Resumo O comportamento alimentar pode exercer uma influência substancial no desenvolvimento da obesidade, uma condição intrinsecamente ligada a um espetro de comorbilidades (e.g., cancro, doenças cardiovasculares, endócrinas). A obesidade é mais prevalente nas mulheres de meia-idade, particularmente durante a menopausa, coincidindo com um aumento da incidência de comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar a estrutura fatorial e as propriedades psicométricas da versão portuguesa do Three Fator Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21) em mulheres de meia-idade. Um total de 1895 mulheres portuguesas de meia-idade (M=52,22 anos, DP=5,10) preencheram um questionário sociodemográfico e o TFEQ-R21, composto por 21 itens, distribuídos por três dimensões (restrição cognitiva, descontrolo alimentar e alimentação emocional). Foram realizadas análises descritivas, validade de construto, de critério, e fiabilidade, através do R-Lavaan. O modelo de estrutura de três fatores apresentou um bom ajustamento (Comparative Fit Index=0,97; Tucker-Lewis Index=0,97; Root mean square error of approximation= 0,08 (p<0,001); Standardized root mean square residual=0,07). O TFEQ-R21 apresenta evidências de validade convergente (variância extraída da média: 0,41<VEM<0,80) e fiabilidade (α de Cronbach: 0,82<α<0,96, e ómega de McDonald: 0,66<ω<0,92). O TFEQ-R21 apresentou evidências de validade e fiabilidade com invariância entre mulheres com e sem obesidade, na avaliação do comportamento alimentar em mulheres de meia-idade. É um instrumento útil no domínio das intervenções de gestão de peso, facilitando a identificação e a atenuação de comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais, especialmente durante esta fase da vida.

Abstract Eating behaviour can exert a substantial influence on the development of obesity, a condition intricately linked with a spectrum of comorbidities (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular diseases, endocrine disorders). Obesity is more prevalent among middle-aged women, particularly during menopause, coinciding with an increase in the incidence of disordered eating behaviours. This study aims to identify the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21) in middle-aged women. A total of 1895 middle-aged Portuguese women (M=52.22 years, SD=5.10) completed a sociodemographic questionnaire alongside the TFEQ-R21, comprising 21 items distributed across three dimensions (cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating). Descriptive analyses, construct and criterion validities, and reliability were performed using the R-Lavaan. The three-factor structure model presented a good fit (Comparative Fit Index=0.97; Tucker-Lewis Index=0.97; Root mean square error of approximation=0.08 (p<.001); Standardized root mean square residual=0.07). The TFEQ-R21 attests to its convergent validity (average variance extracted: 0.41<AVE<0.80) and reliability (Cronbach´s α: 0.82<α<0.96, and McDonald´s omega: 0.66<ω<0.92). The TFEQ-R21 tool has shown evidence of validity and reliability, displaying invariance between obese and normative women when assessing eating behaviour among middle-aged women. It offers valuable utility within the domain of weight management interventions, facilitating the identification and mitigation of dysfunctional eating behaviours, especially during this life stage.

RESUMO Amostras de sangue e fezes de perdiz chukar (Alectoris chukar), faisão-albino (Phasianus colchicus), faisão-prateado (Lophura nycthemera), periquito-de-rosa (Psittacula krameri) e perus (Meleagris gallopavo) foram analisadas para verificar a prevalência de parasitas. Para registrar os parasitas, essas cinco espécies de aves foram colocadas em gaiolas separadas no Centro de Conservação e Pesquisa de Aves, Departamento de Vida Selvagem e Ecologia, Universidade de Veterinária e Ciências Animais, Lahore, Paquistão. Cem amostras fecais e 100 amostras de sangue para cada espécie de ave foram inspecionadas para analisar os parasitas internos. Durante o presente estudo, foram examinadas 17 espécies de endoparasitas, 14 de amostras fecais e 3 de sangue. Foram estudadas duas espécies de ectoparasitas, ou seja, o ácaro Dermanyssus gallinae 42% e o carrapato aviário Args persicus 41%. Os parasitas sanguíneos incluíram Plasmodium juxtanucleare 50%, Leucoctoyzoon simond com prevalência parasitária de 40% e Aegyptinella pullorum com prevalência parasitária de 40%. As espécies parasitas registradas em amostras fecais incluíram 6 espécies de nematoides viz. Allodpa suctoria 2%, Syngamus traqueia com prevalência parasitária de 60%, Capillaria annulata 37,5%, Ascardia galli 24%, Capillaria anatis 40% e Heterakis gallinarum 28,3%. Da mesma forma, duas espécies de trematódeos viz. Prosthogonimus ovatus com prevalência parasitária de 50% e Prosthogonimus macrorchis 21% também foram documentados em amostras fecais de aves. Espécies de cestoide único Raillietina echinobothrida com prevalência parasitária de 72% e 3 espécies de protozoários, isto é, Eimeria maxima com prevalência parasitária de 21%, Giardia lamblia 41% e Histomonas meleagridis 18% foram documentadas durante a análise corpológica. Em nossa recomendação, o saneamento adequado, medicação e vacinação de invólucros de pássaros são sugeridos para evitar parasitas.

