Abstract This article explores the impact of the gastronomic boom on gentrification processes in Lima, Peru, during the last two decades. It is an ethnographic study conducted in 2012, 2014, and 2016 in the Santa Cruz housing development, which used to be a working-class neighborhood located in the Miraflores district. The central focus is the analysis of the personal narratives of change and belonging of residents, workers, and visitors, supported by photographic practice. In particular, it is based on the experience of Carlos, a young actor who after living several years in London returns to Peru to start a business and, taking advantage of competitive prices in Santa Cruz, opens a gourmet bakery in the neighborhood. Using the notion of “cosmopolitan imagination,” we show the different ways in which Carlos recontextualizes his experience in London in the specificity of La Mar, negotiating the limits, meanings and values of the places, people, and cultural practices that arise from inhabiting this space of change. Ultimately, Carlos’s bakery becomes a meeting point for linking or negotiating different strategies and experiences of belonging to the area, materializing power dynamics that emerge inside and outside the business, thus shaping the commodification of Santa Cruz.

Resumen En el presente artículo se explora el impacto del auge gastronómico en los procesos de gentrificación en Lima, Perú, durante las últimas dos décadas. Se trata de una investigación etnográfica realizada en 2012, 2014 y 2016 en la urbanización de Santa Cruz, que solía ser un barrio obrero ubicado en el distrito Miraflores. El enfoque central es el análisis de las narrativas personales de cambio y pertenencia de las personas residentes, trabajadoras y visitantes de la zona, apoyado en la práctica fotográfica. Se basa en la experiencia de Carlos, un joven actor que después de vivir varios años en Londres regresa al Perú para emprender y tomando ventaja de los precios competitivos en Santa Cruz, abre una panadería gourmet en el barrio. A partir de la idea de “imaginación cosmopolita”, se muestran las distintas formas en las que Carlos recontextualiza su experiencia en Londres en la especificidad de La Mar, negociando los límites, significados y valores de los lugares, personas y prácticas culturales que surgen al habitar este espacio de cambio. Finalmente, la panadería de Carlos se transforma en un punto de encuentro para vincular o negociar distintas estrategias y experiencias de pertenencia a la zona, materializando dinámicas de poder que emergen dentro y fuera del negocio, marcando así la mercantilización de Santa Cruz.

Abstract The text analyzes the men and women who purchased a ship ticket to sail the Atlantic and the Pacific and disembark in the Mexican ports of Matamoros, Tampico, Veracruz, Campeche, Guaymas, Mazatlan, San Blas and Acapulco in the period of 1822-1870. The article posits that the passengers were heterogeneous both in their origins and in their composition. It emphasizes that the travellers were foreigners, mostly, and Mexicans, and did not belong exclusively to the mercantile or diplomatic sector. Serial and quantitative methods are used to detect trends and go beyond individual cases. The National General Archive of Mexico and the 19th century press are the primary sources. It concludes that Mexico was a cosmopolitan country that maintained contact with various corners of the world and that it is feasible to offer an overview of the flow of passengers that crossed the Mexican maritime borders in the 19th century.

Resumen El texto analiza a hombres y mujeres que adquirieron un boleto para navegar por el Atlántico y el Pacífico y desembarcar en los puertos mexicanos de Matamoros, Tampico, Veracruz, Campeche, Guaymas, Mazatlán, San Blas y Acapulco en el periodo de 1822-1870. Se argumenta que los pasajeros eran heterogéneos tanto en sus orígenes como en su composición. Se enfatiza que éstos eran extranjeros, en su mayoría, y mexicanos, y no pertenecieron exclusivamente al sector mercantil o diplomático. Se utilizan métodos seriales y cuantitativos para detectar tendencias e ir más allá de los casos particulares. El Archivo General de la Nación de México y la prensa decimonónica son las fuentes primarias. Se concluye que México era un país cosmopolita que mantuvo contacto con diversos rincones del mundo y que es factible ofrecer un panorama general del flujo de pasajeros que traspasaron las fronteras marítimas mexicanas en el siglo XIX.

