Schiff bases are diverse organic compounds with an azomethine structure (–C=N–), holding potential in both chemistry and biology. They serve as catalysts, stabilizers, and exhibit various biological activities. The molecular structure of Schiff bases influences their biological properties, including antimicrobial effects. Redox-active compounds with more negative potentials tend to be more effective against microbes. In one of our recent studies, we explored the antimicrobial properties of two Schiff bases derivatives, SB-1 ((E)-4-amino-3-((3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino) and SB-2 ((E)-2-((4-nitrobenzilidene)amino)aniline). SB-1 showed antibacterial activity against certain Gram-positive bacteria, while SB-2 did not. The difference in their cyclic voltametric profiles, especially SB-1’s more negative reduction potential, prompted us to carry out further characterizations, including scan-rate studies, solvent analysis, and computational calculations. We found that SB-1, which presents a stable intramolecular hydrogen bond, undergoes irreversible oxidation, likely at the –NH2 group, and a quasi-reversible reduction via an intramolecular reductive coupling of the (–C=N–) azomethine group, supported by orbital theoretical calculations. This research sheds light on the potential applications of Schiff bases in antimicrobial contexts, guided by their redox properties and structure. –C=N–, CN –C=N– , C N biology catalysts stabilizers activities effects Redoxactive Redox active microbes studies derivatives SB1 SB 1 SB- E4amino33,5ditertbutyl2hydroxybenzylideneamino E4amino335ditertbutyl2hydroxybenzylideneamino Eaminoditertbutylhydroxybenzylideneamino E 4 amino 3 3,5 di tert butyl 2 hydroxybenzylidene 5 ((E)-4-amino-3-((3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino SB2 E24nitrobenzilideneaminoaniline. E24nitrobenzilideneaminoaniline Enitrobenzilideneaminoaniline nitrobenzilidene aniline . ((E)-2-((4-nitrobenzilidene)amino)aniline) Grampositive Gram positive bacteria not profiles SB1s SBs s characterizations scanrate scan rate analysis calculations SB1, 1, bond oxidation NH2 NH –NH group quasireversible quasi reversible (–C=N– contexts –C=N E4amino33 5ditertbutyl2hydroxybenzylideneamino ditertbutyl hydroxybenzylideneamino 35 3, nitrobenzilideneaminoaniline ((E)-2-((4-nitrobenzilidene)amino)aniline (–C=N Eamino E4amino3 ditertbutylhydroxybenzylideneamino E4amino

Coumarin derivatives possess diverse biological activities, encompassing antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. This study concentrates on the synthesis of two new coumarins: the first derived from rhizomes of Luvunga scandens and the second from 7-(diethylamino)-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one via bromination facilitated by NBS (N-bromosuccinimide) reagent. Their antibacterial and anticancer properties were evaluated in vitro, alongside in silico docking targeting the chromen-2-one group. Bromination of compound 1 yielded novel compound 2, while compound 4 was efficiently synthesized from 7-(diethylamino)-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one (3) using NBS. Testing on lung, breast, and liver cancer cell lines indicated that compound 2 effectively inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus at concentrations of 13.20 and 6.6 µM, respectively. It also demonstrated significant inhibition against MCF-7 breast cancer cells with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 50.37 ± 3.70 µM. Molecular docking revealed compound 2’s interaction with 2VF5 enzyme, elucidating its bacterial inhibition mechanism, with Gibbs energy and inhibition constant values of -7.42 kcal mol-1 and 3.62 µM, respectively. Additionally, compound 2 exhibited anticancer activity via alignment with topoisomerase 1 (3TOP): 1T8I, supported by molecular dynamics simulations illustrating strong ligand interactions. Analysis of pharmacophore kinetics highlighted the complex’s hydrophilic nature, indicating its potential therapeutic efficacy. activities antifungal antidiabetic antiinflammatory, antiinflammatory anti inflammatory, inflammatory anti-inflammatory effects coumarins 7diethylamino4methyl2Hchromen2one diethylaminomethylHchromenone 7 diethylamino methyl 2H chromen one H Nbromosuccinimide N bromosuccinimide (N-bromosuccinimide reagent vitro chromen2one chromenone group 3 (3 lung 1320 13 20 13.2 66 6 6. µM respectively MCF7 MCF MCF- halfmaximal half maximal IC50 IC (IC50 5037 50 37 50.3 370 70 3.7 2s s VF 2VF enzyme mechanism 7.42 742 42 -7.4 mol1 mol mol- 362 62 3.6 Additionally 3TOP TOP (3TOP) 1T8I TI T I interactions complexs complex nature efficacy Hchromen ( 132 13. IC5 (IC5 503 5 50. 3. 7.4 74 -7. 36 (3TOP (IC 7. -7 -

