Abstract The current level of anthropogenic impact on open water sources shows a decrease in the quality of surface runoff, a constantly growing volume of water withdrawal for economic purposes, exerting the greatest significant impact and damage on the hydrobiological resources of water sources. The processes of interaction between subjects of hydro-biocenosis force us to study the mechanisms of interaction between fish, water flow, and hydraulic structure (channel), including the optimization of elements of hydraulic structures that affect the environmental safety of a water source as a whole. We noted the main formation patterns of the structure of a turbulent flow and its interaction with a hydraulic structure (channel), such as the pulsating nature of the aquatic environment, heterogeneous structure, gradient nature, and vortex structure. We analyzed the advantages and features of the effect of three-dimensional flow-forming elements on the behavior of fish. We developed the design and method of designing a bottom flow-forming element for controlling the behavior of fish in a river flow, substantiated geometrical parameters, created an optimal layout of bottom flow-forming elements in artificial channels. We provided an assessment of the use of technical solutions for flow-forming elements of existing and reconstructed fish protection facilities.

Resumo O nível atual de impacto antropogênico em mananciais abertos indica uma diminuição na qualidade do escoamento superficial, um volume cada vez maior de captação de água para fins econômicos, exercendo o maior impacto e danos significativos sobre os recursos hidrobiológicos dos mananciais. Os processos de interação entre sujeitos da biocenose aquática nos obrigam a estudar os mecanismos de interação entre peixes, fluxo de água e estrutura hidráulica (canal), incluindo a otimização de elementos de estruturas hidráulicas que afetam a segurança ambiental de fontes de água como todo. Observamos os principais padrões de formação da estrutura de um escoamento turbulento e sua interação com uma estrutura hidráulica (canal), como a natureza pulsante do ambiente aquático, sua estrutura heterogênea, natureza gradiente e formação de vórtices. Analisamos as vantagens e características do efeito de elementos tridimensionais formadores de fluxo no comportamento dos peixes. Desenvolvemos o projeto e o método de projeto para um elemento formador de fluxo de fundo visando controlar o comportamento de peixes em um fluxo de rio, substanciamos parâmetros geométricos, criamos um layout otimizado para elementos formadores de fluxo de fundo em canais artificiais. Fornecemos uma avaliação do uso de soluções técnicas para elementos formadores de fluxo em instalações existentes e reconstruídas para a proteção de peixes.

Resumen: Las indagaciones sobre los paisajes culturales no antropogénicos, como son los entornos marinos, revelan dinámicas insospechadas por el resurgimiento de ecosofías ajenas a la economía globalizada y a la territorialización como base de la apropiación y posterior explotación indiscriminada. Perturbadas por las errancias de la geoingeniería, varias regiones del mundo se asoman recientemente a claves argumentales con puntos comunes que podrían revitalizar biosferas no humanas y, en ellas, las humanas. La atención a las dinámicas marítimas exige considerar el océano como una entidad. Siguiendo las aún inspiradores lecturas históricas de Fernand Braudel, al ampliar la “mediterraneidad” que él formuló, estaríamos poniendo a prueba otro concepto de cambio de mentalidad por gubernamentalidad: los maritorios, una conceptualización desde la arquitectura en Chile en la década de 1970. A partir de estudios de caso tratamos ejemplos significativos en el Mediterráneo, en el Caribe y en océanos y ríos asiáticos que aportan al actual debate sobre los mares como espacios habitados, como ecosistemas acuáticos frágiles al tiempo que reveladores

Abstract: Enquiries into non-anthropogenic cultural landscapes, such as marine environments, reveal unsuspected dynamics due to the resurgence of ecosophies that are alien to the globalised economy and territorialisation as a basis for appropriation and subsequent indiscriminate exploitation. Disturbed by the wanderings of geo-engineering, several regions of the world have recently touched on key arguments with points in common that could revitalise nonhuman biospheres and, in them, human ones. When considering maritime dynamics, the ocean must be seen as an entity. Following the ever-inspiring historical literatures of Fernand Braudel and expanding on the “mediterraneity” he formulated, we would be testing another concept involving a change in mentality of governmentality: “maritoriums”, a conceptualisation from 1970s Chilean architecture. Based on case studies, we will discuss significant examples in the Mediterranean, the Caribbean and Asian oceans and rivers that contribute to the current debate on the seas as inhabited spaces, as fragile and revealing aquatic ecosystems.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los florecimientos algales han aumentado en frecuencia e intensidad en las últimas décadas. El exceso de nutrientes de origen antropogénico puede ser un factor esencial. Objetivos: Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar un florecimiento inusual de la clorofita Chlamydomonas en un lago urbano desde un enfoque morfológico y químico. Métodos: El sitio de estudio fue un pequeño lago somero ubicado en la Cantera Oriente, Ciudad de México. El muestreo se realizó en febrero de 2016 (época fría-seca); las variables ambientales se midieron in situ y se obtuvieron muestras de superficie para determinar la abundancia de organismos y la concentración de clorofila-a. Una muestra adicional se liofilizó para análisis químicos y otra muestra se fijó en glutaraldehído para estudios ultraestructurales mediante MEB, MET, ML y microscopía confocal, utilizando la tinción de rojo Nilo para detectar la presencia de lípidos intracelulares. Resultados: Los resultados de las observaciones morfológicas coincidieron con las características de la descripción de C. reinhardtii. Los valores de abundancia del florecimiento fueron altos (6.98 x 105 ± 1.37 x 105 células mL-1), lo cual se asocia con los altos valores de concentración de clorofila-a (5548 ± 796 µg L-1). La proporción de carbohidratos: proteínas de las células (0.15) indica una alta síntesis de proteínas durante la enorme proliferación de algas. El bajo contenido de lípidos (6.5 %) está asociado a la ausencia de gránulos de lípidos intracelulares, posiblemente vinculado con la disponibilidad de nitrógeno y fósforo y a la alta multiplicación vegetativa. C. reinhardtii sintetiza ácidos grasos esenciales, como el ácido alfa-linolénico (Omega 3), un importante precursor de lípidos beneficiosos para la salud cardiovascular y neurológica humana. Conclusiones: Se concluye que el florecimiento estuvo constituido principalmente por C. reinhardtii, lo que se correlacionó significativamente con la abundancia y concentración de clorofila, indicando alta capacidad fotosintética y división celular activa. Se encontró la presencia en las algas del ácido linoléico (Omega 3), de importancia en la salud humana, que podría aumentar su concentración en un cultivo controlado y así ofrecer un recurso biotecnológico en el futuro.

