Abstract The assessment of educational possibilities of a girl or boy from birth has not always been that way. It is necessary to revise the Foundation Contract of the Kindergarten which is born as an institution that “resolved the care of the child” while the mother was working. Two key aspects need to be considered: On the one hand, it is today the girl, boy, the center of the educational scene, from the moment of his birth begins in the knowledge of the world. On the other hand, it is planned public policies that favors or inhibit the educational opportunity of all young children. The evaluation of the educational possibilities of a girl or boy from birth has not always been that way. It is necessary to revise the Foundation Contract of the Kindergarten which is born as an institution that “resolved the care of the child” while the mother was working. Two key aspects need to be considered: On the one hand, it is today the girl, boy, the center of the educational scene, from the moment of his birth begins in the knowledge of the world. On the other hand, it is planned public policies that favour or inhibit the educational opportunity of all young children.

Resumen La valoración de las posibilidades educativas de una niña/o desde su nacimiento no ha sido siempre así. Es necesario revisar el contrato fundacional del Jardín Maternal que nace como una institución que “resolvía el cuidado del niño” mientras la madre trabajaba. En este sentido se plantean dos aspectos centrales: Por un lado, es hoy la niña/o, el centro de la escena educativa, desde el momento de su nacimiento se inicia en el conocimiento del mundo. Por otro lado, son las políticas públicas planificadas las que favorecen o inhiben la oportunidad educativa de las/o los niña/os pequeñas/os. Estas dos variables se juegan a la hora de decidir las oportunidades y circunstancias educativas de un/a niño/a pequeño/a ya que si bien legalmente, el Jardín Maternal forma parte del sistema educativo nacional, nos encontramos con grandes desigualdades a nivel país en este aspecto. Se requiere necesariamente una articulación pedagógico didáctica con un campo político administrativo.

ABSTRACT Education on issues related to protection, restoration and promotion of the responsible and sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems is of utmost importance; the objective of the article is to provide, through a reflective analysis, a synthesis of the work in favor of environmental education in the Dominican Republic, through governmental actions, its insertion in the Secondary Level curriculum, and the contextualization of the proposal of the report on the new contract of education proposed in the Report of the International Commission on the Futures of Education. The research methodology was qualitative, retrospective bibliographic, documentary, retrospective and descriptive and descriptive; the PRISMA methodology was used for the systematic review. It is concluded that emphasis should be placed on the ways and means of achieving environmental commitment, including in its achievement indicators the value flexibility when analyzing problems and phenomena of nature, the use of simulated cases to promote critical and autonomous responsibility of the student, the awareness of socio-environmental and socio-scientific controversies, citizen participation and participation, and the social-ethical implications in the solution of environmental problems with the use of environmental problems with the use of environmental education strategies oriented to the Science, Technology and oriented to the Science, Technology and Society approach.

RESUMEN La educación en temas sobre protección, restablecimiento y fomento del uso responsable y sostenible de los ecosistemas terrestres resulta de suma importancia; el objetivo del artículo es aportar, a través de un análisis reflexivo, una síntesis sobre el quehacer a favor de la educación ambiental en República Dominicana, a través de acciones gubernamentales, su inserción en el currículo del Nivel Secundario, y la contextualización a la propuesta del informe sobre el nuevo contrato de la educación propuesto en el Informe de la Comisión Internacional sobre los Futuros de la Educación. La metodología de la investigación tuvo enfoque cualitativo de tipo bibliográfica documental retrospectiva y descriptiva; se utilizó la metodología PRISMA para la revisión sistemática. Se concluye que se debe enfatizar en las vías y formas de lograr el compromiso ambiental incluyendo en sus indicadores de logros la flexibilidad valorativa al analizar los problemas y fenómenos de la naturaleza, el uso de casos simulados para promover la responsabilidad crítica y autónoma del estudiante, la sensibilización sobre controversias socioambientales y sociocientíficas, la participación ciudadana, y las implicaciones éticas-sociales en la solución de problemas ambientales con el uso de estrategias de la educación ambiental orientadas al enfoque Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad.