Abstract Blood and fecal samples of chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar), albino pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera), rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) and turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were analyzed to check parasitic prevalence. To record parasites these five avian species were placed kept in separate cages at Avian Conservation and Research Center, Department of Wildlife an Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. 100 fecal and 100 blood samples for each bird species were inspected to analyze internal parasites. During present study, 17 species of endoparasites 14 from fecal samples and three from blood were examined. Two species of ectoparasites i.e. mite Dermanyssus gallinae 42% and fowl ticks Args persicus 41%were studied. Blood parasites included Plasmodium juxtanucleare 50%, Leucoctoyzoon simond having parasitic prevalence 40%, and Aegyptinella pullorum having parasitic prevalence of 40%. Parasitic species recorded from fecal samples included 6 species of nematodes viz. Allodpa suctoria 2%. Syngamus trachea with parasitic prevalence of 60%, Capillaria annulata 37.5%, Ascardia galli 24%, Capillaria anatis 40% and Heterakis gallinarum 28.3%. Similarly, two species of trematodes viz. Prosthogonimus ovatus having parasitic prevalence of 50% and Prosthogonimus macrorchis 21% were also documented from fecal avian samples . Single cestode species Raillietina echinobothrida having parasitic prevalence of 72% and 3 protozoan species i.e. Eimeria maxima having parasitic prevalence of 21%, Giardia lamblia 41% and Histomonas meleagridis 18% were documented during corpological analysis. In our recommendation, proper sanitation, medication and vaccination of bird’s enclousres are suggested to avoid parasites.

ABSTRACT Bird droppings are an unusual food resource for coprophagous insects and used mostly by opportunistic decomposers. Among them, dung beetles feed mainly on dung, although the species differ in their trophic plasticity. Here we report a record of a dung beetle, Canthidium cf. gracilipes, reaching and manipulating the dropping of a passeriform bird, Dendrocincla fuliginosa (Dendrocolaptidae). The behavior was observed in an urban forest fragment located in the Amazonian city of Manaus, Brazil. Two hours after the bird defecated, the dung beetle reached the dropping and started manipulating them with its fore- and hindlegs. It did not eat the dung, though. For a clear understanding of the relationships between bird droppings and Amazonian dung beetles, it will be important to perform standardized experiments with a wide variety of native dung and carrion types.

RESUMO Excrementos de aves correspondem a um recurso alimentar pouco comum para insetos coprófagos, sendo utilizados geralmente por decompositores oportunistas. Entre eles, os rola bostas se alimentam principalmente de fezes, entretanto a plasticidade alimentar varia entre as espécies. Neste estudo nós reportamos um registro do rola bosta Canthidium cf. gracilipes se aproximando de e manipulando os excrementos de uma ave passeriformes, Dendrocincla fuliginosa (Dendrocolaptidae). O comportamento foi observado em um fragmento localizado na cidade amazônica de Manaus, Brasil. Duas horas depois de que a ave defecou, o rola bosta se aproximou das fezes e começou a manipulá-las com as patas anteriores e posteriores. Entretanto, não se observou consumo do excremento. Para uma compreensão mais clara das relações entre os excrementos de aves e os rola bostas amazônicos, é importante a realização de experimentos padronizados com uma ampla variedade de fezes e carcaças nativas.

