The occurrence of Kallstroemia tribuloides (Mart.) Steud. (Zygophyllaceae) in southeastern Brazil is reported after 136 years. It has been registered in recently disturbed areas of Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. K. tribuloides is recognized as a species adapted to open and sunny environments, with a preference for sandy soils, typical conditions of drylands (e.g. Caatinga Biome) and Restingas. K. tribuloides has attributes that may favor its distribution into the newly colonized environment and its bioinvasive potential should not be overlooked. So, further studies are strongly recommended to monitor and control the spread of K. tribuloides on the Brazilian southeast coast.

Abstract The increase in the number of Brazilian protected areas has been progressive and, although it is essential for the conservation of biodiversity, it is important to monitor and properly manage these areas, as they present several cases of biological invasions. The Lençóis Maranhenses constitute the peculiar delta of the Americas and are under the consequences of the bioinvasion of tilapias and peacock bass. Collections were carried out in the Lençóis Maranhenses National Park from March/2016 to November/2020, with the aid of gill nets and cast nets. The species were identified with the help of specialized literature and a historical comparison with previous works was carried out. Cytochrome oxidase subunit I was sequenced to confirm identification of non-native species. We recorded the expansion of the occurrence of Oreochromis niloticus, and the first record of the species Oreochromis mossambicus and Cichla monoculus. A total of 31 species belonging to eight orders, eighteen families and twenty-nine genera were identified, indicating a lag in the diversity of species found in relation to previous studies. After 20 years of the first record of invasive fish, there is an expansion of bioinvasion and new cases that indicate a lack of monitoring and containment measures for the species, indicating the fragility of conservation in the area

Resumo O aumento do número de áreas protegidas brasileiras tem sido progressivo e, embora seja essencial para a conservação da biodiversidade, é importante o monitoramento e o manejo adequado dessas áreas, já que apresentam diversos casos de invasões biológicas. Os Lençóis Maranhenses constituem o peculiar delta das Américas e estão sob as consequências da bioinvasão de tilápias e tucunarés. Foram realizadas coletas no Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses no período de março/2016 a novembro/2020, com o auxílio de redes de emalhe e tarrafas. As especies foram identificadas com o auxilio de literatura especializada e uma comparacao historica com trabalhos anteriores foi realizada. O Citocromo oxidase subunidade I foi sequenciado para confirmar a identificação das espécies não nativas. Registramos a expansão da ocorrência de Oreochromis niloticus, e o primeiro registro das espécies Oreochromis mossambicus e Cichla monoculus. Um total de 31 espécies pertencentes a oito ordens, dezoito famílias e vinte e nove gêneros foram identificadas, indicando uma defasagem na diversidade de espécies encontradas em relação a estudos anteriores. Após 20 anos do primeiro registro de peixes invasores, constata-se a expansão da bioinvasão e novos casos que assinalam ausência de monitoramento e de medidas de contenção para as espécies indicando a fragilidade na conservação da área

Abstract Zaprionus indianus Gupta is an invasive pest species that has colonized the American continent in the last 20 years. This species is a polyphagous species that with Drosophila melanogaster Meigen and D. simulans Sturtevant utilized a wide variety of fruits as breeding and feeding resources. In the present study we quantified the relative abundance of these species in adult and emerged samples collected from various hosts (commercial fruits) in different localities in northern Argentina. We detected overlapping of rearing and feeding resources between the analyzed species although, our results revealed that the relative abundance between Drosophila and Z. indianus species varied between both adult and emerged samples. This result revealed a differential use of resources and/or interspecific competition.