ABSTRACT Objective: To aim at the preparation and characterization of a chitosan and betel leaf extract biopolymer followed by an assessment of mechanical and antibacterial properties. Material and Methods: A chitosan-betel leaf stock solution was prepared and dip-coated on thermoformed aligner cubes. The groups (five samples per group) involved were one control (only chitosan coating) and three test groups based on the duration of coating (coating with chitosan and betel extract coated for 5, 10, and 15 minutes, named B5, B10, and B15 respectively). The coating of the samples was confirmed by an FTIR test and anti-microbial properties were assessed by the disc diffusion method. Wear resistance assessment of the coating was carried out by scratch test. Results: Coating of the aligners with the extract was confirmed with FTIR. The zone of inhibition against S. mutans was noted to be the widest for aligners coated for 15 minutes (7± 0.5mm), and the intergroup difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The samples dip-coated for 15 minutes demonstrated the highest wear resistance (3.2 ±0.17 N) with statistically significant intergroup differences (p<0.05). Conclusion: Betel leaf extract prepared and incorporated with chitosan biopolymer was successfully coated on thermoformed aligners. A higher antibacterial activity and scratch resistance were evident with aligners dip-coated for 15 minutes, owing to the antibacterial activity of Piper betel. Objective Methods chitosanbetel dipcoated dip cubes five group only 5 10 1 B5 B B10 B1 respectively. respectively . respectively) antimicrobial anti microbial method Results S 7± 7 (7 0.5mm, 05mm mm 0.5mm , 0 5mm 0.5mm) p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 05 (p<0.05) 3.2 32 3 2 (3. 017 17 ±0.1 N Conclusion ( p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 3. (3 01 ±0. p0 p<0. (p<0.0 ±0 p<0 (p<0. ± p< (p<0 (p< (p

The aim of this work was to develop and characterize nisin-loaded polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers prepared by green electrospinning. The electrospinning operating parameters were optimized and nanofibers with 20,000 and 30,000 IU mL-1 of nisin were obtained. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging confirmed the formation of uniform, beadless nanofibers with diameters that ranged between 216 and 261 nm. Thermal stability studies showed that the electrospinning process led to the impairment of the crystalline structure of the polymer. Also, Raman spectroscopy tests revealed the interaction between nisin and PEO, while attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) showed that the addition of nisin did not alter the polymer backbone structure. In addition to this, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the semi-crystalline structure of nanofibers. Finally, the resulting nisin-loaded PEO nanofibers were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, confirming its antibacterial activity against this Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, we also report, apparently for the first time, the antibacterial activity of nisin-loaded PEO nanofibers against Bacillus subtilis. These results expand their applications as green antibacterial biomaterials in areas such as food systems and biomedicine. nisinloaded loaded (PEO 20000 20 000 20,00 30000 30 30,00 mL1 mL 1 mL- obtained SEM (SEM uniform 21 26 nm Also ATRFTIR ATR FTIR (ATR-FTIR Xray X ray XRD (XRD semicrystalline semi Finally aureus Grampositive Gram positive bacteria Moreover report time subtilis biomedicine 2000 2 00 20,0 3000 3 30,0 200 0 20, 300 30,

