Resumo Dentre as espécies de Bemisia tabaci, as espécies invasoras MEAM1 e MED se destacam como pragas de grande importância para várias culturas. No Brasil, a maior parte dos surtos populacionais de mosca-branca são associados a presença da espécie MEAM1, que a partir 1990 se espalhou por todo o país. Por outro lado, em 2014 a espécie MED foi identificada no Brasil, inicialmente restrita a casas de vegetação, mas rapidamente se difundindo em novas áreas nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Assim, nosso objetivo foi investigar a distribuição geográfica das espécies MEAM1 e MED em grandes culturas no Brasil. A espécie MEAM1 continua sendo predominante nas monoculturas como algodão, soja e tomate. O sequenciamento de um fragmento do gene citocromo c oxidase subunidade I (COI) revelou a presença de um haplótipo para MEAM1, sugerindo o estabelecimento de apenas uma linhagem no país. Os haplótipos encontrados para MEAM1 e MED são geneticamente relacionados as linhagens globalmente dispersas Jap1 e Mch1, respectivamente. O monitoramento contínuo das espécies de B. tabaci é crucial pois as mudanças na paisagem, mudanças climáticas e métodos de manejo das pragas podem alterar a dominância e a distribuição dessas espécies nas áreas agrícolas do Brasil.

Abstract Among Bemisia tabaci species, the invasive MEAM1 and MED species are key agricultural pests for many crops. In Brazil, most part of B. tabaci population outbreaks were associated with MEAM1, which, since 1990s quickly spread across the entire country. Later in 2014, the MED was identified in Brazil, initially more restricted to greenhouses, but suddenly reaching new areas in the South and Southeast open regions. Thus, our objective was to investigate the geographical distribution of MEAM1 and MED on open field crops in Brazil. MEAM1 is still the predominant species on open field crops such as soybean, cotton, and tomato. The sequencing of a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene fragment revealed a single haplotype of MEAM1, suggesting the establishment of a single MEAM1 strain in the country. The haplotypes found for MEAM1 and MED are genetically related to the globally dispersed strains, Jap1 and Mch1, respectively. Continuous monitoring of B. tabaci species is crucial because landscape alterations, climatic changes, and pest management methods may shift the B. tabaci species distribution and dominance in Brazilian crop areas.

Resumen (Introducción): En el control y manejo de especies invasoras se producen altos volúmenes de material de desecho cuyo manejo y eliminación se convierte en un problema. El aprovechamiento de este material por medio de su compostaje como sustrato de germinación y propagación de especies nativas aportaría un uso a la cantidad de masa generada. (Objetivo): Validar el compost producido a partir de especies invasoras como sustrato para la propagación y crecimiento de especies nativas dentro del proceso de restauración ecológica en Bogotá Colombia. (Metodología): El compost utilizado se hizo a partir de cinco especies invasoras, principalmente de Ulex europaeus L. y Genista monspessulana (L.) L.A.S. Johnson con una maduración de 100 días. Se sembraron 50 semillas, de tres especies nativas en cinco tratamientos con diferentes proporciones de tierra negra y compost. Se evaluó la germinación, mortalidad, crecimiento epigeo e hipogeo y peso fresco y húmedo (Resultados): Verbesina crassiramea SF Blake presentó mayor germinación en el tratamiento con sustrato 100 % compost, seguido de 0 % compost, 75 %, 50 % y 25 % respectivamente. Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq., presenta un gradiente de germinación de 75 %, seguido de 50 %, 100 %, 0 % y 25 %. Duranta mutisii L.f. tiene un gradiente de germinación inverso. El sustrato con 25 % de compost mostró baja germinación y mayor mortalidad de Dodonaea viscosa y Verbesina crassiramea. Dodonaea viscosa se desarrolló mejor en el sustrato con 75 % de compost, con mayor germinación, crecimiento de raíces, desarrollo aéreo y biomasa generada. (Conclusiones): El compost, a partir de especies invasoras puede ser usado como sustrato para la propagación de especies nativas en etapas tempranas. No se evidenció la expresión de las especies invasoras, siendo una alternativa para disminuir la demanda de tierra negra.