Resumen Zaprionus indianus Gupta es una especie plaga invasora de mosca, que ha colonizado el continente americano en los últimos 20 años. Se trata de una especie polífaga que con Drosophila melanogaster Meigen y D. simulans Sturtevant utilizan una amplia variedad de frutas como recursos de cría y alimentación. En el presente estudio cuantificamos la abundancia relativa de estas especies en individuos adultos y moscas emergidas colectados de diversos hospedadores (frutas comerciales) en diferentes localidades del norte argentino. Detectamos superposición de recursos de cría y alimentación entre las especies analizadas, aunque nuestros resultados revelaron que la abundancia relativa entre especies de Drosophila y Z. indianus varió entre las muestras de adultos y emergidos. Estos resultados sugieren un uso diferencial de los recursos y/o efecto de la competencia interespecífica.

RESUMO O Mexilhão dourado é uma espécie invasora no Brasil que causa impactos ambientais, remove espécies nativas e modifica condições microecológicas, além de afetar hidroelétricas e sistemas de tratamento de água. O objetivo deste estudo é estabelecer um método que seja ao mesmo tempo eficaz e eficiente para quantificação da população do mexilhão dourado em reservatórios de hidrelétricas, visando o controle populacional do animal. Um modelo matemático bidimensional foi desenvolvido combinando hidrodinâmica e dinâmica populacional para simular a distribuição de mexilhões em um reservatório. Os resultados mostraram que a região da barragem foi progressivamente infestada por mexilhões, e depois de 18 messes de simulação alcançou 80% da sua capacidade suporte. O método se mostrou satisfatório e o mapa de localização dos agrupamentos de mexilhões corresponde a observações in situ. Além disso, o resultado da simulação da densidade das algas correspondeu ao mapa de densidade de clorofila obtido por imagens de satélite. A metodologia pode ser aplicada a novas áreas e deve ser expandida para prever variações populacionais, servindo para guiar medidas de preservação ambiental e de recuperação de reservatórios impactados, apresentando uma ferramenta alternativa para os operadores hidrelétricos, que podem utilizar as informações junto as inspeções locais no planejamento dos intervalos de manutenção antes que a infestação danifique os equipamentos.

ABSTRACT Golden mussel is an invasive species in Brazil which impacts local environments, dislocating native species and altering microecological conditions as well as affecting hydroelectric power plants and water treatment systems. The objective of this research is to establish a method that is both effective and efficient to quantify the population of the Golden mussel in hydroelectric power plant reservoirs, with a focus on population control measures. A two-dimensional mathematical model was developed combining hydrodynamics and populational dynamics to simulate the distribution of mussels in a reservoir. The results showed that dam’s region was progressively infested, and after 18 months of simulation it has reached around 80% of its carrying capacity. The method proved to be satisfactory and the generated map of cluster locations for the golden mussel corresponds to field observations. Furthermore, the result of the algae density simulation matched chlorophyll-a density map obtained from satellite images. The methodology can be further applied to new areas and could be expanded to predict population variations in order to guide environmental measures for preservation and recovery of impacted reservoirs, presenting another tool for hydroelectric operators who can use information together with field inspections to plan maintenance intervals before infestation damages equipment.

Abstract Non-toxic defence against marine biofouling species including invasive species is urgently required. The effect of a synthetic natural compound “1-hydroxy-2-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine” was tested against larvae of the invasive orange cup coral T. coccinea Lesson, 1829. The larvae were placed in 24-well microtiter plates immediately after their release and subjected to the compound at concentrations of 0.5, 5, 10, 50, and 100 μg mL-1 and three treatments (copper sulfate, solvents, and seawater). Larval mortality ranged from 35% (100 μg mL-1) to 3% (5 μg mL-1), and their average of lethal concentration (LC50) was 142.2 μg mL-1. The results of this study show that compound is a potential option to be applied in the management and control of T. coccinea on artificial structures.