Abstract Background: Algal blooms have increased in frequency and intensity in recent decades. Excess nutrients of anthropogenic origin may be an essential factor that gives rise to these blooms. Goals: This work aimed to study an unusual bloom of the chlorophyte Chlamydomonas in an urban lake from a morphological and chemical approach. Methods: The study site was a small lake located in Cantera Oriente, Mexico City. Sampling was performed in February 2016 (the cold-dry season); environmental variables were measured in situ, and surface samples were obtained for organism abundance and chlorophyll-a concentration. An additional sample was freeze-dried for chemical analyses, and another sample was fixed in glutaraldehyde for ultrastructural studies by SEM, TEM, LM, and confocal microscopy, using the stain Nile red to detect the presence of intracellular lipids. Results: The results of morphological observations agreed with the characteristics of the description of C. reinhardtii. The bloom abundance values were high (6.98 x 105 ± 1.37 x 105 cells mL-1), confirmed by the high values of chlorophyll-a concentration (5548 ± 796 µg L-1). The carbohydrate:protein ratio of the cells (0.15) indicates high protein synthesis during the enormous algal proliferation. The low lipid content (6.5 %) is associated with the absence of intracellular lipid granules and may be related to the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus and high vegetative multiplication. C. reinhardtii synthesizes essential fatty acids, such as alpha-linolenic acid (Omega 3), a precursor of beneficial lipids in human cardiovascular and neurological health. Conclusions: The bloom consisted mainly of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and it significantly correlated with the chlorophyll a concentration, indicating high photosynthetic capacity and active cell division. Linoleic acid (Omega 3), an important substance for human health, was present in the alga composition. A controlled culture of this alga could improve the Omega 3 concentration offering a biotechnological resource for the future.

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize a Pinus-Quercus forest through ecological indicators and the composition of species present in the tree stratum in Huiztlatzala, Guerrero. Twenty-five circular sites of 500 m2 were established to inventory the adult trees and their dasometric variables (total height, normal diameter greater than 5 cm and cover). The structural parameters of the forest (density, dominance, basal area and cover) were used to calculate the Importance Value index and the similarity indexes.) Species richness was estimated with the Chao 1 and Bootstrap models. The Jaccard index was used to determine similarity between sites. The results showed seven species distributed in two genera and two families Pinus teocote recorded a mean height of 9.51 m and a diameter of 19.55 cm higher than other species, with an importance value of 148% in contrast to Quercus rubramenta 57%. Richness estimators indicated that more than 98% of the calculated species per 1 ha were recorded for each site (H'= 1.27, λ= 0.68). The results obtained allowed us to identify the dimensions, structural parameters and species dominance; of these, Pinus teocote had the highest value. It is concluded that the community has a low diversity and richness of tree species, due to the change in land use by human influence. It is necessary to establish restoration and conservation activities to avoid forest deterioration.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar un bosque de Pinus-Quercus a través de indicadores ecológicos y la composición de especies presentes en el estrato arbóreo en Huiztlatzala, Guerrero. Se establecieron 25 sitios circulares de 500 m2 para hacer el inventario del arbolado adulto y sus variables dasométricas (altura total, diámetro normal mayor a 5 cm y cobertura). Los parámetros estructurales del bosque (densidad, dominancia, área basal y cobertura) se emplearon para calcular el índice de Valor de Importancia, y los índices de similitud). La riqueza de especies forestales se estimó con los modelos Chao 1 y Bootstrap. El índice de Jaccard se utilizó para determinar la similitud entre sitios. Los resultados mostraron siete especies forestales distribuidas en dos géneros, y dos familias Pinus teocote registraron una altura media de 9.51m y un diámetro de 19.55 cm superior al de otras especies, con un valor de importancia de con un 148% contraste con Quercus rubramenta 57%. Los estimadores de riqueza indicaron que se registró más del 98% de las especies calculadas por 1 ha para cada sitio (H'= 1,27, λ= 0,68). Los resultados obtenidos permitieron identificar las dimensiones, parámetros estructurales y dominancia de las especies; de ellas, Pinus teocote fue la de mayor valor. Se concluye que la comunidad presenta una baja diversidad y riqueza de especies arbóreas, debido al cambio de uso del suelo por influencia humana. Es necesario establecer actividades de restauración y conservación para evitar el deterioro del bosque.