BACKGROUND: There is a growing body of literature on the contribution of hard skills to the enhancement of entrepreneurial behaviour. However, the role of acquiring soft skills in shaping entrepreneurial readiness is yet to be sufficiently comprehended. AIM: This research sought to examine the significance of soft skills in shaping the entrepreneurial readiness behaviour of students at higher education institutions in South Africa. Specifically, the study investigated the effects of soft skills on the selected dimensions of entrepreneurial readiness behaviour namely venture creation, innovative financing and venture growth. SETTING: Students from the Central University of Technology (CUT) and the University of the Free State (UFS) participated in this study. METHODS: A descriptive, explorative cross-sectional design involving 300 students enrolled for entrepreneurship courses, was adopted. Cluster sampling was employed as the main sampling technique. The average variance extracted (AVE), linear regression and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used as indicators of reliability and validity in the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) and Smart PLS software. RESULTS: The results suggest that soft skills exert a positive, and significant, effect on the entrepreneurial readiness behaviour of students. CONCLUSION: This study provides critical insights into how entrepreneurial readiness behaviour can be explained through fostering soft skills, honing venture creation, innovative financing, venture growth and entrepreneurial activities of students. CONTRIBUTION: The study contributes to the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) by demonstrating how soft skills create a germane context for the stimulating, exhibiting and actioning specific entrepreneurial behaviours among nascent entrepreneurs in South Africa.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad exponer las características del cuidado en el silencio que es propio de la conciencia cristiana y que reconocemos en la afectividad encarnada en la persona de María. Esta encarnación caracteriza la esperanza cristiana que siempre es vital y que se presenta en el modo de actos silenciosos asumidos como deberes que no exigen reflectores para sí y que adquieren la forma de la cordialidad y la cortesía al tiempo que suscitan un sentido de comunión y producen comunidad. En breve, nuestra intención es exponer la perspectiva cristiana en relación al cuidado y su encarnación diaria en los distintos ámbitos humanos, con el propósito de ofrecer una salida al inmanentismo que caracteriza la vida contemporánea y que enfatiza la importancia de la experiencia inmediata y la vida presente, en detrimento de las perspectivas históricas y trascendentes y a la vez se re-conozca - es un trabajo que cada quién debe realizar para sí - la esperanza de lo vivo que se concreta en actos desde el amor en Cristo hacia todo y hacia todos antes de que, como diría Chesterton, se advenga un espíritu permanente de publicidad irredenta de lo muerto. Se concluye el artículo afirmando que la Esperanza cristiana sólo puede ser cumplida en el momento del encuentro entre la conciencia y su contingencia primordial: o se entrega a las ofertas de la razón tecnificada o se entrega a la Promesa de salvación eterna.

Abstract This work aims to present the characteristics of care in silence, which is inherent in Christian consciousness and which we recognize in the affectivity embodied in the person of Mary. This embodiment characterizes Christian hope, which is always vital and manifests itself through silent acts assumed as duties that do not seek attention for themselves. These acts include cordiality and courtesy, fostering a sense of communion and creating community. In short, we intend to present the Christian perspective on care and its daily embodiment in different human contexts to offer an alternative to the immanentism that characterizes contemporary life. This immanentism emphasizes the importance of direct experience and present life at the expense of historical and transcendent perspectives. At the same time, it is important to recognize - and this is work that each individual must undertake for themselves - the hope of the living, which is realized through acts of love in Christ towards everything and everyone before a permanent spirit of unredeemed publicity of the dead sets in, as Chesterton would say. The article affirms that Christian hope can only be fulfilled in the moment of encounter between consciousness and its primordial contingency: either succumb to the allure of technified reason or surrender to the promise of eternal salvation.

Resumen Introducción: La reintroducción es un procedimiento utilizado para restablecer las poblaciones de animales silvestres. Objetivo: Evaluar el éxito de la reintroducción de Amazona aestiva e investigar si los factores abióticos (temperatura, humedad y luminosidad) interfieren en la búsqueda de la complementación alimenticia en los comederos instalados en el área de liberación. Métodos: Se iniciaron evaluaciones previas a la liberación con 59 Amazonas spp. Se realizaron pruebas de parasitología en heces, leucocitos, capacidad de vuelo y nivel de interacción animal-humano. En total, 33 animales fueron seleccionados y enviados al área de liberación, que es una región de ecotono entre los biomas de la Mata Atlántica y la Caatinga. Después de la liberación, se monitorearon durante un año las visitas a los comederos y la supervivencia en el área. En estos períodos también se registraron factores abióticos. Resultados: Las pruebas parasitológicas de huevos y parásitos en heces revelaron la presencia de Heterakis spp. y Eimeira spp. Los parámetros leucocitarios estuvieron dentro de los valores de referencia para la especie. Al menos el 50 % de los animales liberados sobrevivieron después de un año, con registros de eventos reproductivos. Los factores abióticos no interfirieron con las visitas de los animales al comedero. Sin embargo, la variable humedad explicó mejor las visitas por la mañana, mientras que las variables temperatura y luminosidad influyeron en la mayoría de las visitas por la tarde. Conclusión: La reintroducción está en el umbral de ser clasificada como exitosa. Los comederos y nidos artificiales instalados provocaron que los animales permanecieran en el área para ser monitoreados. Los factores abióticos pueden influir en la toma de decisiones de comportamiento diario relacionadas con el uso de alimentación complementaria en loros reintroducidos.

