ABSTRACT This paper examines the link between the patriots and the food heritage of Chile, mainly during the War of Independence (1810-1824). The role of emancipation leaders and founders of the republic, particularly Bernardo O'Higgins, José de San Martín and José Miguel Carrera, is investigated. It studies the role of food, not only as a nutrient, but also in its symbolic dimension, both in the independence struggle and in the personal life of its leaders. Patriots are concerned aboutfood such as wheat flour and specific social actors, such as artisanal fishers. There are also valuation links of foods of origin such as Chillan sausage (precursor to the local "longaniza"), Chanco cheese, Chiloé ham, Con Con corvina, lamb and some specific dishes like Valdivian. In the same way the incidence that the patriots had in the origin of the picarones in Chile is revealed. It is detected that in the first half of the 19th century, Chile had a relevant food heritage, which was visible and valued by the patriots.

RESUMEN En este artículo se examina el lazo entre los patriotas y el patrimonio alimentario de Chile, principalmente durante la guerra de la Independencia (1810-1824). Se indaga el papel de los líderes de la emancipación y fundadores de la república, particularmente Bernardo O'Higgins, José de San Martín y José Miguel Carrera. Además se estudia el papel de los alimentos, no solo como nutrientes, sino también en su dimensión simbólica, tanto en la gesta independentista como en la vida personal de sus líderes. Se detecta la preocupación de los patriotas por productos como la harina de trigo y actores sociales específicos, como los pescadores artesanales. También se descubren lazos de valoración de alimentos de origen como salchichón de Chillán (precursor de la longaniza), queso de Chanco, jamón de Chiloé, corvina de Concón, cordero de secano y algunos platos específicos como el valdiviano. De igual manera, se revela la incidencia que tuvieron los patriotas en el origen de los picarones en Chile. Se demuestra que en la primera mitad del siglo XIX, el país contaba con un relevante patrimonio alimentario, el cual fue visibilizado y valorado por los patriotas.

Abstract Objective: Describe the participative processes that had framed the fisheries management of Gulf Corvina (Cynoscion othonopterus) at the Upper Gulf of California. Methodology: review of grey literature, analysis of applicable regulations, exploration of scientific literature, conversations with key stakeholders, and reconstruction of databases. Results: A brief description of the fishery through its participative processes: the Technical Group, the Consultive Committee, and the Regional Administrative Monitoring. Value: having in one single document information that was disseminated in more than 200 documents including 120 non-published sources such as consultancy reports, project databases, or meeting minutes. Limitations: the document is focused on describing the process and presenting the data, without making any deeper quantitative analyses. Conclusions: the article concludes with a chronological discussion in four stages of the process: creating enabling conditions, progress towards community management, first prohibitions, and non-enforced ban. The importance of social participation in fisheries management and the risks of imposing top-down regulations is shown as part of the discussion.

Resumen Objetivo: descripción de los procesos participativos que le han dado forma al manejo pesquero de la Curvina Golfina (Cynoscion othonopterus) en el Alto Golfo de California. Metodología: revisión de literatura gris, análisis de los instrumentos jurídicos aplicables, exploración de la literatura científica convencional, conversaciones con actores clave y reconstrucción de bases de datos. Resultado: una descripción de la pesquería a través de tres procesos participativos el Grupo Técnico de Curvina, el Comité Consultivo Regional, y el Monitoreo Administrativo Regional. Valor: logra recopilar en un solo documento información dispersa en cerca de 200 documentos incluyendo 120 fuentes no publicadas como reportes de consultorías, bases de datos de proyectos y minutas de reuniones. Limitaciones: el documento se enfoca en la descripción del proceso y presentación de los datos sin hacer análisis cuantitativos más profundos. Conclusiones: el artículo concluye con una discusión estructurada de manera cronológica en cuatro etapas: creación de condiciones habilitadoras, avances hacia el manejo comunitario, primeras prohibiciones, y prohibición no implementada. En esta discusión se muestra la importancia de la participación social para lograr el manejo adecuado de una especie pesquera y los riesgos de las regulaciones impuestas de arriba hacia abajo.

Resumen El leucismo es la aberración del plumaje reportado más comúnmente en las aves silvestres de todo el mundo, pero existen pocos registros para especies de aves silvestres Neotropicales con plumaje negro. En esta nota describo la primera observación de leucismo parcial en el Espiguero Variable (Sporophila corvina corvina). La observación se realizó en Suerre, Pococí, Costa Rica, el 26 de julio de 2021. Este tipo de observaciones tienen importantes implicaciones para la conservación de las aves silvestres ya que pueden estar asociadas a problemas ambientales, poblacionales y nutricionales. Asimismo, este registro se suma a otros estudios de aberración del plumaje en aves silvestres del área Neotropical, y contribuye al conocimiento sobre la historia natural y conservación de esta especie.

