in concrete production.

Resumo As atividades de mariscagem e malacocultura produzem uma grande quantidade de resíduos sólidos compostos por conchas marinhas. O impacto ambiental do descarte inadequado pode ser atenuado com estratégias de reaproveitamento. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a viabilidade do uso de resíduo de conchas marinhas com substituintes parciais de agregados no concreto. As características físicas do agregado reciclado foram investigadas através das técnicas de Microscopia de Força Atômica (MFA) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) a fim de esclarecer aspectos da superfície de contato com a pasta; as características químicas e mineralógicas foram investigadas por meio dos ensaios de fluorescência de raios-X e difração de raios-X; e o ensaio de resistência à compressão foi conduzido em amostras de concreto foram moldadas para avaliação do comportamento destes materiais do comportamento destes materiais como agregado (concha tipo A) e fíler (concha tipo B). Concluiu-se que o uso de até 20% de substituição de concha marinha como agregado graúdo e 10% como filer mostrou viabilidade para aplicações em concretos estruturais e, de forma complementar, teores de até 30% podem ser direcionados à concretos não estruturais.

Resumo Ainfluência do comportamento dos usuários em edificações é amplamente discutida como uma das causas para discrepâncias entre consumos energéticos esperados, durante a fase de projeto, e consumos durante a operação. Conhecer os principais motivadores para ajustes nos sistemas de edificações é imprescindível para aprimorar a modelagem desses comportamentos. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os principais agentes motivadores para o ajuste das janelas, luminárias e aparelhos de ar-condicionado em escritórios. Dois escritórios foram monitorados por meio de sensores que coletaram dados de qualidade do ambiente interno e comportamento de usuário. Foram consideradas influentes para a interação com sistemas de janelas a pluviometria e as temperaturas do ar externo e interno. O aumento das temperaturas interna e externa apresentou ainda mais influência na interaçãocom aparelhos de ar-condicionado. Duas foram as principais conclusões: há influência do layout dos escritórios no compartilhamento e controle das janelas e eficiência de estratégias passivas, como o uso de ventilação natural e cruzada; e há influência do aumento da temperatura interna em comparação à externa na previsibilidade de abertura de janelas e acionamento de aparelhos de ar-condicionado. esperados projeto operação comportamentos arcondicionado condicionado usuário arcondicionado. condicionado. conclusões passivas cruzada

Abstract The influence of occupant behaviour in buildings is widely discussed as one of the causes for the gap between energy use estimated via computer simulation and during building operation. Knowing the main drivers for adjustments in building systems is essential to guide the development of mathematical models for such behaviours. The aim of this study is to evaluate the main motivating agents for adjusting windows, luminaires, and air-conditioning in offices. Two offices were monitored using sensors that collected data from the internal environment and user interaction with such systems. Rainfall and external and internal air temperatures were considered influential for the interaction with window systems. The increase in internal and external temperatures had even more influence on interactions with air-conditioners. The main conclusions were: there is influence of the layout of the offices in the sharing and control of windows and efficiency of passive strategies, such as the use of natural and cross ventilation; and there is an influence of the increase in internal temperature compared to external temperature in the predictability of opening windows and turning air-conditioning devices on. operation behaviours luminaires airconditioning conditioning airconditioners. airconditioners conditioners. conditioners air-conditioners strategies ventilation

Abstract The study exposes the strategies and tactics of radical Islamism in Europe and Spain, to attract and radicalize young Muslims with a religious, media and propagandistic content; from Al Qaeda, Daesh or other related organizations that share the culture of jihad; chain of subjects, actions, messages and propaganda to participate in a process of ideologization, to make use of violence in the jihad against the West, way of life, social and political; and interfere in the democratic, liberal and legal process in Europe. This qualitative research, achieves approximations of individual characteristics and family, social, familiar and economic conditioning factors of the vulnerable groups to the jihadist message; highlighting ignorance or dissolution of their cultural, religious and ritual traditions; absence or weak individual, family or community identity, experience of social, educational, labor or political discrimination and economic inequality; facilitating the process of radicalization until their participation in acts of indiscriminate violence. This research was carried out in the city councils of Fuenlabrada and Leganés, Comunidad de Madrid and Reus and L’ Hospitalet de Llobregat, Province of Tarragona, Comunidad de Cataluña, Spain; through specialized bibliography, interviews to academic, police and intelligence experts, public attention and social services workers, the contribution of Muslim community representatives; who make emerge these elements and the need to improve strategies and preventive actions in Europe, reducing its impact on the vulnerable population.

