Resumen: Este trabajo describió un procedimiento espectrofotométrico simple y sensible para estimar el clorhidrato de fenilefrina en estado puro y en sus formas farmacéuticas usando ácido sulfanílico diazotado como agente de acoplamiento en medio alcalino de solución de carbonato de sodio. El colorante azoico amarillo resultante mostró un máximo de absorción a 441 nm. El gráfico de calibración fue lineal y compatible con el mínimo de Beer en el intervalo de concentración de 0.2-20 µg/mL con determinación del coeficiente (r2=0.9996). Los valores de absortividad molar y la sensibilidad del índice de Sandell fueron calculados y fueron de 8.51×103 l/mol.cm y 0 0239 µg/cm2, respectivamente. Los valores del límite de detección (LOD), el límite de cuantificación (LOQ) y el rango del porcentaje de error relativo se estimaron y resultaron ser 0.0050, 0.0166 µg/mL y -0.374 % a -0.147 %, respectivamente. También se calculó la precisión (representada por RSD) y se encontró que estaba en el rango de ±0.037 a ±0.28. El procedimiento sugerido fue útil con éxito para el ensayo de clorhidrato de fenilefrina en inyección, gotas y jarabes. No se observaron interferencias de los aditivos comunes que se encuentran en las preparaciones farmacéuticas. El color amarillo del producto fue muy estable y no mostró cambios significativos en la absorbancia hasta los 60 min.

Abstract: This work described a simple and sensitive spectrophotometric procedure for estimating phenylephrine hydrochloride in pure and in its pharmaceutical using diazotized sulphanilic acid as a coupling agent in alkaline medium of sodium carbonate solution. The resulting yellow azo-dye displayed an absorption maximum at 441 nm. The calibration graph was linear and compatible to Beer's law over the concentration range 0.2-20 µg/mL with coefficient estimated (r2=0.9996). The values of molar absorptivity and the sensitivity of Sandell's index were calculated and equal to 8.51×103 l/mol.cm and0.0239 µg/cm2, respectively. The values of detection limit (LOD), quantification limit (LOQ) and the range of relative error percentage were estimated and found to be 0.0050, 0.0166 µg/mL and -0.374% to -0.147%, respectively. The precision (represented by RSD) was also calculated and found to be in the range ±0.037 to ±0.28. The suggested procedure was useful successfully to the assay of phenylephrine hydrochloride in injection, drops and syrups. No interferences were observed from common additives found in pharmaceutical preparations. The yellow color of the product was highly stable and did not show a significant change in absorbance up to 60 min.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Se administered through intraruminal boluses in goat kids and correlate it with the levels of the mineral and the biomarkers of oxidative stress in the blood. Fifteen goat kids of 8 to 9 wk of age of the Alpine breed with an average weight of 13.7 kg were used and divided into three groups: Selenium group (a sodium selenite bolus was administered orally, with an equivalent content of 90 mg of Se); Se-SMZ group (a bolus of sodium selenite was administered orally, with a content equivalent to 90 mg of Se and 4 g of sulfamethazine a); Placebo group (a placebo bolus was administered orally). Plasma Se levels were carried out through the technique of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentration of TBARS and GSH were estimated through spectrophotometry. The established significance was P<0.05. After the administration of the selenium and SE- SMZ Se boluses, the goat kids increased the levels of Se in plasma starting 3 h after dosing, with a significant difference (P<0.05) between the Se vs Se-SMZ until 3 and 24 h. The groups of bolus-dosed animals had variability in plasma TBARS levels without showing a constant trend (P>0.05). GSH levels did not show significant differences between the groups. In conclusion, the boluses with Selenium and Se-SMZ increased plasma Se levels. There was wide variability in plasma TBARS levels and GSH levels did not show relevant significant differences between treatments. Boluses were a good alternative to supplement Se to ruminants.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de Se administrado a través de bolos intrarruminales en cabritos y correlacionarlo con los niveles del mineral y los biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo en sangre. Se utilizaron 15 cabritos de 8 a 9 semanas de edad de la raza Alpina con un peso promedio de 13.7 kg y se dividieron en tres grupos: grupo Selenio (se administró un bolo de selenito de sodio por vía oral, con un contenido equivalente a 90 mg de Se); grupo Se-SMZ (se administró un bolo de selenito de sodio vía oral, con un contenido equivalente a 90 mg de Se y 4 g de sulfametazina a); grupo Placebo (se administró un bolo placebo vía oral). Los niveles plasmáticos de Se se llevaron a cabo mediante la técnica de espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. La concentración de TBARS y GSH se estimó mediante espectrofotometría. La significancia establecida fue de P<0.05. Después de la administración de los bolos de selenio y Se-SMZ, los cabritos aumentaron los niveles de Se en plasma a partir de las 3 h después de la dosificación, con una diferencia significativa (P<0.05) entre el Se vs Se-SMZ hasta las 3 y 24 h. Los grupos de animales a los que se les administró el bolo presentaron variabilidad en los niveles plasmáticos de TBARS sin mostrar una tendencia constante (P>0.05). Los niveles de GSH no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos. En conclusión, los bolos con Selenio y Se-SMZ aumentaron los niveles plasmáticos de Se. Hubo una amplia variabilidad en los niveles plasmáticos de TBARS y los niveles de GSH no mostraron diferencias significativas relevantes entre los tratamientos. Los bolos fueron una buena alternativa para suplementar el Se a los rumiantes.