Resumen Mientras que la Constitución de la República del Ecuador y la Ley Orgánica de la Gestión de la Identidad y Datos Civiles definen al matrimonio como una unión, el CC lo etiqueta como un contrato solemne. Más allá del rótulo que tanto el constituyente como el legislador optaron por asignarle, pretendemos profundizar en el análisis de su supuesta fisonomía contractual a la luz de la teoría de las obligaciones. Concluimos que, si bien el matrimonio podría encasillarse en la noción de contrato dirigido o de contenido forzoso, en realidad no es tal en cuanto la fuente de sus obligaciones no es contractual, sino exclusivamente legal. El matrimonio es un negocio jurídico que se limita a modificar el estado civil de las personas y solo como consecuencia de aquel nuevo estatus es que los cónyuges adquieren obligaciones, de fuente legal. Por último, se levanta del interrogante sobre si acaso el vínculo matrimonial se encamina hacia un régimen que permita a los contrayentes, maximizando el principio de la autonomía de la voluntad, configurar el vínculo con más libertad.

Abstract While the Ecuadorian Constitution and the Identity and Civil Data Organic Law define marriage as a union, the Ecuadorian Civil Code labels it as a solemn contract. Irrespective of the nomenclature used by the constituent assembly and the legislator, we aim to deepen in the analysis of the allegedly contractual character of marriage at the sight of the theory of obligations. We conclude that, although marriage might have similarities with the notion of directed contract, it is not actually so, as the source of its obligations is not contractual but legal. Marriage is a legal transaction that merely modifies a person’s civil status, and it is only as a consequence of the new status that the spouses acquire obligations directly from the law. Finally, the question arises as to whether marriage is moving towards a regime that allows the parties, by maximizing the principle of autonomy of the will, to configure the union with greater freedom.

Resumen: Se examina la noción de cláusula no negociada como una noción fundamental en la tarea de delimitar los ámbitos objetivos de aplicación de los controles de incorporación y de contenido. Se sostiene que las características definitorias de una cláusula no negociada son la contractualidad, la predisposición y la imposición. Se precisa que, si a las mencionadas características se añade la generalidad, la cláusula no negociada pertinente podrá ser calificada, además, como una condición general de la contratación. En el marco del tratamiento de las características de las cláusulas no negociadas se aclaran aspectos en que la jurisprudencia nacional se ha mostrado errática y que han incidido en una merma en la tutela del adherente. En particular, se aclara que la sola predisposición es un indicio suficiente para presumir que no ha existido posibilidad de negociación; asimismo, se aclara que la mera circunstancia de que ciertos datos sean llenados por el cliente o que este pueda elegir entre distintas cláusulas cuál es la que, en concreto, habrá de regir el contrato, no implica una transformación de la cláusula elegida en una negociada de manera individual ni mucho menos supone la transformación entera del contrato en uno libremente discutido.

Abstract: The concept of a non-negotiated term is examined as a fundamental concept in the task of delimiting the objective scopes of application of incorporation and fairness controls. It is argued that the defining characteristics of a non-negotiated term are contractuality, pre-disposition and imposition. It is specified that, if generality is added to the aforementioned characteristics, the regarding non-negotiated term may also be qualified as a standard term. Within the framework of the treatment of the characteristics of non-negotiated terms, aspects in which national jurisprudence has been erratic and which have had an impact on the protection of the adherent are clarified. In particular, it is clarified that the predisposition alone is a sufficient indication to presume that there has been no possibility of negotiation; it is also clarified that the mere fact that certain data is filled in by the client or that the client can choose between different terms which one, specifically, will govern the contract, does not imply a transformation of the chosen term into one negotiated individually, much less does it imply the entire transformation of the contract into one freely discussed.

Resumen: El presente artículo pretende justificar la aplicación del AED, tanto al derecho chileno de los contratos como al derecho del consumo, a través de los principios de buena fe y de protección del consumidor. Este trabajo pone de relevancia la aplicación del principio de eficiencia como un criterio relevante en materia de contrato y, sobre todo, con relación al derecho del consumo. A pesar de que la justificación de la aplicación del AED a los contratos y al derecho del consumo es la misma, su aplicación es diferente. De este modo, el AED se aplicaría al derecho contractual a través del principio de la buena fe o de la teoría de las cláusulas generales, reconociendo al principio de eficiencia como un principio contractual, y al derecho del consumo a través del principio proconsumidor.