Abstract Leucism is the most common plumage aberration recorded in wild birds around the world, but very few records exist for Neotropical wild bird species with black plumage. In this note I describe the first observation of partial leucism in the Variable Seedeater (Sporophila corvina corvina). The observation was made in Suerre, Pococí, Costa Rica, on 26 July 2021. These observations have important conservation implications for wild birds because they may be associated with environmental, populational and nutritional issues. This record adds to other studies of plumage aberration in wild birds of the Neotropics, and contributes to knowledge on the natural history and conservation of this species.

Resumo Foram preparados fiambres de corvina para se estudar a preferência do consumidor relativamente ao tipo de fiambre e, em particular, à sua cor. As cores dos fiambres foram manipuladas pela adição individual e em diferentes proporções de pigmento de cochonilha (tons vermelhos), Fibricolor (tons rosa) e Instanka sugar powder 75/700 (tons castanhos). Fotografias das amostras serviram de base para a criação de um inquérito “on line”. Neste inquérito, além de se procurar perceber o perfil do inquirido e dos seus hábitos alimentares, solicitou-se a escolha das cores expectáveis ou mais atraentes para um fiambre de peixe. Do total de 2237 inquiridos, cerca de 78 % apresentaram idades compreendidas entre os 44 anos ou menos, evidenciando-se nestes o bacharelato ou licenciatura como grau de formação. Quanto ao consumo de fiambre, o género feminino evidenciou preferência pelo fiambre de peru e o género masculino pelo fiambre de porco. A frequência de consumo de fiambre e de peixe foi semelhante, “3x por semana”. Mais de metade dos inquiridos (55%) respondeu “não sei” à possível compra de fiambre de peixe. O fiambre de corvina preparado com 0,0005 % de cochonilha, cuja cor foi muito semelhante à do fiambre de corvina sem corante, teve uma boa aceitabilidade por parte dos inquiridos.

Abstract To study the consumer preference regarding the color of fish hams, cooked hams with meagre were prepared. The colors of the hams were manipulated by the individual addition and in different proportions of cochineal pigment (red tones), Fibricolor (pink tones) and Instanka sugar powder 75/700 (brown tones). Photographs of the samples served as the basis for the creation of an online survey. In this survey, in addition to seeking to understand the profile of the respondent and their eating habits, it was requested to choose the expected or most attractive colors of a fish cooked ham. Of the total of 2237 respondents, about 78% were aged between 44 years old and under, showing a Higher Education Degree as a degree of training. Regarding the consumption of cooked ham, the female gender showed a preference for turkey cooked ham and the male gender for pig cooked ham. The frequency of consumption of cooked ham and fish was similar, “3x a week”. More than half of respondents (55%) answered “I don't know” when faced with the possible purchase of fish ham. It was concluded that a winter meagre cooked ham prepared with 0.0005% cochineal, whose color was very similar to that of the meagre cooked ham without dye, had a good acceptance by the respondents.

Resumo O presente estudo foi realizado para descobrir novas descobertas sobre os valores máximos de comprimento e peso de Umbrina cirrosa na Baía de Saros (Mar Egeu do Norte, Turquia). Em 11 de setembro de 2016, um único espécime de Umbrina cirrosa com 68.8 cm de comprimento total e 2600.00 g de peso total foi capturado por linha de mão a uma profundidade de 20 m. O tamanho provável é o segundo maior comprimento já registrado em todos os mares do mundo.

Abstract The present study has been conducted to find out new findings on maximum length and weight values of Umbrina cirrosa in the Bay of Saros (Northern Aegean Sea, Turkey). On September, 11, 2016, a single specimen of Umbrina cirrosa with 68.8 cm total length and 2600.00 g total weight was caught by handline at a depth of 20 m. The provable size is the second largest length ever reported in the all seas of the world

Abstract: The vaquita (Phocoena sinus), an endemic porpoise of the Gulf of California, México, was first described scientifically in 1958, from three skulls. It is considered a sister taxon of an ancestor of the Southern Hemisphere Burmeister’s porpoise (P. spinipinnis) and spectacled porpoise (P. dioptrica), a case of antitropical distribution and speciation. Vaquita in modern times seem to have existed largely in waters 10 to 30 m deep of the very northern Gulf of California, and may have already existed in relatively low numbers by the 1950s and 1960s. The external appearance of the vaquita was not described until the late 1970s, and not until the 1980s and 1990s did additional information about ecology and biology emerge. Those studies and more recent shipboard and aerial visual line transect surveys, as well as stationary and boat-towed acoustic arrays, mapped occurrence patterns and approximate numbers in greater detail than before. The first credible estimates of abundance appeared in the 1990s, with numbers in the mid-hundreds and declining. While several reasons for the decline were originally postulated, mortality due to entanglement in nets has been established as the only known cause of decline, especially due to bycatch in large-mesh gillnets set for the endangered croaker fish totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi). This fish is prized in China for human consumption of its swim bladder, generally ground up for purported therapeutic purposes. An extensive, lucrative fishery for totoaba, now illegal for many decades, has existed since at least the 1920s, and has recently increased. Although there have been laudable attempts to stem or halt totoaba fishing, these have largely been unsuccessful, and as of this writing the vaquita is on the brink of extinction. However, rapid concentrated action against illegal fishing with gillnets may yet save the species, and hope (with attendant action) must be kept alive. This overview is followed by an appendix of a previously unpublished popular essay by K.S. Norris describing when, where, and how he first discovered the species, and subsequent early work relative to this newly-described porpoise.

