Resumen El objetivo general del artículo fue analizar sistemáticamente mediante la revisión de literatura el impacto de la vulneración del derecho a contradicción en el proceso de colaboración eficaz que recurre al empleo de la prueba pericial. La metodología utilizada fue cualitativa, de tipo básico y con diseño de revisión sistemática, por ello contó con una muestra de 6 artículos relacionados con la temática del estudio. Respecto a los resultados, se determinó que la prueba pericial aporta cogniciones de otras materias cuya relación con el Derecho acrecienta la posibilidad de comprender la situación y resolver un juicio de la manera más integral posible, para lo cual también debe cerciorarse el principio de contradicción. Por otra parte, la indagación se limitó al no realizar comparaciones constitucionales con otros sistemas legales para concebir las diferencias constantes que implican concepciones a tener en consideración; sin embargo, el valor del estudio recayó en el reconocimiento del impacto que la vulneración del derecho mencionado implica para las sociedades y los individuos según su responsabilidad y las imputaciones por las cuales deben responder. Finalmente, se concluyó que el principio de contradicción es crucial para un juicio íntegro y debe reforzarse cuando se reciba evidencia desde otras ramas del conocimiento.

Abstract The general objective of the article was to systematically analyze through literature review the impact of the violation of the right to contradiction in the process of effective collaboration that resorts to the use of expert evidence. The methodology used was qualitative, basic and with a systematic review design, so it had a sample of 6 articles related to the subject of the study. Regarding the results, it was determined that the expert evidence provides cognitions of other matters whose relationship with the Law increases the possibility of understanding the situation and resolving a trial in the most comprehensive way possible, for which the principle of contradiction must also be ascertained. On the other side, the inquiry was limited by not making constitutional comparisons with other legal systems to conceive the constant differences that imply conceptions to be taken into consideration; however, the value of the study lay in the recognition of the impact that the violation of the aforementioned right implies for companies and individuals according to their responsibility and the imputations for which they must respond. Finally, it was concluded that the adversarial principle is crucial for an integral judgment and should be reinforced when evidence is received from other branches of knowledge.

The application of deep learning algorithms for fault identification in wind turbine components is contingent on extensive data. Such data is often scarce, especially in the faulty category. While adversarial data augmentation helps, biases from the original data persist, and larger datasets strain computational resources. As a solution, experts are turning to transfer learning. Leveraging insights from related domains, transfer learning enables machine learning models to circumvent the exigency oftraining from scratch with extensive data. This study proposed a transfer learning strategy for fault identification in high-speed wind turbine shaft bearings. Two-dimensional matrices extracted from vibration signals sampled from the turbine bearings are employed to train ResNet50 and VGG16 convolutional neural network models with frozen weights based on transfer learning. While both models performed well on the normal test samples, they showed differing robustness when evaluated with noise-induced test samples. Contrarily, the ResNet50 had an accuracy, F-score, and training time of 82.21 %, 78.34%, and 26.3 s, respectively, while the VGG16 model had an accuracy and F-score of 95.55 % and 95.35 %, respectively, but trained for 46 s. The ResNet50 may have converged quickly due to "skip connection" in its architecture, typical of residual learning models. While the VGG16 is computationally intensive, its superior performance and resilience to noise make it suited for vibration-based defect detection in the high-speed shaft bearing, where severe background noise is prevalent.

Resumo A ciência forense auxilia a compreensão da dinâmica fática a partir do emprego de métodos, que possibilitam uma maior controlabilidade à produção da prova, buscando reduzir o subjetivismo inerente a outros meios de prova. Neste cenário, o que se busca responder é: como a compreensão e a mitigação dos erros forenses pode auxiliar na garantia dos direitos ao contraditório, à ampla defesa e à prova lícita? Como hipótese de trabalho tem-se que o conhecimento sobre os erros forenses é indispensável para a produção de uma prova pericial de maior qualidade, que leve ao julgador um conhecimento especializado de maior confiança, resultando em uma valoração probatória mais coerente e direcionada aos fatos, buscando reduzir o arbítrio e os erros judiciais. Para isso, utilizou-se o método hipotético-dedutivo, com o emprego da técnica de revisão bibliográfica e consulta à jurisprudência. Foi possível demonstrar, ao final, que a comunidade científica deve refletir, discutir e prezar por mais rigor na ciência forense, priorizando uma comunicação clara dos resultados, de modo a integrar ciência, justiça e sociedade de maneira harmônica. métodos cenário contraditório lícita temse tem qualidade confiança fatos judiciais isso utilizouse utilizou hipotéticodedutivo, hipotéticodedutivo hipotético dedutivo, dedutivo hipotético-dedutivo jurisprudência demonstrar final refletir resultados harmônica