Resumen Los cosméticos se han vuelto un producto de uso común entre las personas alrededor del mundo, razón por la cual es importante conocer sus componentes, específicamente la presencia de metales pesados. El contenido de plomo en diversas marcas de labiales fue analizada debido a la larga cantidad de enfermedades y desordenes que provoca en los consumidores. El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la concentración de plomo en 5 diferentes marcas de lápices labiales vendidas en México, pero producidas en distintos países. La caracterización se llevó a cabo a través de la espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con flama, cuyo análisis demostró la presencia de plomo en todas las muestras con una concentración entre 1.1775 ppm a 1.8242 ppm, con una concentración promedio de 1.457 ppm, esta concentración está dentro del parámetro establecido por la FDA (Administración de alimentos y medicamentos). Sin embargo, el contenido en productos de uso cotidiano, aunque esté debajo del límite, puede ser dañino a la salud. Por otra parte, realizando el análisis de diversas investigaciones podemos concluir que las concentraciones de plomo en lápices labiales producidos en países de primer mundo son más bajas que las que se producen en países en vías de desarrollo. Como resultado, sugerimos que se realice una búsqueda de nuevos componentes que eviten la presencia de plomo, que sean sustentables y que no constituyan un riesgo potencial a la salud de los usuarios.

Abstract Cosmetics have become a common use product among people around the world being the reason why it is important to know their components specifically, the presence of heavy metals. The content of lead in branded lipsticks was analyzed due to the cause of a large number of diseases and disorders in users. The study was aimed at assessing the levels of lead concentration in 5 lipsticks of different brands sold in Mexico but produced in different countries. Characterization was carried out through a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry in which the analyses showed the presence of lead in all the samples with a concentration ranging between 1.1775 ppm to 1.8242 ppm, with an average concentration of 1.457 ppm, these concentrations are within the average parameter established by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). However, lead content in daily products, even if it is below the established limit, can be harmful to health. Besides, carrying out an analysis of various investigations we can conclude that the lead concentration in lipsticks produced in the first world countries is lower than the one in those distributed in the developing countries. As a result, it is suggested the research for new components that can avoid the presence of lead, that are sustainable and don´t constitute potential health risk to users.

Abstract Introduction: Solubility studies and obtaining physicochemical data on drugs in pure solvents belonging to different chemical classes are key to developing new drug formulations. In this work, Hansen partial solubility parameters (HSP) were calculated to assess the miscibility and intermolecular interactions of barnidipine in seventeen pure solvents. The comparison of the results obtained with the theoretical values calculated according to the structure of barnidipine, were valuable to analyse the influence of the solute-solute, solute-solvent relationships of the additive contribution groups, on the chemical and physical properties of this molecule with the solvents of different polarity tested, to provide relevant information highly useful in the pharmaceutical industry. Method: Equilibrium barnidipine solubilities in mono-solvents was determined using the classical shake-flask method, followed by UV-spectrophotometric analysis at 298.15 K. The partial solubility parameters were calculated by applying theoretical group contribution methods, proposed by Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen and Fedors. The KAT-LSER model was used to investigate the effect of solvent based on the concept of linear solvation energy relationships. The mole fraction was obtained from the densities of the solutions. Solid-phase analyses were made by calorimetry differential scanning. Results: The modification introduced in the extended Hansen method, that is, the use of lnX2 as the dependent variable, provided excellent results. The highest solubility values have been found in polar solvents. It is observed that solvent-solvent and solute-solvent intermolecular interactions through hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, significantly influence drug solubility. Conclusions: The affinity between barnidipine and each one of the selected solvent was evaluated by using HSP. Results showed that HSP could be well used to analyse drug solubility in particular solvents. Barnidipine is easier to dissolve in solvents with shorter carbon chains and higher polarity.

Resumen Introducción: Los estudios de solubilidad y la obtención de datos fisicoquímicos de fármacos en disolventes puros pertenecientes a diferentes clases químicas resultan claves para desarrollar nuevas formulaciones de medicamentos. En este trabajo se calcularon los parámetros de solubilidad parciales de Hansen (HSP) para evaluar la miscibilidad y las interacciones intermoleculares del barnidipino en diecisiete disolventes puros. Además, se compararon los valores experimentales obtenidos con los teóricos calculados según la estructura del barnidipino, para analizar la influencia de las relaciones soluto-soluto, soluto-solvente de los grupos de contribución aditivos, en las propiedades químicas y físicas del barnidipino con los solventes de diferente polaridad ensayados, para aportar información relevante para su uso en la industria farmacéutica. Método: La solubilidad en equilibrio del barnidipino en los disolventes seleccionados se determinó usando el método clásico de agitación en matraces seguida de un análisis por espectrofotometría UV a 298,15 K, y se calcularon los parámetros parciales de solubilidad con la aplicación de métodos teóricos de contribución de grupo, propuestos por Hoftyzer-Van Krevelen y Fedors. El modelo KAT-LSER se usó para investigar el efecto del solvente basado en el concepto de relaciones de energía de solvatación lineal. La fracción molar se obtuvo considerando las densidades de las soluciones. Los análisis en fase sólida se realizaron por calorimetría diferencial de barrido. Resultados: La modificación introducida en el método de Hansen, es decir, el empleo de lnX2 como variable dependiente proporcionó excelentes resultados. Los valores más altos de solubilidad se han encontrado en los disolventes polares. Se observa que las interacciones intermoleculares solvente-solvente y soluto-solvente con enlaces de hidrógeno y fuerzas de van der Waals, influyeron significativamente en la solubilidad del fármaco. Conclusiones: La afinidad entre el barnidipino y los disolventes seleccionados fue estudiada con HSP. Los resultados mostraron que HSP podría ser utilizado para analizar la solubilidad del fármaco en los disolventes puros elegidos. El barnidipino es más fácil de disolver en disolventes de cadenas de carbono más cortas y con mayor polaridad.