Abstract (Introduction): The control and management of invasive species generates high volumes of waste material whose management and disposal becomes a problem. The use of this waste material through the composting process could lead to a substrate with potential use as germination and propagation substrate of native species, therefore giving possible solutions to the quantity of mass generated in the control. (Objective): Validate the compost produced from invasive species as a potential substrate for propagation and growth of native species within the process of ecological restoration in Bogotá Colombia. (Methodology): Fifty seeds of three native species were sown in five treatments with different proportions of black soil and compost. The compost raw materials were Ulex europaeus L and Genista monspessulana (L.) L.A.S. Johnson. To evaluate its use germination, mortality, epigeal and hypogeal growth were measured. (Results): Verbesina crassiramea S. F. Blake showed the highest germination in the substrate with 100 % compost followed by 0 % compost, 75, 50 and 25 % respectively. Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq., showed a germination gradient of 75 compost, followed by 50, 100, 0 and 25 %. Duranta mutisii L.f. had an inverse germination gradient. The substrate with 25 % compost caused the lowest germination and highest mortality of Dodonaea viscosa and Verbesina crassiramea. Dodonaea viscosa grew best in substrates with 75 % compost, with the highest germination value, root growth, aerial development and biomass generated. (Conclusions): Compost from invasive species, can be used as a substrate for the propagation of native species in early stages, the expression of invasive species was not evidenced, being an alternative to reduce the demand of soil.

Summary: TheCeltis talaforests, or talares of Buenos Aires province (Argentina), are a fragile ecosystem threatened by biological invasions. Among the alien species reported as transforming the landscape in the talares,Ligustrum lucidumconstitutes the main threat. This work evaluates the degree of naturalization of the alienPterocarya stenoptera(Juglandaceae), new in the talares of the El Destino Private Reserve, located within the Parque Costero del Sur Biosphere Reserve. The local use of the species, its possible origin and type of dispersion were evaluated, and its extension and number of seedlings per square meter were recorded in the invaded sectors. The species is described, and a dichotomous key is provided to differentiate the Juglandaceae genera present in Buenos Aires, all of which are exotic.Pterocarya stenopteramay have been cultivated in the gardens of Estancia El Destino, from where it spread to the neighbouring talares by anemochory. It was found in three well-defined sectors in which there is a large number of seedlings. This recently naturalized species has efficient means of dispersal and a large seed biomass that enabled it to become a dominant tree in some sectors of the site, where it surpassed the invasive (transformer)Ligustrum lucidumin terms of number of seedlings. The presence ofPterocarya stenopterain the talares is expected to increase unless management of the species is planned. We conclude that it is necessary and possible to plan actions for its management and control.

Resumen: Los bosques deCeltis tala, o talares, de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina), constituyen un frágil ecosistema amenazado por invasiones biológicas. Entre las especies exóticas reportadas como invasoras o transformadoras del paisaje en los talares,Ligustrum lucidumconstituye la principal amenaza.En este trabajo se evalúa el grado de naturalización dePterocarya stenopteraC. DC.(Juglandaceae), nueva en los talares de la Reserva Privada El Destino, ubicada dentro de la Reserva de Biósfera Parque Costero del Sur. Se estudió el uso local de la especie, el posible origen y tipo de dispersión, y se estableció su extensión y cantidad de renovales por metro cuadrado en los sectores invadidos. Se describe a la especie y se provee una clave dicotómica para diferenciar los géneros de Juglandaceae presentes en la provincia de Buenos Aires, todos ellos exóticos.Pterocarya stenopteraposiblemente haya sido cultivada en los jardines de la Estancia El Destino, desde donde se dispersó hacia los talares vecinos por anemocoria. Se encontraron tres sectores bien delimitados con gran cantidad de renovales. Esta especie, de reciente naturalización, posee medios de dispersión eficientes y una gran biomasa de semillas que le han permitido volverse un árbol dominante en algunos sitios, superando en cantidad de renovales a la invasora (transformadora)Ligustrum lucidum. Se prevé que el avance dePterocarya stenopterasobre el talar irá en aumento a menos que se planifique algún tipo de contención sobre la especie. En este marco, sostenemos que es necesario y posible planificar acciones para su manejo y control.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: La información sobre la biodiversidad de áreas protegidas es fundamental para desarrollar estrategias de manejo y conservación. En este trabajo evaluamos el número de registros de plantas y vertebrados de Parques Nacionales (PN) de Argentina en función de la riqueza de especies de la provincia donde se encuentra cada PN, analizamos posibles variables explicativas del número de registros en cada PN, y describimos la vegetación registrada en tres PN icónicos del país. M&M: Los registros de plantas vasculares y de vertebrados, las características de cada PN y la riqueza de especies de la provincia donde se encuentra cada PN se obtuvieron de bases de datos de acceso abierto. Para los PN Calilegua, Iguazú y Nahuel Huapi describimos el número de plantas según familia, origen, endemismo, forma de vida, estado de conservación según UICN e invasividad de especies no nativas. Resultados: Los PN presentaron gran variabilidad en sus registros. Encontramos pocos registros de especies no nativas. Los PN más antiguos registraron más plantas no nativas. La lista de plantas del PN Nahuel Huapi mostró un mayor número de registro que Calilegua e Iguazú. El número de plantas categorizadas por UICN fue muy bajo. Casi todas las plantas no nativas registradas estaban categorizadas como invasoras en otros lugares del mundo. Conclusiones: Destacamos la importancia de incrementar el relevamiento de especies en todos los PN, particularmente de plantas y en PN de reciente creación. Se requiere mayor atención a especies no nativas a fin evitar problemas socio-ecológicos asociados a invasiones biológicas.