Abstract Forensic science contributes to criminal science by using scientific methods, which allow for greater controllability in producing evidence, seeking to reduce the subjectivism inherent in other types of proof. In this scenario, we aim to answer the question: how can the comprehension and mitigation of forensic errors contribute to ensuring the rights of the adversarial principle, the entire defense, and legal evidence? The working hypothesis is that knowledge about forensic errors is indispensable for the high quality of expert evidence, resulting in a more coherent, evidential assessment that is more focused on the facts to reduce arbitrariness and judicial errors. To this end, the hypothetical-deductive method was used, with the technique of bibliographic review and reference to jurisprudence. In conclusion, it was possible to show that the scientific community should reflect, discuss and value more rigor in forensic science, prioritizing a clear communication of results to harmonize science, justice, and society. methods evidence proof scenario question principle defense coherent end hypotheticaldeductive hypothetical deductive used jurisprudence conclusion reflect justice society

Resumen: El objetivo del artículo es analizar la obra literaria ''Corazón que ríe, corazón que llora'' de Maryse Condé en atención a la representación de la infancia de las niñas y su proceso de construcción identitaria, en un contexto particular vinculado con la negritud; y la interpretación del carácter violento de la educación, entendida como un mecanismo de control colonizador. Finalmente, se articula esta reflexión con una obra de la práctica artística y contestaria de Harmonia Rosales, artista afroamericana que plantea una pregunta profunda, política y reveladora: ¿Quién dijo que Dios no podía ser una mujer negra? Todo lo anterior, mediante la ejecución de un análisis de contenido e iconográfico de ambas obras, asumidas como recursos semióticos susceptibles de análisis. El estudio se desarrolló en el marco del curso doctoral Cuerpos, poder y subjetividad2 . Se concluye que la producción artística resulta un espacio fundamental para revertir los procesos de colonización y la recuperación de la memoria (individual y colectiva) desde el lugar propio y la voz singular de la persona creadora, ya que los procesos formativos formales no corresponden con las vivencias y convicciones de grupos poblacionales históricamente invisibilizados y excluidos. En ese sentido, tanto la obra de Condé como la de Rosales, constituyen efectivamente un contradiscurso o discurso político alternativo.

Abstract: The purpose of the article is to analyze the literary work ''Corazón que ríe, corazón que llora'' by Maryse Condé in attention to the representation of girls’ childhood and its process of identity construction, in a particular context linked to blackness; and the interpretation of the violent character of education, understood as a colonizing control mechanism. Finally, this reflection is articulated with a work of the artistic and adversarial practice of Harmonia Rosales, an African American artist who poses a profound, political, and revealing question: Who said that God could not be a black woman? All the above, through the execution of a content and iconographic analysis of both works, assumed as semiotic resources susceptible of analysis. The study was developed within the framework of the doctoral course Bodies, power, and subjectivity. It is concluded that artistic production is a fundamental space to reverse the processes of colonization and the recovery of memory (individual and collective) from the own place and the singular voice of the creative person, since the formal formative processes do not correspond to the experiences and convictions of historically invisible and excluded population groups. In this sense, both Condé’s and Rosales’ works effectively constitute a counter-discourse or alternative political discourse.