Abstract We present here the first record of Salacia tetracythara as an alien species for the Atlantic Ocean, specifically the coast of the state of Sergipe, northeast Brazil. The species was found attached to an artificial experimental plate installed in the rainy period (July-October 2017), in an estuarine region of the Sergipe River near the Sergipe Harbour. Salacia tetracythara is characterized by a small triangular space below each hydrotheca and two types of microbasic mastigophore nematocysts that differ in shape, size, and location. The species was described from Australia and has been recorded only for tropical to temperate regions of the Indo-Pacific. Salacia tetracythara seems to be a recent introduction into the Atlantic Ocean and, its introduction probably derived from ship transport between the Sergipe Harbour and regions of Oceania and/or Asia. Further investigation should be conducted to determine whether the species is established in the region and how far inside the estuary it has gone.

Abstract The safest and most efficient method of avoiding costs and impacts associated with biological invasions is to prevent the introduction and establishment of non-native species. In Brazil, two invasive coral species have been causing ecological, economic and social impacts: Tubastraea coccinea and Tubastraea tagusensis. This work presents a protocol to analyze the risk of invasion in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the State of Rio de Janeiro considering the main vector of these species on the Brazilian coast. This protocol takes five risk factors into account: environmental similarity between the donor area and the possible receiving area; available substrate for colonization; proximity to the donor region; proximity and quantity of oil platforms and drill ships that passed by the analyzed MPAs and proximity and quantity of oil platforms and drill ships that anchored near the MPAs. Results must be used by decision-makers for a better management of Marine Protected Areas. The protocol we present can be applied to analyze the relative risk of invasion throughout the Brazilian coast, in order to prioritize areas for early detection and monitoring of the presence of sun corals.

Abstract The golden mussel is an aquatic invasive species that was introduced in South America in the ‘90s, including Brazil, and was firstly registered in 2001 in the Paraná state. This bivalve causes macrofouling issues because adhere in substrates and form dense aggregations, affecting especially hydroelectric power plants, and water treatment facilities, apart from the native biodiversity. The present research aimed to diagnose the distribution of Limnoperna fortunei in the Paraná state using environmental DNA (eDNA) from 174 sites from 12 basins, and scientific and technical previous records. L. fortunei eDNA was found in 90 sites from 11 hydrographic basins sampled. Most of the positive samples were detected in Iguaçu (42), Tibagi (15), and Ivaí (10) rivers basins. We also registered the first occurrence for five basins: Cinzas, Itararé, Ivaí, Pirapó e Ribeira rivers. Together, our and previous data recorded L. fortunei in 118 sites, between adult, larvae, and eDNA detection. Moreover, the results evidenced that eDNA is a low coast and reliable tool, and it may be very recommended for L. fortunei early detection and diagnosis. The present research was the greatest and most widespread survey for golden mussel prospection in a state in Brazil, supported a worrying scenario for Parana, with the urgent need for intense and continuous monitoring and prevention actions for controlling and mitigation of the L. fortunei impacts.

Resumo Ceratium furcoides é uma espécie invasora que tem causado desequilíbrio ecológico em vários reservatórios no Brasil. Este estudo investiga os principais fatores que podem favorecer a ocorrência de florações de C. furcoides em um reservatório tropical do Nordeste do Brasil, durante um período de seca extrema. Amostras contendo fitoplâncton foram coletadas mensalmente de fevereiro a setembro de 2017. Análises quantitativas de C. furcoides foram realizadas e o volume celular estimado por meio de fórmulas geométricas. O biovolume médio de C. furcoides apresentou diferenças significativas, variando de 0,78 mm3 L-1 a 11,29 mm3 L-1 relatado em março e setembro, respectivamente. Os parâmetros ambientais apresentaram baixa oscilação ao longo do estudo, exceto a condutividade. Relações significativas entre o biovolume de C. furcoides, temperatura da água e fosfato reativo solúvel foram observadas. Os resultados relatados aqui sugerem que as condições adversas causadas por uma estação de seca não afetam negativamente esta espécie.