Summary Background and aims: Biodiversity information of protected areas is essential to develop management and conservation strategies. Here we 1) evalúate the number of records of plant and vertebrate species of National Parks (NP) from Argentina based on the species richness of the province where each NP is located, 2) analyze possible explanatory variables of the number of records in each NP, and 3) describe the vegetation registered in three iconic NPs of the country. M&M: The records of vascular plants and vertebrates, the characteristics of each NP and the species richness of the province where each NP is located were obtained from open access databases. For Calilegua, Iguazú and Nahuel Huapi NPs we describe the number of plants according to family, origin, endemism, life form, IUCN categorization and invasiveness of non-native species. Results: All NPs showed great variability in their records. There were few records of non-native species. Older NPs had more non-native plants records. The list of plants of Nahuel Huapi NP showed more records than Calilegua and Iguazú. The number of plants categorized by IUCN was very low. Almost all recorded non-native plants were invasive elsewhere in the world. Conclusions: We emphasize the importance of increasing the survey of species in all NP, particularly vascular plants and in recently created NPs. Special attention must be given to non-native species in order to avoid socio-ecological problems associated with biological invasions.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: Las prácticas de manejo de especies no-nativas e invasoras es tema prioritario en áreas protegidas, en especial en estadios tempranos de invasión, porque facilita la recuperación de sistemas nativos. Aquí presentamos una metodología para el control de una planta trepadora invasora, Hederá helix (Araliaceae). M&M: Se realizó remoción manual y la disposición de los residuos se compostó en bolsas en el lugar. Luego se monitoreó la regeneración natural del bosque nativo. La propuesta incluye la convocatoria de voluntarios, enmarcados en un proyecto de investigación y extensión de la Universidad Nacional Comahue Bariloche con la colaboración de la Administración de Parques Nacionales. Resultados: Desde 2019 participaron 47 voluntarios, se extrajeron 870 kg (peso húmedo) de material de cinco de los seis sitios identificados. Dos de los cinco sitios intervenidos se encuentran en la etapa de monitoreo de especies nativas. Conclusión: La participación de voluntarios resultó efectiva en términos de las acciones de control manual, al estar los sitios controlados. De esta manera, se está logrando con éxito un mínimo impacto negativo sobre el entorno, al menos en las especies de plantas, evidenciado por una rápida recolonización pasiva de especies nativas y la eliminación la especie invasora en los sitios intervenidos. En particular, este modo de trabajo permite crear conciencia del problema de las invasiones biológicas en la comunidad y en futuros profesionales. También fortalece las relaciones entre instituciones vinculando la academia con la gestión en conservación, un aspecto a veces difícil de lograr.

Summary Background and aims: Development of management measures of invasive non-native species is priority in protected areas, particularly when actions are taken at early stages of invasion since it facilitates the recovery of natural systems. Here, we present a methodology to control an invasive evergreen vine, Hederá helix (Araliaceae). M&M: The proposal includes volunteers, which are within a research and outreach project from Universidad Nacional Comahue Bariloche in collaboration with Administración de Parques Nacionales. We removed manually the vine with garden tools, composted it in waste plastic bags in site and kept track of natural regeneration of the native forest. Results: Since 2019, 47 volunteers got involved and removed 870 kg of plant material (humid weight) from five of the six sites. Two of the five sites are at the stage of monitoring native species. Conclusions: The participation of volunteers resulted effective for plant manual removal, as the vine from invasion sites is being controlled. In this way, we are achieving successful results with minimum environmental negative impacts, at least in the plant community, as evidenced by the recolonization of the sites by native plant species and by the full removal of the ivy from intervened sites. In particular, this procedure allows to create awareness of the problem of biological invasions in the community and in future university graduates. It also reinforces inter institutional relationships linking academia with conservation management agencies, a connection sometimes difficult to achieve.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: Las especies invasoras representan la mayor amenaza para la conservación. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron identificar la flora del pastizal serrano de la Reserva Natural Paititi, realizar la detección temprana de especies vegetales exóticas que pudieran estar actuando como invasoras y establecer la situación actual de aquellas especies nativas consideradas amenazadas. M&M: Siguiendo el gradiente altitudinal se seleccionaron 14 sitios donde se registraron las características ambientales y la cobertura-abundancia de las especies vasculares. Con los datos recabados se realizó un Análisis de Coordenadas Principales (ACooP) que originó unidades de vegetación que fueron descritas según características ambientales, especies identificadas y tipo de comunidad vegetal. Adicionalmente, se destacaron las especies amenazadas y las exóticas más abundantes, en consecuencia consideradas invasoras. Resultados: La riqueza total fue de 370 especies, correspondiendo el 26,5% a exóticas. Se identificaron 30 especies amenazadas. El ACooP reconoció ocho unidades de vegetación. Las especies consideradas invasoras fueron Dactylis glomerata, Senecio madagascariensis, Holcus lanatus y Racosperma melanoxylon, estas dos últimas con los mayores valores de cobertura. Conclusiones: Para conservar la biodiversidad y minimizar el proceso de invasión, los esfuerzos de manejo deberían enfocarse en monitorear las especies amenazadas y controlar el avance de las invasoras. La detección temprana de dichas especies en ambientes similares sería fundamental para reducir invasiones vegetales.