ABSTRACT This article develops key elements to consider that, despite cosmopolitan theoretical debates being determined by a Eurocentric conceptualization, there is a Latin American intellectual tradition that has innovatively advocated for cosmopolitanism as an essential political practice for the modern world. To develop the analysis of how the cosmopolitan imaginary was formed and transformed in Latin America over the two hundred years since the colonial emancipation process, two specific historical moments will be discussed, as well as the main intellectual traditions we identify regarding cosmopolitanism. The first moment to be discussed is the formation of nation-states (19th century). In a second moment, the discussion on the "racial" and postcolonial issue that emerged in Latin America during the 20th century is analyzed. Although it is correct to say that the historical path outlined does not cover all the defining moments and thoughts of the cosmopolitan imaginary in the region, we nonetheless offer a synthesis capable of supporting the argument about the process of historical conceptual development of the cosmopolitan imaginary in Latin America.

RESUMEN En este artículo se desarrollan elementos claves para pensar que, a pesar de que los debates teóricos cosmopolitas han sido determinados por una conceptualización eurocéntrica, existe una tradición intelectual latinoamericana que de manera renovadora ha abogado por el cosmopolitismo como práctica política esencial para el mundo moderno. Para desarrollar el análisis sobre cómo se formó y transformó el imaginario cosmopolita en América Latina en los doscientos años transcurridos desde el proceso de emancipación colonial, se discutirán dos momentos históricos específicos, así como las principales tradiciones intelectuales que identificamos con respecto del cosmopolitismo. El primer momento que será discutido es el de la formación de los estados nacionales (siglo XIX). En un segundo momento, se toma como objeto de análisis la discusión sobre la «cuestión racial» y poscolonial que emergieron en América Latina durante el siglo XX. Aunque sea correcto decir que el sendero histórico trazado no alcanza a abarcar todos los momentos y pensamientos definidores del imaginario cosmopolita en la región, sin embargo, ofrecemos una síntesis que es capaz de sostener el argumento sobre el proceso de desarrollo histórico conceptual del imaginario cosmopolita en América Latina.

ABSTRACT Under the conjecture that embodied people draw expectations of emancipation on the basis of a certain historical horizon, this work investigates the limits and pressures that the current conditions of existence imprint on the political imagination of those who inhabit the south of the planet, at a time of increase in inequalities between human beings and aggression against the nature that we are and in which we live. This work traces, from a situated and feminist perspective, some significant temporal milestones because these marks in time account made possible a cosmopolitan horizon, in which we can take notice that the world with which we stay, in which we live, is one. Under the sign of the French Revolution, Kant constructed the idea of a cosmopolitan government and imagined a norm for regulating relations between states that would enable a hospitality capable of welcoming the stranger as a full subject of law. Under the imprint of 1848 (and also of 1871) Marx projected, from the terrain of history and class struggle, the possibility of an emancipation that could be international. The world today shows a desolate panorama: the globalization of the world with its aftermath of reification and commodification of nature, with the bet on war in its different versions as a way out of the capitalist crisis, with fierce competition for what has become scarce: fuel, land, water, seeds. Cosmopolitanism, as an ethical and political imperative, invites us to take on the challenge implied by the impossibility of reproducing life on the planet under the current conditions of capitalist globalization. The cosmopolitan horizon can no longer be the realm of abstract freedom, but that of the assumption of the determinations of the realm of necessity: dependence on the nature that we are and in which we live, the importance of the body, the need for food, affection, care that human been can only satisfy in community.

RESUMEN Bajo la conjetura de que las personas encarnadas dibujan las expectativas de emancipación sobre la base de un cierto horizonte histórico, este trabajo indaga por los límites y las presiones que las actuales condiciones de existencia imprimen sobre la imaginación política de quienes habitamos al sur del planeta, en un momento de aumento de las desigualdades entre seres humanos y de brutal agresión sobre la naturaleza que somos y en la cual vivimos. Este trabajo recorre, desde una perspectiva ubicada y feminista, algunos hitos temporales significativos pues esas marcas en el tiempo dan cuenta de momentos que hicieron posible un horizonte cosmopolita, en los cuales se pudo advertir hasta qué punto el mundo con el que nos hallamos, en el que vivimos, es uno. Bajo el signo de la Revolución francesa, Kant construyó la idea de un gobierno cosmopolita e imaginó una norma de regulación de las relaciones entre los Estados que habilitara una hospitalidad capaz de acoger al extranjero como sujeto pleno de derecho. Bajo la impronta de 1848 (y también de 1871) Marx proyectaba, desde el terreno de la historia y de la lucha de clases, la posibilidad de una emancipación que no podía sino ser internacional. El mundo muestra hoy un panorama desolador: la globalización del mundo con sus secuelas de cosificación y mercantilización de la naturaleza, con la apuesta a la guerra en sus distintas versiones como salida a la crisis capitalista, con la competencia feroz por lo que ha devenido escaso: los combustibles, la tierra, el agua, las semillas. El cosmopolitismo, como imperativo ético y político, nos invita a asumir el desafío que implica la imposibilidad de reproducción de la vida en el planeta bajo las actuales condiciones de globalización capitalista. El horizonte cosmopolita ya no puede ser el reino de la libertad abstracta, sino el de la asunción de las determinaciones del reino de la necesidad: la dependencia de la naturaleza que somos y en la cual vivimos, la importancia del cuerpo, la necesidad de alimento, afecto, cuidado que las personas solo podemos satisfacer en comunidad.