Resumen La enseñanza del concepto de pH es una tarea compleja dado que los alumnos albergan, desde Educación Secundaria, numerosas concepciones alternativas relacionadas con el mismo. Algunas de ellas se encuentran presentes también en los docentes -en activo y en formación-, situación que favorece su propagación y dificulta la enseñanza de este concepto. Ante esta situación, la investigación educativa ha propuesto implementar actividades prácticas que incluyan un enfoque activo e interdisciplinar. En este trabajo se describe una actividad experimental, diseñada bajo el enfoque STEM e implementada mediante indagación, para la enseñanza del concepto de pH y de su didáctica a un grupo de maestros en formación inicial -considerado como muestra de estudio-. Los resultados de su implementación revelan que esta práctica es efectiva en relación con el aprendizaje del pH, a la vez que contribuye a disminuir la presencia de las concepciones alternativas más comunes. Sin embargo, algunas de ellas (como considerar que la piel tiene pH neutro, que las sustancias neutras son inertes o que el aumento antropogénico de CO2 atmosférico provoca un aumento del pH de los océanos) siguen estando ampliamente extendidas en la muestra tras su realización.

Abstract The teaching of the content of pH is a complex task given that students harbour, since Secondary Education, numerous misconceptions related to this topic. Some of these are also present in teachers (both in-service and in-training), situation that favours their dispersion and hinders the teaching of this concept. Given this situation, educational research has proposed implementing practical activities that include active and interdisciplinary approaches. This paper describes an experimental activity, designed under STEM approach, and implemented through inquiry, for the teaching of pH and its didactics to a group of teachers in initial training -considered as study sample-. Results of its implementation reveal that this practice is effective in relation to learning of pH, while contributing to reduce the presence of the most common misconceptions. However, some of them (-such as considering that skin has a neutral pH, that neutral substances are inert, or that the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 causes an increase in the pH of the oceans- continue to be widely widespread in the sample after their completion.

Abstract The urbanization in the Lajeado watershed was rapid and unplanned, which triggered and/or exacerbated socio-economic and environmental impacts. In order to generate technical-scientific information to support territorial and environmental planning, this study conducted an analysis of the terrain and land use and land cover in this watershed. The topographic attributes were derived from a 5-meter resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) using ArcMap and SAGA GIS software. The land use and land cover data for 1985 and 2021 were obtained from the MapBiomas Network. Radiometric vegetation indices were derived from Sentinel-2 imagery for the year 2021 using SNAP software. The obtained results show that urbanization has accelerated morphodynamic processes, leading to the creation of anthropogenic relief. Despite 50% of the watershed area being located within a Conservation Unit, which supplies 16% of the water to the city of Campo Grande, the area is highly degraded.

Resumen La urbanización en la cuenca hidrográfica de Córrego Lajeado fue rápida y sin planificación, lo que desencadenó y/o agravó los impactos socioeconómicos y ambientales. Con el objetivo de generar información técnico-científica que respalde la planificación territorial y ambiental, este estudio realizó un análisis del terreno y del uso y cobertura de la tierra en esta cuenca hidrográfica. Los atributos topográficos se derivaron de un Modelo Digital de Elevación (MDE) con una resolución espacial de 5 metros utilizando los softwares ArcMap y SAGA GIS. Los datos de uso y cobertura de la tierra para 1985 y 2021 se obtuvieron de la Red MapBiomas. Los índices radiométricos de vegetación se derivaron de imágenes Sentinel-2 para el año 2021 utilizando el software SNAP. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la urbanización ha acelerado los procesos morfodinámicos, lo que ha llevado a la creación de relieve antropogénico. A pesar de que el 50% del área de la cuenca se encuentra dentro de una Unidad de Conservación, de donde proviene el 16% del agua que abastece a la ciudad de Campo Grande, el área está altamente degradada.

Resumo A urbanização na bacia hidrográfica do Córrego Lajeado foi rápida e sem planejamento, o que desencadeou e/ou agravou impactos socioeconômicos e ambientais. Com o objetivo de gerar informações técnico-científicas para subsidiar o planejamento territorial e ambiental, este estudo realizou uma análise do relevo e do uso e cobertura da terra nessa bacia hidrográfica. Os atributos topográficos foram derivados de um Modelo Digital de Elevação (MDE) com resolução de 5 metros usando os softwares ArcMap e SAGA GIS. Os dados de uso e cobertura da terra para 1985 e 2021 foram obtidos da Rede MapBiomas. Índices radiométricos de vegetação foram derivados de imagens Sentinel-2 para o ano de 2021 usando o software SNAP. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a urbanização acelerou os processos morfodinâmicos, levando à criação de relevo antropogênico. Apesar de 50% da área da bacia estar localizada em uma Unidade de Conservação, que fornece 16% da água para a cidade de Campo Grande, a área está altamente degradada.