Resumen Introducción: La cuenca media del río Bogotá viene sufriendo contaminación por metales pesados debido a los vertidos industriales. Esta fuente de agua ha sido utilizada para el riego de cultivos de ciclo corto, lo que ha provocado la contaminación por metales pesados de los suelos productivos. Objetivo: Evaluar un proceso de fitorremediación con las especies de Brócoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck) y Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.) en suelos contaminados con metales pesados en Mosquera, Colombia. Métodos: El muestreo se realizó con un diseño factorial al azar: a) proporciones de cilantro/brócoli (30 cilantro/70 brócoli, 50/50, 70 cilantro/30 brócoli y dos controles de tipo monocultivo de cada especie) y b) tiempo de fitorremediación (3, 6 y 9 meses), cada tratamiento con cuatro parcelas experimentales. El suelo y el tejido vegetal se analizó mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica para determinar la concentración de los metales pesados. Resultados: Las concentraciones de metales pesados en las muestras de tejido vegetal para brócoli y cilantro mostraron valores de Cd, Pb y Cr más altos que Hg y As, respecto al control. Las concentraciones de Cd, Pb y Cr presentaron valores significativamente más altos (P < 0.05) en suelos con cilantro y brócoli mezclados, respecto al sitio de control donde la concentración de Cd registró niveles significativamente más bajos que en los otros suelos. Las concentraciones de Cd, Pb y Cr fueron más altas en tejidos de cilantro y en suelos con cilantro en comparación con el control. Conclusiones: La fitorremediación por medio de las especies Brassica oleracea var. itálica Plenck y Coriandrum sativum L. en proporciones 70/30 o 30/70 a suelos con pH entre 5.5 y 6.0 permiten una buena recuperación de suelos con contenidos de metales pesados en términos de concentraciones altas a cortos plazos, iniciando la biorremediación a los tres meses y finalizando cargas de disponibilidad variable a los nueve meses.

Abstract Introduction: The middle basin of the Bogotá River has been suffering from heavy metal contamination due to industrial discharges. This water source has been used to irrigate short-cycle crops, which has resulted in heavy metal contamination of productive soils. Objective: To evaluate a phytoremediation process with the plant species Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica plenck) and Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.) in soils contaminated with heavy metals in Mosquera, Colombia. Methods: Sampling was performed with a randomized factorial design: a) cilantro/broccoli proportions (30 cilantro/70 broccoli, 50/50, 70 cilantro/30 broccoli and two monoculture type controls of each species) and b) phytoremediation time (3, 6 and 9 months), each treatment with four experimental plots. Soil and plant tissue were analyzed in the laboratory by atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of heavy metals. Results: The concentrations of heavy metals in plant tissue samples for broccoli and cilantro showed higher values of Cd, Pb and Cr than Hg and As, with respect to the control. The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cr presented significantly higher values (P < 0.05) in soil where there was a mixed presence of cilantro and broccoli, with respect to the control site where the concentration of Cd registered significantly lower levels than in the other soils. Finally, Cd, Pb and Cr concentrations were higher in cilantro tissues and in soils with cilantro compared to the control. Conclusions: Phytoremediation by means of Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck and Coriandrum sativum L. in 70/30 or 30/70 proportions in soils with pH between 5.5 and 6.0 allows a good recovery of soils with heavy metal contents in terms of high concentrations in short terms, starting bioremediation after three months and ending loads of variable availability after nine months.

Abstract Background Genes and their variants associated with environmental factors contribute to the development of the hypertensive phenotype. The G protein beta 3 subunit gene (GNB3) is involved in the intracellular signaling process, and its variants have been related to susceptibility to arterial hypertension. Objective To determine the association of the GNB3 variant (rs5443:C>T) with arterial hypertension, biochemical parameters, age, and obesity in hypertensive and normotensive individuals from Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Method The identification of variants was performed by real-time PCR, using the TaqMan® system, in 310 samples (155 hypertensive and 155 normotensive). Biochemical analyses (renal function, lipid profile and glycemia) were performed from the serum using UV/Vis spectrophotometry and ion-selective electrode. A multiple logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with arterial hypertension. The analysis of continuous variables with normal distribution was performed using the unpaired Student’s t test; non-normal data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results The rs5443:C>T variant was not associated with arterial hypertension in the evaluated population (p = 0.88). Regarding biochemical measures, the T allele was associated with high levels of triglycerides, glucose and uric acid in hypertensive individuals (p < 0.05). Conclusion These results show the importance of genetic diagnosis to prevent the causes and consequences of diseases and imply that the GNB3 rs5443:C>T variant may be associated with changes in the biochemical profile in hypertensive individuals.

