Abstract Seismic bearing capacity of strip footings is a challenging task for geotechnical engineers due to its stochastic framework instigated by the natural uncertainties incorporated into geotechnical properties and earthquake parameters. Consequently, the introduction of the random field theory into reliability analysis may provide power tools to succor designers check how reliable their designs. This paper aims to assess the seismic bearing capacity of shallow strip footings resting on soils with randomly varying parameters. Bearing capacity formulas for purely cohesive and cohesive-frictional soils are considered. The influence of the type of the autocorrelation functions (ACFs), the scale of fluctuations (SOFs) and the coefficient of variation (COV) of the random parameters are investigated. Statistical moments, probability density function (PDF) and failure probability (Pf) of the seismic bearing capacity are computed. It is shown that the Single Exponential (SNE) ACF is the most appropriate function to characterize the spatial variability of the soil properties since it provides conservative results. On other hand, the results indicate that the increase in the coefficients of variation (COV) of the cohesion or the friction angle increases the variability of the seismic bearing capacity while this variability remains unaffected when the COV of the seismic coefficient increases. The results also highlight that the effect of the vertical SOF on the PDF and the failure probability is much more significant than that of the horizontal SOF. In addition, the mean seismic bearing capacity fluctuates slightly as the horizontal or vertical SOF increases so that the increment of variation is between 0.4% and 2% for the both two soil types.

ORIENTATION: Millennials have become the largest age cohort in the modern world of work. Understanding the phenomenological experiences of millennials may be the key to facilitating more ethical organisational cultures RESEARCH PURPOSE: The aim of this article is to explore the lived, working experiences of millennials' organisational ethics contexts factors as predisposed by ethical leadership in an organisation in the energy sector MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: An extensive body of research exists concerning the statistical relationship between ethical leadership, ethical culture, and workplace ethics climates. However, less explored is qualitative studies regarding millennials' work experiences of organisational ethics context factors. RESEARCH DESIGN, APPROACH AND METHOD: A qualitative research design was selected. Purposive and convenience sampling were utilised. The sample included eight millennials, and face-to-face interviews were used for data collection. Data were analysed by means of content analysis. MAIN FINDINGS: The findings suggest an ambivalent and paradoxical split in how millennials experience the ethical context factors in the participating organisation PRACTICAL AND MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The study has implications for the type of leadership styles that should be considered when engaging with millennials. Top human resource management could use the results to create a working environment that actively fosters psychological attachment, satisfaction, and boosts employee commitment. CONTRIBUTION OR VALUE ADDED: Expanding and enhancing the comprehension of how ethical leadership contributes to the theory of ethical leadership in the work context.

Resumo: O trabalho apresentado pretende visualizar a importância e o papel desempenhado pelo Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia na evolução e consolidação do sistema de integração comunitário como guardião da legalidade e garante da segurança jurídica da UE. É explorado o papel essencial da jurisprudência do TJUE no processo de integração europeia, centrando-se, mais especificamente, em sua contribuição para a construção do Direito Comunitário, na sua função na garantia dos direitos dos cidadãos e nas polémicas que tem suscitado. São também abordados conceitos jurídicos que são e foram fundamentais,desde o início, no processo de integração, como o do efeito direto ou a primacía do Direito da União sobre o Direito nacional. Para compreender o potencial jurídico do TJUE, é necessário abordar inúmeras sentenças, resoluções e documentos que emitiu, e que o tornam garante da aplicação uniforme das leis, garantindo a coesão da ordem jurídica da União Europeia como um todo.

Abstract: The work presented aims to visualize the importance and role played by the Court of Justice of the European Union in the evolution and consolidation of the community integration system as guardian of legality and guarantor of the legal security of the EU. The essential role of the jurisprudence of the TJUE in the European integration process is explored, focusing, more specifically, on its contribution to the construction of Community Law, its function in guaranteeing the rights of citizens and the controversies it has raised. Legal concepts that are and have been fundamental, from the beginning, in the integration process are also addressed, such as that of direct effect or that of the primacy of Union Law over national Law. To understand the legal potential of the TJUE it is necessary to address the numerous sentences, resolutions and documents it has issued, which make it a guarantor of the uniform application of laws, guaranteeing the cohesion of the legal order of the European Union as a whole.