Abstract Ceratium furcoides is an invasive species that has caused ecological imbalance in several reservoirs in Brazil. This study investigates the main factors that may favor the occurrence of Ceratium furcoides blooms in a tropical reservoir from the Northeast Brazil, during an extreme drought season. Samples containing phytoplankton were collected monthly from February to September 2017. Quantitative analysis of C. furcoides was performed and the cell volume was estimated using geometric formulas. Mean biovolume of C. furcoides showed significant differences, ranging from 0.78 mm3 L-1 to 11.29 mm3 L-1 reported in March and September, respectively. Environmental parameters presented low oscillation throughout the study, except the conductivity. Significant relationships among the C. furcoides biovolume, water temperature and soluble reactive phosphate were observed. The findings reported here suggest that adverse conditions caused by a drought season did not negatively affect this species.

Abstract The shape of the secondary sexual characters is, traditionally, used to discriminate the marine shrimps at the species level. However, the qualitative evaluation of structures that are morphologically variable in the taxonomy of species can favor misunderstandings and misidentifications. These possibilities of taxonomic inaccuracies are especially alarming when there is a need to evaluate the invasion of introduced species. The present study used geometric morphometric analyses to identify differences in the cephalothorax shape that would help discriminate the native and non-native species of Litopenaeus of the South American coast. The comparative morphology analysis was conducted using the right profile of adult males’ cephalothorax of L. schmitti, captured in the natural environment, and L. vannamei captured in the natural environment or grown in shrimp farms. In intraspecific evaluation, it was not possible to distinguish the specimens of L. vannamei that were grown in shrimp farms from those acclimated to the natural environment. However, significant interspecific differences in shape were found in the shape of this body structure. Additionally, the base position of the first rostral spine to the tip of the hepatic spine is indicated as a characteristic that can be used to distinguish these two species by eye in the field.

ABSTRACT Venezuela has one of the richest marine biodiversity areas in the world. Despite the high risk for the introduction of exotic species derived from historically high tourist activity and maritime transportation, the country does not have an updated revision to examine the main advances and gaps of knowledge in regards of biological invasions. This study aims to review the current state of knowledge regarding marine invasions in Venezuela, identifying the main research topics and the spatial and temporal trends. An extensive literature review carried out in multiple scientific databases showed that 35 articles were published between 1998 and 2018. Studies were conducted mainly on the eastern coast of the country. From the 94 species reported as exotic or cryptogenic, only 11 were studied under the context of biological invasions, most of them being first records. Contrary to the trend observed in most parts of the world, the number of studies decreased in the last decade, potentially related to the socio-political situation of the country. The current knowledge on biological invasions in Venezuela is pour. This important lack of information limits progress regarding prevention plans and increases risk for biosecurity and marine conservation of the country.

RESUMEN Venezuela es uno de los países con mayor biodiversidad marina. A pesar que posee un alto riesgo de introducción de especies exóticas por su histórica alta actividad turística y transporte marítimo, no cuenta con una revisión actualizada que permita evaluar los principales avances y falencias en el estudio de las invasiones biológicas. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo revisar el estado actual de las investigaciones en invasiones marinas en Venezuela, identificando las principales temáticas desarrolladas y la tendencia espacial y temporal en la investigación. Por medio de una revisión bibliográfica en diferentes bases de datos científicas, se encontraron un total de 35 artículos publicados entre 1998 y 2018, realizadas principalmente en la costa oriente del país. De las 94 especies reportadas como exóticas o criptogénicas, solo 11 han sido estudiadas bajo el enfoque de invasiones biológicas, siendo la mayoría de los estudios primeros reportes de introducción. A diferencia de la tendencia mundial, el número de investigaciones publicadas en la última década muestra una tendencia negativa, presumiblemente relacionada con la situación sociopolítica del país. El conocimiento actual sobre invasiones biológicas en Venezuela es insuficiente, reflejándose en una notable carencia de información, lo que impediría poder avanzar hacia medidas de prevención o reducción del riesgo para la bioseguridad y conservación marina del país.