Abstract: Background and Aims: Urbanization has led to a reduction in the extent of native vegetation in cities. Urban forests serve as a refuge for biodiversity. Xalapa-Banderilla conurbation in Veracruz, Mexico, due to its large area of remaining cloud forest (BMM by its acronym in Spanish) in the urban area, is considered a green city. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the diversity and structure of the remaining vegetation of BMM in four urban forests in this region. Methods: The structure and plant composition were characterized through five plots of 20×20 m in each of the four studied sites (400 m2; 0.2 ha per site; 0.8 ha in total), with a total of 0.8 ha. These plots exhibited a forest structure, with a canopy coverage exceeding 70%. Within each plot, woody vegetation with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥5 cm was recorded. Analyses of diversity, diameter and height distribution, and the application of the Importance Value Index (IVI) were performed. Key results: A total of 1049 individuals belonging to 38 families, 55 genera, and 71 woody species were recorded. It was observed that Clavijero-El Haya is the urban forest that maintains the structure and composition of the cloud forest ecosystem (BMM), while El Tejar Garnica showed the least affinity to the BMM. In other words, these urban forests are in different successional stages, reflecting their disturbance histories. Conclusions: The transformation processes in these areas have modified the composition and structure of the fragments. However, they still harbor endemic species or species classified under some risk category. These species are part of the cloud forest ecosystem, which is severely threatened. Therefore, these remaining fragments are of great importance for conservation, particularly in urban environments.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: La urbanización ha provocado que la vegetación nativa en las ciudades se reduzca en extensión. Los bosques urbanos son refugio de biodiversidad. La conurbación Xalapa-Banderilla, Veracruz, México, por la gran superficie de remanentes de bosque mesófilo de montaña (BMM) en su zona urbana, es considerada una ciudad verde. Por lo anterior, se planteó como objetivo evaluar la diversidad y estructura de la vegetación remanente del BMM en cuatro bosques urbanos de esta región. Métodos: Se caracterizó la estructura y composición vegetal a través de cinco parcelas de 20×20 m en cada uno de los cuatro sitios estudiados (400 m2; 0.2 ha por sitio; 0.8 ha en total). Estas parcelas presentan una estructura de bosque, con una cobertura de dosel superior a 70%. En cada parcela se contabilizó la vegetación leñosa con un diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) ≥5 cm. Se realizaron análisis de diversidad, distribución de diámetros y alturas, y se aplicó el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI). Resultados clave: Se registraron 1049 individuos de 38 familias, 55 géneros y 71 especies de plantas leñosas. En los bosques urbanos estudiados, se observó que el Clavijero-El Haya es el que mantiene la estructura y composición del BMM, mientras que El Tejar Garnica es el que presentó menos afinidad al BMM. Es decir, estos bosques urbanos se encuentran en diferentes estadios sucesionales, de acuerdo con sus historias de disturbio. Conclusiones: Los procesos de transformación en estas áreas han modificado la composición y estructura de los fragmentos; sin embargo, resguardan especies endémicas o en alguna categoría de riesgo. Además, se trata de especies que componen el ecosistema del bosque mesófilo de montaña, el cual se encuentra seriamente amenazado, por lo que estos remanentes son de gran importancia para la conservación y más aun en ambientes urbanos.