Resumo: El trabajo presentado pretende visualizar la importancia y el rol que cumple el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea en la evolución y consolidación del sistema de integración comunitario como guardián de la legalidad y garante de la seguridad jurídica de la UE. Se explora el papel esencial de la jurisprudencia del TJUE en el proceso de integración europea, enfocándose, más específicamente, en su contribución a la construcción del Derecho Comunitario, su función en la garantía de los derechos de los ciudadanos y las controversias que ha suscitado. Se abordan también conceptos legales que son y han sido fundamentales, desde el origen, en el proceso de integración, tales como el de efecto directo o el de la primacía del Derecho de la Unión sobre los Derecho nacionales. Con la finalidad de comprender el potencial jurídico que significa el TJUE se aborda numerosas sentencias, resoluciones y documentos emitidos por él, que lo hace garante de la aplicación uniforme de las leyes asegurando la cohesión del orden jurídico de la Unión Europea en su conjunto.

This article utilises both the theoretical and practical lenses located in the discipline of forensic linguistics to examine the practice of administering language tests to applicants for citizenship in South Africa, considering the prevailing policies and practices in an international context, and concludes that they should be avoided. In this interdisciplinary article I outline the South African constitutional and legislative provisions affecting language testing and language proficiency when applying for citizenship in multilingual South Africa. In this paper I discuss the linkages between language, citizenship, and xenophobia, building on the work by Brits, Kaschula and Docrat on the role of language in xenophobic attacks and protests. I argue that language tests for immigrants in the South African context perpetuate Apartheid-era thinking, policies and practices. This creates linguistic inequality and contributes to racial tensions and divisions in communities rather than creating social cohesion and equality for all. The article provides a case study of Operation Dudula, where language is being used to carry out xenophobic acts under the banner of citizenship. A brief comparison is drawn with Ryanair airlines' language tests for South African citizens. Africa avoided xenophobia Brits protests Apartheidera Apartheid era thinking all Dudula airlines citizens

Abstract To solve the problem that the mechanical behavior of undisturbed loess in seasonally frozen soil area is affected by freeze-thaw action, triaxial shear tests of undisturbed loess under freeze-thaw condition were carried out. The results show that the mechanical properties of undisturbed loess are greatly affected by factors including freeze-thaw process, water content, natural density and confining pressure. Freeze-thaw action has a certain impact on the failure surface shape and stress-strain curve. Before and after freeze-thaw, the shape of the shear failure surface is complex, including single oblique failure surface, double oblique failure surface, vertical failure surface, X-shaped failure surface, bulging failure, etc. And under the conditions of low water content, low confining pressure and high dry density, the stress-strain curve tends to be softened. Conversely, the curve tends to harden. Freeze-thaw action can make the stress-strain curve transition from softening to hardening. In addition, the freeze-thaw action significantly weakens the failure strength, shear strength, cohesion, initial tangent modulus and failure ratio of undisturbed soil, but does not change the internal friction angle obviously. Also, the heterogeneity of natural soil is also an important factor affecting the mechanical parameters, failure surface shape and stress-strain curve of undisturbed loess. freezethaw freeze thaw out process content Freezethaw Freeze stressstrain stress strain freezethaw, thaw, complex Xshaped X shaped etc softened Conversely harden hardening addition strength cohesion obviously Also parameters

Resumo As relações entre a Galiza e o Norte de Portugal são ancestrais (recuam à Idade Média), assentando em laços linguísticos, culturais e históricos sobre um espaço geográfico comum - o noroeste peninsular. Mais recentemente, em tempos de democracia, a cooperação territorial, tendo por base os laços históricos, as afinidades geográficas e a própria identidade cultural que une estas regiões, foi-se desenvolvendo através de programas e projetos específicos que recebem financiamento de diferentes fontes, incluindo fundos oriundos da União Europeia (UE), ao abrigo do programa Interreg e do principal instrumento financeiro da UE destinado a promover a coesão económica e social entre as regiões europeias, o Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER). O objetivo deste estudo é o de proceder a uma análise descritiva e explicativa dos planos de investimento conjuntos da Euro-região Galiza-Norte de Portugal, identificando o padrão evolutivo dos eixos de cooperação entre as duas regiões, que visam promover o desenvolvimento conjunto e a resolução de desafios comuns prospetando o futuro da cooperação transfronteiriça. A estrutura do trabalho organiza-se em três tópicos. O primeiro define o quadro evolutivo mais recente das relações entre as duas regiões do noroeste peninsular, o segundo refere-se à consagração da Euro-região da Galiza-Norte de Portugal e, por último, são analisados os eixos prioritários de cooperação transfronteiriça com realce para os programas operacionais e os planos de investimentos conjuntos desde 2007 a 2027, em perspetiva comparada.