RESUMO Trata-se do primeiro registro de Ceratium furcoides no reservatório Nova Avanhandava, São Paulo, cuja as amostras foram coletadas em três estações (E1, E2, E3) em março e outubro dos anos de 2015 e 2016. Análises físico-químicas da água foram realizadas. O reservatório foi classificado, de acordo com o cálculo do IET como mesotrófico. O primeiro registro da espécie ocorreu em outubro de 2015 na E3 e, no ano seguinte, verificou-se a dispersão para as outras estações. A maior densidade da espécie (28 org mL-1) foi registrada em outubro de 2016. Valores semelhantes foram documentados em Furnas (MG) e Ilha Solteira (SP). Os baixos valores de densidade de C. furcoides e a presença de grupos fitoplanctônicos com densidades superiores (Cyanobacteria e Cryptophyceae), sugerem que a colonização da espécie está no início. Assim, estudos sobre a dispersão, dinâmica e interação de C. furcoides com o fitoplâncton e os potenciais impactos sobre as comunidades aquáticas são essenciais para entender as respostas desta espécie às condições ambientais.

ABSTRACT This is the first record of Ceratium furcoides in the Nova Avanhandava reservoir, São Paulo, whose samples were collected in three stations (S1, S2, S3) in March and October of the years 2015 and 2016. Physico-chemical analyzes of the water were performed. The reservoir was classified, according to the TSI, as mesotrophic. The first record of the species occurred in October 2015 at S3 and, the following year, the dispersion for the other stations was verified. The highest density of the species (28 org mL-1) was recorded in October 2016. Similar values were documented in Furnas (MG) and Ilha Solteira (SP). The low density values of C. furcoides and the presence of phytoplankton groups with higher densities (Cyanobacteria and Cryptophyceae) suggest that the colonization of the species is at an early stage. Thus, studies about dispersion, dynamics, and interaction of C. furcoides with phytoplankton and the potential impacts on aquatic communities are essential to understand the responses of this species to environmental conditions.

Resumo Mangifera indica L. (mangueira) é uma planta exótica invasora na região Nordeste do Brasil. No estado do Ceará sua presença merece particular atenção na área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) da Serra de Baturité (setor norte do Estado). O sinergismo da bioinvasão com o aquecimento do sistema climático somado ao parco conhecimento sobre a distribuição geográfica local dessa espécie, limita qualquer iniciativa de controle de invasões no futuro. Os objetivos desse estudo foram: 1) modelar a distribuição geográfica potencial de áreas climaticamente adequadas para a M. indica no bioma Caatinga em cenários climáticos futuros e; 2) avaliar a dinâmica espaço-temporal das áreas projetadas, com destaque para a APA da Serra de Baturité. Para a modelagem utilizou-se do algoritmo MaxEnt, das fatias de tempo 1961-1990 (estado considerado como atual do clima), 2041-2060 (2050) e 2061-2080 (2070) e dos cenários RCP 4.5 e 8.5 do CMIP5. Cinco modelos foram gerados dos quais, os modelos para 2070 projetaram contração acima de 50% para as áreas de alto potencial de ocorrência da espécie-alvo.

Abstract Mangifera indica L. (mangueira) is an invasive exotic plant in the Northeast region of Brazil. In the state of Ceará, its presence deserves special attention in the Environmental Protection Area (EPA) of the Serra de Baturité (north sector of state). The synergism of bioinvasion with the warming of the climatic system added to the lack of knowledge about the local geographic distribution of this species limits any invasion control initiatives in the future. The objectives of this study were: 1) to model the potential geographical distribution of climatically adequate areas for M. indica in the Caatinga biome in future climatic scenarios; 2) to evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of the projected areas, with emphasis on the EPA of Serra de Baturité. For the modeling, we used the MaxEnt algorithm, the time slices 1961-1990 (actual state of climate), 2041-2060 (2050) and 2061-2080 (2070) and the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios of CMIP5. Five models were generated from which the models for 2070 projected contraction above 50% for areas of high potential occurrence of the target species.