ABSTRACT The Portuguese intellectual António Sérgio (1883-1969) stood out for his cosmopolitan interpretation of Portuguese history, opposing attempts to instrumentalize history in a nationalist way, particularly those who saw Expansion as a virtuous collective action. This article analyzes the beginning of his interpretative work by revisiting the polemic with Jaime Cortesão (circa 1910), to show how Sérgio’s cosmopolitan path favored the incorporation of critical inspirations from authors of other nationalities, especially his contemporary Brazilian intellectuals, who opposed racial determinism, mixing, like him, pedagogical concerns with those of historical understanding, as well as believing that national ills, largely common because history is common, could be solved through education. These concerns were part of an organicist mindset, tinged with liberal and socialist ideals, the sociological dimension of which we have highlighted. 18831969 1883 1969 (1883-1969 way action circa 1910, 1910 , 1910) Sérgios s nationalities intellectuals determinism mixing him understanding ills education mindset ideals highlighted 1883196 188 196 (1883-196 191 188319 18 19 (1883-19 18831 1 (1883-1 (1883- (1883 (188 (18 (1 (

RESUMO O intelectual português António Sérgio (1883-1969) destacou-se pela sua interpretação cosmopolita da história de Portugal, se contrapondo às tentativas de instrumentalização nacionalista da história, em particular daquelas que viam na Expansão uma ação coletiva virtuosa. O presente artigo analisa o início desse seu trabalho interpretativo revisitando a polêmica com Jaime Cortesão (circa 1910), para mostrar como o próprio percurso cosmopolita de Sérgio favoreceu a incorporação de inspirações críticas de autores de outras nacionalidades, sobretudo intelectuais brasileiros seus contemporâneos, os quais se opunham ao determinismo rácico, misturando, como ele, as preocupações pedagógicas com as da compreensão histórica, assim como acreditando que os males nacionais, em boa parte comuns por comum ser a história, se resolveriam pela educação. Essas preocupações inscreviam-se num pensamento de matriz organicista, tingida de ideais liberais e socialistas, cuja dimensão sociológica relevamos. 18831969 1883 1969 (1883-1969 destacouse destacou Portugal virtuosa circa 1910, 1910 , 1910) nacionalidades contemporâneos rácico misturando ele histórica nacionais educação inscreviamse inscreviam organicista socialistas relevamos 1883196 188 196 (1883-196 191 188319 18 19 (1883-19 18831 1 (1883-1 (1883- (1883 (188 (18 (1 (

ABSTRACT Symbiotic relationships are associations where two or more species live closely associated, including parasitism, phoresis, mutualism, and others. In mites, one of the most common associations occurs between larvae of Leptus (Erythraeidae), a cosmopolitan genus that parasitizes several groups of arthropods. However, in Brazil, these reports are scarce. In the present study, we recorded the number of ectoparasitic erythraeid mite larvae of the genus Leptus found associated to Opiliones of the species Gonyleptes fragilis Mello-Leitão, 1923 (Gonyleptidae) in an Atlantic Forest fragment (Cubatão, São Paulo, Brazil), collected over one year, between the four seasons. We recorded 405 mite larvae associated with 152 opilionid individuals. The intensity and prevalence of mite’s infection, seasonal variation, mite’s preference for body parts and host sex were the parameters used to determine host-parasite relationship. Mean infestation intensity (number of mites per individual) ranged from 0.3 to 11.3 with maximum observed intensity of 20 mites/individual. There was no sexual host preference and regarding seasonality, there were differences between infestation intensity and season with infestation being higher in summer compared to the other seasons. As for location, most mites were found in the median region of the dorsal shield, near the median frame of area III and IV. This study provides the first description of annual and seasonal variation in mite infestation on Opiliones in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. parasitism phoresis mutualism others Erythraeidae, Erythraeidae , (Erythraeidae) arthropods However Brazil scarce MelloLeitão, MelloLeitão Mello Leitão, Leitão Mello-Leitão 192 Gonyleptidae (Gonyleptidae Cubatão, Cubatão (Cubatão Paulo Brazil) year seasons 40 15 individuals s infection hostparasite parasite relationship individual 03 0 3 0. 113 11 11. 2 mitesindividual mites/individual seasonality location shield IV (Erythraeidae 19 4 1