Abstract Introduction: Reintroduction is a procedure used to reestablish wild animal populations. Objective: To evaluate the success of reintroducing Amazona aestiva and investigate whether abiotic factors (temperature, humidity, and luminosity) interfere with the search for food supplementation in feeders installed in the release area. Methods: Pre-release evaluations were initiated with 59 Amazonas spp. Tests were run to stool parasitological tests, leukocytes, flight capacity, and level of animal-human interaction. In all, 33 animals were selected and sent to the release area, which is an ecotone between the Atlantic Forest and the Caatinga biomes. After release, visits to the feeders and survival in the area were monitored for a year. Abiotic factors were also recorded in these periods. Results: The stool parasitological tests revealed the presence of Heterakis spp. and Eimeira spp. The leukocyte parameters were within the reference values for the species. At least 50 % of the released animals survived after one year, with recordings of reproductive events. Abiotic factors did not interfere with the animal visits to the feeder. However, the variable humidity best explained visits in the morning, while the variables temperature and luminosity most influenced visits in the afternoon. Conclusion: The reintroduction observed and presented here is on the threshold of being classified as successful. The installed feeders and artificial nests caused the animals to stay in the area for monitoring. Abiotic factors may influence daily behavioral decision-making related to the use of supplementary feeding in reintroduced parrots.

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques tropicales presentan variaciones estacionales fenológicas provocando cambios en la disponibilidad de los recursos alimenticios. Bajo estas condiciones, los animales emplean estrategias de forrajeo al seguir la oferta del alimento. El perico frente naranja (Eupsittula canicularis) habita principalmente en el bosque tropical caducifolio desde el Pacífico mexicano hasta Costa Rica, sin embargo, su dieta y estrategias de forrajeo son poco conocidas. Objetivo: Evaluar la variabilidad espacial en la abundancia de recursos alimenticios, la dieta y el comportamiento de alimentación del perico en un paisaje modificado de la costa de Oaxaca, México. Métodos: Se establecieron 30 transectos para estudios fenológicos (200 × 6 m) durante la época seca (febrero-junio 2019) para determinar la disponibilidad de recursos alimenticios en el bosque tropical caducifolio, subcaducifolio y la vegetación secundaria. La dieta del perico se determinó mediante observaciones del forrajeo, y se consideró la amplitud del nicho alimenticio y la selección de recursos como estrategias de forrajeo. Resultados: En el área de estudio, el perico consume frutos (42.3 %), semillas (29.3 %) y flores (28.4 %) de 13 especies arbóreas y presenta un nicho alimenticio amplio con mayor frecuencia de forrajeo en el bosque primario. El perico selecciona recursos y ajusta sus estrategias de forrajeo de acuerdo a la disponibilidad del alimento en cada hábitat. Conclusiones: Los resultados del estudio resaltan la necesidad de mantener la estructura completa del bosque en paisajes modificados para asegurar la disponibilidad de recursos alimenticios para para el perico frente naranja durante la época reproductiva.

Abstract Introduction: Seasonal phenological variations in tropical forests cause changes in food resource availability. Animals use foraging strategies to follow the food supply in these settings. The Orange-fronted Parakeet (Eupsittula canicularis) mainly inhabits the tropical dry forest of the Mexican Pacific to Northwest Costa Rica, although little is known about its diet and foraging strategies. Objective: To assess spatial variability in food resource abundance, diet, and foraging behavior of the Orange-fronted Parakeet in a modified landscape in Oaxaca Coast, Mexico. Methods: 30 phenology transects (200 x 6 m) were established during the dry season (February-June 2019) to measure food resource availability in primary deciduous, semi-deciduous, and secondary forests. The Orange-fronted Parakeets diet was determined by focal foraging observations, and dietary niche breadth and resource selection were considered to determine feeding strategies. Results: Orange-fronted Parakeets fed on fruits (42.3 %), seeds (29.3 %), and flowers (28.4 %) of 13 plant species and presented a broad dietary niche breadth with a higher frequency of foraging in primary forest. The Orange-fronted Parakeets select resources and adapt their foraging strategies based on food resource availability in each habitat. Conclusions: The study findings highlights the need to maintain the complete forest structure in a modified landscape to ensure food resources availability for Orange-fronted Parakeets during the breeding season.