ABSTRACT: In the legal process, there are fewer ubiquitous cognitive problems than is often thought. Optimal fact-finding arrangements depend on a variety of factors, so that those intent on improving these arrangements face different problems in different procedural settings. In examining factors with a bearing on best fact-finding practices, the author focuses first on factors that are internal to legal culture, such as the varying profile of decision-makers, the type of proceedings, and the objectives of justice. He then explores the influence of extra-legal factors, such as the role of political ideology, governmental structure, and the general cultural context on adjudicative fact-finding. Special attention is given to the question of whether radically different cultural environments render their proof-technologies discontinuous, or incommensurable. The paper ends on a cautionary note, suggesting that the absence of a suitable taxonomy of facts subject to proof makes it very difficult to apply the insights of cognitive science to factual inquiries in adjudication.

RESUMEN: La omnipresencia de los problemas cognitivos en el proceso judicial es menor de lo que generalmente se piensa. Los mecanismos óptimos de establecimiento de hechos dependen de una variedad de factores, de modo tal que quienes intenten mejorarlos enfrentan diferentes problemas en distintos escenarios procesales. Al examinar los factores en relación con las mejores prácticas probatorias, el autor se enfoca, en un primer momento, en los factores internos de la cultura judicial, tales como el variado perfil de los órganos decisores, el tipo de procedimiento y los objetivos de la justicia. Posteriormente, explora la influencia de factores extrajudiciales, tales como el papel de la ideología política, la estructura estatal y el contexto cultural general en las decisiones judiciales sobre los hechos. Se da especial importancia a la cuestión relativa a si las técnicas probatorias en entornos culturales radicalmente distintos se vuelven discontinuas e inconmensurables. El trabajo termina con una nota de advertencia, sugiriendo que la ausencia de una adecuada taxonomía de los hechos sujetos a prueba dificulta en gran medida la aplicación de las perspectivas de la ciencia cognitiva en las decisiones judiciales concerniente a los hechos.

Abstract This paper aims to improve the quality of reconstructed visual stimuli and reduce the computational complexity of the visual stimuli reconstruction processes in the form of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) profiles. The preceding work envisions the non-cognitive contents of brain activity vain to integrate visual data of diverse hierarchical levels. Existing approaches such as Deep Canonically Correlated Auto Encoder detect the significant challenges of reconstructing visual stimuli from brain activity: fMRI noise, large dimensionality of a limited number of data instances, and complex structure of visual stimuli. In this activity, we will also analyze the scope for utilizing the spatiotemporal data to resolve the neural correlates of visual stimulus representations and reconstruct the resembling visual stimuli. The purpose of this work is to manipulate those suffering from developmental disabilities. A novel Siamese conditional Generative Adversarial Network (ScGAN) approach is proposed to resolve these significant issues. The key features of ScGAN are as follows: 1. Siamese Neural Network (SNN) is a dimensionality reduction approach that takes as visual stimulus information alloy component and its goals to discover each of them effectively. It shows the critical component of visual stimuli. 2. In a conditional Generative Adversarial Network, the labels portrayan expansion to a latent variable to better generate and discriminate visual stimuli. Experiments on four fMRI datasets prove that our technique can reconstruct visual stimuli precisely. The performance metrics are evaluated by Mean Squared Error (MSE), Accuracy, Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC), Losses, Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), Computational Time, etc. It proves that the proposed method yields better outcomes in terms of accuracy.

Church conflicts arise due to poor ethics, hermeneutics or doctrine. Unending conflicts may be historical and conflict resolution may not have been done. This article identifies fissures in the history of conflict in the Church of Christ in Zimbabwe (COCZ). It proposes to use 'Robert's Rules of Order' (RONR) to redirect deliberants' energies towards comprehensive solutions (Robert 2020). This can eradicate collegial competition, litigious animosity, divided loyalties, mutual hatred, and violent tendencies in negative energy to increase growth tendencies in the organisation. Trust was lost due to highly adversarial contact where legal battles and acrimonious criticisms have not been addressed. The COCZ has tactical, technical and strategic management principles inherited from the restoration history, which can apply in conflict resolution. Using scientific methods of handling conflicts like RONR, and the COCZ principles can hopefully lead to better results in that church. CONTRIBUTION: The paper contributes to alternatives to conflict resolutions which have been tested within the Church of Christ. The Robert's Rules can be used in different religious organisations to resolve conflict through peaceful resolutions of difference.