Resumen: Las AgNPs se están utilizando ampliamente debido a sus excelentes propiedades antimicrobianas que les permiten ser incorporadas en diversas áreas de la odontología, como materiales dentales, ortodoncia, endodoncia, periodoncia y prostodoncia, entre otras. El objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar el uso de las AgNPs en las diferentes áreas de la odontología y las innovaciones tecnológicas asociadas. Se realizaron búsquedas sistemáticas en las bases de datos EBSCOhost y PubMed, con las palabras clave: “AgNPs” o “silver nanoparticles”, “dentistry” o “dentist” o “dental”, “materials” en un periodo que va del 2012 al 2023, en idioma inglés. Se encontraron un total de 261 artículos, se eliminaron los artículos repetidos, artículos de revisión, o artículos que no pertenecían al área dental. Se incluyeron en la revisión 116 artículos que cumplían los criterios establecidos; se puede observar que la mayoría de las investigaciones son estudios in vitro y una pequeña parte son investigaciones clínicas o realizadas en animales, la mayoría de las investigaciones muestran resultados positivos e innovadores para el uso de las AgNPs. Los estudios muestran una óptima actividad antibacteriana de las AgNPs cuando estas se combinan con materiales dentales como enjuagues, soluciones irrigantes, cementos, resinas, adhesivos, recubrimientos de metales, soluciones antisépticas, apósitos quirúrgicos, por mencionar algunos. La literatura revisada muestra un prometedor futuro para las AgNPs, pues no solo tienen actividad antibacteriana frente a las principales bacterias orales aerobias y anaerobias Gram positivas y Gram negativas, sino también un efecto antifúngico y propiedades antinflamatorias, sin comprometer las propiedades de la mayoría de los materiales a los cuales son incorporadas. Sin embargo, su uso sigue siendo controvertido debido a que estos nanomateriales pertenecen a una nueva clase de material; el progreso en esta nueva disciplina (la nanotoxicología) depende de encontrar metodologías que permitan evaluar la toxicidad en estados químicos, estudios in vitro y clínicos.

Abstract: AgNPs are being widely used due to their excellent antimicrobial properties that allow them to be incorporated in various areas of dentistry ranging from dental materials, orthodontics, endodontics, periodontics and prosthodontics among others. The objective of this work was to review the use of AgNPs in different areas of dentistry and the associated technological innovations. Systematic searches were performed in the EBSCOhost and PubMed databases, with the keywords: “AgNPs” or “silver nanoparticles”, “dentistry” or “dentist” or “dental”, and “materials” in a period from 2012 to 2023 in the English language. A total of 261 articles were found, repeated articles, review articles, and articles that did not belong to the dental area were eliminated. A total of 116 articles that met the criteria were included in the review, it can be observed that most of the research is in vitro studies and a small part is clinical research or conducted on animals, most of the research show positive and innovative results for the use of AgNPs. The studies show an optimal antibacterial activity of AgNPs when they are combined with dental materials such as rinses, irrigant solutions, cements, resins, adhesives, metal coatings, antiseptic solutions, surgical dressings, among others. The literature reviewed shows a promising future for AgNPs since they not only have antibacterial activity against the main aerobic and anaerobic Gram positive and Gram-negative oral bacteria but also antifungal effect and anti-inflammatory properties, without compromising the properties of most of the materials in which they are incorporated. However, their use remains controversial because these nanomaterials belong to a new class of material; progress in this new discipline (nanotoxicology) depends on finding methodologies that allow the evaluation of toxicity in chemical states, in vitro and clinical studies.

Resumen Los bioplásticos elaborados a partir de fuentes renovables y componentes antimi crobianos son deseables en el empacado de alimentos. Por tanto, se prepararon láminas bioplásticas con almidón de yuca y aceite esencial de romero usando el método de vaciado en placa. Se midió la actividad antibacteriana, transmisión de vapor de agua (Tva), resis tencia mecánica y microestructura de láminas bioplásticas. Las láminas fueron expuestas a bacterias patógenas como Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Bacillus cereus. Se evidenció actividad antibacteriana para los patógenos evaluados excepto para B. cereus. Las láminas evidenciaron valores promedio de Tva 3,6988 (10-14 g/Pa s m), esfuerzo a tensión 8,90 MPa, módulo de young 1679,72 MPa y deformación a la rotura 4,33%. Su microestructura evidenció buena adhesión entre los componentes de la matriz bioplástica. Estos resultados muestran el potencial de los bioplásticos de almidón de yuca y aceite esencial de romero para el empacado de alimentos, principalmente de frutas o productos elaborados con huevo o pollo.

