ABSTRACT: This study determined the zootechnical, metabolic, and health performance of Girolando calves born with high or low birth weight, conceived through in vitro fertilization. The study was carried out on a commercial dairy farm located in Passos, Minas Gerais, Brazil. For this, a hundred Girolando calves were divided into two groups: The Control, which consisted of calves that were born weighing ≤ 35 kg; and high birth weight (HBW) calves, which were born weighing > 35 kg. The calves were monitored for zootechnical parameters; epidemiological indices, for diseases such diarrhea and pneumonia; as well as serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, cholesterol, triglycerides, paraoxonase1, albumin, urea, and globulin. Calves from the HBW group had a higher general mortality rate, but no effects on the zootechnical performance or metabolism were observed. The results obtained allow us to conclude that Girolando calves generated by IVF and heavier at birth have a greater chance to present diseases such as omphalophlebitis, tympany, and bovine parasitic sadness, and have a higher rate of general mortality. Conversely, birth weight of the calves does not influence diarrhea or pneumonia, the zootechnical performance, or the metabolism.

RESUMO: Este estudo determinou o desempenho zootécnico, metabólico e saúde de bezerras Girolando nascidas com alto ou baixo peso, concebidas por fertilização in vitro. O estudo foi realizado em uma fazenda leiteira comercial localizada em Passos, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Cem bezerras Girolando foram divididas em dois grupos: Controle, que consistiu em bezerras que nasceram com peso ≤ 35 kg; e HBW, bezerras que nasceram com peso > 35 kg. As bezerras foram monitoradas quanto aos parâmetros zootécnicos; índices epidemiológicos para doenças como diarreia e pneumonia; bem como as concentrações séricas de aspartato aminotransferase, alanina aminotransferase, fosfatase alcalina, gama-glutamil transferase, colesterol, triglicérides, paraoxonase1, albumina, uréia e globulina. As bezerras do grupo HBW apresentaram maior taxa de mortalidade, mas nenhum efeito no desempenho zootécnico ou metabolismo foram observados. Os resultados permitem concluir que bezerras Girolando provenientes de FIV que nascem mais pesadas têm maior chance de apresentar doenças, como onfaloflebite, timpanismo e tristeza parasitária bovina, tendo uma maior taxa de mortalidade geral. Porém, o peso ao nascimento das bezerras não influenciou a ocorrência de diarreia ou broncopneumonia, o desempenho zootécnico e o perfil metabólico.

ABSTRACT Vermiculite mining residues, although of low solubility, contain nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium at concentrations that allow their agricultural use. Beneficial bacteria can increase the solubility of this waste and its efficiency. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of bio-inoculation of vermiculite residue, associated with cattle manure, on the release of nutrients and initial growth of maize. A completely randomized design was performed in a greenhouse with seven treatments and four replications. The treatments were: T1 - soil without fertilization; T2 - soil fertilized with soluble sources of nutrients (conventional fertilization); T3 - application of vermiculite residue (VR); T4 - VR enriched with cattle manure (CM); T5 - VR + CM with Bacillus subtilis; T6 - VR + CM + B. amyloliquefaciens, and T7 - VR + CM +B. subtilis + B. amyloliquefaciens). Regardless of the use of cattle manure or beneficial microorganisms, vermiculite mining waste increased the availability of Ca and K in the soil, but was not able to match the soluble sources of nutrients. Mining waste associated with cattle manure and beneficial microorganisms (B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens) increased microbial activity and enhanced the release of available calcium for maize. VR increased the growth and the dry mass production of maize compared to the non-fertilized soil, but was consistently inferior to conventional fertilizer.

RESUMO Os resíduos da mineração de vermiculita, embora de baixa solubilidade, contêm nutrientes como cálcio, magnésio e potássio em concentrações que permitem seu uso agrícola. Bactérias benéficas podem aumentar a solubilidade deste resíduo e sua eficiência. Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da bioinoculação do resíduo de vermiculita, associado ao esterco bovino, na liberação de nutrientes e no crescimento inicial do milho. Foi realizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado em casa de vegetação com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1 - solo sem adubação; T2 - solo adubado com fontes solúveis de nutrientes (fertilização convencional); T3 - aplicação de resíduo de vermiculita (VR); T4 - VR enriquecido com esterco bovino (CM); T5 -VR+CM com Bacillus subtilis; T6 - VR + CM + B. amyloliquefaciens e T7 - VR + CM + B. subtilis + B. amyloliquefaciens). O VR aumentou a disponibilidade de Ca e K no solo, porém seu desempenho foi inferior às fontes solúveis. Independentemente da utilização de esterco bovino ou de microrganismos benéficos, os resíduos da mineração de vermiculita aumentaram a disponibilidade de Ca e K no solo, mas não foram capazes de igualar as fontes solúveis de nutrientes. Os resíduos de mineração associados ao esterco bovino e aos microrganismos benéficos (B. subtilis e B. amyloliquefaciens) aumentaram a atividade microbiana e aumentaram a liberação de cálcio disponível para o milho. Os resíduos da mineração de vermiculita aumentaram o crescimento e a produção de massa seca do milho em comparação ao solo não fertilizado, mas foram consistentemente inferiores ao fertilizante convencional.