Abstract Aim The present study investigated the influence of environmental variables on macrobenthic fauna in the Achenkovil River, Southern Western Ghats, Kerala. The knowledge of aquatic ecosystems in many remote areas is very scanty and no one has yet made an attempt to study the macrobenthic fauna of Achenkovil river. Since, macrobenthos play an important role in the benthic community structure a better knowledge of their ecology and distributional patterns in remote freshwater ecosystems would be of great interest for a better understanding of their functioning. Methods A bimonthly sampling was conducted from February 2019 to January 2020. Water samples for physicochemical analysis were carried to the laboratory in clean polyethylene bottles. The macrobenthic fauna was collected using Van Veen grab (0.025m2). Multivariate statistical technique such as Principal Component Analysis was used to monitor the variation in environmental parameters. The diversity of macrobenthic fauna was studied using Simpson_1-D, Shannon_H, Evenness_e^H/S, and Margalef’s indices. We analyzed the relationship between environmental variables and macrobenthic fauna, using Canonical Correlation Analysis and Pearson correlation. Results A total of 3563 individuals belonging to 9 orders, 32 families, 32 genera, and 32 species were identified. The most dominant order was Ephemeroptera followed by Coleoptera and Trichoptera and the least dominant was Zygoptera. The maximum number of macrobenthic fauna was observed in station 1(S1), (1461 Ind/m2) and the least in station 9 (S9), (37 Ind/m2). Station 1 (S1) is a pristine forest area, so this area is considered the reference site. The macrobenthic fauna in the pristine headwater forests (S1) was much more diverse than in the river mouth (S9) which is a highly impacted region. This region is facing various kinds of anthropogenic stress resulting in pollution and deterioration of water quality. The macrobenthic community structure in the Achenkovil River was significantly associated to the variations in water quality due to various natural as well as anthropogenic stresses. Conclusions It can be concluded that Ephemeroptera, Coleoptera, and Trichoptera were the most dominant groups in the undisturbed habitats in the river during the study period. The predominance of Chironomidae species, especially from the Chironomus genus in the midstream and downstream segments of the river is possibly due to their ability to adapt to various environmental conditions or habitats and their tolerance to the low oxygen content in anoxic conditions of the bottom sediment. The lowest abundance of macrobenthos at all the studied stations was observed at station 9 (S9) during dry seasons. S9 is a highly impacted region, characterized by high temperature, turbidity, TDS, pH, conductivity, nitrate, and phosphate values. For this reason, anthropogenic stress and changing environmental conditions are the main factors affecting the distribution of the macrobenthic fauna of the Achenkovil River basin, Kerala.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo investigou a influência de variáveis ambientais na fauna macrobêntica no rio Achenkovil, Southern Western Ghats, Kerala. O conhecimento dos ecossistemas aquáticos em muitas áreas remotas é muito escasso e ninguém ainda fez uma tentativa de estudar a fauna macrobentônica do rio Achenkovil. Uma vez que os macrobenthos desempenham um papel importante na estrutura da comunidade bentônica, um melhor conhecimento de sua ecologia e padrões de distribuição em ecossistemas remotos de água doce seria de grande interesse para uma melhor compreensão de seu funcionamento. Métodos Foram realizadas coletas bimensais de fevereiro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020. As amostras de água para análises físico-químicas foram levadas ao laboratório em frascos de polietileno limpos. A fauna macrobentônica foi coletada usando garrafa de Van Veen (0,025m2). A técnica estatística multivariada, como a Análise de Componentes Principais, foi utilizada para monitorar a variação dos parâmetros ambientais. A diversidade da fauna macrobêntica foi estudada usando os índices Simpson_1-D, Shannon_H, Evenness_e^H/S e Margalef. Analisou-se a relação entre as variáveis ambientais e a fauna macrobêntica, utilizando a Análise de Correlação Canônica e a Correlação de Pearson. Resultados Foram identificados 3.563 indivíduos pertencentes a 9 ordens, 32 famílias, 32 gêneros e 32 espécies. A ordem mais dominante foi Ephemeroptera seguida por Coleoptera e Trichoptera e a menos dominante foi Zygoptera. O número máximo de fauna macrobentônica foi observado na estação 1(S1), (1461 Ind/m2) e o menor na estação 9 (S9), (37 Ind/m2). A Estação 1 (S1) é uma área de floresta intocada, portanto esta área é considerada o local de referência. A fauna macrobentônica nas florestas virgens da cabeceira (S1) foi muito mais diversa do que na foz do rio (S9), que é uma região altamente impactada. Esta região enfrenta vários tipos de estresse antropogênico, resultando em poluição e deterioração da qualidade da água. A estrutura da comunidade macrobentônica no rio Achenkovil foi significativamente associada às variações na qualidade da água devido a vários estresses naturais e antrópicos Conclusões Pode-se concluir que Ephemeroptera, Coleoptera e Trichoptera foram os grupos mais dominantes nos habitats não perturbados no rio durante o período de estudo. A predominância de espécies de Chironomidae, principalmente do gênero Chironomus nos segmentos médio e jusante do rio, possivelmente se deve à sua capacidade de adaptação a diversas condições ambientais ou habitats e sua tolerância ao baixo teor de oxigênio em condições anóxicas do sedimento de fundo. A menor abundância de macrobentos em todas as estações estudadas foi observada na estação 9 (S9) durante as estações secas. S9 é uma região altamente impactada, caracterizada por alta temperatura, turbidez, TDS, pH, condutividade, nitratos e valores de fosfato. Por esta razão, o estresse antropogênico e a mudança das condições ambientais são os principais fatores que afetam a distribuição da fauna macrobentônica da bacia do rio Achenkovil, Kerala.

Resumen. El ruido generado por el tránsito de embarcaciones ha ido en aumento a nivel mundial, por lo que se requiere evaluar objetivamente los niveles de ruido antropogénico en los hábitats marinos. En este estudio, se evaluó la contribución de las embarcaciones a los niveles de ruido en el complejo de bahías Santiago-Manzanillo, en la costa del Pacífico central mexicano. Este complejo de bahías semicerradas es uno de los puertos comerciales más importantes de México y, a su vez, un área con alta riqueza biológica y demanda turística, incluida la demanda de la industria informal de avistamiento de ballenas jorobadas. Desde septiembre de 2015 hasta agosto de 2016, se obtuvieron registros acústicos mensuales de sistemas de grabación fijos colocados en la entrada a la bahía, cerca del puerto comercial (bahía de Manzanillo) y dentro del área turística (bahía de Santiago). Los barcos avistados durante las grabaciones se asociaron a sus señales acústicas y se agruparon por categoría. De acuerdo con su rango diagnóstico de frecuencia, el ruido de los barcos se clasificó en barcos grandes (50-220 Hz) y pequeños (290-500 Hz). Los barcos grandes siempre se detectaron en ambas estaciones, mientras que, como se esperaba, los barcos pequeños fueron más comunes en las zonas turísticas. El ruido de embarcaciones en toda la zona osciló entre 130 y 170 dB (RMS re 1 μPa) y estuvo presente en una mediana de hasta el 81.8% del tiempo a lo largo del año, con mayor prevalencia entre las 1200 y 1600 horas. Las actividades del tráfico marítimo fueron constantes en el área, pero el contenido de frecuencias y los niveles de presión sonora no se distribuyeron por igual a lo largo de la bahía, por lo que se deben diferenciar los posibles impactos sobre la fauna marina que habita en el área.