RESUMO Relações simbióticas são associações onde duas ou mais espécies vivem intimamente associadas, incluindo parasitismo, forese, mutualismo e outros. Em ácaros, uma das associações mais comuns ocorre entre larvas de Leptus (Erythraeidae), gênero cosmopolita que parasita diversos grupos de artrópodes. No entanto, no Brasil, esses relatos são escassos. No presente estudo, registramos o número de larvas ectoparasitas de ácaros eritreídeos do gênero Leptus encontradas associadas a opiliões da espécie Gonyleptes fragilis Mello-Leitão, 1923 (Gonyleptidae) em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica (Cubatão, São Paulo, Brasil), coletadas ao longo de um ano, entre as quatro estações. Registramos 405 larvas de ácaros associadas a 152 indivíduos de opiliões. A intensidade e prevalência da infecção do ácaro, variação sazonal, preferência do ácaro por partes do corpo e sexo do hospedeiro foram os parâmetros usados para determinar a relação parasita-hospedeiro. A intensidade média de infestação (número de ácaros por indivíduo) variou de 0,3 a 11,3 com intensidade máxima observada de 20 ácaros/indivíduo. Não houve preferência sexual do hospedeiro e quanto à sazonalidade, houve diferenças entre intensidade de infestação e estação do ano, sendo a infestação maior no verão em relação às outras estações. Quanto à localização, a maioria dos ácaros foi encontrada na região mediana do escudo dorsal, próximo à região mediana das áreas III e IV. Este estudo fornece a primeira descrição da variação anual e sazonal na infestação de ácaros em opiliões na Mata Atlântica brasileira. parasitismo forese outros Erythraeidae, Erythraeidae , (Erythraeidae) artrópodes entanto Brasil escassos MelloLeitão, MelloLeitão Mello Leitão, Leitão Mello-Leitão 192 Gonyleptidae (Gonyleptidae Cubatão, Cubatão (Cubatão Paulo Brasil) ano estações 40 15 parasitahospedeiro. parasitahospedeiro hospedeiro. parasita-hospedeiro indivíduo 03 0 3 0, 113 11 11, 2 ácarosindivíduo ácaros/indivíduo sazonalidade localização dorsal IV brasileira (Erythraeidae 19 4 1

RESUMO Plantas com capacidade de submersão contínua ou periódica, pelo menos do sistema radicular, são consideradas aquáticas ou palustres. Parte dessas plantas pertence a Solanaceae, uma família de distribuição cosmopolita, com aproximadamente 97 gêneros e 2700 espécies, das quais, uma minoria encontra-se em ambientes sazonalmente inundados. Este trabalho objetivou realizar um levantamento e apresentar um tratamento taxonômico de espécies de Solanaceae ocorrentes em ambientes aquáticos e palustres no Recôncavo da Bahia. O material botânico foi coletado entre 2009 e 2023. Foram registradas 14 espécies distribuídas em cinco gêneros. São fornecidos ilustrações e comentários sobre as características diagnósticas, bem como mapa de distribuição na área de estudo. Solanum, o gênero mais diverso da família, é o mais representativo na área de estudo. Os dados obtidos até o momento, são muito importantes para elaborar estratégias de conservação destes ambientes e contribuir para a taxonomia dos grupos presentes nesses ecossistemas de água doce. periódica radicular cosmopolita 9 270 quais encontrase encontra se inundados Bahia 200 2023 1 diagnósticas estudo Solanum momento doce 27 20 202 2