Resumen: La vaquita marina (Phocoena sinus), una marsopa endémica del Golfo de California, México, fue descrita científicamente por primera vez en 1958, a partir de tres cráneos. Se considera un taxón hermano de un ancestro de la marsopa de Burmeister del hemisferio sur (P. spinipinnis) y la marsopa de anteojos (P. dioptrica), un caso de distribución y especiación antitropical. En los tiempos modernos, la vaquita marina parece haber existido principalmente en aguas de 10 a 30 m de profundidad en el extremo norte del Golfo de California, y es posible que ya existiera en cantidades relativamente bajas en las décadas de 1950 y 1960. La apariencia externa de la vaquita no se describió hasta fines de la década de 1970, y no fue hasta las décadas de 1980 y 1990 cuando surgió información adicional sobre ecología y biología. Esos estudios y los estudios más recientes de transectos de líneas visuales aéreas y a bordo, así como los arreglos acústicos estacionarios y remolcados por bote, cartografiaron patrones de ocurrencia y números aproximados con mayor detalle que antes. Las primeras estimaciones creíbles de abundancia aparecieron en la década de 1990, con cifras de alrededor de cientos y en declive. Si bien originalmente se postularon varias razones para la disminución, la mortalidad debida al enredo en las redes se ha establecido como la única causa conocida de disminución, especialmente debido a la captura incidental en redes de enmalle de malla grande colocadas para la totoaba corvina (Totoaba macdonaldi), en peligro de extinción. Este pescado es apreciado en China para el consumo humano de su vejiga natatoria, generalmente molido con supuestos propósitos terapéuticos. Una pesquería extensa y lucrativa de totoaba, ahora ilegal durante muchas décadas, ha existido desde al menos la década de 1920 y ha aumentado recientemente. Aunque ha habido loables intentos de detener o detener la pesca de totoaba, en gran parte no han tenido éxito y, al momento de escribir este artículo, la vaquita está al borde de la extinción. Sin embargo, una acción rápida y concentrada contra la pesca ilegal con redes de enmalle aún puede salvar a la especie, y la esperanza (con la acción correspondiente) debe mantenerse viva. A esta descripción general le sigue un apéndice de un ensayo popular inédito de K.S. Norris describiendo cuándo, dónde y cómo descubrió la especie por primera vez, y los primeros trabajos posteriores relacionados con esta marsopa recién descrita.

Abstract This research aims to determine the efficiency of chitosan and xanthan gum films in conservation of croaker fillets kept in refrigeration for 9 days. Proximal composition, loss of mass, color, pH, TVB-N (Total Volatile Bases) and microbiological profile were assessed. The films were prepared with chitosan and xanthan gum in varying mass proportions 100:0, m:m (C100XG0); 60:40, m:m (C60XG40); 50:50, m:m (C50XG50). They presented the respective values for moisture content, water solubility, thickness and water vapor permeability: 24.59%, 19.50%, 0.086 mm and 11.45gm-1.s-1.Pa-1for C100XG0; 24.58%; 20.27%, 0.091 mm and 10.41 gm-1.s-1.Pa-1for C60XG40; 22.11%, 22.06%, 0.089 mm and 10.68 gm-1.s-1.Pa-1 forC50XG50.The films were made in small bags format capable to hold about 20 g of fish fillets. A control sample was prepared in parallel, using polyethylene bags under the same storage conditions. The results showed that the chitosan films combined with xanthan gum had excellent antimicrobial properties, capable of preserving the quality of chilled fish fillets during the studied period, since it inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus coagulase-positive, Salmonella spp and coliforms at 45 ° C. Mass loss of the croaker fillets was not significantly affected by xanthan gum addition to the films. On the other hand, xanthan gum addition affected pH and color parameters of the corvina fillets. It was also verified that the combination of these two polymers promoted the reduction of N-BVT, being the C50XG50 film that presented the best response.