Abstract Relations between Galicia and the north of Portugal go back a long way (to the Middle Ages), based on linguistic, cultural and historical ties over a common geographical area - the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula. More recently, in times of democracy, territorial cooperation, based on the historical ties, geographical affinities and cultural identity that connect these regions, has developed through specific programmes and projects that receive funding from different sources, including funds from the European Union (EU) under the Interreg programme and the EU's main financial instrument for promoting economic and social cohesion between European regions, the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The aim of this study is to carry out a descriptive and explanatory analysis of the investment programmes of the Euroregion Galicia Norte de Portugal, identifying the evolutionary pattern of the axes of cooperation between the two regions, which aim to promote joint development and the resolution of common challenges, looking to the future of cross-border cooperation. The structure of the article is organised into three topics. The first defines the most recent evolutionary framework of relations between the two regions in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula, the second refers to the establishment of the Galicia-Northern Portugal Euroregion and finally the priority axes of cross-border cooperation framework are analysed, with an emphasis on the strategic programs and EU funding programmes since 2007 until 2027, in a comparative perspective.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a validade de uma versão adaptada ao tema do ambiente do Questionário de Fundamentos Morais (QFM), e que assenta em cinco fundamentos morais na sua polaridade: dano/cuidado, justiça/reciprocidade, pertença/lealdade, autoridade/respeito e pureza/santidade. Um total de 179 pessoas participaram em todas as fases do processo. A partir da versão em português do Questionário de Fundamentos Morais (Silvino et al., 2016), e tendo também em consideração o Questionário do Observatório do Consumo Consciente (QOCC), de Loureiro et al. (2017), fez-se uma análise da adequação, para a língua portuguesa e para o tema do ambiente, assente em análises fatoriais. Concluiu-se que uma tipologia assente em dois fatores é a melhor forma de analisar o QFM. Um fator mais da ordem do individual e um segundo mais da ordem da coesão, o que está de acordo com a Teoria dos Fundamentos Morais (TFM) pois agrupa os fundamentos “dano” e “justiça” em relação aos restantes. Encontramos validade nos fundamentos de coesão e concluímos que o instrumento faz a distinção entre os padrões de moral individualizante e de ligação. Dano e cuidado surgem como os mais influentes e a sua carga fatorial corrobora a versão inglesa e original.

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the validity of a version of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ), adapted to the subject of the environment, which was based on five moral foundations: harm/care, justice/reciprocity, belonging/loyalty, authority/respect and purity/holiness. A total of 179 people participated in all phases of the process. Based on the Portuguese version of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (Silvino et al., 2016), and also taking into account the Conscious Consumption Observatory Questionnaire (CCOQ), by Loureiro et al. (2017), we included in this study an analysis of the adequacy, for Portuguese language and for the environmental topic, supported by factor analyses. It was concluded that a typology based on two factors is the best way to analyze the MFQ. The first factor more linked to the individual and the second one more associated with cohesion, which is in accordance with the Theory of Moral Foundations (TMF) as it groups the foundations “harm” and “justice” in relation to the rest. We found validity in the foundations of cohesion and concluded that the instrument distinguishes between individualizing and bonding moral standards. Damage and care appear as the most influential and their factorial load corroborates the English and original version.

Resumen En este artículo se analizan los tres aspectos principales de la “escuela china de arqueología, con características chinas y ethos chino” delineados de manera general por el presidente Xi Jinping en su discurso del 28 de septiembre de 2020 y posteriormente referidas por renombrados arqueólogos e historiadores chinos durante 2020 y 2021, con el fin de demostrar que establecer la escuela china de arqueología corresponde a la necesidad del Estado y de la academia de conformar una arqueología oficial dirigida a promover la cohesión social y la confianza en la “cultura propia”, y reforzar de esta manera el papel histórico de la arqueología en China como una disciplina académica de carácter fundamentalmente nacionalista al servicio del Estado.