Resumen El estudio expone las estrategias y tácticas del islamismo radical en Europa y España, para captar y radicalizar a jóvenes musulmanes de un contenido religioso, mediático, propagandístico; desde Al Qaeda, Daesh u otras organizaciones afines que comparten la cultura de la yihad; cadena de sujetos, actuaciones, mensajes y propaganda para participar en un proceso de ideologización, para hacer uso de la violencia en la yihad contra Occidente, forma de vida, social y política; e interferir en el proceso democrático, liberal y de derecho en Europa. Esta investigación cualitativa logra aproximaciones de características individuales y condicionantes familiares, sociales, familiares y económicas de los grupos vulnerables al mensaje yihadista; destacándose ignorancia o disolución de sus tradiciones culturales, religiosas y ritualidad; ausencia o débil identidad individual, familiar o comunitario, experiencia de discriminación social, educativa, laboral o política e inequidad económica; facilitando el proceso de radicalización hasta su participación en actos de violencia indiscriminada. Esta investigación se realizó en los ayuntamientos de Fuenlabrada y Leganés, Comunidad de Madrid y Reus y L’ Hospitalet de Llobregat, Provincia de Tarragona, Comunidad de Cataluña, España; a través de bibliografía especializada, entrevistas a expertos académicos, policiales e inteligencia, trabajadores en atención pública y servicios sociales, el aporte de representantes comunitarios musulmanes; quienes hacen emerger estos elementos y necesidad de mejorar estrategias y actuaciones preventivas en Europa, reduciendo su impacto en la población vulnerable.

Abstract The intensification of violence and the violation of human rights in migratory crises is currently a central theme in the experimentation of graphic narratives, which have given rise to the hybrid and critical genre represented by the graphic chronicle and the graphic novel of migration. The verbo-visual treatment is analyzed in the series of twelve graphic chronicles of migration “My life as an immigrant in Chile” (2018) of Sábado Magazine, in the newspaper El Mercurio, an agent of public discourse that has consolidated stereotypes and prejudices about the migrant population. Through qualitative content analysis of the image-text articulation, the verb-visual strategies of the graphic chronicle of journalistic and literary tone are examined. The elements that confer authenticity, reliability and veracity to the chronicle were established according to the use of testimony, portraits of the protagonists and contextual data. Likewise, literary elements were determined such as the staging of vulnerability, enhancement of the cultural fabric, multiple narrative voices and the recreation of resilient resistance, which together allude to the human rights perspective. The graphic chronicle intensifies the use of the testimonial voice and omits the author (witness), but the latter appears in the verb-visual articulation in biases and introduction of the ambiguity of migration experiences, and in the relationship with the “distant near”. The graphic chronicle of migration can be significantly modulated by the mediatized public discourse, weakening its critical reading of reality.

Resumen La intensificación de la violencia y la violación a los derechos humanos en las crisis migratorias es en la actualidad una temática central en la experimentación de las narrativas gráficas, las que han originado el género híbrido y crítico representado por la crónica gráfica y la novela gráfica de migración. Se analiza el tratamiento verbo-visual en la serie de doce crónicas gráficas de migración “Mi vida como inmigrante en Chile” (2018) de la Revista Sábado, inserta en el periódico El Mercurio, agente del discurso público que ha consolidado estereotipos y prejuicios sobre la población migrante. A través de análisis de contenido cualitativo de la articulación imagen-texto se examinan las estrategias verbo-visuales de la crónica gráfica de tono periodístico y literario. Los elementos que confieren autenticidad, fiabilidad y veracidad a la crónica se establecieron de acuerdo con el del testimonio, retratos de los protagonistas y datos de contexto. Asimismo, se determinaron los elementos literarios como la puesta en escena de la vulnerabilidad, realce de la trama cultural, de las voces narrativas múltiples y la recreación de la resistencia resiliente, que en conjunto aluden a la perspectiva de derechos humanos. La crónica gráfica intensifica el uso de la voz testimonial y omite la del autor (testigo), pero este último aparece en la articulación verbo-visual en sesgos e introducción de la ambigüedad de las experiencias de la migración, y en la relación con el “lejano próximo”. La crónica gráfica de migración puede ser modulada significativamente por el discurso público mediatizado debilitando su lectura crítica de la realidad.