Abstract Metacercariae of Diplostomidae are widely distributed in America and may cause diplostomiasis, an ocular disease in fishes. The aim of this study is to report the occurrence of metacercariae of Austrodiplostomum compactum in Plagioscion squamosissimus (non-native fish species) from Nova Avanhandava Reservoir, Tietê River, Brazil and an explanation for the high infection rates with this parasite in the Paraná River Basin is proposed. Eyes of 70 hosts were examined, the metacercariae were preserved and identified. The prevalence (P), mean intensity of infection (MII) ± standard deviation, mean abundance (MA) ± standard deviation, were calculated and a bibliographic review was performed. There was no difference in parasitism between male and female hosts. The values of P = 80%, MII = 21.55 ± 3.25 and MA = 17.24 ± 2.91 were high, as in most studies in areas where P. squamosissimus were introduced, while these values were low in areas of natural occurrence. This may be explained by the genetic susceptibility of the host to the parasite. The entire population of P. squamosissimus from the Upper Paraná has been founded by a few specimens, resulting in very low genetic variability. Consequently, the population may be highly susceptible to A. compactum.

Abstract The influence of salinity and temperature on larval fish assemblages, as well as, temporal and vertical patterns on larval fish assemblages off the inlet of the Presidio River, southeast coast of the Gulf of California were evaluated. Samplings for ichthyoplankton and environmental parameter measurements were carried out at three depths, in five sampling sites, during September and December 1994, and April and June 1995. Anchovies and herrings (Clupeiformes) were the most abundant larval fish accounting for 77% of the total abundance. A significant relationship between salinity and the abundance of larval herrings (Opisthonema medirastre and O. dovii) and between the water temperature and the abundance of the weakfish (Cynoscion reticulatus) was found. Anchovies (Anchoa lucida, A. walkeri, and A. nasus) were present in all sampled months, while O. medirastre and O. dovii occurred in December and June, and C. reticulatus in September. Larvae of pelagic fish were more abundant near the surface, while larvae of demersal fish were more abundant near the bottom. The present study, by emphasising the importance of considering temporal and vertical changes in larval fish assemblages in coastal environments with ecological and economic importance, will be useful for designing more efficient sampling programs.

Resumen Se evaluó la influencia de la salinidad y la temperatura, así como patrones temporales y verticales en la comunidad de larvas de peces enfrente del río Presidio, costa sudeste del Golfo de California. Los muestreos de ictioplancton y las mediciones de los parámetros ambientales fueron realizados a tres profundidades, en cinco sitios de muestreo, durante septiembre y diciembre de 1994, y abril y junio de 1995. Las anchoas y sardinas (Clupeiformes) fueron las larvas de peces más abundantes representando el 77% de la abundancia total. Se encontró una relación significativa entre la salinidad y la abundancia de larvas de sardinas (Opisthonema medirastre and O. dovii), y entre la temperatura del agua y la abundancia de la corvina rayada (Cynoscion reticulatus). Las anchoas (Anchoa lucida, A. walkeri y A. nasus) estuvieron presentes en todos los meses muestreados, mientras que O. medirastre y O. dovii ocurrieron en diciembre y junio, y C. reticulatus en septiembre. Las larvas de peces pelágicos fueron más abundantes cerca de la superficie, mientras que las larvas de peces demersales fueron más abundantes cerca del fondo. El presente estudio, al enfatizar la importancia de considerar los cambios temporales y verticales en el ensamblaje de larvas de peces en ambientes costeros con importancia ecológica y económica, será útil para diseñar programas de muestreo más eficientes.