Abstract Bioplastics composed of renewable sources and antimicrobial components are desirable in food packaging. This study prepared bioplastic films with cassava starch and rosemary essential oil using a casting methodology. Film antibacterial activity, water vapour transmission (Wvt), mechanical resistance, and microstructure were measured after exposure to pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. Antibacterial activity was evidenced against the pathogens evaluated except for B. cereus. The films showed average values of Wvt 3.6988 (10-14 g/Pa s m), tensile strength 8.90 MPa, young modulus 1679.72 MPa, and elongation at break 4.33%. Film microstructure showed good adhesion to bioplastic components in the matrix. Bioplastics of cassava starch and rosemary oil constitute potential food packaging solutions mainly for fruits, egg-based products or chicken.

Abstract The biggest challenge in root canal treatment is the elimination of microorganisms; there- fore, new techniques are continually sought to achieve success. The agar diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial and antifungal effect of ozonated Sacha Inchi essential oil, calcium hydroxide paste, and the combination of both. Brain heart infusion and sabouraud agar were the culture media for Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans respectively. The antibacterial and antifungal effects were determined using the inhibition halos that formed around the wells containing the drugs at 24 hours and 48 hours. From the study, the antibacterial and antifungal effects of the ozonized oil was greater after 6 hours, proportional to the higher concentration of peroxide. This study showed that the antibacterial effect of ozonated Sacha Inchi oil is superior to that of calcium hydroxide and the combination of both substances.

Resumen El desafío más grande en el tratamiento de conductos es la eliminación de los microorganismos; por lo que se busca continuamente nuevas técnicas para alcanzar éxito en el tratamiento. Se determinó el efecto antibacteriano y antifúngico del aceite esencial ozonizado de sacha inchi, hidróxido de calcio en pasta y la combinación de ambas; se utilizó el método de difusión en agar, siendo el medio de cultivo para los Enterococcus faecalis infusión cerebro corazón y para la Candida albicans agar sabouraud, para determinar el efecto antibacteriano y antifúngico se midieron y se registraron los halos de inhibición que se formaron alrededor de los pocillos que contenían los medicamentos a las 24 horas y 48 horas. Obteniendo como resultado que el efecto antibacteriano y antifúngico del aceite ozonizado es mayor a las 6 horas proporcional a la mayor concentración de peróxido. El presente estudio mostró el efecto antibacterial del aceite ozonizado de sacha inchi que es superior frente al hidróxido de calcio y la combinación de ambas sustancias.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the antibiotic storage characteristics of families in a suburban population in Mexico. Methodology: The study approach is quantitative, observational, cross-sectional and descriptive in scope. The unit of study was families living in the area under study in a suburban zone of Mexico. Results: A total of 235 families were surveyed, within which there are different age groups, with 153 families predominantly aged between 36 and 64 years old. It was obtained that more than 70 % presented illnesses and, regarding the possibility that they had stored expired or soon to expire antibiotic drugs, 68.1 % mentioned that it was not likely. Conclusions: The significant number of adult population, the wide presence of comorbidities and various sociodemographic factors impact practices and attitudes regarding the ways in which families obtain, use, store and dispose of medications within their homes. This research seeks to contribute to the awareness and creation of various programs for the adoption of safety measures for the storage of medicines within the home, as well as to serve as a guide in the identification of optimal, efficient and effective procedures to deal with this phenomenon.