Abstract The present research work analyzes the discourse and framing strategies used by the Peruvian media in the second round of the national electoral campaign. For this purpose, a quantitative analysis methodology was used, through the construction of a database with all the news about the second round of the 2021 presidential elections that appeared in the main national media and disseminated on Twitter (actually X). The main finding is that even though the coverage of the second electoral round can be considered mostly neutral, there was a differentiated informative treatment regarding the candidacies of Castillo and Fujimori, favoring a negative and conflictive framing of the former over his opponent. The context reported reflects that the second round of the presidential elections took place under a climate of political polarization as a consequence of the generation of speeches and narratives that have generated wide margins of distrust and a “friend-enemy” logic that has had consequences in current Peruvian politics.

Resumen El presente trabajo de investigación analiza las estrategias de discurso y framing utilizadas por los medios de comunicación peruanos en la segunda vuelta de la campaña electoral nacional. Para tal efecto, se utilizó una metodología de análisis cuantitativo, a través de la construcción de una base de datos con todas las noticias sobre la segunda vuelta de las elecciones presidenciales de 2021 aparecidas en los principales medios de comunicación de alcance nacional difundidas en Twitter (actualmente X), teniendo como principal hallazgo que aun cuando la cobertura de la segunda vuelta electoral puede ser considerada en su mayoría como neutral, existió un tratamiento informativo diferenciado en torno a las candidaturas de Castillo y Fujimori, privilegiándose un encuadre negativo y conflictivo del primero sobre su contendora. El contexto relatado refleja que la segunda vuelta de las elecciones presidenciales se desarrolló bajo un clima de polarización política como consecuencia de la generación de discursos y narrativas que ha generado amplios márgenes de desconfianza y una lógica de “amigo-enemigo” que ha tenido consecuencias en la política peruana actual.

Resumo Conhecidas pela sua prolixidade e heterodoxia, as margens da arte medieval oferecem-nos, também em Portugal, um vastíssimo elenco de figuras, temas e estratégias de representação que importa interrogar e conhecer. Criadas para preencher vazios, para dinamizar superfícies e relações espaciais, para comentar e ampliar os efeitos previstos para o centro, foram também investidas de funções lúdicas, profiláticas e apotropaicas, tão importantes na cultura medieval mas ainda tão pouco estudadas (e tão difíceis de estudar) entre nós. Entre os diversos protagonistas destas margens da arte medieval, destaca-se, sobretudo a partir do final do século XIII, a figura do macaco, símile e extensão satírica e moralizadora do comportamento humano e, portanto, actor principal de um mundo às avessas que encontra nas margens o seu lugar natural. Atestando a naturalidade desta mesma relação, a primeira designação medieval para uma boa parte da figuração que hoje designamos por marginalia provém do termo babuíno, convocando a generalidade das espécies e comportamentos símios então conhecidos. Partindo desta afinidade, procuraremos identificar e, sempre que possível, interpretar algumas das mais significativas representações de macacos nos marginalia medievais em Portugal ao longo do século XIV, das quais se destacam dois estudos de caso inéditos.