Resumen Introducción. Los sistemas de producción de huevo son fundamentales para la seguridad alimentaria. Las preocupaciones alrededor del bienestar animal incrementan el interés por los sistemas de producción de huevo con acceso a pastoreo. Objetivo. Describir los rendimientos productivos, características morfológicas y calidad nutricional de los huevos de gallinas ponedoras de la línea genética ISA Brown en un sistema de piso con acceso a pastoreo. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se llevó a cabo entre julio del 2018 y enero del 2020 en el cantón central de Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica, con gallinas de la línea genética ISA Brown con acceso a pastoreo. Se compararon los rendimientos productivos con el estándar de la línea genética. Se evaluaron variables morfológicas externas e internas del huevo y se caracterizó el contenido nutricional del mismo (materia seca, proteína cruda, extracto etéreo, cenizas, calcio, fósforo, ácidos grasos saturados (AGS), monoinsaturados (AGMI) y poliinsaturados (AGPI)), en gallinas de diferentes edades. Resultados. Los rendimientos productivos no distaron del estándar de la genética. El aumento en la edad del ave tuvo una influencia estadísticamente significativa sobre el incremento en el peso del huevo y de la cáscara, y la disminución del índice morfológico. El análisis nutricional indicó que el aumento en la edad de la gallina disminuyó el contenido de materia seca y la concentración de AGS y AGMI en el huevo. La relación AGPI/AGS de los huevos fue superior a 0,45, indistintamente de la edad de la gallina ponedora. Conclusión. Los indicadores productivos de las galinas con acceso a pastoreo no presentaron diferencias con los estándares de la línea genética ISA Brown para sistemas alternativos. El peso, el índice de yema, las unidades Haugh y el índice morfológico del huevo variaron con la edad de la gallina.

Abstract Introduction. Egg production systems are critical to food security. Concerns about animal welfare are increasing the interest in egg production systems with access to grazing. Objective. To describe the productive performances, morphological characteristics, and nutritional quality of the eggs from laying hens of the Isa Brown genetic line in a floor system with access to grazing. Materials and Methods. The research was carried out between July 2018 and January 2020 in the central canton of Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica, with hens of the Isa Brown genetic line with access to grazing. Productive performances were compared with the standard of the genetic line. External and internal morphological variables of the egg were evaluated and its nutritional content (dry matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, ash, calcium, phosphorus, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) was characterized in hens of different ages. Results. The productive performances was not different from the genetic standard. The increase in bird age had a statistically significant influence on the increase in egg and shell weight, and the decrease in morphological index. Nutritional analysis indicated that increasing hen age decreased the dry matter content and the concentration of SFA and MUFA in the egg. The PUFA/SFA ratio of the eggs was higher than 0.45, regardless of the age of the laying hen. Conclusion. The productive indicators of the hens with access to grazing did not differ from ISA Brown genetic line standards for alternative systems. Egg weight, yolk index, Haugh units, and morphology index varied with the age of the hen.

ABSTRACT The black swan (Cygnus atratus, LATHAM, 1790) is a bird kept as an ornamental in zoos. Because of their long beaks they tend to have a reserved prognosis in musculoskeletal disorders such as beak trauma, secondary to skull bone fractures, presenting irreversible lesions. The aim of this report is present a clinical surgical innovation in the repair of a black swan’s gnathotheca fissure with the application of non-conventional materials used. It was observed that one of the swans kept in a zoo display area had difficulty feeding, with associated weight loss. It was observed tissue loss and a lacerative lesion in the caudal sublingual region of its beak. The lesion was corrected by a separate simple suture in the cranial region of the beak and with a x-clamping using steel surgical wire and the application of dental resin in the distal region to perform a sustentation bridge in the beak end-gap. After 12 days, the animal was able to feed again and remained perfectly adapted to the restoration, reestablishing the anatomical and physiological function of its beak.

RESUMO O cisne-negro (Cygnus atratus, Latham, 1790) é uma ave mantida como ornamental em zoológicos. Por apresentar bicos longos, tende a ter prognóstico reservado em afecções musculoesqueléticas, como traumas de bico secundários e fraturas de ossos do crânio, com lesões irreversíveis. O objetivo deste relato é apresentar uma inovação clínica cirúrgica no reparo de fissura na gnatoteca de um cisne-negro, com a utilização de materiais não convencionais. Observou-se que um dos cisnes mantidos em uma área de exibição de um zoológico apresentava dificuldade para se alimentar, com perda de peso associada. Constatou-se perda tecidual e lesão lacerativa na região sublingual caudal de seu bico. A lesão foi corrigida por meio de sutura simples separada na região cranial do bico e posterior sutura em x com fio cirúrgico de aço, finalizando com aplicação de resina odontológica na região distal para realização de ponte de sustentação do bico. Após 12 dias, o animal conseguiu se alimentar novamente e se manteve perfeitamente adaptado à restauração, restabelecendo a função anatômica e fisiológica de seu bico.