Resumo Fundamento Genes e suas variantes associadas a fatores ambientais contribuem para o desenvolvimento do fenótipo hipertenso. O gene da subunidade beta 3 da proteína G ( GNB3 ) está envolvido no processo de sinalização intracelular e suas variantes têm sido relacionadas à suscetibilidade à hipertensão arterial. Objetivo Determinar a associação da variante GNB3 (rs5443:C>T) com a hipertensão arterial, parâmetros bioquímicos, idade e obesidade em indivíduos hipertensos e normotensos de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais. Método A identificação das variantes foi realizada por PCR em tempo real, utilizando o sistema TaqMan®, em amostras de 310 pacientes (155 hipertensos e 155 normotensos). Análises bioquímicas (função renal, perfil lipídico e glicemia) foram realizadas a partir do soro por meio de espectrofotometria UV/Vis e eletrodo íon-seletivo. Foi utilizado um modelo de regressão logística múltipla para identificar fatores associados à hipertensão arterial. A análise das variáveis contínuas com distribuição normal foi realizada usando o teste t de Student não pareado; dados não normais foram analisados usando o teste de Mann-Whitney. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados significativos. Resultados A variante rs5443:C>T não esteve associada à hipertensão arterial na população avaliada (p = 0,88). Em relação às medidas bioquímicas, o alelo T esteve associado a níveis elevados de triglicerídeos, glicose e ácido úrico em indivíduos hipertensos (p < 0,05). Conclusão Os presentes resultados mostram a importância do diagnóstico genético para prevenir as causas e consequências de doenças e sugerem que a variante GNB3 rs5443:C>T pode estar associada a alterações no perfil bioquímico em indivíduos hipertensos.

RESUMO Como medicamento tradicional chinês, a Angelica dahurica tem um importante valor medicinal e nutricional. A fim de otimizar o efeito de extração de flavonoides em Angelica dahurica e melhorar o seu valor medicinal, este estudo foi realizado para otimizar o processo de flavonoides em Angelica dahurica usando a metodologia de superfície de resposta, e investigar os efeitos do tempo ultrassônico, concentração de etanol e concentração de solução de alimentação na taxa de extração de flavonoides em Angelica dahurica com base no teste de fator único. O processo de extração assistida por ultrassom pode melhorar significativamente a taxa de extração de flavonoides em Angelica dahurica, e os flavonoides têm certas capacidades antioxidante, o que fornece uma base teórica para a extração de ingredientes ativos em Angelica dahurica. chinês nutricional resposta ultrassônico único antioxidante

ABSTRACT As a traditional Chinese medicine, Angelica dahurica has significant medicinal and nutritional value. To optimize the extraction of flavonoids from Angelica dahurica and enhance its medicinal value, this study was conducted to optimize the process using response surface methodology and investigated the effects of ultrasonication time, ethanol concentration, and solid-liquid ratio on the extraction rate of flavonoids in Angelica dahurica based on single-factor tests. The ultrasound-assisted extraction process can significantly improve the extraction rate of flavonoids in Angelica dahurica, and the flavonoids exhibit antioxidant capacities, which provides a practical basis for the extraction of active ingredients from Angelica dahurica. medicine value time concentration solidliquid solid liquid singlefactor single factor tests ultrasoundassisted ultrasound assisted capacities

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the application of 10% sodium ascorbate (SA) after in-office bleaching on the penetration of hydrogen peroxide (HP) into the pulp chamber, color change, and microtensile bond strength (µTBS) to the resin-enamel interface. Thirty premolars and thirty molars were randomly divided into three groups (n = 20 each). One group was exposed to deionized water (negative control). The other two groups were bleached with 35% HP in a single session for 3x15 minutes for each application. However, in only one of them, SA was applied for 10 minutes after bleaching. After, the concentration (µg/mL) of HP in each pulp chamber was evaluated by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Color changes (ΔEab, ΔE00, and ΔWID) were evaluated with a digital spectrophotometer before and in the first week after bleaching. After treatment, molars were restored and sectioned to obtain resin-enamel interface sticks for µTBS at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until failure. The HP concentration and µTBS data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests, and color changes were analyzed by t-tests (α = 0.05). SA application significantly improved the µTBS values and reduced the HP concentrations within the pulp chambers (p < 0.0001). The application of SA significantly interfered with the color changes after bleaching when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Application of 10% SA after in-office bleaching successfully reduced the penetration of HP into the pulp chamber; however, it decreased color change.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do ascorbato de sódio a 10% (AS) depois do clareamento em consultório na penetração do peróxido do hidrogênio (PH) na câmara pulpar, mudança de cor e resistência de união (RU) da interface resina-esmalte. Trinta pré-molares e trinta molares foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos (n = 20). Um grupo foi exposto em água deionizada (controle negativo). Os outros dois grupos foram clareados com 35% PH numa única sessão de 3x15 minutos para cada aplicação. Porém, só um grupo recebeu AS durante 10 minutos depois do clareamento. Depois, a concentração (µg/mL) do PH no interior de cada câmara pulpar foi avaliado com espectrofotometria UV-Vis. A mudança de cor (ΔEab, ΔE00 and ΔWID) foi avaliada como espectrofotômetro digital antes e depois de uma semana do clareamento. Após de cada tratamento, os molares foram restaurados e seccionados em espécimes com interface resina-esmalte para o teste de RU por microtração a uma velocidade de 1 mm/min até a fratura. Os dados da concentração de PH e RU foram analisados usando ANOVA de uma via e teste de Tukey, e a mudança de cor com o teste t (α = 0.05). A aplicação de AS melhorou significativamente a RU e reduziu a concentração de PH na câmara pulpar (p < 0.0001). A aplicação de AS interferiu significativamente na mudança de cor depois do clareamento comprado com o grupo controle (p < 0.05). A aplicação de SA a 10% depois do clareamento em consultório reduziu significativamente a penetração do PH na câmara pulpar e interferiu na mudança de cor.