Summary Background and aims: Invasive species are the greatest threat to conservation. The objectives of this study were to identify the flora that thrive in a hill grassland of the Paititi Natural Reserve, to perform an early detection of non-native plant species that might be acting as invasive, and to establish the current situation of the native species considered threatened. M&M: Following the altitudinal gradient, 14 sites were selected; the environmental characteristics and cover-abundance of the vascular plant species were recorded in each site. With the collected data, a Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCooA) was performed to group the sites into vegetation units that were later described considering environmental characteristics, identified species and plant community type. Additionally, the threatened species were specified, as well as the most abundant exotic ones, therefore considered invasive. Results: Total richness reached 370 species, 26.5% corresponding to non-native ones. Thirty threatened species were identified. The PCooA grouped the sites into eight vegetation units. The non-native species considered invasive were Dactylis glomerata, Senecio madagascariensis, Holcus lanatus and Racosperma melanoxylon, these last two reached the highest coverage-abundance values. Conclusions: To conserve biodiversity and minimize the invasion process, management efforts should be focused on monitoring the threatened species and controlling the advance of the non-native species acting as invasive. Early detection of those species in similar environments would be fundamental to facilitate rapid responses towards reducing invasions.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos : El aumento de plantas invasoras en ecosistemas de altura amenaza la conservación de la biodiversidad y de los servicios ecosistémicos en áreas protegidas de montaña. En este trabajo evaluamos si una leñosa exótica, Cotoneaster franchetii Bois, responde a la heterogeneidad ambiental de manera similar a la leñosa nativa dominante, Polylepis australis Bitter, o si puede ocupar una mayor variedad de hábitats dado el carácter generalista que se espera de ella. M&M : Registramos la ocurrencia y cobertura de ambas especies en 120 parcelas entre los 1200 y los 2200 msnm, dentro y en inmediaciones del Parque Nacional Quebrada del Condorito y la Reserva Hídrica Pampa de Achala (Córdoba, Argentina). Comparamos su distribución en relación con la vegetación y la topografía. Resultados : Cada especie dominó en altitudes diferentes pero, a escala local, ambas fueron más frecuentes en valles y laderas sur, con menor cobertura de pajonal y mayor cobertura rocosa y pendiente. Al contrario que la nativa, la cobertura de C. franchetii no se vio afectada por las características topográficas ni de la vegetación circundante. Conclusiones : La elevada ocurrencia de C. franchetii y la ausencia de restricciones para aumentar su cobertura una vez establecida sugieren un elevado potencial invasor. Su expansión representa un riesgo directo para P. australis por preferir hábitats similares. Al igual que en la expansión altitudinal, una elevada tolerancia ambiental promovería la invasión por leñosas hacia la vegetación natural en montañas.

Summary Background and aims : Invasive plants succeeding at high-elevation ecosystems threaten biodiversity and ecosystem services conservation in mountain protected areas. In this study we assessed whether an exotic woody species, Cotoneaster franchetii Bois, responds to mountain environmental heterogeneity in a similar way to the dominant coexisting native woody species, Polylepis australis Bitter, or if it instead occupies a greater variety of habitats aided by the wide environmental tolerance expected for mountain invaders. M&M : We recorded C. franchetii and P australis occurrence and cover in 120 square plots between 1200 and 2200 masl, inside and surrounding “Quebrada del Condorito” National Park and “Pampa de Achala” natural reserve (Córdoba, Argentina). We compared both species' distribution and its relationship with vegetation and topograpy. Results : Each species dominated at different elevations. However, at local scale, both species were more frequent in plots placed at valleys and south-facing steep slopes, with less cover of tussock grassland and more rock cover. Contrary to the native species, C. franchetii cover was unaffected by vegetation and topographic characteristics. Conclusions : High occurrence and no restrictions for increasing cover once established suggest a high spread potential of C. franchetii in these mountains. Polylepis australis is seemingly at risk since both species share habitat preferences. Wide environmental tolerance would not only trigger upward expansion of invasive species in mountains but also towards natural vegetation.