Abstract Apples are the fourth most produced fruit in the world, so it is important to safeguard them from disease damage. Although there are many deep learning-based plant disease detection models, the existing deep learning networks have complex structures and require large amounts of computational resources for support. Lightweight networks such as MobileNet and ShuffleNet designed for mobile devices could achieve better classification and faster recognition on public datasets, but their accuracy rates are not yet up to the requirements of practical applications. To address these problems, we constructed an improved apple leaf disease recognition algorithm based on MobileNetV2. We used feature reuse to improve the network structure, added a dense connection structure to the inverse residual module, and an ECA-Net attention module to increase the model's focus on diseased regions. We trained the improved model on the network on a dataset expanded by a generative adversarial network. The results showed that the improved model had a smaller number of model parameters, only 3.3 M, and a higher accuracy rate of 96.23% compared to Resnet50, ShuffleNet, and MobileNet models. The improved model had only 0.34 M addition in the number of parameters compared with MobileNet-V2, and had a 2.2% improvement in accuracy.

Abstract This paper aims to investigate the exercise of institutional power through questions presented by former judge Sergio Moro in former president Luiz Inácio “Lula” da Silva’s questioning in may 2017. For this, the questions asked by the former judge at that moment will be analyzed. Questioning is a well-known tool in Linguistics to exercise power, however, regarding the defendant’s questioning, no research on Brazilian judicial setting was found. In order to contribute to this research gap, this paper investigates, by means of mixed methods, the control the former judge exercises through his questions, and the extent to which the former judge’s utterances have adversarial traits. This study draws onTeun A. van Dijk’s (2018) approach to critical discourse studies as the main underlying framework. The results show the former judge’s questioning style on that questioning carries accusatory traits and resembles police interviews.

Resumo Este artigo tem por objetivo identificar o exercício do poder institucional por meio de perguntas feitas pelo ex-juiz Sergio Moro quando do depoimento do ex-presidente Luiz Inácio “Lula” da Silva, em maio 2017. Para isso, serão analisadas as perguntas feitas pelo ex-juiz naquele momento. A forma como as perguntas são elaboradas é uma ferramenta de exercício de poder conhecida na Linguística, no entanto, no que tange à oitiva do acusado, ainda não há pesquisas no âmbito do Judiciário brasileiro. Para contribuir com essa área, o presente artigo investiga, quantitativa e qualitativamente, como as perguntas exerceram controle sobre a fala do acusado e até que ponto há características de confrontação nas falas do ex-juiz. O estudo tem como pressuposto teórico os estudos críticos do discurso desenvolvidos por Teun A. van Dijk (2018). Os resultados mostram que o estilo de fazer perguntas adotado pelo ex-juiz naquele episódio tem traços acusatórios e lembra interrogatórios policiais.

Resumen: Los mapas históricos contienen datos importantes sobre el carácter cultural, social y urbano de las ciudades. La mayoría de los mapas históricos utilizan notaciones específicas que difieren de los mapas de uso común en la actualidad. Por lo tanto, la conversión de datos de mapas históricos a formatos de mapas recientes puede considerarse una actividad que requiere mucha mano de obra. Este artículo tiene como objetivo exponer cómo se puede utilizar una técnica de aprendizaje automático (machine learning), para transformar mapas antiguos de Estambul en datos espaciales que simulan vistas de satélite modernas (SVs) a través de un marco de trabajo de mapas recíprocos. Con este objetivo, se utilizan los mapas de Estambul de Jacques Pervititch (IPMs) de 1922-1945 y las vistas de satélite actuales para probar y evaluar el marco propuesto. El estudio consta de dos etapas: (i) el estilo y la transferencia de información de IPMs a SVs, (ii) de SVs a IPMs con CycleGAN (un tipo de red adversarial generativa). Los resultados iniciales muestran que el marco de trabajo propuesto puede trasladar atributos tales como áreas verdes, técnicas y materiales constructivos, y etiquetas.