Resumen: El siguiente artículo analiza comparativamente la representación de la “frontera” (Tabuenca) territorial y simbólica, en las obras poéticas Se ha despertado el ave de mi corazón (1989) del autor chileno de origen mapuche Leonel Lienlaf y Sempoalxóchitl. Veinte flores: una sola flor (1987) del escritor mexicano de origen náhuatl Natalio Hernández. Ambas obras evidencian la tensión entre la cosmovisión indígena y la occidental, además son contemporáneas y comparten el hecho de situarse en un campo cultural hegemónico en contraste con la expresión de una “comunidad” (Groppo). Se propone comprender los mecanismos literarios empleados para poetizar la experiencia de una lengua fronteriza: la inclusión de motivos propios de la cosmovisión (náhuatl/ mapuche) y el proceso de transformar en escritura el canto. Esta última estrategia es entendida desde la “noción de secreto” de Johnson y Michaelsen, que alude a la imposibilidad de comunicar a cabalidad aspectos propios de una cultura y de una oralitura, que señala el punto medio entre la oralidad y la escritura, según propone Chihuailaf.

Abstract: The following article comparatively analyzes the territorial and symbolic representation of the border (Tabuenca) in the poetic works: Se ha despertado el ave de mi corazón (1989) by the Chilean author of Mapuche origin, Leonel Lienlaf (1969) and Sempoalxóchitl. Veinte flores: una sola flor (1987) (1987) by the Mexican writer of Nahuatl origin, Natalio Hernández (1947). Both works show the tension between the indigenous and western worldview, in addition to being contemporary works, they also share the fact of being situated in a hegemonic cultural field in contrast to the expression of a community (Groppo). To understand the literary mechanisms used to poetize the experience of the border language, this article proposes: the inclusion of motifs of the worldview (Nahuatl / Mapuche), as well as the process of transforming singing into writing, this last strategy is understood from the notion of secrecy (Johnson and Michaelsen), which alludes to the impossibility of fully communicating aspects of a culture and orality (Chihuailaf), which indicates the midpoint between orality and writing.

RESUMEN: El pollo doméstico es una especie de ave que ha sido ampliamente estudiada en cuanto a su biología y como organismo modelo para la ciencia. La reproducción de la especie es por la puesta de huevos fecundados, que en un período de 21 días desarrollarán un polluelo en su interior. Se han descrito varios métodos para desarrollar embriones ex-ovo, permitiendo la observación y manipulación del organismo. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo estandarizar un método que permita el desarrollo de los embriones dentro del sistema de incubación artificial, el cual tiene un bajo costo y es fácil de realizar. En este trabajo se utilizaron 100 huevos de gallina para estudiar los efectos de la humedad, la suplementación mineral y el tiempo de preincubación del huevo sobre la incubación ex-ovo de los embriones. El desarrollo embrionario se documentó a través de los diferentes días. Se seleccionó la cáscara de huevo pulverizada como una fuente óptima para proporcionar calcio, magnesio, fósforo y otros minerales al embrión en desarrollo. Al suministrar 900-1200 mg de cáscara de huevo pulverizada, 40 mL de la solución de cloruro de benzalconio al 0.001 % y un tiempo de preincubación de aproximadamente 56 h, los embriones lograron desarrollarse hasta los 19 días, y aunque no llegaron a eclosionar, los embriones lograron desarrollarse hasta los 19 días. Se lograron condiciones de incubación que permitieron la supervivencia y desarrollo de los embriones hasta etapas tardías. Así, debido a las condiciones establecidas de calcio, humedad y tiempo de preincubación, en el presente trabajo los pollitos alcanzaron los 19 días de desarrollo.