Abstract Commonly known for their prolix and heterodox nature, the margins of medieval art present us with a vast array of figures, themes, and representational strategies that deserve to be questioned and learned about. Created to fill voids, to dynamise surfaces and spatial relations, to comment on and amplify the effects anticipated for the centre, they were also invested with playful, prophylactic, and apotropaic functions, so important in medieval culture but still so little studied (and so difficult to study) in Portugal. Among the various protagonists of these margins of medieval art, and particularly from the 13th century on, apes stand out as a satirical and moralising simile of mankind, and, therefore, as the main actors of a topsy-turvy world that finds their natural place in the margins. Attesting to this close relationship, the first known medieval designation for what we now call marginalia, comes from the term babewyn, or baboon, summoning the generality of the simian species and behaviours then known. Based on this affinity, we will seek to identify and, whenever possible, interpret some of the most significant representations of monkeys in medieval marginalia in Portugal during the 14th century, of which two unpublished case studies stand out.

RESUMO Introdução O trabalho pode ser um fator protetor ou de risco para a saúde mental, dependendo de estratégias individuais e organizacionais. Para além dos estudos apontarem os profissionais de saúde como um grupo de maior risco neste âmbito, nos exames de Medicina do Trabalho destes profissionais verifica-se maior frequência de patologia psiquiátrica. Objetivos O principal objetivo do artigo é identificar os fatores de risco psicossociais ocupacionais presentes no Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central e relacioná-los com dimensões laborais, polo hospitalar, experiência profissional, categoria profissional e serviços hospitalares. Metodologia Existindo uma psicóloga exclusiva no Serviço de Saúde Ocupacional do Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central, desenvolveu-se em parceria com a Ordem dos Psicólogos o “Projeto Avaliar, Refletir e Agir” ao longo de quatro fases, distribuindo o questionário Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire aos seus profissionais. A metodologia escolhida passou por sensibilizar os trabalhadores e respetivas chefias para a temática dos FRPS, avaliar e recomendar estratégias preventivas e corretivas neste âmbito. Resultados Os resultados demonstram como mais relevantes as dimensões da severidade face aos ritmos de trabalho e as exigências cognitivas e emocionais, apresentando-se como fatores protetores a autoeficácia, o significado do trabalho e a transparência do papel. Discussão/Conclusão Com este trabalho pretende-se alertar para a necessidade de avaliação e intervenção multidisciplinar numa vertente biopsicossocial, tendo em conta o aumento de consequências na saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde; bem como fomentar a implementação de estratégias individuais e organizacionais de modo a promover ambientes de trabalho mais saudáveis.

ABSTRACT Introduction Work can be a protective or risk factor for mental health, depending on individual and organizational strategies. In addition to studies pointing to health professionals as a group at greater risk in this area, in Occupational Medicine medical examinations we found a higher frequency of psychiatric pathology. Objectives The main objective of the article is to identify occupational psychosocial risk factors in Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central and relate them to work dimensions, hospital hub, professional experience, professional category and hospital services. Methodology With an exclusive psychologist in the Occupational Health Service of Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central, the “Evaluate, Reflect and Act Project” was developed in partnership with the Order of Psychologists over four phases, distributing the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire questionnaire to its professionals. The chosen methodology involved raising awareness among workers and their managers about the topic of FRPS, evaluating and recommending preventive and corrective strategies in this area. Results The results demonstrate that the dimensions of severity are more relevant in relation to work rhythms and cognitive and emotional demands, presenting self-efficacy, the meaning of work and role transparency as protective factors. Discussion/Conclusion This work aims to raise awareness of the need for multidisciplinary assessment and intervention from a biopsychosocial perspective, considering the increase in consequences for the mental health of health professionals and encourage to implement individual and organizational strategies to promote healthier work environments.