Abstract: Historical maps contain significant data on the cultural, social, and urban character of cities. However, most historical maps utilize specific notation methods that differ from those commonly used today and converting these maps to more recent formats can be highly labor-intensive. This study is intended to demonstrate how a machine learning (ML) technique can be used to transform old maps of Istanbul into spatial data that simulates modern satellite views (SVs) through a reciprocal map conversion framework. With this aim, the Istanbul Pervititch Maps (IPMs) made by Jacques Pervititch in 1922-1945 and current SVs were used to test and evaluate the proposed framework. The study consists of a style and information transfer in two stages: (i) from IPMs to SVs, and (ii) from SVs to IPMs using CycleGAN (a type of generative adversarial network). The initial results indicate that the proposed framework can transfer attributes such as green areas, construction techniques/ materials, and labels/tags.

Resumo Sabemos que a ciência é uma preciosa aliada do juiz na busca pela verdade. Mas também sabemos que toda moeda tem a sua outra cara. A ciência pode, de fato, ser uma falsa aliada do juiz, potencializando perigosamente o erro judicial no processo. O assunto é bem conhecido. A justiça criminal agora se fundamenta fortemente nos resultados da ciência, mas tem que lidar com sua sabida falibilidade. Muitas vezes, o processo torna-se o lugar onde peritos e pareceristas revelam as lacunas nessas mesmas disciplinas que deveriam orientar corretamente as decisões dos juízes criminais. Portanto, o juízo criminal sempre precisa de testemunhas. Especialmente testemunhas contra o acusado, é claro. No entanto, atualmente a prova testemunhal como instrumento essencial de tomada de decisão judicial está em crise. Uma crise que surgiu como resultado da redução do direito do acusado de efetivamente questionar as testemunhas que depõem contra ele (ou ela), restringindo as chances de o juiz perceber a versão da testemunha da melhor maneira possível. Esse é o risco de baixar significativamente o standard de qualidade das sentenças criminais. A crise da prova testemunhal no processo penal pode ser atribuída a dois fatores. A primeira razão. A multiplicação de testemunhas protegidas no processo. Figuras que, como uma espécie de contrapartida à sua contribuição para o julgamento, requerem níveis de proteção elevados, constantes e diversificados: pessoas "frágeis" e vulneráveis, menores, pessoas com transtornos mentais, delatores ou testemunhas "anônimas". Como podemos ver, em regra, trata-se de pessoas que costumam testemunhar contra os arguidos. Em relação ao direito e à jurisprudência europeia e italiana a tendência é clara. As necessidades de proteção dessas categorias de testemunhas resultam em redução do número de audiências e, portanto, das oportunidades de confronto dialético entre acusado e testemunha. Isso pode resultar também no impulso para a "personalização" dos métodos utilizados para esse exame cruzado, adaptando-o às necessidades de proteção a serem cumpridas. Em alguns casos, essas formas de proteção podem ser usadas para obter informações mais genuínas da testemunha, mas também não podemos subestimar o risco oposto, de obter declarações qualitativamente menos confiáveis: porque podem estar muito condicionadas por essas necessidades de proteção, impossibilitando ao defensor do acusado a possibilidade de aprofundar alguns pontos controversos. A segunda razão. Em nível político nacional e europeu, prevalece agora a ideia de que a celeridade da Justiça Criminal é o critério primordial para definir o padrão de fiabilidade e solidez de um Estado economicamente avançado. Esta perspectiva dominante é fruto de uma concepção exasperada e errônea do princípio da duração razoável do julgamento (art. 6, par. 1, CEDH e art. 111, par. 2, Constituição Italiana). O fator tempo passa a ser um valor absoluto, apical e atraente no processo penal, o que parece capaz de impactar negativamente também a qualidade da prova testemunhal: nos referimos, em particular, à recente denominada Reforma da Cartabia ao Código de Processo Penal italiano, onde é claramente perceptível um enfraquecimento do princípio fundamental da imediação. Ou seja, o juiz que assiste à produção da prova oral e o juiz que deve proferir a sentença devem ser o mesmo. Quando o juiz de primeira instância muda, a ideia é que a imediação pode ser facilmente substituída pela tecnologia (a gravação audiovisual do depoimento perante o primeiro juiz e posterior visualização da gravação pelo novo juiz).