Resumo: Objetivo: Determinar as características do armazenamento de antibióticos das famílias em uma população suburbana no México. Metodologia: A abordagem do estudo é quantitativa, observacional, transversal e de escopo descritivo. A unidade de estudo foram as famílias que viviam na área de estudo de uma zona suburbana no México. Resultados: Foram pesquisadas 235 famílias, de diversas faixas etárias, das quais predominaram as idades de 36 a 64 anos em 153 famílias. Verificou-se que mais de 70% apresentavam enfermidades, e com relação à possibilidade de terem medicamentos antibióticos vencidos ou prestes a vencer armazenados, 68,1 % mencionaram que não era provável. Conclusões: O significativo número de população adulta, a ampla presença de comorbidades e vários fatores sociodemográficos impactam nas práticas e atitudes relativas às formas como as famílias obtêm, usam, armazenam e descartam medicamentos em suas residências. Esta pesquisa busca contribuir para a conscientização e a criação de vários programas para a adoção de medidas de segurança para o armazenamento de medicamentos em casa, bem como servir de guia na identificação de procedimentos ideais, eficientes e eficazes para lidar com esse fenômeno.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar las características de almacenamiento de los antibióticos de las familias en una población suburbana en México. Metodología: El enfoque del estudio es cuantitativo, observacional, de corte transversal y alcance descriptivo. La unidad de estudio fueron las familias que vivían en el área de estudio de una zona suburbana en México. Resultados: Se encuestaron un total de 235 familias, dentro de las cuales existen diversos grupos etarios, de los cuales predominaron las edades de entre 36 a 64 años en 153 familias. Se obtuvo que más del 70 % presentaban enfermedades y, respecto a la posibilidad de que tuviesen almacenados medicamentos antibióticos caducados o próximos a caducar, el 68.1 % mencionó que no era probable. Conclusiones: El importante número de población adulta, la amplia presencia de comorbilidades y diversos factores sociodemográficos impactan en las prácticas y actitudes en relación con las formas en que las familias obtienen, usan, almacenan y desechan los medicamentos dentro de sus hogares. Esta investigación busca contribuir a la concientización y creación de diversos programas para la adopción de medidas de seguridad para el almacenamiento de medicamentos dentro del hogar, así como servir de guía en la identificación de procedimientos óptimos, eficientes y eficaces para tratar este fenómeno.

Abstract One physical modification (autoclaving) and five chemical modifications (lintnerization, crosslinking, acetylation, hydroxypropylation, and oxidation) were performed on the native oat starch. The starches were mixed with chitosan (Ch) and plasticizer (glycerol) to make films. The film-forming solutions (FFS) were characterized rheologically and evaluated for physical properties (color, thickness, humidity and solubility), water vapor and oxygen permeability (10 and 25 °C), and mechanical properties. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes by the agar diffusion. The functionality of the films as packaging in ground pork was evaluated by counting fecal coliforms and total aerobes for 21 days at 4°C. All the FFS presented a pseudoplastic-type behavior. The addition of Ch increased the stress at fracture (TF) and decreased the percentage elongation (% E) in all the films; being the Oxidized-Ch formulation the one that presented the greatest increase (≈ 200 %) in TF and the smallest decrease (38 %) in % E. All formulations with Ch presented antibacterial activity, which was higher in the Oxidized-Ch film and decreased with the evaluation time. The results generally indicated that the Oxidized-Ch film may represent a suitable formulation as antibacterial packaging with adequate physical, mechanical, and barrier properties.

Resumen Se realizó una modificación física (autoclaveado) y cinco modificaciones químicas (lintnerización, entrecruzamiento, acetilación, hidroxipropilación y oxidación) al almidón nativo de avena. Los almidones se mezclaron con quitosano (Q) y plastificante (glicerol) para elaborar películas. Las soluciones formadoras de película (SFP) se caracterizaron reológicamente. En las películas se evaluaron las propiedades físicas (color, grosor, humedad y solubilidad), la permeabilidad al vapor de agua y al oxígeno (10 y 25 °C) y las propiedades mecánicas. Se evaluó la actividad antibacteriana frente a Eschericia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Listeria monocytogenes mediante el método de difusión en agar. La funcionalidad de las películas como envase de carne picada de cerdo se evaluó mediante el recuento de coliformes fecales y aerobios totales durante 21 días a 4°C. Todas las SFP presentaron comportamiento pseudoplástico. La adición de Q aumentó la tensión a la fractura (TF) y disminuyó el porcentaje de elongación (% E) en todas las películas; siendo la formulación Oxidado-Q la que presentó el mayor incremento (≈ 200 %) en TF y la menor disminución (38 %) en %E. Todas formulaciones con Q presentaron actividad antibacterial, la cual fue mayor en la película Oxidado-Q y disminuyó con el tiempo de evaluación. En general, los resultados indicaron que la película Oxidado-Q puede representar una formulación conveniente como envase antibacteriano con adecuadas propiedades físicas, mecánicas y de barrera.