Abstract: This article aims to justify the application of the L&E, both to Chilean contract law and consumer law, through the principles of good faith and consumer protection, respectively. This work highlights the application of the principle of efficiency as a relevant criterion in contract matters, and above all, in relation to consumer law. Although the justification for the application of the L&E to contracts and consumer law is the same, its application is different. In this way, the L&E would be applied to contract law through the principle of good faith, or the theory of general clauses, recognizing the principle of efficiency as a contractual principle, and to consumer law through the principle proconsumer.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del síndrome de burnout y sus factores asociados en el personal de enfermería, médicos y residentes durante la pandemia, en un hospital de alta especialidad reconvertido para la atención a pacientes con el COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, transversal y analítico a 225 profesionales de la salud. Para ello, se empleó el cuestionario Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) y un cuestionario de elaboración propia con el fin de evaluar las variables sociodemográficas, laborales y relacionadas con la pandemia. El grupo de participantes estuvo compuesto por 93 trabajadores de enfermería, 60 médicos y 72 médicos residentes, quienes laboraban en los servicios de cirugía general, medicina interna, ginecología y obstetricia, urgencias, unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI), pediatría y epidemiología, en los turnos matutino, vespertino, nocturno y jornada acumulada, en un hospital de alta especialidad del estado de Veracruz, México, que se convirtió en hospital para la atención de pacientes con el COVID-19 durante la pandemia. Resultados: La prevalencia global del síndrome de burnout identificada en este trabajo fue de 58,7 %. Se observó que los más afectados por este síndrome fueron los médicos residentes, con 77,8 %, seguido del personal médico, con 55 %, y del personal de enfermería, con 45 %. De las dimensiones que conforman el síndrome de burnout, el desgaste emocional alto se encontró en el 38,2 % de los trabajadores, mientras que la despersonalización alta se observó en el 31,1 % y la baja realización personal (RP) en el 36 %. Las variables más asociadas al síndrome de burnout fueron el número de hijos, la edad, la cantidad de años laborando en la institución, la profesión, las horas laboradas por la semana, el puesto, el tipo de contrato y el turno. Conclusiones: La evidencia indica que la excesiva cantidad de horas laboradas por semana y la gran carga de trabajo asignada a los médicos podrían estar influyendo de manera negativa en la presencia del síndrome de burnout, ya que este grupo fue el más afectado por dicho síndrome.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence of burnout syndrome and its associated factors among nursing staff, physicians and resident physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic in a tertiary hospital repurposed for COVID-19 patient care. Materials and methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and a self-developed questionnaire to evaluate sociodemographic, occupational and pandemic-related variables. The study included 225 healthcare professionals: 93 nurses, 60 physicians and 72 resident physicians working in general surgery, internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, emergency, intensive care unit (ICU), pediatrics and epidemiology services across morning, afternoon, evening and night shifts and compressed workweeks in a tertiary hospital in Veracruz, Mexico, which was converted into a COVID-19-designated hospital during the pandemic. Results: The overall prevalence of burnout syndrome was 58.7 %. Resident physicians were the most affected group (77.8 %), followed by physicians (55 %) and nursing staff (45 %). Among the dimensions of burnout syndrome, high emotional exhaustion was observed in 38.2 % of workers, high depersonalization in 31.1 % and low personal accomplishment in 36 %. The variables most strongly associated with burnout syndrome were the number of children, age, years of employment at the center, profession, weekly working hours, job position, type of contract and shift. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the excessive weekly working hours and the heavy workload assigned to resident physicians may significantly contribute to the high prevalence of burnout syndrome, as this group was the most severely affected.