Abstract 19. The aim of this study was to determine the total and bioaccessible concentration of macrominerals Ca, P, Mg, and trace elements Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn in raw and boiled, fried and baked dorado meat. For bioaccessibility, an in vitro dialysis model was used, simulating human gastrointestinal digestion, then the elements were quantified by UV-visible and atomic absorption spectrophotometry and complexometry methods. In raw samples, the total concentrations of Ca were higher than in cooked samples, showing statistical differences. However, there were no significant differences between treatments for Mg and P. Concerning trace elements, raw and baked samples displayed the highest values of Cu, raw and boiled for Fe, raw samples showed higher Mn values, while Zn did not present significant differences between treatments. The bioaccessible fraction for Ca was between 6 to 22%, Mg between 8 to 20% and P presented values of 17-18%, for all treatments. The percentage of bioaccessible Fe was high, varying between 68 and 105%; the latter in fried fish. Dialyzable Cu values varied between 39% for raw meat and 14% for baked meat. For Mn, the dialysable fraction ranged between 17 and 21%, and for Zn from 11 to 15%. The findings suggest that dorado fish is a food source with adequate levels of Ca, Mg, and P, without significant losses during cooking processes, as well as with trace elements Zn and Mn. However, Fe and Cu concentrations decreased with heat treatments. Moreover, the results of the present study showed an increase in the bioaccessibility of Ca in baked fish and of dialyzable Fe and Zn in fried samples.

Resumen 15. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la concentración total y bioaccesible de los macrominerales Ca, P, Mg y elementos traza Cu, Fe, Zn y Mn en carne de dorado cruda y cocida hervida, frita o al horno. Para la bioaccesibilidad, se usó un modelo in vitro de diálisis, simulando la digestión gastrointestinal humana. Luego se cuantificaron los elementos por espectrofotometría UV-visible, de absorción atómica y complexometría. Las concentraciones totales de Ca en las muestras crudas fueron superiores a las cocidas, diferenciándose estadísticamente, sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas entre tratamientos para Mg y P. Considerando los elementos traza; las muestras crudas y al horno presentaron los mayores valores de Cu, las crudas y hervidas para Fe, el Mn fue superior en las muestras crudas, mientras que el Zn no presentó diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. La fracción bioaccesible para Ca varió entre un 6 al 22%, Mg entre 8 al 20% y P entre 17 al 18%, para todos los tratamientos. El porcentaje de Fe bioaccesible resultó elevado, variando entre 68 hasta 105%; este último en el pescado frito. Los valores de Cu dializable variaron entre 39% para la carne cruda y 14% al horno. Para el Mn, el dializable varió entre 17 y 21%, y en Zn de 11 a 15%. Se concluye que la carne de dorado resultó un alimento con tenores adecuados de Ca, Mg y P, sin pérdidas significativas en los procesos de cocción, al igual que los elementos traza Zn y Mn, mientras que el Fe y Cu disminuyeron sus concentraciones en los tratamientos térmicos. Asimismo, los resultados del presente estudio permitieron evidenciar un aumento de la bioaccesibilidad del Ca en la carne al horno y de Fe y Zn dializable en las muestras fritas.

Resumen Antecedentes: Capsicum spp. crecen en ambientes con diferente radiación incidente, lo que podría modificar el crecimiento de las plantas y la concentración de fitoquímicos en frutos. Hipótesis: El sombreado afecta positivamente la fenología y el rendimiento de frutos, disminuye los contenidos de fenoles (TPC), flavonoides (FLV), proantocianidinas (PAN) y carotenoides (CAT) en frutos de Capsicum silvestres. Especies de estudio: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum: amashito (AMA) and garbanzo (GAR), y C. frutescens (Pico Paloma, PIP) Sitio y años de estudio: Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico; 2020 y 2021. Métodos: Las semillas fueron tratadas con ácido giberélico (GA3) (500 mg L-1 ) por 24 h antes de siembra. Las plántulas fueron trasplantadas a campo abierto y bajo dos niveles de sombreado (35 y 70 %), bajo un diseño de parcelas divididas con cuatro repeticiones. TPC, FLV, PAN y CAT fueron determinados en frutos por espectrofotometría UV-vis. Resultados: El sombreado aceleró los procesos fenológicos desde la primera bifurcación del tallo, y disminuyó el tiempo para maduración de frutos desde antesis. El sombreado incrementó el rendimiento en el genotipo AMA, pero redujo TPC, FLV, y CAT en frutos; estos metabolitos incrementaron su contenido a campo abierto. Conclusiones: La sombra redujo la duración de estados fenológicos incluyendo el período de maduración de frutos, y aumentó la altura de planta en Capsicum spp. El incremento en rendimiento por efecto de sombreado solo se observó en el genotipo AMA. El contenido de fitoquímicos en frutos se reduce con el sombreado.