■ ABSTRACT Introduction: Fat grafting is an autologous graft of cells from subcutaneous tissue, which can be used as a complementary technique in breast reconstruction. Given this, the cryopreservation of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) could be a way to collect them in one surgical procedure and after performing fractional fat grafting. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a cryopreservative used in cell research, but it is potentially toxic, which would make it impossible to use cryopreserved ADMSCs in clinical practice. New cellular cryopreservatives, without toxicity, have been described in the experimental scientific literature, such as the substances L-proline and trehalose. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the viability of ADMSCs cryopreserved with the combination of L-proline and trehalose over up to 90 days. Method: Experimental study in which lipoaspirate samples were obtained from 9 patients. The cellular fraction was processed and frozen with L-proline (1.5M) + trehalose (0.2M) or with DMSO + fetal bovine serum (FBS) as control. After 30 and 90 days, the samples were thawed, and cell viability was assessed using the MTT technique. Results: The analysis of ADMSCs, after 1 and 3 months of freezing, indicated that samples treated with L-proline + trehalose showed similar viability to those preserved with DMSO and SFB (p=0.444). Conclusion: The association of L-proline and trehalose kept ADMSC viable for 30 and 90 days of freezing, and could be an alternative as a cellular cryopreservative without toxicity and enabling the use of serial fat grafting.

■ RESUMO Introdução: A lipoenxertia é um enxerto autólogo de células do tecido celular subcutâneo, que pode ser utilizada como técnica complementar na reconstrução mamária. Diante disso, a criopreservação de células-tronco mesenquimais provenientes de tecido adiposo (CTDAs) poderia ser uma maneira de realizar a coleta em um tempo cirúrgico e após realizar a lipoenxertia de forma fracionada. O dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) é um criopreservante utilizado em pesquisas com células, porém é potencialmente tóxico, o que impossibilitaria a utilização de CTDAs criopreservadas na prática clínica. Novos criopreservantes celulares, sem toxicidade, vêm sendo descritos na literatura científica experimental, como as substâncias L-prolina e trealose. Com isso, esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade de CTDAs criopreservadas com a combinação de L-prolina e trealose, em um período de até 90 dias. Método: Estudo experimental, no qual foram obtidas amostras de lipoaspirado provenientes de 9 pacientes. A fração celular foi processada e congelada com L-prolina (1,5M) + trealose (0,2M), ou com DMSO + soro fetal bovino (SFB), como controle. Após 30 e 90 dias, as amostras foram descongeladas e a viabilidade celular foi avaliada pela técnica de MTT. Resultados: A análise das CTDAs, após 1 e 3 meses de congelamento, indicou que as amostras tratadas com L-prolina + trealose apresentaram viabilidade semelhante àquelas preservadas com DMSO e SFB (p=0,444). Conclusão: A associação de L-prolina e trealose manteve CTDA viáveis por 30 e 90 dias de congelamento, podendo ser uma alternativa como criopreservante celular sem toxicidade e viabilizando o uso de lipoenxertia seriada.

Abstract: This paper assesses the importance of some variables that influence the adoption of integrated production systems, especially the Agroforestry Systems (SAFs), into the Brazilian farms. In order to achieve this purpose, an aggregated panel data at the municipal level and spatial econometric models are used. Dataset were collected from Brazil´s Agricultural Censuses for the years 2006 and 2017. Results from the SARAR model indicate that the size of the cattle herd in each municipality is negatively linked with the adoption of SAFs. On the other hand, SAFs adoption is positively linked with the increase of rural credit loans, the association of the farmers into cooperatives or class entities, the greater presence of farms focused on forestry economic activity, the greater presence of farmers older than 45 years, the greater presence of areas with degraded pastures, greater presence of farmers with stable land tenure and the greater frequency of farms that adopted good agricultural practices. Additionally, there were greater direct effects than the indirect ones in the spatial spillovers (among municipalities) of the aforementioned explanatory variables.

Resumo: O presente artigo avalia a importância de algumas variáveis que influenciam a adoção de sistemas integrados de produção, em especial, os Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAFs), nos estabelecimentos agropecuários brasileiros. Com esse intento, utilizam-se dados em painéis agregados a nível de municípios e modelos da econometria espacial. Os dados são provenientes dos censos agropecuários referentes aos anos de 2006 e 2017. Os resultados do modelo SARAR apontam que a dimensão do rebanho bovino em um município associa-se negativamente com a adoção dos SAFs. De outro lado, ajuntam-se positivamente, com a adoção dos SAFs, a concessão do crédito rural, a associação do produtor à cooperativa ou entidade de classe, a maior presença de estabelecimentos direcionados à atividade econômica florestal, a maior ocorrência de produtor com idade de 45 anos em diante, maiores presenças de áreas com pastagens degradadas e de produtor com posse estável da terra, bem como maior frequência de estabelecimentos com adoção de boas práticas agrícolas. Adicionalmente, constataram-se maiores efeitos diretos do que os indiretos nos transbordamentos espaciais (entre municípios) das variáveis explicativas supracitadas.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the vaccine-induced serological response after administering four commercial formulations containing Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) type-1, BVDV-2, and Bovine Herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) to young heifers with circulating maternal antibody titers. The study also determined the anamnestic response to vaccinations after the complete metabolization of maternal antibodies when the calves reached six months. Eighty-seven Holstein heifers were selected and randomly distributed into four experimental groups based on the vaccine administered. The four vaccine-based experimental groups were as follows: vaccine A (n = 22), vaccine B (n = 22), vaccine C (n = 24), and vaccine D (n = 19), given on the 60th, 90th, and 180th day of life, respectively. Virus-neutralization (VN) tests were performed at baseline (day 60) and 30 days after administering the second (day 120) and third doses (day 210). We analyzed the effect of vaccine group (P ≤ 0.001), day of vaccination (P ≤ 0.001), and group versus vaccine day interaction (P ≤ 0.001) for antibody titers produced against BVDV-1, BVDV-2, and BoHV-1 using the PROC MIXED method (Statistical Analysis System -SAS 9.4). Antibody titers against BVDV-1, BVDV-2, and BoHV-1 were similar at baseline and on day 60 of life. The mean antibody titers were constant and persisted against BVDV-1 in heifers immunized with vaccines A and C. Heifers immunized with vaccine A alone had a similar effect against BVDV-2. Regarding BoHV-1, the antibody titers decreased between days 60 and 210 in groups B, C, and D. The antibody titer for heifers in group A also decreased between days 60 and day 120, and an intense increase in titers was observed on day 210. After being immunized with formulations B, C, and D, the frequency of animals with titers above protective levels for BVDV-1, BVDV-2, and BoHV-1 was very low or null. Indicators of anamnestic response were observed in heifers vaccinated with formulation A only. Therefore, it can be concluded that passive immunity negatively interferes with antibody production after vaccination.