ABSTRACT Purpose This study proposes to develop a consultancy model to evaluate the level of maturity of ESG practices. Design/Methodology/approach Business Model Canvas [BMC] as a framework for creating a business model focusing on Environmental, Social, and Governance [ESG] consultancy services. A five-level maturity scale was applied to the dimensions that characterize the diagnostic checklist model for ESG practices. The Delphi research method was used to evaluate the content of the diagnostic checklist for ESG practices. Findings As a result, a hypothetical consultancy called ENGES Consulting Ltda. was created, constituted through the creation of the social contract, the creation of the mission, vision, and values, in addition to the development of a business model based on the Business Model Canvas [BMC] strategic management tool. A checklist model was also created for diagnosing ESG practices and their respective maturity level. Originality/relevance The relevance and contribution of this study in the scientific aspect lie in the proposal of a consultancy model to assess the maturity level of ESG practices in disparate organizations. Practical implications The practical contribution lies in understanding Environmental, Social, and Governance [ESG] management practices based on the ESG practices diagnosis checklist model and the respective level of maturity, identifying strengths and points that demonstrate implementation or execution weaknesses, in addition to providing a way to compare results (benchmarking) obtained between organizations.

RESUMO Finalidade Este estudo propõe desenvolver um modelo de consultoria para avaliar o nível de maturidade das práticas ESG. Desenho / metodologia / abordagem Business Model Canvas [BMC] como uma estrutura para criação de um modelo de negócio com foco em serviços de consultoria Ambiental, Social e Governança [ESG]. Uma escala de maturidade de cinco níveis foi aplicada às dimensões que caracterizam o modelo de checklist de diagnóstico para práticas ESG. O método de pesquisa Delphi foi usado para avaliar o conteúdo do checklist de diagnóstico para práticas ESG. Constatações Como resultado, foi criada uma consultoria hipotética denominada ENGES Consultoria Ltda., constituída por meio da criação do contrato social, criação da missão, visão e valores, além do desenvolvimento de um modelo de negócio baseado na ferramenta de gestão estratégica Business Model Canvas [BMC]. Foi criado também um modelo de checklist para diagnóstico das práticas ESG e seu respectivo nível de maturidade. Originalidade/relevância A relevância e contribuição deste estudo no aspecto científico está na proposta de um modelo de consultoria para avaliar o nível de maturidade das práticas ESG em organizações distintas. Implicações práticas A contribuição prática está na compreensão das práticas de gestão Ambiental, Social e de Governança [ESG] com base no modelo de checklist de diagnóstico de práticas ESG e o respectivo nível de maturidade, identificando pontos fortes e pontos que demonstram fragilidades de implementação ou execução, além de proporcionar uma forma de comparação dos resultados (benchmarking) obtidos entre as organizações.

Resumo As eleições para escolha de representantes políticos são indiscutivelmente uma das mais importantes manifestações da democracia de uma nação e, por isso, também é um momento crítico e de intensa responsabilidade para aqueles que a operam. Por sua importância, é necessário que atenda vários princípios de segurança, integridade e transparência, os quais foram recentemente contestados no contexto das eleições brasileiras. Diante disto e da boa combinação das redes blockchain como agente benéfico para reforçar esses princípios, aplicando o método de pesquisa exploratória, este trabalho apresenta um modelo que aplica blockchain nas eleições brasileiras. Por fim, foram realizados testes funcionais e não funcionais. Os testes funcionais validaram a integridade e segurança do sistema ao permitir a submissão e verificação de votos de forma descentralizada, enquanto os testes não funcionais mostraram o possível custo da adoção deste tecnologia na eleição brasileira. Esses resultados reforçam o potencial da tecnologia blockchain para aprimorar o processo eleitoral brasileiro.

Abstract The election to choose political representatives is undoubtedly one of the most important manifestations of a nation’s democracy and, therefore, it is also a critical moment and of intense responsibility for those who operate it. Due to its importance, it is necessary to comply with several principles of security, integrity and transparency, which were recently challenged in the context of Brazilian elections. Faced with this challenge and recognizing the favorable combination of blockchain networks as a beneficial agent to reinforce these principles, applying the exploratory research method, this work presents a model that applies blockchain in Brazilian elections. Finally, functional and non-functional tests were carried out. Functional tests validated the system’s integrity and security by allowing decentralized submission and verification of votes, while non-functional tests revealed the potential costs of adopting this technology in Brazilian elections. These results highlight the potential of blockchain technology to enhance the Brazilian electoral process.