RESUMEN Introducción: Desde mediados del siglo XX el estuario del Golfo de Nicoya (10o N & 85o W) ha sido la fuente principal de numerosos recursos pesqueros, como los moluscos, crustáceos y peces. El estuario está actualmente bajo impactos crecientes locales, regionales y globales. Las expediciones a bordo de los buques científicos Skimmer (1979-1980) y Víctor Hensen (1993-1994) aportaron datos multidisciplinarios en apoyo de políticas de manejo. Sin embargo, actualmente se necesita información actualizada. Objetivos: Actualizar las listas publicadas de peces recolectados en ambas expediciones y sugerir nuevas áreas de investigación para una futura evaluación del estado del ecosistema. Métodos: En el buque Skimmer las capturas de peces cubrieron un ámbito de profundidad de 10 a 50 m, con una red tipo otter. En el buque V. Hensen las capturas se hicieron entre 10 y 240 m de profundidad, con redes tipo otter y beam. En ambos cruceros se hizo a bordo la identificación de las especies y la medición de sus longitudes totales. Para actualizar las listas de especies se procedió a la verificación de los nombres vigentes con base en literatura reciente y la página World Register of Marine Species (WORMS). Agregamos a la lista los nombres de las especies identificadas en años recientes para el estuario y catalogados en la Colección Ictiológica del Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica. Resultados: El total de especies identificadas es de 268 para ambos buques. Una especie de Syacium está pendiente de identificación. Del total, 19 especies corresponden a peces cartilaginosos y 249 a peces óseos. Los Scianeidae (corvinas) y los lenguados estuvieron representados por 31 y 32 especies, respectivamente. El género Symphurus (lenguados) fue el más diverso, con 11 especies. Dieciocho especies fueron identificadas después de la publicación de las listas originales. Ocho especies fueron descritas con base en ejemplares recolectados por ambos buques: Gymnothorax phalarus, Notarius biffi, N. cookei, Ophicthus mecoptera, O. melope, Sphoeroides rosenblatti, Trinectes xanthurus y Urotrygon cimar. Las especies presentes en más del 50 % de las 20 estaciones del Skimmer, fueron: Prionotus horrens (16), Sphoeroides trichocephalus (14), Syacium ovale (13) y Synodus scituliceps (13). En las 12 estaciones del V. Hensen, fueron: Porichthys margaritatus (9), S. scituliceps (8), Bollmannia chlamydes (6), Symphurus callopterus (6), S. elongatus (6) y Synodus evermanni (6). Los cinco peces de mayor longitud capturados por ambos buques, fueron: la raya látigo Hypanus longus (117 cm), el congrio Cynoponticus coniceps (103 cm), el bagre Sciades dowii (87 cm), la raya Narcine brancroftii (80 cm) y la corvina reina Cynoscion albus (75 cm). La longitud total máxima promedio de 137 especies medidas en el Skimmer fue de 26 cm y de 29 cm para las 164 medidas en el V. Hensen. Conclusiones: En vista del incremento del número de usuarios de los recursos estuarinos, es urgente una evaluación multidisciplinaria del ecosistema en apoyo a la propuesta de nuevas políticas de manejo. Los resultados facilitarían actualizar el Modelo Trófico del Golfo de Nicoya, una herramienta de manejo disponible desde 1998 y basada principalmente en datos obtenidos durante los cruceros del Skimmer y V. Hensen. Tensores del ecosistema, como la extracción de recursos, el ingreso de contaminantes y su posible relación con la disrupción endocrina, así como la presencia de barreras naturales como la hipoxia en la boca del estuario, deben ser incluidos en esa futura evaluación.

Abstract Introduction: Since the middle of the XXth century the Gulf of Nicoya estuary (10o N & 85o W) has been the main source of numerous fishing resources, such as mollusks, crustaceans, and fish. The estuary is presently under the increasing impact of local, regional and global stressors. The expeditions on board the R.V. Skimmer (1979-1980) and R.V. Hensen (1993-1994) research vessels provided multidisciplinary data on the estuary in support of management policies. However, updated information is still needed. Objectives: To update the published lists of fish species from both expeditions and make suggestions for new research areas for future evaluations of the ecosystem. Methods: The fish collections by the Skimmer covered a depth range of 10 to 50 m using an otter trawl net, and those aboard the Victor Hensen were made between 10 and 228 m depth using otter and beam trawl nets. The identification of the fish species and the measurement of its lenghts were made on board of both vessels. The species names were updated based on recent literature and the web page World Register of Marine Species (WORMS). The list of species identified in recent years based on voucher specimens from the estuary and deposited in the Ichthyology Collection of the Museum of Zoology, University of Costa Rica, was also included. Results: The total number of identified species from both vessels is 268. A species of Syacium is yet undescribed. Of the total, 19 are cartilaginous fishes and 249 are bony fishes. The Sciaenidae and the flatfishes were represented by 31 and 32 species, respectivley. The flatfish genus Symphurus was the most diverse, with 11 species. Eighteen species were identified after the publication of the original lists. Eight species were described based on specimens collected during the expeditions: Gymnothorax phalarus, Notarius biffi, N. cookei, Ophicthus mecoptera, O. melope, Sphoeroides rosenblatti, Trinectes xanthurus and Urotrygon cimar. The species present in more than 50% of the 20 Skimmer stations, were: Prionotus horrens (16 stations), Sphoeroides trichocephalus (14), Syacium ovale (13) and Synodus scituliceps (13). In the 12 stations of the V. Hensen there were: Porichthys margaritatus (9), S. scituliceps (8), Bollmannia chlamydes (6), Symphurus callopterus (6), S. elongatus (6), and Synodus evermanni (6). The five longer specimens collected by both vessels, were: the longtail sting ray Hypanus longus (117 cm), the pike conger Cynoponticus coniceps (103 cm), the brown sea catfish Sciades dowii (87 cm), the electric ray Narcine brancroftii (80 cm), and the queen corvina Cynoscion albus (75 cm). The average total length for 137 species measured during the Skimmer cruises was 26 cm, and 29 cm for the 164 measured during the V. Hensen survey. Conclusions: In view of the increasing number of users of the estuarine resources, it is urgent a multidisciplinary evaluation of the ecosystem in support of new management policies. The expected results may facilitate updating the Gulf of Nicoya Trophic Model, a management tool available for the estuary since 1998 and based mainly on information gathered during both expeditions. Ecosystem stressors, such as the extraction of resources, the input of pollutants and its possible link to endocrine disruption, as well as the presence of natural barriers such as hypoxia at deeper waters at the mouth of the estuary must be taken into account in a future evaluation.