Abstract This article analyzes the three main aspects of the “Chinese school of archaeology, with Chinese characteristics and a Chinese ethos”. These characteristics were outlined by President Xi Jinping in a speech on September 28, 2020, and later referred to by several renowned Chinese archaeologists and historians in 2020 and 2021, to demonstrate that establishing this Chinese school of archaeology responds to the state’s and academia’s need to construct an official archaeology to promote social cohesion and confidence in the country’s “own culture”, thus reinforcing the historical role of archaeology in China as a fundamentally nationalist academic discipline in the service of the state.

Resumen A partir del paro colombiano (2021), y en diálogo con las experiencias mexicana y griega, en este artículo sostenemos que la violencia, en el contexto actual de crisis de la narrativa neoliberal, se incrementa y ante ella operan varios rituales de perdón con el objetivo de relegitimar la fuerza estatal y reconfigurar la cohesión social mediante la reinscripción de la memoria histórica. Finalmente, analizamos cómo la consigna “Ni perdón, ni olvido”, que de manera reiterada aparece en las rebeldías de estas tres experiencias, se vuelve la respuesta de las luchas contra los procesos estatales que buscan regular los conflictos sociales.

Abstract Based on the Colombian strike (2021), in dialogue with the Mexican and Greek experiences, in this article we argue that violence, in the current context of crisis of the neoliberal narrative, increases and various rituals of forgiveness operate with the aim of re-legitimising state force and reconfiguring social cohesion through the re-inscription of historical memory. Finally, we analyze how the slogan“Neither forgiving nor forgetting”, which appears repeatedly in the rebellions of these three experiences, becomes the response of the struggles against state processes that seek to regulate social conflicts.

Resumen El presente estudio aborda un rastreo histórico de las locuciones preposicionales del español con miras a y con miras de en el Corpus Diacrónico del Español (CORDE) y el Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual (CREA). En específico, se asume como objetivo de investigación describir la gramaticalización en la formación de las locuciones preposicionales con miras a y con miras de, y su relación con la conceptualización metafórica de dichas formas en los corpus CORDE y CREA. Para cumplir con este objetivo se tienen en cuenta los estudios sobre la gramaticalización (Traugott y König, 1991; Traugott, 2003; Elvira, 2015) y la metáfora desde la lingüística cognitiva (Lakoff y Johnson, 2015 [1980]). Asimismo, se examina la evolución de la forma miras desde su funcionamiento como unidad léxica libre hasta su integración en las locuciones preposicionales con valor (más) funcional con miras a y con miras de. En este sentido, se tuvieron en cuenta las co-ocurrencias y relaciones entre dicho ítem nominal y los elementos prenominales (con) y postnominales (de/a). Igualmente, se aplicaron tres de las pruebas que propone Cifuentes Honrubia (2003) para comprobar el grado de fijación y cohesión interna de los elementos compositivos de las locuciones estudiadas. Como resultado se observa que existe un fenómeno de gramaticalización en curso de las locuciones con miras a y con miras de, que progresa desde el comportamiento léxico del núcleo miras hasta su fijación en la estructura [preposición + nombre + preposición]. En términos cognitivos, se expresan tres dominios fundamentales en la forma miras: uno vinculado con la percepción visual; un segundo, relacionado con el intelecto y un tercero, con las acciones en general.

Abstract This study is a historical tracing of the Spanish prepositional locutions con miras a and con miras de in the Corpus Diacrónico del Español (CORDE) and the Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual (CREA). It describes the grammaticalization of these locutions and its relation to their metaphorical conceptualization, considering previous research on grammaticalization (Traugott and König, 1991; Traugott, 2003; Elvira, 2015) and metaphor as understood in the field of cognitive linguistics (Lakoff and Johnson, 2015 [1980]). The study also examines the evolution of the word miras from its function as a free lexical unit to its integration in the prepositional locutions con miras a and con miras de, through consideration of the concordances and relationships between the nominal item and the pre-nominal (con) and post-nominal (de/a) elements. Three tests proposed by Cifuentes Honrubia (2003) are used to verify the degree of fixation and internal cohesion of the compositional elements. A phenomenon of grammaticalization is found of the locutions progressing from the lexical behavior of the nucleus miras to its fixation in the structure preposition + noun + preposition. In cognitive terms, the form miras is expressed in three domains: one related to visual perception, a second pertained to intellect, and a third related to actions in general.