Resumen Introducción: Chlamydophila psittaci es una bacteria zoonótica e intracelular estricta, que provoca la psitacosis humana y su principal hospedero son las aves psitácidas. La cotorra argentina es un ave psitácida nativa de Sudamérica y actualmente considerada una especie invasora en 19 países, incluyendo Chile. Objetivo: Determinar positividad contra C. psittaci en muestras de suero y torulados de cotorras argentinas de vida libre capturadas en la Región Metropolitana de Chile. Métodos: Se analizaron 95 muestras de suero de pichones e individuos adultos de cotorras argentinas, a través de una prueba de ELISA indirecto utilizando un kit comercial. Posteriormente, se analizaron 40 tórulas nasotraqueales y cloacales de individuos adultos a través de una RPC en tiempo real específica para C. psittaci. Resultados: Se detectaron anticuerpos en muestras de suero de cinco individuos adultos de cotorras argentinas (n = 68), mientras que ninguno de los pichones analizados fue seropositivo (n = 27). Todas las muestras analizadas a través de RPC en tiempo real fueron negativas. Conclusión: Estos resultados demuestran por primera vez en Chile la exposición a C. psittaci en cotorras argentinas de vida libre, lo cual puede representar un riesgo importante para la transmisión de este patógeno a poblaciones humanas y animales.

Abstract Background: Chlamydophila psittaci is a zoonotic obligate intracellular bacterium that causes the human psittacosis, and its main host are psittacine birds. The monk parakeet is a psittacine bird native to South America, currently being considered an invasive species in 19 countries, including Chile. Aim: To determine positivity to C. psittaci in serum samples and swabs from free-ranging monk parakeets captured in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Methods: Ninety-five serum samples from nestling chicks and adult monk parakeets were tested using an indirect ELISA test kit. Cloacal and nasotracheal swabs from 40 adult parakeets were further analyzed by C. psittaci-specific real-time PCR. Results: We found antibody titers in sera of five adult monk parakeets (n = 68) while none of the nestlings were seropositive (n = 27). All samples tested with real-time PCR were negative. Conclusions: Our results demónstrate for the first time in Chile the exposure to C. psittaci in free-ranging monk parakeets which may represent a significant risk of pathogen transmission to human and animal populations.

Resumo: Objetivo Avaliar a estrutura das assembleias de macrófitas aquáticas do reservatório Jacarecica II (Areia Branca, Sergipe) e verificar se a distância da margem é um fator estruturante da riqueza e composição de macrófitas nesse ambiente. Métodos Nós instalamos transectos em que foram plotadas parcelas. Os transectos foram plotados perpendiculares em relação à margem e a primeira parcela foi alocada na margem e as outras quatro colocadas em áreas cobertas por água. Nós estimamos a área de cobertura de cada espécie de macrófita por parcela e cada espécie foi classificada de acordo com sua forma de vida. Nós calculamos índices fitossociológicos e testamos a influência da distância da margem na estrutura das assembleias de macrófitas. Resultados Nós amostramos 10 espécies emergentes e quatro espécies flutuantes-livres de macrófitas aquáticas. As espécies com maiores valores de importância foram as espécies ruderais e invasoras (Salvinia auriculata e Eichhornia crassipes). A distância da margem alterou a assembleia de macrófitas e apresentou efeito negativo na riqueza de espécies. Conclusões A assembleia estudada apresentou poucas espécies, sendo algumas muito dominantes. Essa dominância reflete a antropização desses habitats. Além disso, a composição e diversidade das espécies são modificadas no sentido de que as espécies emergentes e flutuantes livres co-ocorrem nas parcelas das margens, mas apenas as flutuantes livres ocorrem em parcelas mais distantes da margem.

Abstract: Aim Evaluate the structure of the aquatic macrophytes assembly of the Jacarecica II Dam, Areia Branca, Sergipe, and verify if distance from the margin is a driver for species richness, and composition in this environment. Methods We settled transects where we plotted quadrats and subplots. The transects were perpendicular in relation to the reservoir margin, and the first quadrat was placed on the margin with the four following ones completely over the water surface. We estimated cover area for each macrophyte species in each quadrat. Each species was also classified according to its life form. We calculated community indexes and tested the influence of the distance from the margin on the structure of macrophyte assemblies. Results We sampled 10 emergent and four free-floating species, resulting in a richness of 14 species. The species with higher importance value were weedy and ruderal species (Salvinia auriculata and Eichhornia crassipes). The distance to the margin caused changes in macrophyte assembly and presented negative relation with species richness. Conclusions The studied assembly presents few species, with some presenting great dominance. This dominance reflects the anthropization of these habitats. Besides, the species composition and richness are modified in the sense that emergent and free-floating species co-occur in marginal quadrats, but only free-floating species occur in quadrats that are in areas that are more distant from the reservoir margin.