Resumen (Introducción): La degradación ambiental y la pobreza son prioridad en las agendas de los organismos internacionales de desarrollo y conservación. Se plantea que la relación pobreza y conservación puede ser resuelta simultáneamente, sobre todo, en países en vías de desarrollo, según los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, y, actualmente, en los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. (Objetivo): Describir las relaciones que existen entre pobreza y conservación de los activos naturales dentro de los medios de vida en el área de estudio, y observar, si el establecimiento de una política de conservación y otra de desarrollo rural sustentable en un contexto neoliberal contribuyeron a resolver ambas problemáticas. (Metodología): Se realizó una investigación-acción-participativa, como estudio de caso. Se realizaron talleres participativos para el diagnóstico de los medios de vida sustentables en las microrregiones Sierra y Valles del municipio de Villaflores, Chiapas, México. (Resultados): Se observó la influencia de dos modelos de desarrollo rural imperantes, en distintos periodos, en los medios de vida de las comunidades. Fuerzas externas que presionan las estrategias de vida y que han fallado para sacar a las comunidades de la situación de pobreza; en el caso de los Valles, esto promovió la deforestación y la degradación de los activos naturales, y, en el caso de la Sierra, se logró conservar, pero las comunidades se encuentran en situación de pobreza extrema y alta vulnerabilidad. (Conclusión): Las políticas e iniciativas impuestas, de manera descendente (top down), han conducido no solo al deterioro ambiental, sino también a la vulnerabilidad y al proceso de precarización de las familias rurales.

Abstract (Introduction): Environmental degradation and poverty are high priority on the agendas of international organizations of development and conservation. It is proposed that the relationship between poverty and conservation can be solved simultaneously, according to the Millennium Development Goals, and currently in the Sustainable Development Goals. (Objective): To describe the relationships that exist between poverty and conservation of natural assets within livelihoods in the study area, and to observe whether the establishment of a conservation policy and another of sustainable rural development in a neoliberal context contributed to solving both problems. (Methodology): A participatory-action-research was carried out, as a case study. Participatory workshops were conducted for the diagnosis of sustainable livelihoods in the Sierra and Valleys micro-regions of the municipality of Villaflores, Chiapas, Mexico. (Results): The influence of two prevailing rural development models, in different periods, on community livelihoods was observed. External forces that put pressure on livelihood strategies and that have failed to lift communities out of poverty; in the case of the Valleys, this promoted deforestation and degradation of natural assets, and in the case of the Sierra, conservation was achieved, but communities are in a situation of extreme poverty and high vulnerability. (Conclusions): Policies and initiatives imposed in a top-down manner have led not only to environmental deterioration, but also to vulnerability and the process of precariousness of rural families.

Resumen Existe un corpus de investigación, aún incipiente pero prometedor, en el ámbito de las actividades grupales vocales, y su impacto en la salud y el bienestar de las personas, que se sintetiza en este trabajo. En este, se aportan las evidencias más relevantes y ponen el foco en los coros amateurs de personas adultas. Se hace especial énfasis en los mecanismos generativos que relacionan el canto coral con la salud y el bienestar en las personas adultas desde cuatro perspectivas: emocional, mental, social y fisiológica. Se argumenta que un grupo coral funciona como un equipo, que existen diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en las respuestas emocionales a las actividades corales, y se aborda el canto coral amateur como una actividad de ocio formativo para la que se precisa aplicar estrategias didácticas adecuadas a un colectivo de adultos desde un enfoque andragógico. Finalmente, se presenta una reflexión crítica sobre las fortalezas y debilidades de las investigaciones realizadas hasta el momento, como la falta de sinergias entre los estudios realizados, cierto sesgo positivista que elude visualizar y analizar también los contras de la práctica coral, y la falta de indicadores musicales, de liderazgo y relacionales que podrían explicar parte de los resultados obtenidos e, incluso, limitarlos.

Resumo Existe um conjunto de investigação, ainda incipiente mas promissor, no domínio das actividades de grupos vocais e do seu impacto na saúde e bem-estar das pessoas, que é sintetizado neste documento. Este documento fornece as provas mais relevantes e centra-se nos coros amadores para adultos. É dada especial ênfase aos mecanismos generativos que relacionam o canto coral com a saúde e o bem-estar dos adultos em quatro perspectivas: emocional, mental, social e fisiológica. Defende-se que um grupo coral funciona como uma equipa, que existem diferenças entre homens e mulheres nas respostas emocionais às actividades corais e que o canto coral amador é abordado como uma atividade formativa de lazer para a qual é necessário aplicar estratégias didácticas adequadas a um grupo de adultos a partir de uma abordagem andragógica. Por fim, é apresentada uma reflexão crítica sobre os pontos fortes e fracos da investigação realizada até à data, como a falta de sinergias entre os estudos efectuados, um certo viés positivista que evita também visualizar e analisar os contras da prática coral, e a falta de indicadores musicais, de liderança e relacionais que poderiam explicar parte dos resultados obtidos e até limitá-los.