ABSTRACT Plants with continuous or periodic submersion capacity, of at least the root system, are considered aquatic or marsh. Part of these plants are within Solanaceae, a family of cosmopolitan distribution, with about 97 genera and 2700 species, of which, a minority are found in seasonally flooded environments. This work aimed to carry out a survey and present a taxonomic treatment of Solanaceae species of aquatic and marsh environments in Recôncavo of Bahia. Plant material was collected between 2009 and 2023. Fourteen species distributed in five genera were registered. Illustrations and comments about the diagnostic characters are provided, as well as distribution maps on the study area. Solanum, as the most diversified genus in the family, is the richest genus in the study area. The data obtained until now is very important to elaborate conservation strategies of these environments and contribute to the taxonomy of groups present in these freshwater ecosystems. capacity system 9 270 which Bahia 200 2023 registered provided area Solanum ecosystems 27 20 202 2

Abstract: This research analyzes the project of the Cuban government to globally consolidate a cosmopolitan influence in the First and Third World, using popular music, particularly protest music, as a tool for disseminating political and social ideas. Through its cultural institution, Casa de las Américas, in 1967, this institution organized El Encuentro de la Canción Protesta, a world meeting in Cuba with musicians from Asia, United States, Latin America, Europe, and Africa. The purpose of this event was to encourage the musicians who attended the meeting to approach the revolutionary potential of popular music. After this international meeting, they set out to create a repertoire, that is, a collection of songs that were shared, acquired, and adapted into various languages while retaining their sounds of folkloric origin. This event consolidated a global market for left-wing music and set up a solidarity network of musicians who defended the role of popular music as a revolutionary weapon.

Resumen: Esta investigación analiza el proyecto del gobierno cubano por consolidar globalmente una influencia cosmopolita en el primer y el tercer mundo, utilizando la música popular, particularmente de protesta, como una herramienta de difusión de ideas políticas y sociales. A través de su institución cultural, Casa de las Américas, en 1967, se organizó “El Encuentro de la Canción Protesta”, un encuentro mundial en Cuba con músicos de Asia, Estados Unidos, América Latina, Europa y África. Este evento tuvo como objetivo impulsar a los músicos que asistieron al Encuentro a definir el potencial revolucionario de la música popular. Después de esta reunión internacional, se propusieron crear un repertorio, es decir, un conjunto de canciones que se intercambiaron, aprendieron y tradujeron a una variedad de idiomas, pero que conservaron sus sonoridades de origen folclórico. Este evento consolidó un mercado global de música de izquierda y, también, configuró una red de solidaridad de músicos que defendían el rol de música popular como un arma revolucionaria.

Resumen Este trabajo analiza la posición de la educación y el Estado en la filosofía práctica de Immanuel Kant, para quien la educación se establece como la tarea esencial de la humanidad, no en vano señaló que, “el hombre puede considerar cómo los descubrimientos más difíciles, el arte del gobierno y el arte de la educación”, que es con la cual inicia el proceso por el cual el ser humano se hace humano a saber; el de la civilización y la cultura, elementos intrínsecos en la esfera de la educación que es la base del desarrollo de las personas en particular, y de la humanidad en general, por lo cual las tesis sobre educación en el texto de la pedagogía deben ser revisadas, sugiriendo que el proyecto educativo cosmopolita es la mejor vía para propiciar una educación que tienda al bien universal. Sin embargo, para que la propuesta kantiana sea impulsada desde las instituciones educativas, se requiere replantear la tarea y función no solo de los padres, sino también del Estado en la esfera educativa y orientarla según los parámetros del cosmopolitismo, una filosofía que se ofrece como un deber ineludible y como una necesidad social generalizada. La definición de educación cosmopolita se presenta como un método de crecimiento humano que posibilita la identificación de seres con personalidad moral y jurídica en cada uno de nosotros.

Abstract This paper analyzes the role of education in the practical philosophy of Immanuel The present work analyzes the position of education and the state in the practical philosophy of Immanuel Kant, for whom education is established as the essential task of humanity, not in vain he pointed out that, that man can consider as the discoveries more difficult the art of government, and the art of education, which is with which the process by which the human being becomes human begins; that of civilization and culture, intrinsic elements in the sphere of education; which is the basis of the development of people in particular, and of humanity in general, for which the theses on education in the text of pedagogy must be reviewed, which suggests that the cosmopolitan educational project is the best way to promote an education that tends towards the universal good. However, in order for the Kantian proposal to be promoted from educational institutions, it is necessary to reconsider the task and function not only of parents, but also of the State in the educational sphere and guide it according to the parameters of cosmopolitanism, a philosophy that is both offered as an unavoidable duty and as a pervasive social need. The definition of cosmopolitan education is presented as a method of human growth that enables the identification of beings with moral and legal personality in each of us.