Abstract We know that science is a precious ally for the judge in the search for truth. But we also know that every coin has its flipside. Science can in fact constitute a false ally for the judge, dangerously channeling the process towards judicial error. The matter is well known. Criminal justice now draws heavily on the results of science, but has to deal with its overt fallibility. Often the process becomes the place where experts and consultants reveal the gaps in those same disciplines that should instead correctly orientate the decisions of criminal judges. Therefore, the Criminal trial always needs witnesses. Especially witnesses against the accused, of course. However testimonial evidence as a fundamental judicial decision making tool is in crisis today. A crisis that has come about as a result of the downsizing of the right of the accused to effectively cross-examine the witnesses testifying against him (or her), thereby reducing the chances for the judge to perceive the witness’s story in the best possible way. Hence the risk of significantly lowering the quality standard of criminal sentences. The crisis of testimony in the criminal trial can be attributed to two factors. The first reason. The multiplication of protected witnesses on the trial scene. Figures who, as a sort of counterpart for their contribution to the assessment, require high, constant and diversified levels of protection: “fragile” and vulnerable people, minors, the mentally ill, witnesses of justice, or “anonymous” witnesses” (undercover agents). As we can see, as a rule, we are dealing with persons who usually testify against the accused. At the level of European and Italian law and jurisprudence the trend is clear. The needs of protection for these categories of witnesses result in a reduction in the number of hearings, and therefore the opportunities for dialectical confrontation between the accused and the witness. The may also result in the push to “personalization” of the methods used for that confrontation, by adapting it to the protection needs to be met. In some cases those forms of protection could be used to get more genuine information from the witness, but we also cannot underestimate the opposite risk of obtaining qualitatively less reliable statements: because they might too conditioned by those protection needs, precluding the defender of the accused the possibility of deepening some controversial points. The second reason. At the national and European political level, the idea now prevails that the speed of Criminal justice is the primary instrument by which to calibrate the standard of reliability and solidity of an economically advanced State. This mainstream perspective is the fruit of an exasperated and erroneous conception of the principle of the reasonable duration of the trial (Art. 6 par. 1 ECHR and Art. 111 par. 2 Italian Constitution). The time factor is now an absolute, apical and absorbing value in the Criminal trial, which seems capable of negatively impacting the quality of the witness evidence as well: we refer, in particular, to the recent so-called Cartabia Reform of the Italian Code of Criminal Procedure, where a weakening of the fundamental principle of immediacy is clearly perceptible. That is, the judge attending the construction of the oral evidence and the judge who must adopt the judgment must be the same. When the trial judge changes, the idea is that immediacy can be easily replaced by technology (the audiovisual recording of the testimony before the first judge and subsequent viewing of the recording by the new judge).

Abstract While exploring the uncharted area of the level of adversariness in the investigative reporting of far-right populism, this study aims to identify the kinds of criticisms featuring in the news coverage and determine which of those trace back to the initiative of media professionals. Resorting to a mixed-method comprising content analysis and reconstructive biography of the newsmagazine and tv reporting of the Chega party, it concludes that media dynamics related to the journalistic initiative and the adversarial particularities of investigative reporting account for the frequent and harsh endogenous and exogenous criticisms. Besides initiating the news story, investigative journalists also take the lead in voicing criticisms in the reporting confirming both the enterprise of the investigative reporting and its adversariness towards far-right populism.

Resumo Mediante uma incursão na área inexplorada do nível de adversatividade da reportagem de investigação sobre o populismo de extrema-direita este estudo visa identificar os tipos de críticas presentes na cobertura noticiosa e determinar quais dessas críticas correspondem à iniciativa jornalística. Recorrendo a um método misto que combina a análise de conteúdo e a biografia reconstrutiva, conclui que as dinâmicas mediáticas relacionadas com a iniciativa jornalística e as particularidades da reportagem de investigação explicam tanto a frequência como a severidade das críticas endógenas e exógenas constantes no tratamento noticioso do partido Chega. Para além de originadores da cobertura noticiosa, os repórteres de investigação assumem a liderança na expressão de críticas confirmando tanto a iniciativa jornalística como a faceta adversativa do jornalismo de investigação relativamente ao populismo.