RESUMO: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a resposta sorológica induzida após vacinação com quatro formulações comerciais contendo o BVDV-1, BVDV-2 e BoHV-1 em novilhas jovens com títulos de anticorpos maternos circulantes, assim como analisar uma possível resposta anamnéstica em vacinações, após a completa metabolização dos anticorpos maternais aos seis meses de idade. Foram selecionadas 87 novilhas Holandesas, distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais de acordo com as vacinas: vacina A (n = 22), vacina B (n = 22), vacina C (n = 24) e vacina D (n = 19), aplicadas aos dias 60, 90 e 180 de vida. Testes de vírus-neutralização (VN) foram realizados no momento basal (D60) e 30 dias após a aplicação da 2ª dose (D120) e 3ª dose (D210). Observou-se efeito do grupo (P ≤ 0,001), dia da vacinação (P ≤ 0,001), e interação grupo versus dia (P ≤ 0,001) para os títulos de anticorpos produzidos contra o BVDV-1, BVDV-2 e BoHV-1, por meio do comando PROC MIXED (Statistical Analysis System, versão 9,4). Os títulos de anticorpos contra o BVDV-1, BVDV-2 e BoHV-1 eram semelhantes no momento basal aos 60 dias de vida. Os títulos médios de anticorpos foram constantes e persistentes contra o BVDV-1 nas novilhas imunizadas com as vacinas A e C, porém apenas a vacina A teve este mesmo perfil contra o BVDV-2. Em relação ao BoHV-1, os grupos B, C e D apresentaram queda nos títulos de anticorpos do D60 ao D210, enquanto as novilhas do grupo A apresentaram queda do D60 ao D120, com aumento intenso dos títulos no D210. A frequência de animais com títulos acima dos protetores contra o BVDV-1, BVDV-2 e BoHV-1 foram muito baixos ou nulos após as vacinações nos animais imunizados com as formulações B, C e D. Sugere-se que a imunidade passiva interferiu negativamente na indução de anticorpos pelas vacinas, observando-se indicadores de resposta anamnéstica apenas para as novilhas vacinadas com a formulação A.

Resumo Por muitos anos, o objetivo da seleção em fazendas leiteiras foi focado em altos rendimentos, ignorando características de saúde, como resistência a doenças. Atualmente o interesse está em identificar geneticamente animais resistentes ao desenvolvimento de doenças infecciosas, por meio de genes candidatos. O complexo principal de histocompatibilidade bovina (bola) é um grupo de genes, ligados à resposta imune. O objetivo deste estudo foi associar os alelos do exon 2 do gene bola-DRB3.2 com a produção de leite e a contagem de células somáticas, parâmetro associado à incidência de mastite subclínica. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 157 vacas da raça Holandesa e seu DNA foi analisado pela técnica de PCR-RFLP. Foram detectados 32 alelos, sendo seis deles os mais frequentes (13,50% a 6,43%). São eles: bola-DRB3.2 *23, *24, *16, *25, *28 e *22. As contagens de células somáticas foram analisadas como indicadores de doença quando os registros foram superiores a 250.000 células/ml de leite. Com um modelo linear generalizado, o alelo *25 foi associado a uma baixa contagem de células somáticas e o *23 associado a uma alta contagem de células somáticas (p= 0,03). Foi detectada associação entre os alelos com os litros de leite (p= 0,0132). Não foi encontrada associação significativa com o percentual de proteína e gordura. Os alelos bola-DRB3.2 evidenciam-se como marcadores relevantes para detectar animais geneticamente resistentes à mastite e maior produção de leite.

Resumen Durante muchos años el objetivo de selección en las explotaciones lecheras estuvo focalizado en las altas producciones, ignorándose los rasgos de salud tales como la resistencia a enfermedades. Actualmente el interés está en identificar genéticamente los animales resistentes a desarrollar enfermedades infecciosas, por medio de genes candidatos. El complejo principal de histocompatibilidad Bovino (BoLA) es un grupo de genes, vinculado a la respuesta inmune. El objetivo del presente estudio fue asociar alelos del exón 2 del gen BoLA-DRB3.2 con producción de leche y conteo de células somáticas, un parámetro asociado a la incidencia de mastitis subclínica. Se tomaron muestras de sangre a 157 vacas de raza Holstein y su ADN se analizó por la técnica PCR-RFLP. Se detectaron 32 alelos de los cuales seis fueron los más frecuentes (13,50 % a 6,43 %). Éstos son: BoLA-DRB3.2 *23, *24, *16, *25, *28 y *22. Se analizaron los conteos de células somáticas como indicadores de enfermedad cuando los registros eran superiores a 250.000 cel/ml de leche. Con un modelo lineal generalizado se encontró al alelo *25 asociado con bajo conteo de células somáticas y el *23 asociado a un alto conteo de células somáticas (p= 0,03). Se detectó una asociación entre los alelos con los litros de leche (p= 0,0132). No se encontró asociación significativa con el porcentaje de proteína y de grasa. Los alelos del BoLA-DRB3.2 se evidencian como marcadores relevantes para detectar animales genéticamente resistentes a mastitis y una mayor producción lechera.