ABSTRACT Amikacin is the aminoglycoside with the broadest antibacterial spectrum. It was a product transferred to the Aica Laboratories Company, developing a small volume injection solution. The objective of the work was to validate the formulation process of the injection amikacin 500 mg. Three consecutive industrial batches were evaluated. The operating parameters, the operation qualification and performance were verified. Before and after the filtration process, the organoleptic characteristics, pH and assay were evaluated. The shelf life stability of the three batches was evaluated for 24 months. The working pressures and stirring speed met the established criteria, demonstrating the operation reproducibility. The verification of the weighing of each component of the injection and the integrity test of the filter media, in the three batches, demonstrated compliance with established specifications in the manufacturing process. Adherence with the quality specifications set for the product was evidenced, before and after filtration. The validated status of the manufacturing process of the injectable amikacin sulphate is demonstrated according to the existing conditions in the Aica Laboratories Company. The industrial batches of the selected formulation were physically, chemically and microbiologically stable for 24 months, stored at 30 ºC ± 2 ºC and 70 ± 5 % of relative humidity.

RESUMEN La amikacina es el aminoglucósido de mayor espectro antibacteriano. Fue un producto transferido hacia la Empresa Laboratorios aica+, desarrollándose una solución parenteral de pequeño volumen. El objetivo del trabajo fue validar el proceso de formulación del inyectable amikacina 500 mg. Para ello se utilizaron tres lotes industriales consecutivos del inyectable. Se verificaron los parámetros de operación, la calificación de la operación y el desempeño. Los parámetros evaluados incluyeron las características organolépticas, pH y valoración, antes y después del proceso de filtración. Se evaluó la estabilidad de vida de estante durante 24 meses de los tres lotes. Se comprobó que las presiones de trabajo y la velocidad de agitación cumplieron con los criterios establecidos, demostrando la reproducibilidad de la operación. La comprobación de la pesada de todos los componentes del inyectable, demostró el cumplimiento de lo establecido, así como la prueba de integridad de los medios filtrantes empleados en el proceso de fabricación. Se evidenció el cumplimiento de las especificaciones de calidad establecidas para el producto, antes y después de la filtración. Se demuestra el estado validado del proceso de fabricación del inyectable de sulfato de amikacina, según las condiciones existentes en la Planta de Producción de Bulbos de la UEB Aica+. Los lotes industriales de la formulación seleccionada resultaron estables física, química y microbiológicamente durante 24 meses, almacenados a 30 ± 2 ºC y 70 ± 5 % de humedad relativa.

ABSTRACT Plant mucilage constitute a viable alternative to reduce dependence on inorganic products that are unfriendly to the environment, which the scientific community must promote to develop new products. The aim was to evaluate mucilage obtained from Triumfetta lappula, as a thickener in a shampoo formula. Prior to the extraction of the mucilage by hydration, phytochemical screening was carried out, which identified the presence of secondary metabolites through rapid coloring and precipitation reactions; and the viscosity of the mucilage (thickening material) was determined using a digital rheometer. For the shampoo, an experimental design of three factors at two levels was used, assessed with the viscosity response variable, and tabulated with the Statgraphics Centurion XV statistical software and foam control by test tube test. The mucilage contains tannins, alkaloids, and triterpenes important as antimicrobials; Its ability to absorb water forms a thick material of 1170 mPa.s, which as an ingredient in the shampoo allowed an average value of apparent viscosity of 1176 mPa.s and an average value of viscosity in the best treatment (T2) of 1530 mPa.s at pH 6,8; values that are within the viscosity range for commercial shampoos. Triumfetta lappula mucilage with the presence of alkaloids, tannins and triterpenes used as a natural thickener, emollient, moisturizing and antibacterial in a shampoo formula, offers satisfactory results that enable new lines of research for formulations of personal care products with important application projections. immediate.