Abstract: The Upper Gulf of California and Colorado River Delta is a zone which is immersed in an ecological, economic, political and social conflict. That is because of the Totoaba Totoaba macdonaldi illegal fishing and the Vaquita Phocoena sinus potential extinction. This issue has driven to ban all the region's fisheries with the exception of the Gulf corvina Cynoscion othonopterus which is the only of the finfish species with operating license. Therefore, the main objetive was to evaluate the fishery's health condition through the Froese sustainability indicators in Upper Gulf of California during 2008, 2013, 2014 and 2015 fishing seasons. The results showed that the Gulf corvina annual production ratio showed fluctuations, highlighting in the 2012-2016 period, when the whole fishing captures with the exception of 2014, surpassed the established quota by the National Institute of Fishery (Instituto Nacional de Pesca). The size-at-maturity were: 2008= L50: 502 mm (IC= 490-514 mm), 2013= L50: 559 mm (IC= 544-576 mm), 2014= L50: 499 mm (IC= 476-518 mm), and 2015= L50: 480 mm (IC= 445-510 mm). Based on the sustainability indicators, it is demonstrated that the Gulf corvina fishery is directed towards the organisms of greater length (mega-spawners). Finally it is concluded that Gulf corvina currently shows problems of over-exploitation and therefore its exploitation is not sustainable. This suggests the need to make adjustments and updates to current management measures.

Resumen: El Alto Golfo de California y Delta del Río Colorado es un área que se encuentra inmersa en un conflicto ecológico, económico, político y social debido a la pesca ilegal de totoaba Totoaba macdonaldi y la posible extinción de vaquita marina Phocoena sinus. Esto último ha provocado el cierre de todas las pesquerías en la región salvo la de curvina golfina Cynoscion othonopterus la cual es la única especie con permiso de explotación. Por lo tanto, el objetivo principal fue evaluar el estado de salud de la pesquería mediante los indicadores de sustentabilidad de Froese en el Alto Golfo de California durante las temporadas de pesca 2008, 2013, 2014 y 2015. Los resultados mostraron que la producción anual de curvina golfina presenta fluctuaciones, resaltando el periodo 2012-2016, donde las capturas totales con excepción de 2014, sobrepasaron la cuota de captura establecida por el Instituto Nacional de la Pesca. La longitud de madurez para los años estudiados fueron: 2008= L50: 502 mm (IC= 490-514 mm), 2013= L50: 559 mm (IC= 544-576 mm), 2014= L50: 499 mm (IC= 476-518 mm), y 2015= L50: 480 mm (IC= 445-510 mm). Con base en los indicadores de sustentabilidad, se demuestra que la pesquería de curvina golfina está dirigida hacia los organismos de mayor longitud (mega-reproductores). Se concluye que actualmente la curvina golfina manifiesta problemas de sobreexplotación y por ende su aprovechamiento no es sustentable. Esto sugiere la necesidad realizar ajustes y actualizaciones a las actuales medidas de manejo.

Resumo Objetivo: Este trabalho descreve e busca identificar as causas de alterações na composição de espécies de peixes no Médio e Baixo rio Tietê, com ênfase nas espécies reofílicas e invasoras. Métodos Os dados foram obtidos através de uma intensa revisão de publicações, dissertações e teses realizadas na área de estudo, levantamento junto ao Museu de Zoologia da USP (MUZUSP), revisão na identificação das espécies através da coleção do MUZUSP, levantamento histórico de espécies introduzidas e espécies coletadas nos anos de 2000 e 2001. Resultados Os principais impactos identificados no rio Tietê com consequências para a ictiofauna foram: poluição doméstica, poluição industrial, desmatamento, represamentos, retificação do leito, assoreamento e introdução de espécies. Das 80 espécies de peixes identificadas na área de estudo, 28 são invasoras. Diversas espécies de peixes têm sido introduzidas no rio Tietê desde o final do século XIX, sendo a primeira a carpa comum (Cyprinus carpio), seguida pela introdução do black bass (Mycropterus salmoides) no começo do século XX. Outras espécies como a corvina (Plagioscion squamosissimus ) foram introduzidas por empresas do setor elétrico, o que contribuiu com a alteração da composição de espécies. As espécies migradoras como o dourado (Salminus brasiliensis), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus ) e pintado (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans) que antes eram abundantes se tornaram raras ou ausentes após a construção dos reservatórios, principalmente por se tratarem de reservatórios em cascata. A piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus), espécie tipicamente herbívora, teve seu estoque reduzido devido à falta de vegetação ciliar e os represamentos. Conclusões Após a construção dos reservatórios ocorreram profundas alterações na composição da ictiofauna, sendo que espécies migradoras se tornaram praticamente ausentes e as espécies que predominam são as mais adaptadas às novas condições. Além do represamento, a perda da mata ciliar e a poluição também causaram alterações na comunidade íctica.