Abstract For many years the selection objective on dairy farms was focused on high yields, ignoring health traits such as disease resistance. Currently the interest is focused in genetically identifying animals that are resistant to developing infectious diseases, through candidate genes. The main Bovine Histocompatibility Complex (BoLA) is a group of genes linked to the immune response. The aim of the present study was to associate alleles of exon 2 of the BoLA-DRB3.2 gene with milk production and somatic cell count as a parameter to evaluate subclinical mastitis. Blood samples were taken from 157 Holstein dairy cows; their DNA was analyzed using the PCR-RFLP technique. Thirty-two alleles were detected, six of which were the most frequent. These are: BoLA-DRB3.2 *23, *24, *16, *25, *28 and *22, with a frequency ranging from 13,50% to 6,43%. Somatic cell counts were analyzed as disease indicators when the records were above 250,000 cells/ml of milk. Using a generalized linear model, allele *25 was found to be associated with a low somatic cell count and *23 was associated with a high somatic cell count (p = 0,03). An association was detected between the alleles and liters of milk (p = 0,0132). No significant association was found with protein and fat percentages. The BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles are evidenced as relevant markers to detect animals genetically resistant to mastitis and higher milk production.

Resumo Para desenvolver um modelo de simulação que combine os diferentes algoritmos matemáticos de base biológica usados para calcular as necessidades minerais em bovinos de corte, informações teóricas bibliográficas foram compiladas para estabelecer as bases para isso. O modelo foi desenvolvido em ambiente Excel com o auxílio de macros Excel. Nele, foram avaliadas duas formulações de suplementação mineral, sal mineral simples e sal proteico, para bovinos de +-290 kg de peso vivo mantidos em pastagem nativa, a fim de validar o modelo. Tanto o sal mineral quanto o sal proteico apresentaram deficiências para suprir a necessidade dos macrominerais, principalmente o fósforo, com déficit de 56% em média, no caso dos microminerais, todos foram atendidos e apresentaram excessos na oferta, principalmente Fe e Mn, tanto para o sal mineral quanto para o sal proteico. Com relação às simulações de ganho de peso diário, o software apresentou resultados em ambos os casos com ganhos de peso diários inferiores aos obtidos na prática, com uma diferença de 12%.

Resumen Con el objeto de desarrollar un modelo de simulación que compagine los diferentes algoritmos matemáticos de base biológica empleados para el cálculo de necesidades de minerales en bovinos de carne se ha recopilado información teórica bibliográfica tendiente a sentar las bases para el mismo. El modelo fue desarrollado en entorno Excel con ayuda de macros Excel. En el mismo fueron evaluados dos formulaciones de suplementación mineral, sal mineral simple y sal proteinada, para animales bovinos de +-290 kg de peso vivo mantenidos sobre pastizal nativo, con el fin de validar el modelo. Tanto la sal mineral como la sal proteinada manifestaron deficiencias para cubrir el requerimiento de macrominerales, principalmente fósforo, con un faltante de 56% promedio, en el caso de los microminerales, todos ellos fueron cubiertos y manifestaron excesos en la oferta, principalmente Fe y Mn, tanto para la sal mineral como para la sal proteinada. En cuanto a las simulaciones de ganancia diaria de peso el software arrojó en ambos casos resultados con menores ganancias diarias de peso que las obtenidas en la práctica, con una diferencia del 12%.

Abstract In order to develop a simulation model that reconciles the different biological-based mathematical algorithms used to calculate mineral requirements in beef cattle, bibliographic theoretical information has been compiled to lay the foundations for it. The model was developed in an Excel environment with the help of Excel macros. Two mineral samples were evaluated, simple mineral salt and protein salt for beef cattle. For validation were employed beef cattle with +/-290 kg body weight maintained on native pasture. Both, the mineral salt as the protein salt showed deficiencies to cover the mineral requirement of macro minerals, mainly phosphorus with a shortfall of 56 % in average. In the case of the trace minerals they were all covered sufficiently and expressed excesses principally in Fe and Mn, both for the mineral salt and for the protein salt. As for the simulations of daily weight gain, the software yielded results in both cases with lower daily weight gains than those obtained in practice, with a difference of 12%.

Abstract In order to estimate the Basic Quality Grade of beef carcasses according to bone maturity, marbling and Bos indicus racial predominance, data from 1,417 carcasses processed in four Federal Inspection Type establishments were analyzed. The following variables were recorded: cavitary fat, rib eye area, dorsal fat thickness, hump length and height, marbling, and bone maturity. Using the variables marbling and bone maturity, the Basic Grade of Quality was estimated in accordance with the norm NOM-004-SAGARPA-2018. The hump height was used as a criterion to determine racial predominance, and four groups were generated from this information. Based on the recorded values, descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, comparison of means, and Tukey's test were determined. The hump height in each group was 7.19, 10.54, 14.38, and 20.11 cm (P<0.01), respectively. 82 % of the carcasses were predominantly Bos indicus. The hot carcass weight was 310.05 kg for group 1 vs 326.99 kg for group 4 (P<0.01). The rib eye area was 85.59 cm2 for group 1 vs 89.14 cm2 for group 2 (P<0.05). Of the total number of carcasses evaluated, 60 were classified as Supreme quality (4.23 %), 655 as Select quality (46.22 %), 621 as Standard quality (43.82 %), and 81 as Commercial quality (5.72 %). The beef carcasses in this study have mainly a Bos indicus breed component, and their Basic Quality Grade corresponded primarily to a greater number of carcasses with grade A bone maturity, but with less marbling.