Resumo As interações entre fungos endofíticos (FEs) e suas plantas hospedeiras variam de positivas, neutras a negativas. Os resultados destas interações podem variar dependendo do órgão da planta hospedeira infectada. FEs isolados de folhas de algumas espécies de plantas têm potencial para serem usados como agentes inibidores da germinação de sementes e no controle de plantas invasoras. Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar os FEs presentes nas folhas de Copaifera oblongifolia e avaliar o papel destes fungos na germinação das sementes e no desenvolvimento das plântulas. Um total de 11 espécies de FEs foi isolado das folhas de C. oblongifolia e identificado através da sequência dos espaçadores internos transcritos do DNA ribossomal nuclear. As espécies de FEs isoladas são generalistas e provavelmente devem ser transmitidas horizontalmente. Os resultados dos testes de germinação mostraram que filtrados destes isolados fúngicos podem afetar diferentemente a germinação das sementes e o desenvolvimento das plântulas de C. oblongifolia. As espécies Curvularia intermedia, Neofusicoccum parvum, Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum e Phomopsis sp. afetaram negativamente a germinação das sementes de C. oblongifolia. Dentre estas espécies devemos destacar que N. parvum reduziu a germinação e a sobrevivência das plântulas em 89 e 222%, respectivamente. Além disso, Cochiliobolus intermedius afetou negativamente o desenvolvimento das plântulas. Assim, o uso combinado de N. parvum e C. intermedius, ou de produtos do metabolismo destas espécies de fungos, têm potencial para serem usados no manejo de plantas invasoras.

Abstract Interactions between endophytic fungi (EFs) and their host plants range from positive to neutral to negative. The results of such interactions can vary depending on the organ of the infected host plant. EFs isolated from the leaves of some species of plants have potential for use as agents to inhibit seed germination and control invasive plants. The objectives of this study were to identify EFs present in the leaves of Copaifera oblongifolia and to evaluate the role of these fungi in seed germination and seedling development. A total of 11 species of EFs were isolated, which were identified using the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) sequence of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The isolated species of EFs are generalists and probably are transmitted horizontally. Laboratory tests revealed that filtrates of these fungal isolates differently affect seed germination and seedling development of C. oblongifolia. The species Curvularia intermedia, Neofusicoccum parvum, Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum and Phomopsis sp. negatively affected seed germination, with N. parvum standing out for its negative effects, inhibiting seedling germination and survival in 89 and 222%, respectively. In addition, Cochliobolus intermedius negatively affected seedling development. Thus, the combined use of N. parvum and C. intermedius, or products from the metabolism of these microorganisms, in the control of invasive plants deserves attention from future studies.

Resumo Neste estudo é apresentado um acompanhamento de quatro anos de uma população de Physa acuta Draparnaud, 1805, desde os estágios iniciais da introdução até seu pleno estabelecimento. Esta introdução ocorreu em um pequeno riacho impactado da Vila do Abraão, o principal vilarejo da Ilha Grande (Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil). A população cresceu durante o estudo, e apresentou uma relação com os fatores ambientais, especialmente a pluviosidade. Nos estágios iniciais de introdução prevaleceram os exemplares menores, contudo no panorama geral, predominaram as classes de tamanho intermediárias. Em menos de um ano de introdução, P. acuta se estabeleceu neste riacho, e possivelmente está afetando as demais espécies encontradas no rio. A informação apresentada aqui é importante para a compreensão do processo de invasão de moluscos invasores no Brasil, assim como no direcionamento de esforços de conservação.

Abstract This study presents a four-year follow-up of an introduced population of Physa acuta Draparnaud, 1805, from initial stages to an established population. This introduction occurred on a small impacted stream of Vila do Abraão, the main village of Ilha Grande (Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). The population size increased during the study, and presented a relationship to environmental factors, especially with rainfall. On the initial stages of introduction prevailed the smaller specimens, but on the overall, predominated the intermediate size classes. After less than a year, P. acuta becomes established on this stream and was possibly affecting the other species found on the stream. The information presented here is useful to understand the invasion process of invasive snails, as well as directing conservation efforts.