Resumen Romina Paula es una de las jóvenes autoras de la literatura argentina contemporánea que, en su novela Agosto, cuenta la historia de una mujer que realiza un breve viaje desde Buenos Aires hasta Esquel, la ciudad en la que nació y creció. El objeto de este estudio es analizar la novela de Paula, considerada experimental, como una obra posmoderna, dado que su estructura y estilo permiten pensarla en el contexto de la posmodernidad. En la novela, que consta de textos cortos a modo de carta, la secuencia de oraciones y grupos de palabras, así como la repetición de ciertas expresiones similares, se valoran como características posmodernas. Además, su protagonista, Emilia, tiene rasgos para ser examinada como un individuo posmoderno. Esta mujer, al salir de su pequeña ciudad y tratar de encontrar su propia existencia en la heterogénea multitud de la cosmopolita Buenos Aires, arroja luz sobre el aspecto inestable, resbaladizo, variable y versátil del mundo posmoderno, con sus vacilaciones e incertidumbres. Se observa, entonces, la existencia de una alienación posmoderna en la protagonista hacia sí misma y hacia su entorno, una vez que duda entre irse o quedarse. Con pensamientos desorganizados, inquietos y volátiles, Emilia es retratada por la escritora Romina Paula como una persona viajera, al mismo tiempo que se percibe una especie de estado de marea del que goza en el sentido espiritual. Por ende, en este estudio se argumenta la idea de que las situaciones en las que el individuo no puede sentir pertenencia social, y, por lo tanto, se aliena de la sociedad, son las que conducen a considerar esta novela como posmoderna, teniendo en cuenta la estructura, el estilo y la forma de manejar al individuo.

Abstract Romina Paula, one of the young authors of contemporary argentine literature, in her novel Agosto, tells the story of a woman in her short journey from Buenos Aires to Esquel, the town where she was born and raised. In this study, Paula’s novel, which can be considered experimental, has been analyzed as a postmodern work. The structure and style of the novel allows it to be thought within the context of postmodernism. In the novel, which consists of short texts in the style of letters, the sequence of sentences and word groups and the repetition of certain expressions in similar ways is considered as a postmodern feature. In addition, Emilia, the protagonist of the novel, has features in order to be examined as a postmodern individual. Leaving her little town and trying to find her own existence in the heterogeneous crowd of the cosmopolitan city Buenos Aires, the young woman sheds light on the unstable, slippery, variable and versatile aspect of the postmodern world with her hesitations and uncertainty. It is observed that there is a postmodern alienation towards both herself and her surroundings in the young woman who hesitates between leaving and staying. While Emilia is created by the author Romina Paula as a traveling individual with her disorganized, restless and volatile thoughts, it is seen that there is actually a tidal state in the spiritual sense. In the study, it is argued that this novel, in which it becomes clear that the individual cannot feel belonging and is alienated in this way, is a postmodern work in terms of both its structure, style and the way it handles the individual.

Abstract: This article explores the tensions between different conceptions of “citizenship.” On the one hand, we point out the virtues and limitations of cosmopolitan citizenship in the terms in which Seyla Benhabib understands it in The Right of Others…; on the other hand, we delve into another notion of citizenship, namely, the localist, in a version that could be at odds with some cosmopolitan values, that is, localism as understood by some Mexican autonomous communities, particularly the Zapatistas. Although Benhabib’s cosmopolitan federalism is inclusive in spirit, it is conceived within a preponderantly global perspective and ends up being asymmetrical. While her proposal has some positive aspects, it faces some difficulties in the case of Mexican autonomous communities. In this article, we shall introduce the notion of democratic confederalism as a form of sociopolitical organization that seeks to strengthen the self-organization of social actors and to recognize the practice of citizenship in the terms in which autonomous communities exercise it. We propose that democratic confederalism could be an alternative for decreasing tensions between global citizenship and the idea of citizenship within autonomous communities.