Abstract Background: Capsicum spp. grow in environments with different incident radiation, that could modify the plant growth and the concentration of phytochemicals in fruits. Hypothesis: Shading positively affects phenology and fruit yield, decreases the total contents of phenols (TPC), flavonoids (FLV), proanthocyanidins (PAN) and carotenoids (CAT) in fruits of wild Capsicum species. Studied species: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum: amashito (AMA) and garbanzo (GAR), and C. frutescens (Pico paloma, PIP) Study site and dates: Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico; 2020 and 2021. Methods: Seeds were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) (500 mg L-1) for 24 h prior to seeding. The seedlings were transplanted in an open field and under two levels of shade (35 and 70 %) under a subsplit plot design with four replicates. TPC, FLV, PAN and CAT were determinate in immature and ripe fruits by UV-vis spectrophotometry. Results: Shade accelerated the phenological processes from the first bifurcation of the stem, and decreased the fruits ripening time from anthesis of the genotypes studied. Shade only increased the yield of the AMA genotype and reduced the contents of TPC, FLV, and CAT; however, these metabolites increased under open field conditions. Conclusions: The shade reduced the duration of phenological stages including the ripening period of fruits, and increased the plant height of the Capsicum spp. The increase in yield by shading effect only was observed in AMA genotype. The content of phytochemicals in Capsicum fruits is reduced by shading levels.

Resumen Introducción. En el mundo hay interés en la determinación del contenido de sustancias antioxidantes de origen vegetal y la relación de las fases fenológicas de la planta con la producción de metabolitos secundarios. Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de las fases fenológicas en el contenido de sustancias antioxidantes de guayabo (Psidium guajava L.). Materiales y métodos. Se evaluó una muestra poblacional del 10 % de plantas de guayabo del banco de germoplasma del CESID-Frutícola y Apícola-CORPOZULIA, ubicado en el municipio Mara, estado Zulia, Venezuela. Se determinó el contenido de fenoles totales (FeT), flavonoides totales (FlT) y la capacidad antioxidante (CA) en muestras de hojas secas en las diferentes fases fenológicas de la planta, registradas de octubre de 2012 a septiembre de 2013. La extracción de los FeT se realizó mediante ultrasonido con 0,5 g de muestra seca y una mezcla metanol: agua (80:20 % v/v). Para la cuantificación por espectrofotometría de absorción UV-VIS, se utilizó como estándar ácido gálico para FeT y catequina para FlT. La CA se determinó por el catión-radical ABTS▪+. Se utilizaron estadísticas no paramétricas mediante el programa estadístico SPSS. Resultados. En las plantas de guayabo ocurrieron las tres fases fenológicas (floración, fructificación, brotación vegetativa), prevaleció la reproductiva con un 38,99 % de flores y frutos; con mayor presencia media de brotes vegetativos durante la época de precipitación y la alternancia entre la producción de flores y frutos. Se observó variabilidad intrapoblacional en el contenido de sustancias antioxidantes, el contenido de FeT, en comparación con la CA y los FlT, fue mayor en fructificación y en ausencia de precipitación. Conclusión. Las fases fenológicas tuvieron efecto en el contenido de sustancias antioxidantes de guayabo. La fase de fructificación presentó el mayor contenido de fenoles totales. Los contenidos de fenoles y flavonoides totales presentaron relación con la capacidad antioxidante.

Abstract Introduction. There is worldwide interest in determining the content of plant-based antioxidant substances, and the relationship of the phenological phases of the plant with the production of secondary metabolites. Objective. To determine the effect of phenological phases on the content of antioxidant substances of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Materials and methods. A population sample of 10 % of guava plants from the germplasm bank of CESID-Frutícola y Apícola-CORPOZULIA, located in the municipality of Mara, Zulia state, Venezuela, was evaluated. The content of total phenols (FeT), total flavonoids (FlT), and antioxidant capacity (CA) were determined in dry leaves samples at different phenological phases of the plant, recorded from October 2012 to September 2013. Extraction of the FeT was performed by ultrasound with 0.5 g of dry sample and a methanol: water mixture (80:20 % v/v). For quantification by UV-VIS absorption spectrophotometry, gallic acid for FeT and catechin for FlT were used as standard. The AC was determined by the cation-radical ABTS▪+. Non-parametric statistics were used using SPSS statistical software. Results. The three phenological phases (flowering, fruiting, vegetative sprouting) occurred in guava plants, the reproductive phase prevailed with 38.99 % of flowers and fruits; with higher average presence of vegetative shoots that occurred during the rainy season and the alternation between flowers and fruits production. Intra-population variability was observed in the content of antioxidant substances, FeT content, compared to CA and FlT, was higher in fruiting and in the absence of precipitation. Conclusion. The phenological phases had an effect on the content of antioxidant substances of guava. The fruiting phase had the highest content of total phenols. The contents of total phenols and flavonoids were related to antioxidant capacity.