Abstract There is a body of research, still incipient but promising, in the field of vocal group activities, and their impact on the health and well-being of people, that is synthesized in this work. Here I provide the most relevant evidence and focuson amateur choirs of adult people. Special emphasis is placed on the generative mechanisms that relate choral singing to health and well-being in adults from four perspectives: emotional, mental, social and physiological. It is argued that a choral group functions as a team, that there are differences between men and women in the emotional responses to choral activities, and amateur choral singing is approached as a formative leisure activity for which it is necessary to apply adequate didactic strategies to a group of adults from an andragogic approach. Finally, a critical reflection is presented on the strengths and weaknesses of the research carried out so far, such as the lack of synergies between the studies carried out, a certain positivist bias that avoids visualizing and also analyzing the cons of choral practice, and the lack of musical, leadership and relational indicators that could explain part of the results obtained and even limit them.

ABSTRACT: This article analyzes political communication and its influence on public opinion in the TikTok community. The research aims to study the political communication in the social network TikTok of former presidential candidates Guillermo Lasso and Andrés Arauz in the Ecuadorian elections of 2021, and how such communication influenced the public opinion of young users in the General Enríquez Gallo neighborhood of La Libertad canton (Ecuador). The aim is to examine political communication strategies, and to identify the factors of public opinion that influence and determine the advantages generated by implementing strategies in the social network TikTok for the formation of public opinion. The results obtained show that the content disseminated on TikTok was more oriented to infotainment, aiming to captivate the attention of young people, reaching the notoriety of the candidates. However, it lacked substantial and structured political communication for the formation of public opinion in the TikTok community.

RESUMEN: El presente artículo analiza la comunicación política y su influencia en la opinión pública de la comunidad de TikTok. La investigación tiene como objetivo el estudio de la comunicación política en la red social TikTok de los excandidatos presidenciales Guillermo Lasso y Andrés Arauz en las elecciones ecuatorianas de 2021, y cómo dicha comunicación influyó en la opinión pública de los jóvenes usuarios del barrio General Enríquez Gallo del cantón La Libertad (Ecuador). Se trata de examinar las estrategias de comunicación política, y de identificar los factores de la opinión pública que influyen y determinar las ventajas que se generan al implementar las estrategias en la red social TikTok para la formación de la opinión pública. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el contenido difundido en TikTok estuvo más orientado al infoentretenimiento, con el objetivo de cautivar la atención de los jóvenes, alcanzando la notoriedad de los candidatos. Sin embargo, careció de comunicación política sustancial y estructurada para la formación de la opinión pública en la comunidad de TikTok.

Abstract The increase in world population and the demand for technologies have exponentially increased the consumption of mineral resources, putting their availability for future generations at risk. The objective of this study is to know the state of academic production on resource scarcity and evaluate its consequences on exploitation, sustainability and technological development. A systematized bibliographic review was developed using the Scopus, WoS and SciELO databases. 57 documents were analyzed that cover topics such as the environmental impact of extraction, reuse strategies, criticality evaluations and regulatory policies for mining activity. It is concluded that the main factors of resource scarcity are related to the lack of regulations, the growing demand for new technologies and discrepancy in criticality estimation methods. There is a need to look for extraction alternatives and promote material recovery strategies.

Resumen El incremento de la población mundial y la demanda de tecnologías han aumentado de manera exponencial el consumo de recursos minerales, poniendo en riesgo su disponibilidad para las generaciones futuras. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo conocer el estado de la producción académica sobre la escasez de recursos y evaluar sus consecuencias en la explotación, la sostenibilidad y el desarrollo tecnológico. Se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica sistematizada usando las bases de datos Scopus, WoS y SciELO. Se analizaron 57 documentos que abordan temáticas como el impacto ambiental de la extracción, estrategias de reutilización, evaluaciones de criticidad y políticas de regulación de la actividad minera. Se concluye que los principales factores de la escasez de recursos están relacionados con la falta de normativa, la creciente demanda de nuevas tecnologías y discrepancia en los métodos de estimación de criticidad. Se advierte la necesidad de buscar alternativas de extracción y fomentar estrategias de recuperación de materiales.