RESUMO Cabo Verde aparece na memória social e nas práticas de pessoas cabo-verdianas enquanto um território atravessado e costurado pelas mobilidades a outros territórios, desde Europa, Américas e África. Dos vários territórios possiveis, São Tomé e Principe foi o palco de experiências de dor, de explorações e tentativas de desumanização. Com as narrativas dos meus interlocutores em alusão aos modos de vida no ‘tempo do branco’ versus ‘tempo da empresa’ (nacionalização das roças), vividos nas múltiplas roças santomenses, sinalizo os horrores e os modos escravistas que povoaram as vivências e os modos laborais no mato e nas roças. Proponho que revisitemos os contornos deste modus operandi laboral que emana do acontecimento do contrato, enquanto chave central na fabricação de vidas e na criação das várias temporalidades - o tempo presente, atual e cotidiano, acoplada à categoria ‘castigo’ espelhada nas práticas e nos cotidianos devastados pelo ‘castigo’ de vidas escravizadas.

ABSTRACT Cape Verde appears in the social memory and practices of Cape Verdean people as a territory crossed and sewn by mobilities to other territories, from Europe, the Americas and Africa. Of the various possible territories, São Tomé and Principe was the stage for experiences of pain, exploitation and attempts at dehumanization. With the narratives of my interlocutors in allusion to the ways of life in the ‘time of the white man’ versus ‘the time of the company’ (nationalization of the fields), lived in the multiple fields of Santomean, I point out the horrors and the slavery ways that populated the experiences and ways workers in the bush and in the fields. I propose that we revisit the contours of these labor modus operandi that emanate from the event of the contract, as a central key in the fabrication of lives and in the creation of the various temporalities - the present, current and everyday time, coupled with the category ‘punishment’ mirrored in the practices and daily lives devastated by the ‘punishment’ of enslaved lives.

RESUMO O contexto atual de conflitos nacionais e internacionais e de instabilidade política requer uma séria reflexão sobre a natureza humana, o papel do Estado e das organizações internacionais. Na Filosofia Política encontramos vários tratados sobre esses assuntos. O propósito desse artigo é demonstrar que T. Hobbes, um clássico do contratualismo moderno, pode ser lido como um teórico das relações internacionais e, pois, um filósofo da paz. Suas obras fornecem sugestivos elementos de interpretação da natureza humana enquanto determinantes para entender a relação entre os Estados. As leis naturais podem ser tidas como princípios orientadores, não só da organização interna dos Estados, mas também, e sobretudo, das relações internacionais. Para demonstrar isso, o texto discute a “guerra de todos contra todos” nas relações entre os Estados; indica as leis naturais como a base dessas relações; caracteriza o contrato social como pacto pela paz e chama a atenção para as dificuldades de efetivação das leis naturais.

ABSTRACT The current context of national and international conflicts and political instability requires a serious reflection on human nature, and the role of the State and international organizations. In Political Philosophy, we find several treatises on these subjects. This article aims to demonstrate that T. Hobbes, a classic of modern contractualism, can be read as a theorist of international relations and, therefore, a philosopher of peace. His works provide suggestive elements of interpretation of human nature as determinants for understanding the relationship between States. Natural laws can be seen as guiding principles, not only for the internal organization of States, but also, and above all, for international relations. To demonstrate this, the text discusses the “war of all against all” in relations between States; indicates natural laws as the basis of these relationships; characterizes the social contract as a pact for peace and draws attention to the difficulties in implementing natural laws.

Resumo: O trabalho trata da função dos contratos e das promessas na gestão de nossas relações pessoais. Para tanto, analisa criticamente a tradição do contrato como promessa, com base nas teorias de Charles Fried e Dori Kimel. Após apresentar as principais teses de cada autor, o texto expõe algumas das dificuldades enfrentadas por essas teorias para dar conta do fenômeno contratual. O artigo culmina sugerindo que tanto as promessas quanto os contratos cumprem funções importantes de coordenação, cooperação e socialização, mas somente os contratos permitem que nos relacionemos com os outros em iniciativas coletivas altamente complexas. Essa possibilidade amplia significativamente a autonomia pessoal, de um modo que as promessas e outros arranjos informais não conseguem igualar.