Abstract Aim: This paper is aimed at describing the changes of fish species in the middle and lower courses of the Tietê River, emphasizing rheophilic and invasive fish species as well as identifying the causes for such alterations. Methods Data collection consisted in: intense revision of publications, dissertations and thesis regarding the subject; information at the Zoology Museum at USP (MZUSP); revision in species identification through MUZUSP collection; historical survey of introduced species based on the literature and samplings in the years of 2000 and 2001. Results The main impacts identified in the Tietê River with consequence to the ichthyofauna were: domestic and industrial pollution, deforestation, damming, course rectification, silting and species introduction. From the 80 species identified in the study area, 28 were invasive. Many fish species have been introduced in the Tietê River since the late 19th Century with carpa (Cyprinus carpio) being the first one, followed by the introduction of black bass (Mycropterus salmonoides) at the beginning of 20th Century. Other species such as corvina (Plagioscion squamosissimus ) have been introduced by electricity companies, which has contributed to the species composition changes. Migratory species as dourado (Salminus brasiliensis ), pacú (Piaractus mesopotamicus) and pintado ( Pseudoplatystoma corruscans), which used to be abundant have become rare or absent after the construction of reservoirs, mainly because reservoirs in cascade have been built. Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus), typically herbivore species, had its stock decreased due to the lack of ciliary vegetation and damming. Conclusions Following the building of the reservoirs there have been important alterations in the composition of ichthyofauna, leading to the nearly complete absence of migratory species and the prevalent species are the ones which adapted to the new conditions. In addition to the damming, lack of ciliary vegetation and pollution also caused alterations in the ichthyological community.

An assessment of mercury (Hg) concentrations and nitrogen stable isotope (δ15N) was conducted in the food chain of the Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis), including phytoplankton, zooplankton, planktivorous fish and its major prey (predatory fish and a single species of cephalopod), that compose a tropical trophic chain of the Brazilian southeastern coast. Tissue concentrations of Hg in a voracious predator fish, the largehead hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus), one of the dolphin's prey, were 9.8 times lower than median concentrations found in dolphin tissues. δ15N values in predatory fish were found to be lower to those of its predator the spotted dolphin. Isotopic data suggested significant differences for δ15N along the trophic chain, with the top predator (dolphin) exhibiting heavier value, followed by the voracious predator fish and the benthonic carnivorous fish, the whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri). Phytoplankton displayed the lightest δ15N, followed by zooplankton and the planktophagous fish, the lebranche mullet (Mugil liza). This fish species and the cephalopod showed the lowest median Hg concentration. All links of the entire trophic chain presented trophic transfer of Hg with a biomagnification factor higher than 1. A significant relationship was found between the log Hg concentration and trophic level (TL) of all evaluated species, with a positive slope (β= 0.87). The calculated trophic magnification factor (TMF= 7.44) indicates that Hg concentration increased per TL, and also that the entire coastal food chain from the South Atlantic Ocean presented a biomagnification power of Hg within a range previously reported for tropical coastal ecosystems.