Resumen La cultura organizacional ha determinado el comportamiento de los individuos en las empresas y ha forjado una personalidad colectiva que, según numerosos estudios, influye en la conducta y la productividad de los trabajadores. Por ello, las ciencias administrativas han puesto especial interés en su estudio con la finalidad de determinar su impacto en tópicos como el liderazgo, trabajo en equipo, cohesión social, entre otros. Por tanto, en la presente investigación -sustentada en un enfoque cuantitativo, con un alcance correlacional y un diseño no experimental transversal- se procura explicar la influencia de la cultura organizacional en el engagement de los trabajadores del Tecnológico Nacional de México, según los modelos de Cameron y Quinn (2006), y Salanova et al. (2000), respectivamente. Para esto, se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra estadística de 297 trabajadores con 96 % de nivel de confianza y 4 % de margen de error. Con la información recopilada se construyeron 45 modelos de regresión lineal, y se encontró evidencia estadísticamente significativa de la influencia de la variable predictora sobre la variable dependiente, con valores de correlación r2 entre 0.251 y 0.319. En concreto, se destaca la dimensión de dedicación del engagement como la de mayor influencia por parte de la variable independiente. Además, se observa que la cultura de tipo clan influye de manera más significativa sobre las tres dimensiones de la variable dependiente.

Abstract Organizational culture has determined the behavior of individuals in companies, forging a collective personality that numerous studies have shown to influence the behavior and productivity of workers. For this reason, administrative sciences have placed special interest in its study, in order to determine its impact on topics of human behavior such as leadership, teamwork, and social cohesion, among others. This research has a quantitative approach, with a correlational scope and a cross-sectional non-experimental design and its research objective is: To explain the influence of Organizational Culture on the engagement of the workers of the Tecnológico Nacional de México, according to the models of Cameron and Quinn (2006) and Salanova et al. (2000) respectively. For this, a questionnaire was applied to a statistical sample of 297 workers with a 96% confidence level and a 4% margin of error. With the information collected, 45 linear regression models were built, finding statistically significant evidence of the influence of the predictor variable on the dependent variable, with r2 correlation values between 0.251 and 0.319, highlighting the case of the Dedication dimension of engagement as the of greater influence by the independent variable. In addition, it is observed that the clan-type culture is the one that presents a greater influence on the three dimensions of the dependent variable.

Resumo A cultura organizacional determinou o comportamento dos indivíduos nas empresas e forjou uma personalidade coletiva que, segundo numerosos estudos, influencia o comportamento e a produtividade dos trabalhadores. Por esse motivo, as ciências administrativas têm colocado especial interesse em seu estudo para determinar seu impacto em temas como liderança, trabalho em equipe, coesão social, entre outros. Portanto, na presente investigação -baseada em uma abordagem quantitativa, com um alcance correlacional e um desenho transversal não experimental- buscamos explicar a influência da cultura organizacional no engajamento dos trabalhadores do Tecnológico Nacional de México, segundo aos modelos de Cameron e Quinn (2006), e Salanova et al. (2000), respectivamente. Para isso, foi aplicado um questionário a uma amostra estatística de 297 trabalhadores com nível de confiança de 96% e margem de erro de 4%. Com as informações coletadas, foram construídos 45 modelos de regressão linear, e foram encontradas evidências estatisticamente significativas da influência da variável preditora sobre a variável dependente, com valores de correlação r2 entre 0,251 e 0,319. Especificamente, a dimensão dedicação do engajamento se destaca como a de maior influência por parte da variável independente. Além disso, observa-se que a cultura do tipo clã tem influência mais significativa nas três dimensões da variável dependente.