Abstract: This paper explores the role of contracts and promises in managing our personal relationships. It critically examines the tradition of viewing contracts as promises, with particular focus on the theories of Charles Fried and Dori Kimel. After outlining the main theses of each theory, the paper discusses some of the challenges they face in accounting for the contractual phenomenon. It concludes by suggesting that while both promises and contracts serve important functions of coordination, cooperation, and socialization, only contracts enable us to engage with others in highly complex collective endeavours. This capacity significantly expands personal autonomy in a way that promises and other informal arrangements cannot match.

Resumen: En este trabajo se aborda la función de los contratos y las promesas en la gestión de nuestras relaciones personales. Para ello, se analiza críticamente la tradición del contrato como promesa, tomando como referencia las teorías de Charles Fried y Dori Kimel. Luego de presentar las tesis principales de cada teoría, se exponen algunas de las dificultades que enfrentan para dar cuenta del fenómeno contractual. El artículo culmina sugiriendo que tanto las promesas como los contratos cumplen funciones de coordinación, cooperación y socialización importantes, pero solo los contratos nos permiten relacionarnos con otros en empresas colectivas altamente complejas, lo que amplía significativamente la autonomía personal de un modo que las promesas y otros arreglos informales no pueden igualar.

Resumen Introducción: la tuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa crónica causada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis, capaz de afectar cualquier órgano o tejido siendo la forma más común la enfermedad pulmonar. Objetivo: identificar los factores que afectan la adherencia al tratamiento antituberculoso en pacientes del Departamento de Boyacá durante los años 2017-2019. Metodología: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo que utilizó como fuentes de información datos registrados en la base del programa departamental de Tuberculosis y SIVIGILA. Se realizó análisis univariado, determinando la distribución de las variables y análisis bivariado en el que se exploró la asociación entre la adherencia al tratamiento de tuberculosis y las variables independientes, se utilizó la prueba de Chi cuadrado. Resultados: se incluyeron 402 pacientes, la adherencia al tratamiento antituberculoso fue 96,5% y la no adherencia de 3,5%. El 66,7% eran de sexo femenino; 55,7% vivián en zona urbana; 66,5% pertenecían al régimen subsidiado; 89,7% mestizos; 91,2% correspondían a otros grupos poblacionales, seguido del 7,5% de población privada de la libertad y 1,3% habitantes de calle. Dentro de las comorbilidades la coinfección con VIH con 4,2% fue la de mayor presencia. Entre las causas de no adherencia al tratamiento fueron desinterés, cambio frecuente de domicilio, contrato finalizado con la EPS y suspensión del tratamiento por toxicidad hepática. El paciente con mayor probabilidad de abandonar el tratamiento pertenece al sexo masculino, al grupo poblacional de migrantes o habitantes de calle y se encuentra afiliado al régimen subsidiado, se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre estas variables y el resultado con la adherencia al tratamiento. Conclusiones: si bien el resultado obtenido en el presente trabajo no es elevado, es importante realizar vigilancia de la adherencia al tratamiento antituberculoso para disminuir el riesgo de complicaciones derivadas de su abandono como mayor mortalidad, desarrollo de resistencia bacteriana y un período de contagiosidad más prolongado.