Resumo A medicina tradicional é mais barata e facilmente disponível à população local para cuidar das doenças mais frequentes nas áreas do norte do Paquistão. Nosso estudo teve como objetivo inventariar medicamentos de plantas locais, documentar seus usos e avaliar seu valor de mercado em 2015-2018 durante as temporadas de primavera, verão e inverno. Foram feitas 15 viagens, 5 em cada temporada. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 165 moradores na faixa etária de 20 a 80 anos, com dados analisados por meio de frequência relativa de citação (RFC), valor de uso (UV), nível de fidelidade (FL), fator de consenso de informantes (CIF), e o índice de Jaccard (JI) para encontrar as espécies utilizadas mais frequentes e conhecidas na área. Um total de 86 espécies pertencentes a 39 famílias de plantas vasculares, 33 gêneros foram documentados como medicamente importantes. A família Asteraceae foi observada como a família dominante entre todas as famílias com 10 espécies, a folha foi a parte mais utilizada e a decocção 36% foi o tipo de preparação mais preferido. A erva foi a forma de vida predominante (67%). O UV máximo (0,92) foi demonstrado pelas espécies de J. adhatoda L., enquanto A. sativum L. mostra RFC máximo (0,58), o maior valor de ICF representado por diarreia e dermatite 0,92, e alto valor de FL é registrado 100%. De acordo com nossas coleções, as espécies selvagens foram 45%, as espécies invasoras 38% e as cultivadas 17% registradas, as espécies dicotiledôneas foram registradas mais 81%. Sete espécies medicinais estão sendo economicamente importantes e exportadas para o mercado local e internacional do mundo, enquanto as espécies de P. integrima L. foram as espécies mais exportadas de acordo com os comerciantes locais. A área investigada é rural e a população local depende das plantas da área para suas necessidades de saúde e outros usos como vegetal, lenha, forragem etc. O resultado atual de RFC, UV, ICF, FL e JI mostra que a flora medicinal precisa ser investigada farmacológica e fitoquimicamente para comprovar sua eficácia. A documentação do conhecimento medicinal é importante para preservar esse precioso conhecimento antigo antes que se perca para sempre, devido às mudanças tecnológicas e ambientais do mundo.

Abstract Traditional medicine is cheaper and easily available to local people, to care for most frequent diseases in the Northern parts of Pakistan. Our study aimed at inventorying medicine from local plants, documenting their uses, and assessing their market value in 2015-2018 during spring, summer, and winter seasons. A total of 15 trips were made, 5 in each season. Semi-structured interviews with 165 inhabitant’s age range between 20-80 years were conducted, analyzed the data is analyzed using Relative frequency of citation(RFC), Use Value(UV), Fidelity Level(FL), Informants consensus factor(ICF), and Jaccard index(JI) to find the most frequent and well-known used species in the area. A total of 86 species belonging to 39 vascular plant families, 33 genera were documented as medicinally important. Family Asteraceae was observed as the dominant family among all the families with 10 species, the leaf was the most used parts and decoction 36% was the most preferred preparation type. Herb was the predominant life form (67%). The maximum UV (0.92) was demonstrated by J. adhatoda L. species, while A. sativum L. shows maximum RFC (0.58), the highest ICF value represented by diarrhea and dermatitis 0.92, and high FL value is recorded 100%. According to our collections, wild species were 45%, invasive species were 38% and cultivated 17% recorded, dicots species were recorded more 81%. Seven 7 medicinal species is being economically important and export to the local and international market of the world, whereas P. integrima L. species were the most exported species according to the local dealers. The investigated area is rural and the local people depend on the area's plants for their health needs, and other uses like a vegetable, fuelwood, fodder, etc. The current result of RFC, UV, ICF, FL, and JI shows that medicinal flora needs to be pharmacologically and phytochemically investigated to prove their efficacy. The documentation of medicinal knowledge is important to preserve this precious old knowledge before it is lost forever, due to technological and environmental changes in the world.

ABSTRACT The widely distributed species, Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin, 1922, is recorded for the first time from Costa Rica and Venezuela, and new occurrences from Brazil and Colombia are presented. Morphology of spermathecae from 14 localities is compared and illustrated. The need for studies to evaluate the potential status as an invasive species of S. portoricensis is commented on and a distribution map of the species in southern Central America and South America is given.

RESUMEN La especie exótica Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin, 1922 (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae): disminución del déficit de Wallace en el Nuevo Mundo. La especie de amplia distribución Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin, 1922 se registra por primera vez en Costa Rica y Venezuela, y se presentan nuevas ocurrencias en Brasil y Colombia. Se compara e ilustra la morfología de las espermatecas de especímenes provenientes de 14 localidades. Se comenta la necesidad de realizar estudios para evaluar el estatus potencial de S. portoricensis como especie invasora y se presenta un mapa de distribución de la especie en el sur de Centroamérica y Sudamérica.