Resumo: O objetivo desta contribuição é fornecer algumas recomendações sobre a utilização do ChatGPT para correção de textos acadêmicos. A revisão constitui uma fase fundamental do processo de redação que envolve o aprimoramento tanto dos aspectos retóricos quanto do conteúdo dos textos. No entanto, por se tratar de uma tarefa difícil que requer, além do conhecimento linguístico, uma carga reflexiva considerável, é comum que os alunos a omitam ou se limitem a avaliar apenas aspectos ortográficos, deixando de lado outros níveis de maior complexidade. Devido a isso, é necessário desenvolver iniciativas que orientem e facilitem esta tarefa. Nesse sentido, a análise proposta testa algumas das possibilidades oferecidas pela inteligência artificial para auxiliar os estudantes recém-chegados à universidade na revisão e aprimoramento dos seus textos. Com esse intuito, fragmentos de textos escritos pelos estudantes foram utilizados e adaptados com o propósito de testar a efetividade da plataforma para diagnosticar e corrigir problemas vinculados à coesão. Como principal conclusão obtémse que ferramentas como o ChatGPT podem sim contribuir para a melhoria dos processos de escrita, e, ao mesmo tempo, beneficiando a aprendizagem autônoma no tocante à revisão de textos numa perspectiva inovadora; contudo, não substituem a responsabilidade do autor de revisar seu texto, apenas o complementam Resumo acadêmicos entanto requer linguístico considerável ortográficos complexidade isso sentido recémchegados recém chegados intuito coesão escrita tempo inovadora contudo texto

Resumen: El objetivo de este aporte es brindar algunas recomendaciones sobre el uso de ChatGPT® para la corrección de textos académicos. La revisión constituye una fase fundamental del proceso de escritura que involucra mejorar tanto los aspectos retóricos como de contenido de los textos. Sin embargo, por tratarse particular- mente de una tarea difícil que requiere, además de conocimientos lingüísticos, de una carga reflexiva importante, es común que el estudiantado la omita o se limite a valorar únicamente aspectos ortográficos, dejando de lado otros niveles de mayor complejidad. Debido a esto, resulta necesario desarrollar iniciativas que guíen y faciliten esta tarea. Al respecto, el análisis propuesto ensaya algunas de las posibilidades que ofrece la inteligencia artificial para apoyar a estudiantes que recién ingresan en la universidad con la revisión y reescritura de sus textos. Para ello, se utilizaron y adaptaron fragmentos de textos escritos por estudiantes con el fin de poner a prueba la efectividad de la plataforma para diagnosticar y corregir problemas relacionados con la cohesión. Como conclusión principal, se obtiene que herramientas como ChatGPT® pueden contribuir al mejoramiento de los procesos de escritura, al tiempo que favorecen el aprendizaje autónomo en torno a la revisión de textos desde una perspectiva innovadora; sin embargo, no sustituyen la responsabilidad que tiene la persona escritora de revisar su texto, solo lo complementa. Resumen ChatGPT académicos embargo particular requiere lingüísticos importante ortográficos complejidad esto respecto ello cohesión principal innovadora texto complementa

Abstract: The purpose of this contribution is to provide some recommendations on the use of ChatGPT for proofreading academic texts. Proofreading is a fundamental phase of the writing process that involves improving both the rhetorical and content aspects of texts. However, since it is a particularly difficult task that requires, in addition to linguistic knowledge, a significant amount of reflection, it is common for students to omit it or limit themselves to evaluating only orthographic aspects, leaving aside other levels of greater complexity. Because of this, it is necessary to develop initiatives that guide and facilitate this task. In this regard, the proposed analysis rehearses some of the possibilities offered by artificial intelligence to support students entering university with the revision and rewriting of their texts. For this purpose, fragments of texts written by students were used and adapted in order to test the effectiveness of the platform for diagnosing and correcting cohesion-related problems. The main conclusion is that tools such as ChatGPT can contribute to the improvement of writing processes, while favoring autonomous learning in the revision of texts from an innovative perspective; however, they do not replace the responsibility of the writer to revise his or her text, but only complement it. Abstract However requires knowledge reflection complexity regard cohesionrelated cohesion related problems processes perspective however text