Resumen Para estimar el Grado Básico de Calidad de canales bovinas conforme a madurez ósea, marmoleo y predominancia racial Bos indicus, se analizaron los datos de 1,417 canales procesadas en cuatro establecimientos Tipo Inspección Federal. Se registraron las variables: grasa cavitaria, área del ojo de costilla, espesor de la grasa dorsal, largo y altura de la giba, marmoleo y madurez ósea. Mediante las variables marmoleo y madurez ósea se estimó el Grado Básico de Calidad con base en la NOM-004-SAGARPA-2018. La altura de la giba se utilizó como criterio para determinar la predominancia racial y mediante esta información se generaron cuatro grupos. Con base en los valores registrados, se determinaron las estadísticas descriptivas, análisis de la varianza comparación de medias, análisis de frecuencias y prueba de Tukey. La altura de la giba en cada grupo fue de 7.19, 10.54, 14.38 y 20.11 cm (P<0.01), respectivamente. El 82 % de las canales mostraron predominancia racial Bos indicus. El peso de la canal caliente fue 310.05 kg para el grupo 1 vs 326.99 kg para el grupo 4 (P<0.01). El área del ojo de la costilla fue de 85.59 cm2 para el grupo 1 vs 89.14 cm2 para el 2 (P<0.05). Del total de canales evaluadas, 60 clasificaron de calidad Suprema (4.23 %), 655 de calidad Selecta (46.22 %), 621 de calidad Estándar (43.82 %) y 81 Comerciales (5.72 %). Las canales de bovino objeto del presente estudio, presentan mayormente un componente racial Bos indicus y su Grado Básico de Calidad primordialmente correspondió a la mayor cantidad de canales con madurez ósea grado A, pero con menor marmoleo.

Abstract Cattle ranching, transportation, and utilization are issues associated with resource endowment, distance traveled, and types of markets. The structure of the livestock mobilization network by market at the municipal and state level in Mexico during the 2017-2021 period was investigated. The data were analyzed using measures of economic structure and Social Network Analysis. During the period under analysis, an annual average of 8.9 million heads of cattle were moved in Mexico: 57.9 % interstate and 42.1 % intrastate. The most important markets were for slaughter and fattening, the rest corresponded to beef breeding, reproduction, fairs, and shows. The average market and state specialization were low, with a higher specialization in the entertainment market. The structure of the state network of all markets showed a high degree of average market and density, but low centrality of output and input. These measures mean that, on average, states can connect in 1.2 steps to the national network and in 1.7 steps to the network per purpose. The authors conclude that the state structure of the livestock market in Mexico is composed of 32 origins, 32 destinations, six markets, and major interstate mobilization from the south to the north of the country.

Resumen La ganadería, el transporte y el aprovechamiento de bovinos son problemas asociados con la dotación de recursos, la distancia recorrida y los tipos de mercado. Se investigó la estructura de la red de movilización de ganado bovino por mercado a nivel municipal y estatal en México durante el periodo 2017-2021. Los datos se analizaron con medidas de estructura económica y de Análisis de Redes Sociales. En el periodo de análisis, un promedio anual de 8.9 millones de cabezas de ganado fueron movilizadas en México: 57.9 % interestatal y 42.1 % intra estatal. Los mercados más importantes fueron para rastro y engorda, el resto correspondió a repasto, reproducción, ferias y espectáculos. La especialización promedio de los mercados y de los estados fue baja, con mayor especialización en el mercado para espectáculos. La estructura de la red estatal de todos los mercados presentó un alto grado promedio y de densidad, pero baja centralidad de salida y entrada. Estas medidas hacen que, en promedio, los estados puedan conectarse en 1.2 pasos a la red nacional y 1.7 en la red por motivo. Se concluye que la estructura estatal del mercado de bovinos en México se compone de 32 orígenes, 32 destinos, seis mercados y mayor movilización interestatal de sur al norte del país.

Resumen La ultrasonografía transrectal es una tecnología utilizada en el manejo reproductivo de los bovinos como medio del diagnóstico de gestación y de seguimiento del ciclo estral. Asimismo, tiene aplicación en el manejo, diagnóstico y tratamiento tanto de procesos reproductivos como en programas de biotecnología reproductiva. El objetivo del trabajo fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre los procesos reproductivos en vacas y el uso de la ultrasonografía. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica incluyendo publicaciones del 2022 y años previos. Se consideraron criterios que sustentan el desarrollo alcanzado en el uso de ultrasonido, basados en el análisis lógico de la bibliografía consultada. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron ultrasonografía, ecografía, bovinos, reproducción bovina, palpación transrectal, ciclo estral, dinámica folicular, función ovárica, Doppler, funcionalidad del cuerpo lúteo, diagnóstico precoz de la preñez, muerte embrionaria. La ultrasonografía transrectal ha aumentado nuestro conocimiento y comprensión de la fisiología de la reproducción del bovino. Los avances tecnológicos han permitido que su empleo en el manejo reproductivo del ganado bovino se incremente. La ultrasonografía es un avance revolucionario en la investigación que ha influenciado la eficiencia en el manejo reproductivo de la vaca.