Resumen: Este artículo explora las tensiones entre dos concepciones diferentes de “ciudadanía”. Por una parte, señalamos las virtudes y limitaciones de la ciudadanía cosmopolita en los términos en los que Seyla Benhabib la entiende en “El derecho de los otros…”; por otra, ahondamos en una noción de ciudadanía distinta, la localista, en una versión que puede entrar en conflicto con algunos valores cosmopolitas, a saber, el localismo tal como lo entienden algunas comunidades autónomas mexicanas, en particular las zapatistas. Aunque el cosmopolitismo federalista de Benhabib es inclusivo en esencia, está concebido desde una perspectiva preponderantemente globalista y termina siendo asimétrico. Aunque su propuesta tiene aspectos positivos, se enfrenta con algunas limitaciones en el caso de las comunidades autónomas mexicanas. En este artículo sostenemos que el confederalismo democrático es una forma de organización sociopolítica que busca fortalecer la autoorganización de los actores sociales y reconocer la práctica de la ciudadanía tal como las comunidades autónomas la ejercen. Proponemos que el confederalismo democrático podría ser una alternativa para disminuir las tensiones entre la ciudadanía global y la idea de ciudadanía dentro de las comunidades autónomas.

Abstract: Citizenship regimes are institutionalized systems of formal and informal norms that define access to membership, as well as associated rights and duties. This paper studies illegalized migration as one of the major tests to assess whether citizenship regimes are fair institutions, based on a historical analysis of legislation meant to reduce illegalized migration in the United States between 1995 and 2022. We build our empirical research starting from a simple observation: despite the great number of bills introduced to reduce illegalized migration to the US, most of such initiatives fail to become law. In fact, 93.5% of all immigration initiatives did not even pass the chamber of Congress in which they were originally presented. Such a high rate of failure shows that these proposals are motivated by electoral aspirations, rather than coming from a genuine wish to help migrants or grant them citizenship. Furthermore, there is also an economic interest that justifies the maintenance of low-cost disposable immigrant labor, with no right to citizenship. Our analysis is an example of how state regulation processes seem to work to formalize, rather than alleviate or eradicate, the precarious legal statuses of illegalized migrants. We conclude that a globalized phenomenon such as citizenship requires going beyond merely institutional and formal conceptions. We need to rethink the institutional notion of citizenship, as a merely status held under the authority of a state and consider it from a cosmopolitan perspective and a multilateral basis. But as long as citizenship remains under the responsibility of states, illegalized migrants will continue to experience precarious citizenship.

Resumen: Los regímenes de ciudadanía son sistemas institucionalizados de normas formales e informales que definen el acceso a la membresía, así como a los derechos y deberes asociados. Este artículo estudia la migración ilegal/no autorizada como una de las principales pruebas para evaluar si los regímenes de ciudadanía son instituciones justas, con base en un análisis histórico de la legislación destinada a reducir la migración no autorizada en los Estados Unidos entre 1995 y 2022. Construimos nuestra investigación empírica a partir de una simple observación: a pesar de la gran cantidad de proyectos de ley presentados para reducir la migración ilegal a los Estados Unidos, la mayoría de dichas iniciativas no llega a convertirse en ley. De hecho, el 93.5% de todas las iniciativas de inmigración ni siquiera pasaron por la Cámara del Congreso en la que se presentaron originalmente. Una tasa de fracaso tan alta muestra que estas propuestas están motivadas por aspiraciones electorales, más que por un deseo genuino de ayudar a los migrantes u otorgarles la ciudadanía. Además, también existe un interés económico que justifica el mantenimiento de la mano de obra inmigrante desechable de bajo costo, sin derecho a la ciudadanía. Nuestro análisis es un ejemplo de cómo los procesos de regulación estatal parecen funcionar para formalizar, en lugar de aliviar o erradicar las precarias condiciones legales de los inmigrantes ilegalizados. Concluimos que un fenómeno globalizado como la ciudadanía requiere ir más allá de las concepciones meramente institucionales y formales. Necesitamos repensar la noción institucional de ciudadanía como simplemente un estatus bajo la autoridad de un Estado, y considerarla desde una perspectiva cosmopolita y una base multilateral. Pero mientras la ciudadanía permanezca bajo la responsabilidad de los Estados, los inmigrantes ilegalizados seguirán experimentando una ciudadanía precaria.