ABSTRACT The present work is oriented towards determining the psychosocial components that affect job performance in public administrators in Ecuador, for this an investigation has been proposed whose methodological process implies the bibliographic review, so that the investigation was carried out in the bases: Dialnet, Scopus, Latindex, Scielo, Ebsco, Redalyc from which 8 articles were obtained, which were selected due to their relevance. The results of the review allowed to identify coincidences between the stressors, these being the organizational climate, organizational structure, organizational territory, technology, leader influence, lack of cohesion and group support, however other aspects are mentioned, such as knowledge of another language, quality of service required, extended hours, overload of activities in other areas, age of collaborator, time in office, degree of responsibility, among others, which are important depending on the type of activity of the public entity and the activity of the administrator.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo se orienta hacia la determinar los componentes psicosociales que afectan al desempeño laboral en los administradores públicos de Ecuador, para ello se ha planteado una investigación cuyo proceso metodológico implica la revisión bibliográfica, es así que se procedió a la indagación en las bases: Dialnet, Scopus, Latindex, Scielo, Ebsco, Redalyc de donde se obtuvieron 8 artículos, que por su relevancia fueron seleccionados. Los resultados de la revisión permitieron identificar coincidencias entre los factores estresores siendo estos el clima organizacional, estructura organizacional, territorio organizacional, tecnología, influencia del líder, falta de cohesión y respaldo del grupo, sin embargo se mencionan otros aspecto como, el conocimiento de otro idioma, calidad de servicio exigido, horarios extendidos, sobrecarga de actividades en otras áreas, edad de colaborador, tiempo en el cargo, grado de responsabilidad, entre otros, que son importantes según el tipo de actividad de la entidad pública y la actividad del administrador.

Resumo A pandemia de COVID-19 pressiona os sistemas públicos de saúde no mundo desde 2020. Este artigo pretende discutir as condições de trabalho na atenção primária à saúde (APS) no Brasil, dialogando também com os cuidados de saúde primários (CSP) em Portugal no cenário pandêmico. Para isso, apresentam-se dados da pesquisa “Condições de trabalho dos profissionais de saúde no contexto da COVID-19 no Brasil”, para posterior discussão com o relatório das Unidades de Saúde Familiar - Associação Nacional (USF-AN) sobre os CSP em Portugal. No Brasil, no recorte amostral de 3.895 profissionais de saúde da APS, foram percebidos: múltiplos vínculos trabalhistas, falta de apoio institucional e de treinamentos específicos, convívio com fake news e falta de coesão política entre as autoridades sanitárias, com alterações significativas na saúde mental desses trabalhadores. Em Portugal, destacaram-se o aumento da carga horária de trabalho e presença de síndrome de burnout entre os profissionais das USFs. A pandemia impactou de forma significativa a saúde e o cotidiano de trabalho dos profissionais de saúde na APS e nos CSP. Porém, o contexto brasileiro foi mais adverso devido às fake news e às divergências na condução do combate à pandemia, pela atuação e negacionismo do governo federal.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has put pressure on public health systems worldwide since 2020. This article aims to discuss working conditions in Primary Health Care (PHC) in Brazil, while dialoguing with primary health care (CSP, Cuidados de Saúde Primários) in Portugal in the pandemic scenario. For that purpose, data from the study “Working conditions of health professionals in the context of COVID-19 in Brazil” are presented, for further discussion with the report produced by “Family Health Units - National Association (USF-AN, Unidades de Saúde Familiar - Associação Nacional)” on the CSP in Portugal. In Brazil, regarding the sample of 3,895 PHC health professionals, it was observed: multiple employment relationships, lack of institutional support and specific training, living with fake news and the lack of political cohesion between health authorities, with significant changes in these workers’ mental health. In Portugal, the increase in the workload and the presence of Burnout Syndrome among FHU professionals was emphasized. The pandemic had a significant impact on the health and daily work of health professionals in PHC and CSP. However, the Brazilian context was more adverse due to fake news and divergences regarding conducts related to the fight against the pandemic, due to the actions and denialism by the federal government.

SIGNIFICANCE: Culling electrical demand to save a fickle supply costs South Africa more than you may think. Load shedding is South Africa's new norm, affecting each of us, with individual impacts ranging from annoyance to ruin. Much of our vital and collective electrical lifeline is sacrificed on the altars of convenience, inefficiency, and oversight. This Commentary sheds light on some of the hidden costs of load shedding. We call for custodianship of this crucial and limited shared source of life, and call on government to incentivise electricity generation, preferably the renewable and distributed type.