Abstract. Noise generated by ship traffic is increasing around the world. Hence, there is need to effectively evaluate anthropogenic noise levels in marine habitats. In this study, the noise contribution of ships in the Santiago-Manzanillo bay complex, on the Pacific coast of central Mexico, was assessed. The semienclosed bay complex is one of the most important commercial ports in Mexico, and it is an area with high biological richness and tourism demand, including demand by the informal humpback whale watching industry. Bottom-fixed recording systems were deployed at the entrance to the bay, near the commercial port (Manzanillo Bay), and within the tourist area (Santiago Bay). Monthly acoustic records were obtained from September 2015 to August 2016. Boat categories confirmed by visual sightings were associated with their acoustic signals. According to the diagnostic frequency range, vessel noise was classified into noise coming from large ships (50-220 Hz) or from small vessels (290-500 Hz). Large ships were always detected at both stations, while, as expected, small vessels were more common in tourist areas. Vessel noise in the entire area ranged from 130 to 170 dB (RMS re 1 μPa) and was present up to a median of 81.8% of the time throughout the year, with higher prevalence from 1200 to 1600 hours. Marine traffic activities were constant in the area, but frequency content and sound pressure levels were not equally distributed across the bay. Therefore, it is important to consider the possible differential impacts on marine fauna inhabiting the area.

Abstract: The state of Veracruz is one of the greatest diversity of mammals in Mexico, so conducting studies in this group is a priority to assess its conservation status, given the accelerated transformation and loss of ecosystems. The objective of the study was to evaluate the taxonomic diversity of the community of medium and large mammals of the Ejido Zomajapa and its adjoining areas within the municipality of Zongolica, Veracruz. Between October 2019 and October 2020, through photo-trapping techniques, interviews with residents and transect searches, a richness of 27 species of mammals was recorded, distributed in 7 orders, 15 families and 24 genera. One species is critically endangered, one is considered threatened, and three species are near threatened. For the dry season a diversity of 25 effective species was estimated and for the rainy season it was 24 effective species, with no significant difference between them. The relative abundance of Dasyprocta mexicana stands out, endemic species of Mexico and with potential for use by managing its population. The presence of T. pecari through interviews is relevant, as it's a species considered extinct in the region. To conserve the richness and abundance of mammals recorded in this study, it is necessary to promote Units for the Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use of Wildlife (UMA) from a multidisciplinary perspective to promote the economic development of rural communities and minimize the anthropogenic impact on mammalian populations.

Resumen: El estado de Veracruz es uno de los de mayor diversidad de mamíferos en México, por lo que realizar estudios en este grupo es una prioridad para evaluar su estado de conservación, dada la acelerada transformación y pérdida de los ecosistemas. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la diversidad taxonómica de la comunidad de mamíferos medianos y grandes del Ejido Zomajapa y sus áreas anexas dentro del municipio de Zongolica, Veracruz. Entre octubre 2019 y octubre 2020, mediante técnicas de foto trampeo, entrevistas a pobladores y búsqueda por transectos, se registró una riqueza de 27 especies de mamíferos, distribuidos en 7 órdenes, 15 familias y 24 géneros. Una especie se encuentra en peligro crítico, una se considera amenazada y tres especies se encuentran casi amenazadas. Para la temporada seca se estimó una diversidad de 25 especies efectivas y para la temporada de lluvias fue 24 especies efectivas, sin diferencia significativa entre ellas. Destaca la abundancia relativa de Dasyprocta mexicana, especie endémica de México y con potencial de aprovechamiento mediante el manejo de su población. La presencia de T. pecari por medio de entrevistas es relevante, ya que es una especie considerada extinta en la región. Para conservar la riqueza y abundancia de mamíferos registrada en este estudio, es necesario el fomento de Unidades para la Conservación, Manejo y Aprovechamiento Sustentable de la Vida Silvestre (UMA) desde una perspectiva multidisciplinaria para impulsar el desarrollo económico de las comunidades rurales y minimizar el impacto antropogénico hacia las poblaciones de mamíferos.