Abstract Introduction: Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, capable of affecting any organ or tissue, the most common form being lung disease. Objective: Identify the factors that affect adherence to tuberculosis treatment in patients from the Department of Boyacá during the years 2017-2019. Methodology: Retrospective descriptive study that used as information sources data registered in the database of the departmental Tuberculosis program and SIVIGILA. A univariate analysis was carried out, determining the distribution of the variables and a bivariate analysis in which the association between adherence to tuberculosis treatment and the independent variables was explored, using the Chi-square test. Results: 402 patients were included, adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment was 96.5% and non-adherence 3.5%. 66.7% were female; 55.7% lived in an urban area; 66.5% belonged to the subsidized regime; 89.7% mestizo; 91.2% corresponded to other population groups, followed by 7.5% of the population deprived of liberty and 1.3% homeless. Within the comorbidities, coinfection with HIV 4.2% was the one with the greatest presence. Among the causes of non-adherence to treatment were lack of interest; frequent change of address; Terminated contract with the EPS and suspension of treatment due to liver toxicity. The patient with the highest probability of abandoning treatment belongs to the male sex, to the population group of migrants or street dwellers and is affiliated with the subsidized regime, a statistically significant relationship was found between these variables and the result with adherence to treatment. Conclusions: Although the result obtained in this study is not high, it is important to monitor adherence to tuberculosis treatment to reduce the risk of complications derived from its abandonment, such as increased mortality, development of bacterial resistance, and a longer period of contagiousness.

RESUMEN Este artículo aborda el estudio del abuso económico en el contexto de las parejas heterosexuales como una forma de violencia en contra de las mujeres. En particular, analiza la manera en que el contrato simulado ha sido utilizado como una herramienta para este fin. Así, esta investigación contribuye a la determinación de la intersección entre derecho privado de contratos y violencia de género. Su metodología se basa en el análisis de jurisprudencia pertinente de la Corte Suprema de Justicia colombiana. Este examen permite concluir que el negocio simulado puede ser una de tantas estrategias para abusar de los derechos patrimoniales de las mujeres. En este sentido, la maniobra simulatoria ha sido un expediente para mantener vigente de facto la dimensión patrimonial de la potestad marital que fuera derogada hace casi un siglo en el país.

ABSTRACT This article addresses the study of economic abuse in the context of intimate heterosexual partnerships as a form of violence against women. In particular, it analyzes how the simulated contract has been used as a tool for this purpose. Thus, this research contributes to the determination of the interface between contract law and gender violence. Its methodology is based on the analysis of relevant jurisprudence of the Colombian Supreme Court of Justice. This examination allows the conclusion that the simulated contract could be one of many strategies to abuse women's property rights. In this sense, the simulation scheme has been an instrument to keep in force de facto the property-related dimensions of the marital power institution that was abolished almost a century ago in the country.

RESUMEN. El presente artículo de investigación estudia el reconocimiento, desde la perspectiva legal, jurisprudencial y doctrinal, de la cooperación o colaboración como una exigencia derivada del principio de buena fe contractual, tanto en el ordenamiento colombiano como en los instrumentos del moderno derecho. Se evidencia que el empleo de estos conceptos ha sido equívoco, razón por la cual es pertinente identificar los diferentes significados que se han atribuido a los mismos. En concreto, el artículo destaca los avances en la identificación de una exigencia contractual que implica para el acreedor contractual abandonar una actitud distante u omisiva para, en contraste, adoptar una exigencia de participar activamente en el cumplimiento.

ABSTRACT. This paper studies the recognition, from the legal, case law, and doctrinal perspective, of cooperation or collaboration as a demand derived from the principle of contractual good faith, both in the Colombian legal system so in the instruments of modern law. It highlights that the use of these concepts has been equivocal, which is why it is pertinent to identify the different meanings attributed to them. Specifically, the article remarks on the advances in the identification of a contractual requirement that implies the contractual creditor to abandon a distant or omissive attitude, who, in contrast, must actively participate in the performance.

RESUMEN. Parte de la doctrina y la jurisprudencia han señalado que la Convención de Viena sobre compraventa internacional de mercaderías contempla un derecho de retención general a partir de la interpretación de varios artículos de la Convención, entre ellos, el artículo 58 y el artículo 71. El presente trabajo analiza estos artículos para determinar si realmente se trata de supuestos de derecho de retención o si, más bien, establecen supuestos de excepción de contrato no cumplido en sus diversas modalidades.

ABSTRACT. Part of the legal literature and jurisprudence have indicated that the Vienna Convention on the International Sale of Goods contains a general right of retention based on the interpretation of several provisions of the Convention, including Article 58 and Article 71. This work analyzes these articles to determine if they are cases of the right of retention, or rather they establish cases of exceptio non adimpleti contractus in its various modalities.