Abstract Transrectal ultrasonography is a technology used in cattle reproductive management as a means of gestation diagnosis and estrous cycle monitoring. Likewise, it has application in the management, diagnosis and treatment of both reproductive processes and in reproductive biotechnology programs. The objective of the work was to carry out a bibliographic review on the reproductive processes in cows and the ultrasonography use. A bibliographic review was carried out including publications from 2022 and previous years. Criteria that support the development achieved in the use of ultrasound were considered, based on the logical analysis of the consulted bibliography. The keywords used were ultrasonography, ultrasound, cattle, bovine reproduction, transrectal palpation, estrous cycle, follicular dynamics, ovarian function, Doppler, corpus luteum functionality, early pregnancy diagnosis, embryonic death. Transrectal ultrasonography has increased our knowledge and understanding of bovine reproductive physiology. Technological advances have allowed its use in the reproductive management of cattle to increase. Ultrasonography is a revolutionary advance in research that has influenced the efficiency of cow reproductive management.

Resumen Introducción. La rentabilidad del sistema de doble propósito (SDP) está afectada por baja eficiencia productiva y altos costos de producción generados en el manejo tradicional. Estudios en función de la reducción de costos e incremento de los ingresos, podría sugerir estrategias para mejorar la eficiencia económica. Objetivo. Determinar la eficiencia técnica y rentabilidad de tres alternativas de producción del SDP bovino en Meta, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se llevó a cabo durante el periodo 2016-2017, en una finca del departamento de Meta, Colombia. Se seleccionaron 72 vacas Bos taurus x Bos indicus, que iniciaban lactancia, alimentadas bajo pastoreo, las vacas seleccionadas y sus crías se distribuyeron en tres grupos: alternativa 1 (MA1): ordeño dos veces por semana hasta el destete a 100 días, alternativa 2 (MA2): ordeño dos veces por semana hasta el destete a 240 días y alternativa 3 (MT): ordeño diario (tradicional), hasta el destete a 240 días. En los terneros se midió el peso al nacimiento y a los 252 días de vida (P252), y se estimó la ganancia de peso diaria (GPD). En las vacas se midió la tasa de terneros nacidos por vaca/año (TN) y la leche producida por lactancia (LPL). Para el análisis económico, los resultados en cada tratamiento se proyectaron para un pie de cría de 100 vacas. Resultados. El P252 y la GPD de los grupos MA1 (189,30 kg; 0,64 kg/animal/día) y MA2 (186,10 kg; 0,63 kg/animal/día) fue similar (p>0,05), pero superiores (p<0,05) a los del MT (155,10 kg; 0,54 kg/animal/día). La TN fue mayor para MA1 (0,84 terneros/vaca/año), seguida por la del MA2 (0,74 terneros/vaca/año) y MT (0,68 terneros/vaca/año). La LPL fue de 1204,36 kg para MT, 303,74 kg para MA2 y 158,75 kg para MA1. La rentabilidad de MA1 superó en 9,5 y 9,2 % a MA2 y MT, respectivamente. Conclusiones. El ordeño dos veces por semana hasta el destete (MA1) reflejó mayor eficiencia económica por efecto del incremento en la tasa de terneros nacidos por vaca/año (TN) y disminución en los costos de producción.

Abstract Introduction. The profitability of the dual-purpose system (DPS) is affected by low production efficiency and high production costs generated in traditional management. Studies based on the reduction of expenses and increase of income, could suggest strategies to improve economic efficiency. Objective. Determine the technical and profitable efficiency of three production alternatives for bovine DPS in Meta, Colombia. Materials and methods. The study was conducted during 2016-2017, on a farm in the department of Meta, Colombia. Seventy-two Bos taurus x Bos indicus cows were selected, starting lactation, fed under grazing, during the period 2016-2017, in a farm in Meta, Colombia. The selected cows and their calves were distributed in three groups; alternative 1 (MA1): milking 2 times a week until weaning at 100 days, alternative 2 (MA2): milking 2 times a week until weaning at 240 days, and traditional (MT): milking daily (traditional) until weaning at 240 days. In the calves, the weight at birth and at 252 days of age (W252) were measured, and the daily weight gain (DWG) was estimated. In the cows, the birth rate (BR) and the milk produced per lactation (MPL) were measured. The productive response fed the economic analysis projected for a breeding stock of 100 cows. Results. The W252 and DWG between MA1 (189.30 kg; 0.64 kg/animal/day) and MA2 (186.10 kg; 0.63 kg/animal/day) groups were similar (P>0.05), but higher (p<0.05) than those of the MT (155.10 kg; 0.54 kg/animal/day). BR presented the highest benefit for MA1 (0.84 calves/cow/year), followed by MA2 (0.74 calves/cow/year), and MT (0.68 calves/cow/year). The MPL was 1204.36 kg for MT, 303.74 kg for MA2 and 158.75 kg for MA1. MA1's profitability outperformed MA2 and MT by 9.5 and 9.2 %, respectively. Conclusions. The MA1 reflected the greater economic efficiency mainly due to the effect of the increase in the BR and the decrease in production costs.