RESUMEN Los mucílagos vegetales constituyen una alternativa viable para reducir la dependencia de productos inorgánicos poco amigables con el medioambiente, que la comunidad científica debe impulsar para desarrollar nuevos productos. El objetivo fue valorar mucílago obtenido de Triumfetta lappula., como espesante en una fórmula de champú. Previo a la extracción del mucílago por hidratación, se realizó el tamizaje fitoquímico que identificó la presencia de metabolitos secundarios por reacciones rápidas de coloración y precipitación; y, la viscosidad del mucílago (material espesante) se determinó utilizando un reómetro digital. Para el champú, se utilizó un diseño experimental de tres factores a dos niveles, valorados con la variable respuesta viscosidad y tabulada con el software estadístico Statgraphics Centurion XV y el control de espuma mediante prueba de la probeta. El mucílago contiene taninos, alcaloides y triterpenos importantes como antimicrobianos; su capacidad para absorber agua forma un material espeso de 1170 mPa.s, que como ingrediente en el champú permitió un valor promedio de viscosidad aparente de 1176 mPa.s y un valor promedio de viscosidad en el mejor tratamiento (T2) de 1530 mPa.s a pH de 6,8; valores que están dentro del rango de viscosidad para champús comerciales. El mucílago de Triumfetta lappula con presencia de alcaloides, taninos y triterpenos utilizado como espesante natural, emoliente, hidratante y antibacterial en una fórmula de champú, ofrece resultados satisfactorios que viabilizan nuevas líneas de investigación para formulaciones de productos de aseo personal con importante proyección de aplicación inmediata.

RESUMEN Introducción: La contaminación microbiológica de las aguas de los Hospitales puede estar asociada a la aparición de brotes de infecciones y los microorganismos resistentes a antimicrobianos pueden proliferar en aguas que no se tratan debidamente. Objetivo: Evaluar los perfiles de resistencia de cepas bacterianas aisladas en muestras de agua de Establecimientos Sanitarios. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal. Se efectuaron pruebas de sensibilidad a 55 cepas bacterianas aisladas de muestras de agua potable de tanques y de agua tratada de pozos artesianos de Establecimientos Sanitarios de 22 distritos del Departamento Caaguazú. Las técnicas utilizadas fueron antibiogramas (Kirby-Bauer), técnicas fenotípicas y pruebas enzimáticas (Rapidec carba NP). Los resultados se interpretaron acorde al Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Resultados: Se observaron mayormente perfiles de resistencia intrínsecos; en los aislados de Enterobacterales se hallaron Betalactamasas tipo AmpC, Betalactamasas de Espectro Extendido (BLEE) y Carbapenemasas, en los aislados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa se observaron Betalactamasas tipo AmpC. No obstante, se detectaron 13,3% aislados multidrogoresitentes de la especie complejo Enterobacter cloacae. Conclusión: Debido al hallazgo de cepas con alta resistencia antibiótica, se recomienda optimizar las técnicas de tratamiento del agua y de mantenimiento de las fuentes de suministro de agua, en los Establecimientos Sanitarios, con el fin de erradicar las bacterias resistentes y prevenir brotes infecciosos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Microbiological contamination of Hospital water can be associated with the appearance of outbreaks of infections and microorganism resistant to antimicrobials can proliferate in water that is not properly treated. Objetive: To evaluate the resistance profiles of bacterial strains isolated in water samples from Health Centers. Methodology: descriptive, cross-sectional study. Sensitivity tests will be carried out on 55 bacterial strains isolated in samples of drinking water from tanks and treated water from artesian wells of health centers in the 22 districts of the Department of Caaguazú. The techniques used were antibiograms (Kirby-Bauer), phenotypic techniques and enzyme tests (Rapidec carba NP). The results were interpreted according to the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: Intrinsic resistance profiles were mostly observed; AmpC-type Beta-lactamases, Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamases and Carbapenemases were found in the Enterobacterales strains. AmpC-type beta-lactamases were observed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Nevertheless, 13.3% multidrug-resistant strains of the Enterobacter cloacae Complex species were detected. Conclusion: Due to the finding of strains with high resistance to the antibiotics tested, it is recommended to optimize water treatment techniques and maintenance of water supply sources, of Health Centers, in order to eradicate resistant bacteria and prevent infectious outbreaks.

Abstract PA is a gram-negative pathogen that is highly aggressive and known to cause several nosocomial infections, leading to significant morbidity and mortality levels. Individuals with compromised immunity are especially vulnerable to life-threatening infections caused by this bacterium. PA importance as a pathogen is further underscored by its virulence, increasing resistance to antibiotics, and its ability to adapt to diverse environmental conditions. In this study, MO extract antibacterial activity was evaluated using Ec methods, such as CV, EIS and polarization curves (Tafel’s law), against pathogenic bacteria, including PA. The performance of the developed CPE modified by MO was herein tested with C6H12O6, by CV technique. The CV recorded at the CPE-MO surface showed a well-defined peak, which was due to C₆H₁₂O₆ Ec oxidation. PA addition to the electrolyte solution containing C₆H₁₂O₆ caused its oxidation peak to disappear. The hypothesis that PA would adhere to the CPE-MO surface, blocking the active sites and, subsequently, C₆H₁₂O₆ oxidation, was proposed. To verify this hypothesis, polarization curves and EIS, which revealed the presence of a non-conductive film on the CPE-MO surface, were employed. The morphology of the elaborated electrodes surfaces was characterized by SEM.