Abstract This article reflects on how violence and public insecurity experienced by young people in the state of Colima -particularly the municipalities of Colima-Villa de Álvarez- influence their attitude, information, and image of these criminal acts. This approach considers the theory of representations and vulnerabilities (social, educational, institutional, and psychosocial). The findings come from surveys and interviews with young people studying at the University of Colima. The representation that each young person has of insecurity will depend on the type of vulnerability they experience: absence or lack of information, their (in)capacities to face risk situations and the state’s strategies to provide protection. According to the study, young people in this locality resort to psycho-social capacities such as alertness, isolation, caution, and a sense of loss of freedom. The authors suggest that going unnoticed by delinquency would be a mechanism for their survival.

Resumen Este artículo reflexiona sobre cómo la violencia e inseguridad ciudadana que atraviesan los jóvenes en el estado de Colima, en especial, los municipios de Colima-Villa de Álvarez, influyen en la actitud, información e imagen que tienen de estos actos delictivos. Este abordaje considera la teoría de las representaciones y las vulnerabilidades (social, educativa, institucional y psicosocial). Los hallazgos provienen de encuestas y entrevistas dirigidas a jóvenes que estudian en la Universidad de Colima. La representación que cada joven tiene de la inseguridad va a depender del tipo de vulnerabilidad que atraviesa: ausencia o no de información, de sus (in)capacidades para enfrentar situaciones de riesgo y de las estrategias de Estado para brindar protección. Según el estudio, la juventud de esta localidad recurre a capacidades psicosociales como la alerta, el aislamiento, la cautela, la sensación de pérdida de libertad. Los autores sugieren que pasar desapercibidos para la delincuencia sería un mecanismo hacia su sobrevivencia.

Abstract This article explores why the Andean Community of Nations (CAN) has failed to achieve concrete regional security strategies for member countries. The research uses the English School of International Relations approach that considers security a value or a "primary institution", like territoriality, sovereignty, equality, and market; therefore, agendas and discussions within the regional group should include security proportionally. Through a frequency analysis, the study reviewed 342 decisions adopted by the CAN during 2006-2020. The results show that the community is still consolidating its structure. Although CAN has a broad technical agency and a scheme dedicated to strengthening the common market, its system of primary institutions is weak. In this sense, decisions on security are insufficient.

Resumen Este artículo indaga por qué la Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN) no ha logrado estrategias regionales concretas de seguridad para los países miembros. Se parte del enfoque de la escuela inglesa (EI) de las relaciones internacionales, que considera que la seguridad es un valor o una “institución primaria”, como lo son territorialidad, soberanía, igualdad y mercado; por lo que debería incluirse en las agendas y discusiones del grupo regional en igual proporción. Se estudiaron 342 decisiones adoptadas por la CAN en el período de 2006-2020 mediante un análisis de frecuencias. Se concluye que la comunidad se encuentra en construcción, tiene una amplia agencia técnica, una estructura dedicada al fortalecimiento del mercado común, pero su sistema de instituciones primarias es débil. En este sentido, las decisiones sobre la seguridad son insuficientes.