Resumen Introducción. Los patrones cinemáticos del semen se condicionan por variación individual y/o un efecto ambiental determinado por el manejo posterior a la obtención de la muestra. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de dos diluyentes comerciales, la edad y estado sexual de los toros sobre la movilidad y cinética espermática del semen fresco bovino. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en las fincas ganaderas ''La Vega'', San Carlos, y ''La Balsa'', San Ramón, Costa Rica, entre marzo y agosto de 2021. Se utilizó el semen proveniente de trece toros Brahman, extraído por electroeyaculación. Se utilizaron 45 eyaculados en total, con un mínimo de dos y un máximo de cinco por animal. El semen se diluyó con dos diluyentes comerciales, Optixcell® y Bioxcell®, a una temperatura de 37 °C. Las muestras se analizaron mediante el Sistema Computarizado de Análisis Seminal (Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis, CASA)-Mot ISAS®v1 y una cámara de recuento espermática reutilizable Spermtrack® de 20 μm de profundidad. Resultados. Se observaron diferencias (p<0,05) respecto de la movilidad y cinemática de los espermatozoides, así como en los parámetros de cinética espemática, según el diluyente utilizado. Con el uso de Bioxcell® hubo mayor movilidad progresiva (64,03±2,01 %) en comparación con el Optixcell®. Los eyaculados diluidos con Bioxcell® presentaron un patrón cinemático más lineal y progresivo que los diluidos con Optixcell®, en los que hubo valores menores de velocidad promedio (VAP=106,67±0,24 µm s-1) e índice de rectitud (STR=79,35±0,10). La edad no mostró diferencias para la movilidad total, sin embargo, la movilidad progresiva fue mayor en animales de >48 meses (62,27±1,87 %). Se observó un efecto del estado sexual, durante la monta se presentó mayor linealidad, velocidad y oscilación espermática comparado al descanso sexual. Conclusión. La edad, el estado sexual y el diluyente utilizado para la preservación del semen condicionaron la calidad espermática de los eyaculados bovinos.

Abstract Introduction. The kinematic patterns of semen are influenced by individual variation and/or environmental effects, determined by the handling after sample collection. Objective. To evaluate the effect of two commercial extenders, bull age, and sexual status on the motility and kinetics parameters of fresh bovine semen. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the livestock farms ''La Vega,'' San Carlos, and ''La Balsa'', San Ramón, Costa Rica, between March and August 2021. Donated semen from thirteen Brahman bulls was used, extracted through electroejaculation. A total of 45 ejaculates were collected, with a minimum of two and a maximum of five per animal. The semen was diluted with two commercial extenders, Optixcell® and Bioxcell®, at a temperature of 37° C. The samples were analyzed using the Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA)-Mot ISAS®v1 system and a reusable Spermtrack® counting chamber (20 μm). Results. Differences (p<0.05) were observed in sperm motility and kinematics, as well as sperm kinetic parameters, depending to the extender used. Bioxcell® showed higher progressive motility (64.03±2.01 %) compared to Optixcell®. Ejaculates diluted with Bioxcell® exhibited a more linear and progressive kinematic pattern than those diluted with Optixcell®, which had lower average velocity (VAP=106.67±0.24 µm s-1) and straightness index (STR=79.35±0.10). Age did not show differences in total motility, but progressive motility was higher in animals >48 months (62.27±1.87 %). An effect of sexual status was observed with higher linearity, velocity, and sperm oscillation during mating compared to sexual rest. Conclusion. Age, sexual status, and the extender used for semen preservation influenced the sperm quality of bovine ejaculates.

Abstract In Ecuador, Rhipicephalus microplus is the primary tick species affecting cattle, and its control requires an understanding of its behavior. The objective of this study was to assess the degree of infestation by R. microplus, examining the anatomical location of ticks and their potential association with intrinsic factors of animals, such as overall health, body condition, and coat color. Four samplings were conducted every three months on a total of 15 farms in the Northwest of Pichincha (location1) and 15 farms in the Valle de los Quijos (location2). Ticks larger than 0.5 cm were counted on 5 randomly selected animals. The results from four samplings in both locations revealed an average of 99.39 ± SD156.28 (0-1426) ticks per animal, with averages of 108.8 ± SD179.43 (0-1426) and 88.2 ± SD122.80 (0-824) for locations 1 and 2, respectively. Only the variable "apparent skin and coat health" showed a statistically significant positive association, with a P-value <0.05 and odds ratios of 5.13 (95% CI: 2.04-13.65) and 25.83 (95% CI: 7.63-109.39) in the "fair" and "poor" categories compared to the considered good condition. Additionally, the category "old" in the Age variable had a P-value of 0.05 and an odds ratio of 2.88 (95% CI: 1.04-8.80). Anatomically, more ticks were found in the anatomical areas corresponding to thighs, rear udder, legs, and hock, with an average of 38.52±SD70.17 (0-448) ticks. In conclusion, tick infestation poses a serious problem affecting cattle in tropical regions of the country. This study contributes to better directing methods and control practices for cattle.

Resumen En Ecuador, Rhipicephalus microplus es la principal garrapata que afecta al ganado bovino, cuyo control exige conocer su comportamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el grado de infestación de R. microplus, examinando la ubicación anatómica de las garrapatas y su posible asociación con factores intrínsecos de los animales como son el estado general de salud, condición corporal, color del pelaje. Se llevaron a cabo cuatro muestreos cada tres meses en un total de 15 fincas en el Noroccidente de Pichincha (localidad1) y 15 fincas en el Valle de los Quijos (localidad2). Las garrapatas mayores a 0,5 cm fueron contadas en 5 animales escogidos al azar. Como resultados, en cuatro muestreos realizados en las dos localidades, se encontró un promedio de 99,39 ± SD156,28 (0-1.426) garrapatas por animal, y un promedio de 108,8±SD179,43 (0-1.426) y 88,2 ± SD122,80 (0-824) para la localidad 1 y 2, respectivamente. Solo la variable "salud aparente de piel y pelaje" mostró una asociación estadística positiva, con un valor p < 0,05 y odds ratios de 5,13 (IC 95 %: 2,04-13,65) y 25,83(IC 95%: 7,63-109,39) en las categorías "regular" y "malo" respecto del estado considerado como bueno. Además, la categoría animal denominado "viejo" en la variable Edad tuvo un valor p = 0.05 y un odds ratio de 2,88 (IC 95 %: 1,04-8,80). Anatómicamente se encontraron más garrapatas en la zona anatómica correspondiente a muslos, ubre posterior, pierna y corvejón, con un promedio de 38,52±SD70, 17 (0-448) garrapatas. En conclusión, la infestación con garrapatas representa un problema grave que afecta a las ganaderías de regiones tropicales del país, este estudio ayuda a direccionar de mejor manera las formas y prácticas de control sobre los bovinos.