This article proposes an investigation based on gender analysis on resistance practicesadopted by LGBTQIAPN+ subjects inserted in rural contexts in the state of Rio Grande do Norte,in the face of heteronormativity, violence and LGBTQIAPN+phobia. The research is based on thepremise that in small communities, control over the individual is more pronounced, and that therepresentations conveyed by the media and social networks create an ideal imaginary of freedom andLGBTQIAPN+ experience in urban and metropolitan areas, where the expression of ( de) genderidentities is facilitated. However, it is questioned whether this supposed cosmopolitan freedomeffectively represents a greater emancipation, or if it is just a component of the positive imaginaryprojected for the urban space. As for the methodology of the study, it consisted of bibliographicalresearch, collection of written reports from five LGBTQIAPN+ residents of the rural territories ofMato Grande, Terras Potiguares and Agreste Litoral Sul - RN, aged between 18 and 30 years old, inaddition to data collection in academic observatories and civil society organizations on urban and ruralviolence related to LGBTQIAPN+phobia. As the main findings of the research, it was observed thatthe rural LGBTQIAPN+ suffer various forms of violence, which are often not notified, and arenaturalized by the conservatism of the family and the church. The desire and imagination to migrateto a large metropolis to experience their identities is notorious. However, LGBTQIAPN+ who remainin rural areas tend to strengthen and seek collective autonomy through social movements such as theMST as a means of survival and resistance.

O presente artigo propõe uma investigação fundamentada na análise de gênero sobre aspráticas de resistência adotadas por sujeitas LGBTQIAPN+ inseridas em contextos rurais no estadodo Rio Grande do Norte, frente à heteronormatividade, à violência e à LGBTQIAPN+fobia. Apesquisa parte da premissa de que em comunidades pequenas, o controle sobre o indivíduo é maisacentuado, e que as representações veiculadas pela mídia e redes sociais criam um imaginário ideal deliberdade e vivência LGBTQIAPN+ nas áreas urbanas e metropolitanas, onde a expressão das (des)identidades de gênero é facilitada. Entretanto, questiona-se se essa suposta liberdade cosmopolitarepresenta efetivamente uma maior emancipação, ou se constitui apenas um componente doimaginário positivo projetado para o espaço urbano. Quanto a metodologia do estudo consistiu empesquisa bibliográfica, coleta de relatos escritos de cinco LGBTQIAPN+ residentes dos territóriosrurais do Mato Grande, Terras Potiguares e Agreste Litoral Sul - RN, com idades entre 18 a 30 anos,além do levantamento de dados em observatórios acadêmicos e organizações da sociedade civil sobrea violência urbana e rural relacionada à LGBTQIAPN+fobia. Como principais achados da pesquisa,observou-se que as LGBTQIAPN+ rurais sofrem diversas violências, que muitas vezes não sãonotificadas, e são naturalizadas pelo conservadorismo da família e da igreja. É notório o desejo eimaginário de migrar para uma grande metrópole para vivenciar as suas identidades. Contudo, asLGBTQIAPN+ que permanecem no rural tendem a se fortalecer e buscar autonomia coletiva atravésde movimentos sociais como o MST como forma de sobrevivência e resistência.

Resumen La mosca de los cuernos Haematobia irritans es un ectoparásito hematófago cosmopolita de gran importancia en la ganadería. En México, H. irritans se distribuye por todo el país y se encuentra durante todo el año. La fluctuación de la población de H. irritans está relacionada con las condiciones climáticas. A pesar de su amplia distribución, los efectos sobre la salud animal y su impacto negativo en la producción de carne y leche, existen pocos datos sobre su infestación y su epidemiología es limitada. Este trabajo es una revisión sobre la situación actual de H. irritans en bovinos en México, su impacto económico, métodos de control, perspectivas y oportunidades de investigación.

Abstract The horn fly Haematobia irritans is a cosmopolitan hematophagous ectoparasite of great importance in livestock. In Mexico, H. irritans is distributed across the country, and is found during the whole year. The fluctuation of H. irritans population is related with climate conditions. Despite its wide distribution, the effects on animal health, and its negative impact on meat and milk production, little data exists on its infestation and epidemiology is limited. This paper is a review on the current situation of H. irritans in cattle in Mexico, its economic impact, control methods, perspectives, and research opportunities.