Abstract Introduction: The use of antimicrobials is a permanent challenge as it is constantly confronted with the ability of bacteria to develop resistance mechanisms. Objective: The objective of this research was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of polyphenolic extracts present in Ananas comosus crown. Materials and Methods: 3.5 kg of Ananas comosus pineapple crown leaves were collected and taken to a tray dryer to reduce humidity, then, they were milled until a fine flour was obtained, for the extraction process of the oleaginous extract a Soxhlet equipment was used, using 70% ethanol as solvent, The identification of phenolic compounds was carried out by ultra-high resolution liquid chromatography with an Orbitrap mass detector. The microbiological analysis was evaluated by the standardized method of diffusion with discs using Mueller-Hinton agar, for which the Staphylococcus aureus strain (ATCC 25923) was used, using oxacillin as a positive control and DMSO as a negative control. Results: from the drying obtained, the humidity was reduced by 50%, with which the dry matter obtained was ground and used to carry out the extraction process of the oleaginous extract, obtaining 63 ml of which 27 phenolic compounds were identified. As for the microbiological analysis carried out, inhibition halos varying between 4.5 mm and 6.0 mm were observed. Conclusion: Finally, it was concluded that the polyphenols present in the extract of Ananas comosus showed antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus, with a greater inhibition effect observed when a higher concentration of the extract was applied.

Resumen Introducción: La utilización de antimicrobianos es un desafío permanente ya que se enfrenta en todo momento a la capacidad de las bacterias para desarrollar mecanismos de resistencia. Objetivo: el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto antimicrobiano de los extractos polifenolicos presentes en la corona Ananas comosus. Materiales y Métodos: se recolectaron 3,5 kg de hojas de coronas de piña Ananas comosus para ello se llevaron a un secador de charolas, para reducir humedad, posteriormente, se realizó la molienda hasta obtener una harina fina, para el proceso de extracción del extracto oleaginoso se utilizó un equipo Soxhlet utilizando etanol al 70 % como solvente, la identificación de compuestos fenólicos se realizó por cromatografía líquida de ultra-alta resolución con detector de masas Orbitrap,el análisis microbiológico se evaluó mediante el método estandarizado de difusión con discos utilizando agar Mueller-Hinton, para lo cual se utilizó la cepa Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), utilizando como control positivo oxacilina y como control negativo (DMSO). Resultados: del secado obtenido se disminuyó la humedad en 50 %, con el cual la materia seca obtenida fue molida y utilizada para realizar el proceso de extracción del extracto oleaginoso obteniendo 63ml del cual se identificaron de 27 compuestos fenólicos. En cuanto al análisis microbiológico realizado, se observaron halos de inhibición variables entre 4,5 mm y 6,0 mm. Conclusión: finalmente se concluyó que los polifenoles presentes en el extracto de Ananas comosus presentaron actividad antibacteriana en Staphylococcus aureus observándose mayor efecto de inhibición al aplicar de mayor concentración del extracto.

Resumen Los abscesos epidurales son infecciones intracra neales de baja frecuencia. Pueden ocurrir derivados de procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos, o infecciones de cabeza y cuello. El tratamiento exitoso generalmente requiere la combinación de un procedimiento de drenaje y antibioticoterapia. Se presenta el caso de un paciente joven, con un absceso epidural intracraneal y meningitis, secundario a sinusitis que recibió solo tratamiento con corticoides y antibioticoterapia con buena evolución.

Abstract Epidural abscesses are rare intracranial infections. They can occur from neurosurgical procedures, or head and neck infections. Successful treatment usually re quires a combination of drainage procedure and anti biotic therapy. We present the case of a young patient with an in tracranial epidural abscess and meningitis secondary to sinusitis who received only corticosteroids and antibiotic therapy, with good evolution.