Abstract The sea coast of the province of Buenos Aires is affected throughout the year by synoptic scale storms. Waves generated by extra-tropical storm reach the east and southeast coast from the southeast, i.e. from the South Atlantic. The southern coast, on the other hand, has a more restricted fetch, but at the same time, the tidal range increases towards Bahía Blanca embayment. In recent years, this southern coast has also been subject to recurrent and episodic swells caused by southerly winds. The objective of this work is to discriminate the effects and the spatial incidence of both types of storms. Having analysed records from wave statistics and tide registers, we were able to identify these impacts. These effects are causing significant accelerations in the rate of coastal erosion, which will increase given the expectations of anthropogenic sea-level rise expressed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Resumen La costa marina de la provincia de Buenos Aires se ve afectada a lo largo del año por tormentas de escala sinóptica. A la costa este y sudeste llegan olas generadas por tormentas extratropicales provenientes del sudeste, desde el Atlántico Sur. La costa sur, en cambio, posee un fetch más restringido pero a la vez el rango de mareas aumenta a 3 m hacia el embahiamiento de Bahía Blanca. En los últimos años, esta costa sur también ha sido objeto de recurrente oleaje episódico originado por vientos del sur. El objetivo del trabajo es discriminar los efectos y la incidencia espacial de ambos tipos de tormentas. De los registros analizados provenientes de estadísticas de olas y registros de marea se lograron discriminar estos impactos. Estos efectos están causando aceleraciones del ritmo de erosión costera de consideración que se incrementarán dadas las expectativas de aumento antropogénico del nivel del mar manifestadas por el Panel Internacional sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC).

Abstract In the seismic refraction method, refracted waves provide the velocity and irregularity of the substratum. In this study, we took advantage of this method to construct 3D images of the refractor subsurface for two rectangular arrays of sources and receivers. The procedure consists of fitting a straight line to the refracted arrival times that pass through each of the cells that discretize the study surface. The slope inverse is the P-wave velocity, and the intercept time allows us to estimate the substratum depth. We applied this method to two archaeological zones where it was necessary to know the structure of the subsoil velocity and the possible presence of anomalies associated with buried constructions. The results show velocity anomalies related to buried structures and lateral discontinuities due to changes in the refractor layer composition. At the site of Plazuelas, Guanajuato, the slope irregularity of this refractor indicates the unevenness of the ground that had to be filled for the Pyramid's construction. At the Xalasco site, Tlaxcala, impedance contrast is low, but lateral velocity variations show anthropogenic anomalies related to the distribution of remains of ceremonial archaeological foundations.

Resumen En el método de refracción sísmica las ondas refractadas proveen la velocidad e irregularidad del subestrato. En este estudio aprovechamos el principio de este método para construir imágenes 3D de la superficie refractora para dos arreglos rectangulares de fuentes y receptores. El procedimiento consiste en ajustar los tiempos de arribo de las ondas refractadas que cruzan cada una de las celdas que discretizan la superficie de estudio. El inverso de la pendiente es la velocidad de onda compresional y el intercepto permite calcular la profundidad del subestrato. Aplicamos este método a dos zonas arqueológicas donde se requería conocer la estructura de velocidad del subsuelo y la posible presencia de anomalías asociadas a construcciones enterradas. Los resultados muestran la presencia de anomalías de velocidad que se pueden relacionar con estructuras enterradas y discontinuidades laterales por cambios en la composición de los materiales del subestrato refractor. En el sitio de Plazuelas, Guanajuato, la irregularidad en la pendiente de este refractor indica el desnivel del terreno que tuvo que ser rellenado para la construcción de la Pirámide. En el sitio de Xalasco, Tlaxcala, el contraste de impedancia es bajo, pero las variaciones laterales de velocidad muestran anomalías de origen antropogénico que se pueden relacionar con estructuras arqueológicas de interés.

Abstract The proposal to include an ecological perspective in the curricula and university management programs is based on the need to address the ecological collapse we are currently experiencing from a new angle, one more in line with the proposals presented in important international academic and scientific circles. The goal is to validate recognizing socio-environmental deterioration as an anthropogenic phenomenon that derives from the way in which modern society has organized to produce and consume the material and service resources required to reach and maintain the standards of welfare proposed. Given the need to rethink how, as individuals, communities, and governments, we conceive the economy and make decisions, the article proposes a program of educational reform that incorporates the imperative of achieving ecological literacy.

Resumen La propuesta de inclusión de la perspectiva ecológica en el currículum y los programas de gestión universitaria se fundamenta en la necesidad de abordar desde una nueva perspectiva, en sintonía con lo planteado en ámbitos académicos y científicos de gran relevancia internacional, el tema del colapso ecológico que vivimos. Se trata de validar el reconocimiento del deterioro socioambiental como un fenómeno antropogénico derivado de la manera en que la sociedad moderna se ha organizado para producir y consumir los benefactores materiales y de servicios que necesita para alcanzar los estándares de bienestar que se ha propuesto. Por consiguiente, se propone un replanteamiento de la manera en que, como individuos, comunidades y gobiernos, concebimos la economía y tomamos decisiones a través de una reforma educativa que incorpore el imperativo del alfabetismo ecológico.