Se realizó una evaluación de las concentraciones del mercurio (Hg) y del isótopo estable de nitrógeno (δ15N) en la cadena trófica del Delfín Moteado del Atlántico (Stenella frontalis), incluyendo fitoplancton, zooplancton, peces planctívoros y sus principales presas (peces depredadores y una sola especie de cefalópodo), componentes de una cadena trófica tropical de la costa sureste de Brasil. Una de las presas del delfín, un pez depredador voraz, el pez sable (Trichiurus lepturus), presentó una concentración mediana del Hg 9,8 veces inferior que la del delfín. El valor de δ15N es más bajo que al de su depredador. Los datos del isótopo han sugerido que ha habido diferencias significativas para el δ15N a lo largo de la cadena trófica, en la que en el mayor depredador (delfín) se ha mostrado más pesado, seguido por el pez depredador y el pez bentófago, la corvina (Micropogonias furnieri). Se ha observado que el fitoplancton presentó el δ15N más liviano, seguido por el zooplancton y el pez planctófago, el lebranche (Mugil liza). Este pez y el cefalópodo han mostrado la mediana más baja de Hg. Se han encontrado transferencias mayores que 1 en todos los vínculos de la cadena evaluada. Se ha obtenido una relación significativamente positiva entre la concentración del Hg (en logaritmo) y el nivel trófico (TL), incluyendo todas las especies investigadas, presentando una pendiente positiva (β= 0,87). El factor de magnificación trófica (FMT= 7,44) indica que la concentración del Hg ha aumentado per TL, y también que toda la cadena trófica costera presentó un poder de biomagnificación de Hg dentro de un rango previamente reportado para ecosistemas costeros tropicales.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of partial replacement (50%) of fish meal by bovine meat meal in diets formulated for juvenile whitemouth croaker, Micropogonias furnieri. The growth, feed conversion, apparent digestibility of proteins and lipids and survival of fish fed with both diets was determined. The increase in length (cm) and weight (g) was similar in fish fed with control diet (10.34 and 9.77%, respectively), compared with replacement diet (6.78 and 7.10%, respectively). Survival rate was similar in fish fed with control diet (88.9%) than the replacement diet (86.3%). Protein apparent digestibility of control and replacement diet was 88.8%, and 85.9%, respectively. Lipid apparent digestibility was similar for both treatments (96.6 and 96.8%). The proximate composition of protein and lipids in muscle did not vary between treatments. It is concluded that meat meal could serve as an alternative source replacement of fish meal in diets for Micropogonias furnieri. It is necessary to continue this research in order to increase the understanding of the nutritional requirements of this species.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar los efectos del reemplazo parcial (50%) de la harina de pescado por harina de carne bovina en dietas formuladas para juveniles de corvina rubia, Micropogonias furnieri. Se determinó el crecimiento, la eficiencia de conversión del alimento, la digestibilidad aparente de proteínas y lípidos y la supervivencia utilizando dos tipos de dietas isonitrogenadas (proteína cruda 38%), control y reemplazo. El incremento en longitud (cm) y en peso (g) fue mayor en los ejemplares alimentados con la dieta control (10,34 y 9,77% respectivamente), a los que se les suministró la dieta con reemplazo el incremento fue del 6,78 y 7,10%, respectivamente. La supervivencia fue similar para los ejemplares alimentados con la dieta control (88,9%) que con la dieta de reemplazo (86,3%). La digestibilidad aparente de proteínas para los individuos alimentados con la dieta control fue del 88,8%, para los individuos alimentados con la dieta con reemplazo de harina de carne el valor obtenido fue del 85,9%. El porcentaje de digestibilidad aparente para lípidos totales fue similar para ambos tratamientos (96,6 y 96,8%). La composición proximal de proteína y lípidos en músculo no varió significativamente con los tratamientos. Se concluye que la harina de carne puede utilizarse como fuente alternativa de reemplazo de la harina de pescado para la fabricación de dietas utilizadas en el engorde de Micropogonias furnieri. Se requiere continuar las investigaciones para aumentar el conocimiento de los requerimientos nutricionales de esta especie.

RESUMO Austrodiplostomum compactum é um trematódeo digenético cuja metacercária ocorre nos olhos de uma grande variedade de espécies de peixes. No Brasil, metacercárias deste parasita foram relatadas em diversas espécies de peixes, mas existem poucos estudos na região amazônica. Devido à falta de informação na região amazônica, o objetivo deste estudo foi relatar a ocorrência de metacercárias de A. compactum nos olhos de 15 espécimes de Plagioscion squamosissimus provenientes do Lago Catalão, Amazonas, Brasil. Os peixes foram coletados usando redes de pesca distribuídas aleatoriamente no lago e sacrificados em laboratório de campo, onde os olhos foram removidos e examinados sob microscópio estereoscópico. Um total de 801 metacercárias foram registradas infectando os olhos do hospedeiro, com uma prevalência parasitária de 100%. Houve uma correlação positiva significativa entre o número de metacercárias e o comprimento padrão dos peixes. Nenhuma correlação significativa entre o número de metacercárias e o peso e o fator de condição relativa (Kn) dos hospedeiros foi evidenciada. Valores do índice de dispersão e do índice de Green sugerem uma distribuição agregada dos parasitas com um baixo grau de agregação nos hospedeiros. Este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência de A. compactum parasitando um peixe no Lago Catalão.

ABSTRACT Austrodiplostomum compactum is a digenetic trematode whith metacercariae that occur in the eyes of a wide variety of fish species. In Brazil, A. compactum metacercariae have been reported in many fish species, but there are only a few studies in the Amazon region. Due to the lack of information in the Amazon, the aim of this study was to report the occurrence of A. compactum metacercariae in the eyes of 15 specimens of Plagioscion squamosissimus from the Lake Catalão, in Amazonas, Brazil. Fishes were collected using gill nets placed randomly in the lake, euthanized in a field laboratory, and had their eyes dissected and examined under a stereomicroscope. A total of 801 metacercariae were registered infecting the eyes of the hosts with a parasitic prevalence of 100%. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of metacercariae recorded and the standard body length of fishes. No significant correlation was found between the number of metacercariae and the weight and relative condition factor (Kn) of the hosts. Values of the variance-to-mean ratio and Green's index suggested an aggregate distribution of the parasites in the hosts, with a low degree of aggregation. This is the first report of occurrence of A. compactum parasitizing a fish in the Lake Catalão.