Abstract: This research study aims to evaluate the effect of ultrasound (US) pretreatment on the quality of crude palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil (ACP) during three stages of the extraction process: 1) press liquor (LP), pre-clarifier input (EC), and pre-clarifier output sludge (LS). Spectrophotometry is used to determine the bleaching deterioration index (DOBI). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is applied to identify phenolic compounds and antioxidants. Color changes are established by photocolorimetry with the CIELab scale. The results show that applying US (40 and 80 kHz/30 min) during the extraction stages significantly increases antioxidant and phenolic compound concentrations, preserving and attenuating the ACP’s color. There are no significant changes in DOBI when compared to the control. In conclusion, ultrasound is a technology that preserves ACP quality by not altering its properties and by improving some nutritional attributes.

Resumen: Esta investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto del pretratamiento con ultrasonido (US) sobre la calidad del aceite crudo (ACP) de palma (Elaeis guineensis) en tres etapas del proceso de extracción: 1) licor de prensa (LP), 2) entrada al preclarificador (EC) y 3) lodos salida del preclarificador (LS). Se utiliza espectrofotometría para la determinación del índice de deterioro de blanqueabilidad (DOBI). Se aplica cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC) para la identificación de los compuestos fenólicos y antioxidantes. Los cambios de color se establecen con fotocolorimetría con escala de CIELab. Los resultados muestran que al aplicar US (40 y 80 kHz/30 min) en las etapas de extracción se incrementan significativamente las concentraciones de compuestos antioxidantes y fenólicos, preservando y atenuando el color del ACP. El DOBI no presenta cambios significativos en comparación con la muestra control. En conclusión, el ultrasonido es una tecnología que preserva la calidad del ACP al no alterar sus propiedades y mejorar algunos atributos nutricionales.

Abstract In the scope of sustainability, the generation of different residues through human activities requires the exploration of techniques for final disposal. Among these residues, there are agricultural residues, as well as the residues of heavy metals, both potentially polluting.This work reports the analysis on the immobilization of chromium (VI) in Portland cement pastes (PC) with the addition of silica (SiO 2 ) obtained from rice husk ash (RHA). The cement pastes were evaluated from the perspective of mechanical properties through the compression test. Regarding the hydration development, the pastes were evaluated by SEM, XRD and FTIS. Aiming at the study of Cr(VI) immobilization, solubilized extracts were obtained for analysis through UV-VIS spectrophotometry. The results suggest that the SiO 2 from the RHA showed a predominantly amorphous. Regarding the pastes, the comparison of the strength of the different traits at the same ages revealed that they are not significantly different. As to the XRD, the results suggest that, in the traits with K 2 Cr 2 O 7 , there are alterations in the hydration process. The immobilization efficiency resulted greater than 99%, but there was no favorable effect of the addition of silica to PC in the immobilization of chromium (VI).

Resumo No âmbito da sustentabilidade, a geração de diferentes resíduos através das atividades humanas demanda a exploração de técnicas para disposição final. Dentre esses resíduos, estão os agrícolas e os metais pesados, ambos potencialmente poluidores. Este trabalho relata a análise da imobilização de cromo (VI) em pastas de cimento Portland (CP) com adição de sílica (SiO2) obtida de cinzas de casca de arroz (CCA). As pastas de CP foram avaliadas sob a perspectiva das propriedades mecânicas por ensaio de compressão. Relativo ao desenvolvimento da hidratação, as pastas foram avaliadas por MEV, DRX e FTIR. Visando o estudo da imobilização do Cr(VI), obteve-se extratos solubilizados para análise por espectrofotometria UV-VIS. Os resultados sugerem que a SiO2 de CCA apresentou-sepredominantemente amorfa. Com relação às pastas, a comparação da resistência dos diferentes traços nas mesmas idades revelou que não são significativamente diferentes. Acerca da DRX, os resultados sugerem que nos traços com K2Cr2O7 existem alterações no processo de hidratação. A eficiência de imobilização resultou maior que 99%, mas não se constatou efeito favorável da adição de sílica ao CP na imobilização do cromo (VI).

ABSTRACT In this research, the electro-oxidation method was applied to decolorize real and simulated effluents from cotton dyeing processes with reactive dyes, this method was applied using mesh type electrodes, the titanium cathode and the titanium anode coated with ruthenium and iridium. Two types of reactors were used, one-compartment and separated double- compartment with exchange membrane, to compare the electrochemical performance in the decolorization of textile effluents containing reactive dyes (Corafix Blue Mers 150%, Corafix Golden Yellow Mer 150% and Corafix Red Me-4B 150%). During discoloration tests, the dye and chlorine content was monitored using UV-visible spectrophotometry. In the laboratory tests, the simulated effluent was treated at a concentration of 300 mg/L of red dye, with the two-compartment reactor being more efficient with 95.9% decolorization. In the pilot tests, 99.1% of the real effluent was decolorized. Finally, the real treated effluent was reused in a dyeing test, obtaining acceptable color results in the textile industry.