RESUMO A fragmentação do habitat é uma das fontes de ameaça global às populações de vida selvagem. Durante as últimas quatro décadas, o desenvolvimento urbano do litoral sul do Brasil teve um crescimento considerável, fragmentando o habitat da lagartixa-da-praia lagarto-da-areia Liolaemus occipitalis Boulenger, 1885, ameaçando-o de extinção. Para avaliar a influência do desenvolvimento urbano sobre esta espécie, usamos dados de marcação e recaptura para estudar duas populações, uma em uma área conservada raramente sujeita a perturbações, e a outra em uma área submetida a diferentes tipos de perturbações antrópicas. Exploramos as consequências dessa mudança na paisagem natural comparando estimativas de sobrevivência e abundância com Modelo Robusto de Pollock, e condição corporal dos indivíduos com análises de covariância e variância, em ambas as populações situadas no litoral sul do Brasil. A abundância da espécie foi semelhante nas duas áreas, mas a sobrevivência dos indivíduos foi menor na população perturbada do que na conservada. A condição corporal das fêmeas foi maior na área perturbada, enquanto que o CRC dos machos foi maior na área conservada. Este estudo mostra como impactos antrópicos podem afetar uma população de lagartos e a importância da manutenção de áreas protegidas e sua interconexão para a preservação de Liolaemus occipitalis.

ABSTRACT Habitat fragmentation is one of the sources of the global threat to wildlife populations. During the last four decades, urban development in Brazil’s southern coastline has seen considerable growth, fragmenting the habitat of the sand lizard Liolaemus occipitalis Boulenger, 1885, thus threatening it with extinction. In order to assess the influence of urban development on this species, we used tagging and recapture data to study two populations in Brazil’s southern coastline, one in a conserved area rarely subjected to disturbance and the other in an area undergoing different kinds of anthropogenic disturbance. We explored the consequences of this change in the natural landscape by comparing estimates of survival and abundance with Robust Design Model, and the body condition of individuals in both populations with analysis of covariance and variance. Survival of individuals were lower in the disturbed population than in the conserved population. The abundance of this lizard species was similar between populations. The body condition of females was higher in the disturbed area than in the conserved area, while males were similar among populations, but longer (SVL). This study shows how anthropic impacts can affect a population of lizards and the importance of maintaining protected areas and their interconnection to preserve Liolaemus occipitalis.

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Abstract The management of green areas plays a central role in urban sustainability since vegetation cover has important environmental functions in urban areas. Urban green areas are key elements to improve the well-being of their inhabitants; they are not homogeneous but are differentiated into landscapes with coverages related to historical uses. This article documents the landscapes that are part of green areas in the urban zone of the municipality of Morelia and establish their relationship with the number of inhabitants living in urban areas. The methodology used for the identification and mapping of anthropogenic landscapes as units of analysis and differentiation in the study of vegetation is part of the geoecological approach. To differentiate these landscapes, we started by identifying the physical-geographic landscapes of the territory as the natural background on which the urbanization process takes place, modifying the original land cover and giving rise to different uses. The land uses in the territory are differentiated by establishing the typology of housing and infrastructures introduced in the physical-geographic landscapes where the city was established and by the modified natural covers that remain in a given moment. Then, by superimposing the typology of land uses and covers on the differentiation of the physical-geographic landscapes, geoecological units, i.e., spatial-territorial units, are obtained. They facilitate the classification and identification of the anthropogenic ̶ anthroponatural and anthropic ̶ landscapes of the territory. Certainly, the main transformative process of these landscapes has been urbanization. To determine the extension of green areas, the Normalized Vegetation Index was calculated for the study area, which was contrasted with the anthropogenic landscape layer to estimate this surface area per landscape unit. From this, two indicators were established to achieve the proposed objective: the rate of green areas, which shows the percentage of the landscape covered by green areas, and the density of green areas per inhabitant once the population size has been calculated; both indicators are estimated for each class and type of anthropogenic landscape. The results revealed the presence of two classes, 5 subclasses, and 19 types of anthropogenic landscapes, mapped in 437 polygons in the urban area of the municipality, with the predominance of urban anthropic landscapes. From these results, the main function of the landscapes in the territory studied is housing, which covers 70% of the territory. Infrastructure in productive or service facilities in this urban area shows that the primary economic function is related to services; there is low industrial activity, and vegetation and agriculture occupy less than 8% of the area, which will probably be used for urban growth or services. The rate of green areas in the territory of study is low, and the main issue lies in the type of continuous housing landscapes of different densities. Commercial services and technogenic storage landscapes have a low rate of green areas. Separately, the issues with the density of green areas per inhabitant are concentrated in urban landscapes for housing purposes, which are home to 97.79% of the urban population, in particular in continuous housing landscapes of different densities, housing covering large areas, housing colonial-style landscapes (Historic Center), and buildings. In 2020, 87.6% of the urban inhabitants live in landscapes with a density of green areas per inhabitant of less than 10 m2/inhabitant, that is, below the recommended international standards. The methodology used to study the vegetation in the urban area of interest showed the relationship between the types of urban anthropic landscapes and the density of green areas per inhabitant, identifying and differentiating the main issues in the territory studied. The city of Morelia urgently needs a reforestation program based on the differentiation into the anthropogenic landscape units obtained from these indicators. It is imperative to propose innovative projects and technologies in landscapes with a deficit of tree coverage, particularly in the Historic Center landscape.