RESUMEN Introduction: Periodontitis is a pandemic, with about 14% of people worldwide already suffering from severe periodontitis. Early intervention in the disease could probably reduce its progression and eliminate the need for the extraction of affected teeth. Quercetin is a probable candidate as it has exemplary anti-inflammatory properties. The presence of phenolic hydroxyl groups in them greatly contributes to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Objectives: The study introduces the formulation of Quercetin mouthwash and assesses its anti-inflammatory properties in comparison to Diclofenac sodium. Methods: Quercetin mouthwash was prepared using a commercially procured bioactive agent. One standard nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Diclofenac was used as a reference drug. The percentage inhibition of protein denaturation was calculated and its anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated through Bovine Serum Albumin Assay and Egg Albumin Assay. Results: Quercetin mouthwash showed parallel anti-inflammatory properties and showed a proportionate increase in anti-inflammatory properties with the increase in the concentration of the mouthwash. Comparable inhibition of protein denaturation at 10µl and 50µl concentrations with a proportionate variation of 1% (p>0.05) to the control in Egg Albumin Assay and 47% and 83% denaturation at 10µl and 50µl of Bovine Serum Albumin Assay were observed. Conclusion: Quercetin mouthwash has shown significant anti-inflammatory activity and hence is considered a potent anti-inflammatory agent comparable to Diclofenac sodium. It is found to be a suitable agent as an oral formulation for reducing the progression of inflammatory conditions.

ABSTRACT Introducción: La periodontitis es una pandemia, ya que alrededor del 14 % de las personas en todo el mundo padecen periodontitis grave. Una intervención precoz en la enfermedad podría, probablemente, reducir su progresión y eliminar la necesidad de extraer los dientes afectados. La quercetina es un candidato probable, ya que tiene propiedades antiinflamatorias ejemplares. Su presencia de grupos hidroxilos fenólicos contribuye en gran medida a sus actividades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias. Objetivos: El estudio presenta la formulación del colutorio de quercetina y evalúa sus propiedades antiinflamatorias en comparación con el diclofenaco sódico. Métodos: Se preparó un colutorio de quercetina, utilizando un agente bioactivo obtenido comercialmente. Se utilizó como fármaco de referencia un antiinflamatorio no esteroideo estándar, el diclofenaco. Se calculó el porcentaje de inhibición de la desnaturalización de proteínas y se evaluaron sus propiedades antiinflamatorias mediante ensayo con albúmina de suero bovino y con albúmina de huevo. Resultados: El colutorio de quercetina mostró propiedades antiinflamatorias paralelas y mostró un aumento proporcional de las propiedades antiinflamatorias con el aumento de la concentración del colutorio. Se observó una inhibición comparable de la desnaturalización de proteínas a concentraciones de 10µl y 50µl con una variación proporcional del 1 % (p > 0,05), respecto al control en el ensayo de albúmina de huevo y una desnaturalización del 47 % y 83 % a 10µl y 50µl del ensayo de albúmina de suero bovino. Conclusiones: El enjuague bucal de quercetina ha mostrado una actividad antiinflamatoria significativa, por lo que se considera un potente agente antiinflamatorio comparable al diclofenaco sódico. Se considera un agente adecuado como formulación oral para reducir la progresión de las afecciones inflamatorias.

Resumen Aneurisma subclavio derecho superior a 50 mm de diámetro en un paciente con arco aórtico bo-vino. Como método complementario al angio TAC se realizó una angiografía digital selectiva que confirmó el diagnóstico y complementó las mediciones necesarias. Se realizó tratamiento endo-vascular exitoso mediante punciones de ambas arterias femorales comunes y de la arteria humeral izquierda, con introductores de 7 Fr, con lo que se logró el control angiográfico total del tronco común. La progresión del cuello aneurismático solo fue posible a través del abordaje humeral. Se resolvió de modo satisfactorio mediante el implante de dos stents graft VBX de 7 × 39 y 6 × 29. Control agiográfico sin signos de endoleak. Se realizó control en UCI a las 24 horas, cuando se trasladó al paciente a la sala general con alta de internación y control por consultas externos. Hasta el momento permanece libre de síntomas.

Abstract Right subclavian aneurysm greater than 50mm in diameter in a patient with a bovine aortic arch. A selective digital angiography was performed as a complementary method to the CT angi-ography, confirming the diagnosis and complementing the necessary measurements. Successful endovascular treatment was performed by puncture of both common femoral arteries and left brachial artery, with 7 fr introducers achieving total angiographic control of the common trunk, making it possible to progress the aneurysmal neck only through the humeral approach. It was resolved satisfactorily by implanting two 7 × 39 and 6 × 29 VBX stent grafts. Agiographic control without signs of endoleak. Monitoring was carried out in the ICU 24 hours a day, transfer to the general ward 24 hours a day, with hospital discharge and control by outpatient clinics. Currently symptom free.