RESUMEN En este trabajo de investigación se aplicó el método electro-oxidación para la decoloración de los efluentes reales y simulados provenientes de los procesos de teñido del algodón con colorantes reactivos, este método fue aplicado utilizando electrodos tipo malla, el cátodo de titanio y el ánodo de titanio recubierto con rutenio e iridio. Se utilizaron dos tipos de reactores, de un compartimiento y compartimiento doble separado con membrana de intercambio, con el fin de comparar el desempeño electroquímico en la decoloración de efluentes textiles que contienen colorantes reactivos (Corafix Blue Mers 150%, Corafix Golden Yellow Mer 150% y Corafix Red Me-4B 150%). Durante los ensayos de decoloración, se realizó el seguimiento del contenido de colorante y cloro mediante espectrofotometría UV-visible. En las pruebas de laboratorio se trató el efluente simulado a la concentración de 300 mg/L de colorante rojo, siendo el reactor de dos compartimientos más eficiente con 95.9% de decoloración. En las pruebas piloto se logró decolorar 99.1% al efluente real. Finalmente se reusó el efluente real tratado en una prueba de teñido, obteniendo resultados de color aceptables en la industria textil.

Resumen Introducción. El consumo de metales pesados puede provocar problemas de salud en los animales. Objetivo. Determinar la concentración de cadmio, mercurio, plomo y arsénico en 34 alimentos balanceados importados y comercializados en Costa Rica para perros, gatos, conejos, hámsteres, tortugas y peces ornamentales. Materiales y métodos. Se cuantificó el contenido de arsénico (As), cadmio (Cd), mercurio (Hg) y plomo (Pb) en alimentos balanceados importados para seis animales de compañía, durante los meses de mayo a octubre del año 2018. De forma aleatoria, se visitaron expendios autorizados de alimentos balanceados y se compraron diez empaques de alimento para perros y gatos, cinco para peces ornamentales, cuatro para tortugas, tres para hámsteres y dos para conejos. Las muestras fueron analizadas en el Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal de la Universidad de Costa Rica mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con atomizador de tubo de grafito (As, Cd, Pb) y de celda de cuarzo (Hg). Resultados. Las concentraciones obtenidas en alimentos para perros y gatos, adultos y cachorros, conejos, hámsteres, peces ornamentales y tortugas, fueron para As de 0,009, 0,013, 0,003, no detectable (ND), ND, 0,036 y 0,113 ppm, respectivamente; para Cd de ND, 0,021, 0,022, 0,031, 0,010, 0,037, 0,139 y 0,043 ppm, respectivamente; para Hg de 0,101, 0,078, 0,045, 0,040, 0,031, 0,045, 0,032 y 0,032 ppm, respectivamente, y para Pb de 0,381, 0,885, 0,573, 0,740, 0,446, 0,732, 0,763 y 0,841 ppm, respectivamente. Conclusión. Los contenidos de metales pesados determinados en alimentos para mascotas, no superaron los valores máximos permitidos para su comercialización. Este trabajo incrementa la información disponible en temas de inocuidad de alimentos balanceados en peces ornamentales, hámsteres, tortugas y conejos; promueve estrategias de monitoreo continuo de estos y la comprensión del potencial real de acumulación en los animales y sus efectos en el bienestar de los mismos.

Abstract Introduction. The intake of heavy metals can cause health problems in animals. Objective. To determine the concentration of cadmium, mercury, lead, and arsenic in 34 imported balanced foods marketed in Costa Rica for dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, turtles, and ornamental fish. Materials and methods. The content of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in imported balanced foods for six pets was quantified during the months of May to October 2018. On a random basis, authorized feed stores were visited to purchased ten packages of dog and cat food, five for ornamental fish, four for turtles, three for hamsters, and two for rabbits. The samples were analyzed at the Animal Nutrition Research Center of the Universidad de Costa Rica using atomic absorption spectrophotometry with graphite tube atomizer (As, Cd, Pb) and quartz cells (Hg). Results. The concentrations obtained in the food for dogs and cats, adults and puppies, rabbits, hamsters, ornamental fish, and turtles were for As 0.009, 0.013, 0.003, non-detectable (ND), ND, 0.036, and 0.113 ppm, respectively; for Cd ND, 0.021, 0.022, 0.031, 0.010, 0.037, 0.139, and 0.043 ppm, respectively; for Hg 0.101, 0.078, 0.045, 0.040, 0.031, 0.045, 0.032, and 0.032 ppm, respectively, and for Pb of 0.381, 0.885, 0.573, 0.740, 0.446, 0.732, 0.763, and 0.841 ppm, respectively. Conclusions. The contents of heavy metals in pet foods did not exceed the maximum values allowed for their commercialization. This work increases the information available on the safety of food for ornamental fish, hamsters, turtles, and rabbits, also promotes continuous monitoring strategies, and the understanding of the real potential for accumulation in animals, and its effects on their welfare.