Abstract Domestic cats and dogs are the most beloved human pets. As a result, they have become globally invasive species and are the most abundant carnivores in the world. Although they have a good relationship with humans, domestic cats and dogs have a negative ecological impact with significant consequences for conservation policies worldwide. The effects of these animals on wildlife have been studied only in a few countries, with most studies carried out in countries or regions with low vertebrate biodiversity (USA, New Zealand, and Europe). Except for a few studies carried out in Australia, Brazil and Mexico, we have no information on the effects of these predators in megadiverse countries. The main negative environmental effects of both species include predation of vertebrates and invertebrates, competition for food and space with native fauna, hybridization with phylogenetically close species or wild populations of their species, and transmission of diseases to wildlife and humans. The lack of information on the effects that introduced predators have at continental scales and the false perception of the human population that cats and dogs do not adverse impacts on the environment difficult their management and control. It is crucial to increase the number of studies of these two species in megadiverse countries to propose adequate management strategies that promote the conservation of native fauna.

Resumen Los gatos y perros domésticos son las mascotas preferidas del hombre, por lo que se han convertido en especies invasoras y los carnívoros más abundantes del planeta. A pesar de su buena relación con nuestra especie, tienen un impacto ecológico negativo con consecuencias para las políticas de conservación. Los efectos que estos animales tienen sobre la fauna silvestre han sido estudiados principalmente en países con baja biodiversidad de vertebrados (EUA, Nueva Zelanda y Europa), y salvo por algunos trabajos realizados en Australia, Brasil, y México, no contamos con información sobre sus efectos en países con alta biodiversidad. Los efectos negativos que ambas especies tienen sobre la biodiversidad incluyen la depredación y competencia con fauna nativa, su hibridación con especies filogenéticamente cercanas o poblaciones silvestres de su propia especie, y la transmisión de enfermedades a la fauna silvestre y a los humanos. La falta de información sobre los efectos de depredadores introducidos a nivel continental y la falsa idea de que los gatos y perros son ambientalmente inocuos, vuelve crucial aumentar la investigación sobre estas especies en países megadiversos para proponer estrategias de manejo que fomenten la conservación de fauna nativa.

Abstract The introduction of invasive alien species (IAS) is among the leading causes of biodiversity loss in the world. The arrival of these species causes several imbalances in the natural environment. The establishment of these species depends on their transport, entry, adaptive success, and interactions in the environment. This work aims to present 12 species of exotic invasive fish that occur in natural environments in Brazil in the form of a booklet and to discuss some aspects inherent to legislation changes related to the cultivation of these species. The target audience of this study is mainly fish farmers, fishermen, riverside dwellers, assistance technicians, schools, environmental departments, and rural communities. The list had as a criterion the selection of species that are raised in fish farming stations and that already have records of occurrence in natural ecosystems in the country. These are exotic species introduced (from other countries) and with high invasive potential in Brazilian continental waters. To compose the list of these species, national and international studies that discuss the subject were sought, the following species being selected: Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Cyprinus carpio, Oreochromis niloticus, Coptodon Rendalli, Oreochromis mossambicus, Oreochromis macrochir, Clarias gariepinus, Ictalurus punctatus, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Micropterus salmoides. In addition to presenting the impacts of invasive alien species on native ichthyofauna, this material will help disseminate technical information and may also be an aid to guide public policy decision making and awareness.

Resumo A introdução de espécies exóticas invasoras (EEI) está entre as principais causas de perda da biodiversidade no mundo. A chegada dessas espécies provoca vários desequilíbrios no meio natural. O estabelecimento destas espécies depende do transporte, entrada, sucesso adaptativo e interações no ambiente. Este trabalho tem como propósito apresentar 12 espécies de peixes exóticos invasores que ocorrem em ambientes naturais no Brasil na forma de cartilha e discorrer sobre alguns aspectos inerentes as mudanças na legislação em relação ao cultivo destas espécies. O público-alvo desta cartilha são principalmente piscicultores, pescadores, ribeirinhos, técnicos assistencialistas, escolas, secretarias de meio ambiente e a comunidade rural. A lista de teve como critério a seleção de espécies que são criadas em estações de piscicultura e que já possuem registros de ocorrência em ecossistemas naturais do país. Sendo estas, espécies exóticas introduzidas (vindas de outros países) e com alto potencial invasor em águas continentais brasileiras. Para compor a relação destas, foram buscados trabalhos nacionais e internacionais que discorre sobre o tema, sendo selecionadas as seguintes espécies: Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Cyprinus carpio, Oreochromis niloticus, Coptodon rendalli, Oreochromis mossambicus, Oreochromis macrochir, Clarias gariepinus, Ictalurus punctatus, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Micropterus salmoides. Além disso, são apresentados os impactos das espécies exóticas invasoras sobre a ictiofauna nativa, o que ajudará na divulgação de informações técnicas e poderá ser também um auxiliar para nortear tomadas de decisões de políticas públicas e conscientização.