Abstract Porcellana paivacarvalhoi Rodrigues da Costa, 1968, described from southeastern Brazil (São Sebastião, São Paulo), is morphologically similar to the eastern Atlantic P. platycheles (Pennant, 1777), and also to the west African P. africana Chace, 1956. The synonymy between P. paivacarvalhoi and P. platycheles was proposed by previous authors without examination of any specimens of P. platycheles, nor did they considered the morphological similarities between P. paivacarvalhoi and P. africana. This synonymy has been implicitly accepted without further analysis. The recent discovery of one male and two females syntypes of P. paivacarvalhoi has prompted new investigations into the status of P. paivacarvalhoi as a junior synonym either of P. platycheles or P. africana. Porcellana paivacarvalhoi is redescribed and illustrated based upon its lectotype herein designated. It is confirmed to be a junior synonym of P. platycheles; all evidence suggests that P. africana is a distinct, separate species. All previous records of P. platycheles from the Brazilian coast are reviewed. Its presence in southeastern Brazil in the late 1960’s most probably represents an historical case of human-mediated introduction by shipping activities. Porcellana platycheles did not manage to establish itself in São Sebastião, nor has it been recorded subsequently elsewhere in Brazil.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar um levantamento das espécies de moluscos e avaliar o efeito de espécies exóticas sobre os moluscos nativos de três reservatórios da Bacia do Pajeú - Cachoeira II, Jazigo e Serrinha. Métodos A amostragem foi realizada com rede de arrasto (abertura de malha de 5 mm) e puçá (abertura de malha 2 mm). Resultados e conclusões Foram quantificados 60.244 exemplares, distribuídos entre as espécies Melanoides tuberculata (49.398), Pomacea lineata (573), Biomphalaria straminea (376) e Physa marmorata (01). A espécie exótica invasora M. tuberculata foi dominante em todos os reservatórios com abundância relativa superior a 85%, as demais espécies foram classificadas como ocasionais e raras com destaque para Physa marmorata que está presente na lista vermelha de espécies vulneráveis a extinção. Quanto à frequência de ocorrência, todas as espécies foram classificadas como euconstantes (ocorrência superior a 65%), exceto P. lineata e P. marmorata que foram classificadas como acessórias (ocorrência inferior a 40%). Dentre as espécies, M. tuberculata apresentou a maior densidade média (1.636 ind.m-2) no reservatório Serrinha, demonstrando forte adaptação às condições ambientais, devido sua alta dominância em todos os reservatórios, sendo provavelmente a principal causa pelos baixos índices de diversidade e densidade dos moluscos nativos. Uma vez que P. marmorata apresentou baixa densidade e frequência, tornando-se um ponto importante a ser investigado como possível espécie prejudicada pela dominância do M. tuberculata.

Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to survey the species of molluscs and to evaluate the effect of exotic species on the native mollusks of three reservoirs in the Pajeú Basin Cachoeira II, Jazigo and Serrinha. Methods Sampling was carried out with trawl net (5 mm mesh opening) and hand net (2 mm mesh opening). Results and conclusions Were quantified 60,244 specimens, distributed among the species Melanoides tuberculata (49,398), Pomacea lineata (573), Biomphalaria straminea (376) and Physa marmorata (01). The invasive exotic species M. tuberculata was dominant in all reservoirs with a relative abundance greater than 85% and the other species were classified as occasional and rare, with emphasis in Physa marmorata that is present in the red list of species vulnerable to extinction. Regarding the frequency of occurrence, all species were classified as euconstant (occurrence greater than 65%), except P. lineata and P. marmorata, which were classified as ancillary (occurrence less than 40%). Among the species, M. tuberculata were the highest average density (1,636 ind.m-2) in Serrinha reservoir, showed a strong adaptation to the environmental conditions, due to its high dominance in all the reservoirs, being probably the main cause for the low diversity and density indices of native molluscs. Since P. marmorata presented low density and frequency, becoming an important point to be investigated as possible species impaired by the dominance of M. tuberculata.