Abstract Background: In laparoscopic surgery, image quality can be severely degraded by surgical smoke caused by the use of tissue dissection tools that reduce the visibility of the observed organs and tissues. Objective: Improve visibility in laparoscopic surgery by combining image processing techniques based on classical methods and artificial intelligence. Method: Development of a hybrid approach to eliminating the effects of surgical smoke, based on the combination of the dark channel prior (DCP) method and a pixel-to-pixel neural network architecture known as a generative adversarial network (GAN). Results: Experimental results have shown that the proposed method achieves better performance than individual DCP and GAN results in terms of restoration quality, obtaining (according to PSNR and SSIM index metrics) better results than some related state-of-the-art methods. Conclusions: The proposed approach decreases the risks and time of laparoscopic surgery because once the network is trained, the system can improve real-time visibility.

Resumen Antecedentes: Durante la cirugía laparoscópica, la calidad de la imagen puede verse gravemente degradada por el humo quirúrgico causado por el uso de herramientas de disección de tejidos que reducen la visibilidad de los órganos y tejidos. Objetivo: Mejorar la visibilidad en cirugía laparoscópica mediante la combinación de técnicas de procesamiento de imágenes basadas en técnicas clásicas e inteligencia artificial. Método: Desarrollo de un enfoque híbrido para la eliminación de los efectos del humo quirúrgico, basado en la combinación del método del principio del canal oscuro (DCP, dark channel prior) y una arquitectura de red neuronal píxel a píxel conocida como red antagónica generativa (GAN, generative adversial network). Resultados: Los resultados experimentales han demostrado que el método propuesto logra un mejor rendimiento que los resultados individuales de DCP y GAN en cuanto a calidad de la restauración, obteniendo (según las métricas de la proporción máxima de señal a ruido [PSNR, Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio] y el índice de similitud estructural [SSIM, Structural Similarity Index]) mejores resultados que otros métodos relacionados. Conclusiones: El enfoque propuesto disminuye los riesgos y el tiempo de la cirugía laparoscópica, ya que una vez que la red está correctamente entrenada, el sistema puede mejorar la visibilidad en tiempo real.

ABSTRACT: Although our legal imaginaries focus on adversarial criminal processes correlated with serious wrongdoing, low-level criminal justice dominates practice. In this very different reality, legal operators process in extremely short amount of time routinary cases. Processing takes place with little to no contestation. The paper examines this reality, giving a broad picture of its main characteristics, the reasons that explain its practical dominance, giving a first glimpse into the organization of mass processing in Chile.

RESUMEN: Pese a la concentración en el estudio de un imaginario del derecho penal adversarial y centrado en comportamientos especialmente reprochables, la práctica del sistema penal tiende a operar en una realidad distinta: la de los delitos de baja entidad. En ellos, casos rutinarios son procesados con dosis muy bajas de conflicto. El presente artículo tematiza esta realidad, poniendo de relieve las principales características de este modo de operación, las razones por las que predomina en la práctica, y dando un vistazo inicial a su modo de funcionamiento en Chile.

This article examines the extent of participation of accused persons in criminal proceedings in Ghana, particularly in the context of the procedural limits to the right to silence and its associated privilege against self-incrimination. Though normatively set along a libertarian theory that largely insulates the accused from matters of proof, the article finds that the legal regime of the right to silence not only admits of several procedural burden-shifting mechanisms that enjoin accused persons to speak and participate in the proof process, it also permits the drawing of adverse inferences against the accused's exercise of the right to silence in several instances. The analysis extends to a critical evaluation of the benefits of silence in the operational design of the adversarial trial. In that context, it discusses the extent of the accused's beneficial use of the right to silence and finds it an imprudent and legally-uninformed exercise that may deprive the accused person of their right to aggressively partake in the search of facts and evidence and thus of their right to adversarial trial. The article is relevant as it constitutes the first attempt at defining the criminal justice policies underlying the limitations to the right to silence in Ghana. It adds to the existing knowledge on the right to silence in criminal proceedings as it delves into the philosophical underpinnings of the criminal procedure which is increasingly leaning towards a truth-finding and utilitarian ideology away from the core due process theory that generally defines the adversarial criminal procedure.