SUMMARY: The domestic chicken is a species of bird that has been extensively studied in regard to its biology and as a model organism for science. The reproduction of the species is by the laying of fertilized eggs, which in a period of 21 days will develop a chick inside. Several methods have been described to develop embryos ex-ovo, allowing the observation and manipulation of the organism. This work has the propose to standardize a method that allows the development of the embryos inside the artificial incubation system, which has a low cost and is easy to make. In this work, 100 chicken eggs were used to study the effects of humidity, mineral supplementation, and the preincubation time of the egg on the incubation ex-ovo of the embryos. Embryo development was documented through the different days. Pulverized eggshell was selected as an optimal source to provide calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and other minerals to the developing embryo. By providing 900-1200 mg of pulverized eggshell, 40 mL of the 0.001 % solution of benzalkonium chloride, and a preincubation time of approximately 56 h, the embryos were able to develop until 19 days, and even though they did not reach hatching, the incubation conditions that allowed the survival and development of embryos until late stages were achieved. Thus, due to the conditions established for calcium, humidity and preincubation time, in the present work, the chicks reached 19 days of development.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the age of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) on the morphometry of the egg and the size of the bird at birth. In total, 227 fertile quail eggs of three ages (15, 19 and 34 weeks) were used. Egg weight (g), shape index (%), hatching weight (g), body weight/egg weight ratio, and hatching length (mm) were evaluated using a completely randomized block design. There were no significant differences between ages with egg weight. Egg shape index was significantly higher in 15-week-old birds (79.50±0.34%) than in 34-week-old birds (78.0±0.36%; p<0.05). Birth weight was greater for 34-week-old birds (7.91±0.08 g) compared to 15-week-old birds (7.63±0.07 g; p<0.05). Live weight/egg weight ratio was significantly different between breeders of 15 (68.9±0.37%) and 34 weeks (70.4±0.41%), while quail length at hatch was greater in 19-week-old quail chicks (108±0.62 mm) It is concluded that the age of the breeding quail influenced all the variables evaluated, excepted egg weight.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto de la edad de la codorniz (Coturnix coturnix japonica) sobre la morfometría del huevo y tamaño del ave al nacimiento. Se emplearon 227 huevos fértiles de codornices de tres edades (15, 19 y 34 semanas). Se evaluó el peso del huevo (g), índice de forma (%), peso al nacimiento (g), relación peso corporal/peso del huevo y longitud al nacimiento (mm) mediante un diseño de bloque completamente randomizado. No hubo diferencias significativas entre edades con el peso del huevo. El índice de forma del huevo fue significativamente mayor en aves de 15 semanas (79.50±0.34%) que en aves de 34 semanas (78.0±0.36%; p<0.05). El peso al nacimiento fue mayor para aves de 34 semanas (7.91±0.08 g) en comparación con aves de 15 semanas (7.63±0.07 g; p<0.05). La relación peso vivo/peso del huevo fue significativamente diferente entre reproductoras de 15 (68.9±0.37% y 34 semanas (70.4±0.41%), en tanto que la longitud de la codorniz al nacimiento fue mayor en polluelos de codornices de 19 semanas (108±0.62 mm). Se concluye que la edad de la codorniz reproductora influyó sobre todas las variables evaluadas, a excepción del peso del huevo.

Abstract The impairment in cognitive abilities derived from encephalic injuries, such as stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), brings increasing challenges to rehabilitation teams, requiring improvement of strategies for better treatment conditions. The most affected cognitive abilities are the executive functions, responsible for planning and executing different actions for a specific purpose. This study aimed to analyze information available in the literature from 2008 to 2018, in order to describe the main techniques used for the rehabilitation of executive functions in subjects affected by stroke and TBI. The methodology adopted was an integrative review of the literature collected in Lilacs, ScieLO, PubMed, Science Direct, PsycINFO, Ibecs and Google Scholar, through the descriptors: Stroke, neuropsychology, rehabilitation, traumatic brain injury, executive function, in English, Spanish and Portuguese. From the inclusion criteria, 23 articles were included for analysis, among studies of experimental designs, case reports and literature reviews. Results presented a wide variety of interventions, mostly based on compensatory approaches. Among the most used techniques are the training of metacognitive strategies and the use of protocols for cognitive rehabilitation. It is believed that the systematization of the main strategies currently used worldwide for the rehabilitation of executive functions in cases of acquired brain injury presented in this review will contribute to provide greater theoretical and technical consistency to health professionals working in this field.