Abstract The research presents a compilation of the strategies for the handling and management of mercury (Hg) carried out by Japan as a promoter and manager of the Minamata Convention. This agreement was established to reduce anthropogenic mercury emissions and prevent pollution worldwide. Article 14 of the agreement focuses on cooperation between the governments involved and provides technical assistance. That is why the activities were developed in the training course “Capacity building for the ratification and implementation of the Minamata Convention on Mercury” carried out in Japan, in which representatives from Ecuador, China, Sudan, Brazil, and Armenia. Ecuador is one of the countries that ratified this agreement in 2013, which is why it is necessary to understand the efforts developed by other countries, with a practical perspective, to know their feasibility and implementation in the long term in the national territory. This study describes the activities implemented in Japan, such as processing contaminated waste in the company Nomura Kohsan Co., Ltd. (Hokkaido), to know high-tech centers such as the National Institute for Minamata Disease (NIMD) and the Ministry of the Environment (MEGJ), and a tour of the environmental restoration project in Minamata Bay. The results demonstrate that the actions and policies adopted in Japan have considerably reduced Hg emissions, maintaining them at stable levels, which ratifies compliance with the different articles outlined in the Minamata Convention. Although efforts have been made in Ecuador to combat illegal mining where Hg and assist in mining districts, it is still among the most polluting countries in the region. Private and government entities must put effort into action plans to mitigate pollution and carry out periodic monitoring of emissions of this metal.

Resumen La investigación presenta una recopilación de las estrategias en el manejo y gestión del mercurio (Hg) que realiza Japón como promotor y gestor del Convenio de Minamata. Este acuerdo fue establecido para reducir las emisiones antropogénicas de mercurio y prevenir su polución a nivel mundial. El artículo 14 del convenio establece la cooperación entre los gobiernos involucrados y la prestación de asistencia técnica. Es por ello que las actividades se desarrollaron en el curso de capacitación “Capacity building for ratification and implementation of Minamata Convention on Mercury”, llevado a cabo en Japón, en el cual participaron representantes de Ecuador, China, Sudán, Brasil y Armenia. Ecuador es uno de los países que ratificó en el 2013 este convenio, por lo cual es necesario comprender los esfuerzos desarrollados por otros países, desde una perspectiva práctica, para poder conocer su factibilidad y ser implementadas a largo plazo en el territorio nacional. Se describen las actividades implementadas, en Japón, como la recolección y procesamiento de residuos contaminados en la empresa Nomura Kohsan Co., Ltd. (Hokkaido), visita a centros de alta tecnología como el Instituto Nacional para la Enfermedad de Minamata (NIMD) y el Ministerio del Ambiente (MEGJ), y recorrido por el proyecto de restauración ambiental en la bahía de Minamata. Los resultados demuestran que las acciones y políticas adoptadas en Japón han reducido considerablemente las emanaciones de Hg llegando a mantenerlas en niveles estables, lo que ratifica el cumplimiento de los distintos artículos expuestos en el Convenio de Minamata. A pesar de que en Ecuador se han hecho esfuerzos para mitigar el uso de Hg, aun así, se encuentra entre los principales países contaminantes de la región. Las entidades privadas y gubernamentales deben esforzarse en planes de acción para mitigar la contaminación y llevar a cabo monitoreos periódicos de las emisiones de este metal.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this article is to identify mechanisms that can be applicable at the national level to promote the development of cinema in Ecuador. First, it starts with a documentary review on the development of film production in Ibero-America from its beginnings to the present, including the case of Ecuador. The paper then identifies strategies and initiatives that have been implemented in the region to promote film production at the local level. Based on this collection of information, which includes interviews with experts related to the medium, a series of mechanisms are outlined that could be applied in the future in Ecuador to boost its level of film production and its impact on the market. ABSTRACT First IberoAmerica Ibero America present information medium market

RESUMEN: El presente trabajo tiene por finalidad identificar mecanismos que puedan ser aplicables a nivel nacional para fomentar el desarrollo del cine en el Ecuador. Primero, se parte de una revisión documental sobre el desarrollo de la producción cinematográfica en Iberoamérica desde sus inicios hasta la actualidad, incluyendo el caso de Ecuador. Después se identifican estrategias e iniciativas que se han dado en la región para fomentar la producción de películas a nivel local. Y a partir de esta recolección de información, que incluye entrevistas a expertos relacionados al medio, se esbozan una serie de mecanismos que se podrían aplicar a futuro en el Ecuador, para potenciar su nivel de producción cinematográfica y su impacto en el mercado. RESUMEN Ecuador Primero actualidad local información medio mercado