Resumo O prejuízo em habilidades cognitivas derivadas de lesões encefálicas, como Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) e Traumatismo Cranioencefálico (TCE), traz desafios às equipes de reabilitação, exigindo aprimoramento de estratégias de tratamento. Das habilidades cognitivas mais afetadas encontram-se as funções executivas, responsáveis pela capacidade de planejar e executar diferentes ações para uma finalidade específica. Este estudo objetivou analisar informações disponíveis na literatura entre 2008 e 2018 para descrever as principais técnicas utilizadas para a reabilitação de funções executivas em sujeitos acometidos por AVE e TCE. A metodologia adotada foi uma revisão de literatura nas bases Lilacs, ScieLO, PubMed, Science Direct, PsycINFO, Ibecs e Google Acadêmico, por meio dos descritores Acidente Vascular Cerebral, Lesão Encefálica Traumática, neuropsicologia, reabilitação e função executiva, nos idiomas inglês, espanhol e português. A partir dos critérios de inclusão foram elencados para análise 23 artigos, entre estudos de delineamentos experimentais, relatos de caso e revisões de literatura. Os resultados apresentaram variadas intervenções, a maioria pautadas em abordagens compensatórias, sendo o treino de estratégias metacognitivas e a aplicação de protocolos para reabilitação cognitiva as mais frequentes. Acredita-se que a sistematização das principais estratégias utilizadas atualmente em âmbito mundial para reabilitação de funções executivas em casos de lesão encefálica adquirida apresentada nesta revisão contribuirá para oferecer maior consistência teórico-técnica aos profissionais da saúde que atuam nesta área.

Resumen La Culebra corredora de petatillos (Drymobius margaritiferus) es un miembro de la familia Colubridae, de tamaño mediano, que habita desde el sur de Estados Unidos hasta Colombia. Se alimenta principalmente de anfibios y ha sido registrada como presa de aves rapaces diurnas. El Luis bienteveo (Pitangus sulphuratus) es un ave perteneciente a la familia Tyrannidae que habita desde el sur de Estados Unidos hasta el centro de Argentina y ha sido registrada como depredador de anfibios y reptiles pequeños. En este escrito reportamos el primer registro de depredación de D. margaritiferus por P. sulphuratus, agregando al ave como depredador de esta especie de serpiente.

Abstract The Speckled racer (Drymobius margaritiferus) is a medium-sized member of Colubridae family that inhabits from the southern United States to Colombia. It feeds mainly on amphibians and has been recorded as prey for diurnal birds of prey. The Great kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus) is a member to the Tyrannidae family that occurs from the southern United States to central Argentina and has been recorded as a predator of amphibians and small reptiles. In this paper we report the first record of predation of D. margaritiferus by P. sulphuratus, adding the bird as a predator of this species of snake.

Resumen Introducción: Chlamydophila psittaci es una bacteria zoonótica e intracelular estricta, que provoca la psitacosis humana y su principal hospedero son las aves psitácidas. La cotorra argentina es un ave psitácida nativa de Sudamérica y actualmente considerada una especie invasora en 19 países, incluyendo Chile. Objetivo: Determinar positividad contra C. psittaci en muestras de suero y torulados de cotorras argentinas de vida libre capturadas en la Región Metropolitana de Chile. Métodos: Se analizaron 95 muestras de suero de pichones e individuos adultos de cotorras argentinas, a través de una prueba de ELISA indirecto utilizando un kit comercial. Posteriormente, se analizaron 40 tórulas nasotraqueales y cloacales de individuos adultos a través de una RPC en tiempo real específica para C. psittaci. Resultados: Se detectaron anticuerpos en muestras de suero de cinco individuos adultos de cotorras argentinas (n = 68), mientras que ninguno de los pichones analizados fue seropositivo (n = 27). Todas las muestras analizadas a través de RPC en tiempo real fueron negativas. Conclusión: Estos resultados demuestran por primera vez en Chile la exposición a C. psittaci en cotorras argentinas de vida libre, lo cual puede representar un riesgo importante para la transmisión de este patógeno a poblaciones humanas y animales.

Abstract Background: Chlamydophila psittaci is a zoonotic obligate intracellular bacterium that causes the human psittacosis, and its main host are psittacine birds. The monk parakeet is a psittacine bird native to South America, currently being considered an invasive species in 19 countries, including Chile. Aim: To determine positivity to C. psittaci in serum samples and swabs from free-ranging monk parakeets captured in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Methods: Ninety-five serum samples from nestling chicks and adult monk parakeets were tested using an indirect ELISA test kit. Cloacal and nasotracheal swabs from 40 adult parakeets were further analyzed by C. psittaci-specific real-time PCR. Results: We found antibody titers in sera of five adult monk parakeets (n = 68) while none of the nestlings were seropositive (n = 27). All samples tested with real-time PCR were negative. Conclusions: Our results demónstrate for the first time in Chile the exposure to C. psittaci in free-ranging monk parakeets which may represent a significant risk of pathogen transmission to human and animal populations.