Resumen Introducción: La educación sexual es uno de los pilares básicos del desarrollo humano por cuanto potencia la autonomía de las personas y el desarrollo de una sexualidad plena. Objetivo: Este estudio buscó describir la percepción respecto a la educación sexual de adolescentes de dos establecimientos educacionales de Talcahuano, Chile. Método: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal de carácter descriptivo con 309 estudiantes de dos colegios ubicados en la Comuna de Talcahuano, región del Bío-Bío, Chile. Se aplicó de forma presencial un cuestionario de autorreporte. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el software IBM Statistics SPSS v.22. Resultados: El 61,8% reportó recibir educación sexual en su establecimiento y casi la totalidad consideró necesario aprender sobre ello. Un 52,7% refirió que sus establecimientos generaban instancias para hablar de sexualidad. En relación con las temáticas que deberían ser incluidas en la educación sexual, «Valores, respeto, ética», «Anticonceptivos y prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual» y «Amor y afectividad» fueron las más preferidas. Conclusión: Pese a la existencia de instancias de educación sexual en los establecimientos educacionales y a la transversal opinión de que es necesario aprender sobre este tema, existe una baja percepción respecto a su suficiencia.

Abstract Introduction: Sex education is one of the basic pillars of human development because it enhances people’s autonomy and the development of full sexuality. Objective: This study sought to describe the perception regarding sex education of adolescents from two educational establishments in Talcahuano, Chile. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 309 students from two schools located in the Talcahuano Commune, Bío-Bío region, Chile. A self-report questionnaire was applied in person. Data were analyzed using IBM Statistics SPSS v.22 software. Results: 61.8% reported receiving sex education in their establishment and almost all considered it necessary to learn about it. 52.7% reported that their establishments generated instances to talk about sexuality. In relation to the topics that should be included in sex education, “Values, respect, ethics”, “Contraceptives and prevention of sexually transmitted infections” and “Love and affectivity” were the most preferred. Conclusion: Despite the existence of instances of sex education in educational establishments, and the transversal opinion that it is necessary to learn about this subject, there is a low perception regarding its adequacy.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the socioeconomic and obstetric characteristics of adolescent mothers and the complications they cause to maternal and neonatal health. This baseline data analysis of the MINA-Brazil birth cohort was conducted in the municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul, state of Acre, Brazil. The chi-square test was used to compare characteristics of adolescent and adult postpartum women, and multiple Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to assess associated factors. Among the postpartum women, 26.2% (95%CI: 24.0-28.4) were adolescents. Factors associated with childbirth in adolescence included: nine years or less of schooling (adjPR:1.36; 95%CI: 1.14-1.61), belongs to the lowest quartiles of the wealth index (1st quartile: adjPR:1.40; 95%CI: 1.08-1.80) (2nd quartile: adjPR:1.37; 95%CI: 1.08-1.74), primigravidae (adjPR:3.69; 95%CI: 2.98-4.57), low pre-pregnancy BMI (adjPR:1.28; CI95%: 1.04-1.57), urinary tract infection during pregnancy (adjPR:1.25; CI95%: 1.07-1.46) and less than six prenatal consultations (adjPR:1.42; 95%CI: 1.21-1.66). Poverty, little schooling, primigravidae, low pre-pregnancy BMI, urinary tract infection during pregnancy and few prenatal consultations were associated with childbirth during adolescence in a municipality in the Northern region of Brazil.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi investigar as características socioeconômicas e obstétricas de parturientes adolescentes e suas complicações sobre a saúde materna e neonatal. Trata-se de uma análise de dados da linha de base da coorte de nascimentos MINA-Brasil conduzida no município de Cruzeiro do Sul, estado do Acre. Utilizou-se teste qui-quadrado para comparar características das puérperas adolescentes com as adultas e modelos múltiplos de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para avaliar fatores associados. Entre as puérperas estudadas, 26,2% (IC95%: 24,0-28,4) eram adolescentes. Os fatores associados ao parto na adolescência foram ter nove anos ou menos de estudo (RPaj:1,36; IC95%: 1,14-1,61), pertencer aos menores quartis do índice de riqueza (1° quartil: RPaj:1,40; IC95%: 1,08-1,80) (2° quartil: RPaj:1,37; IC95%: 1,08-1,74), ser primigesta (RPaj:3,69; IC95%: 2,98-4,57), baixo IMC pré-gestacional (RPaj:1,28; IC95%: 1,04-1,57), infecção urinária na gravidez (RPaj:1,25; IC95%: 1,07-1,46) e menos de seis consultas de pré-natal (RPaj:1,42; IC95%: 1,21-1,66). Pobreza, baixa escolaridade, primigestação, baixo IMC pré-gestacional, infecção urinária na gestação e menor número de consultas de pré-natal foram associados ao parto na adolescência em município da região Norte do Brasil.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the magnitude, trend, and spatial patterns of childhood and adolescent cancer mortality between 1996 and 2017 in 133 Brazilian intermediate regions by using socioeconomic and healthcare services indicators. Methods: This is an ecological study for analyzing the trend of mortality from cancer in childhood and adolescence through time series. Data on deaths were extracted from the Brazilian Mortality Information System. Data on population were extracted from the 1991, 2000, and 2010 demographic censuses of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, with interpolation for intercensal years. Time series were delineated for mortality by type of cancer in each intermediate region. Such regions were grouped by macroregions to present the results. The calculation and interpretation of mortality trends use the Prais-Winsten autoregression procedure. Results: Mortality rates for all neoplasms were higher in the Northern region (7.79 deaths per 100 thousand population), while for leukemias, they were higher in the Southern region (1.61 deaths per 100 thousand population). In both regions, mortality was higher in boys and in the 0-4 age group. The trend was decreasing (annual percent change [APC] – -2.11 [95%CI: -3.14; - 1.30]) for all neoplasms in the Brazilian regions and stationary (APC – -0.43 [95%CI: -1.61; 2.12]) for leukemias in the analyzed period. Conclusion: The mortality rate for all neoplasms showed higher values in regions with smaller numbers of ICU beds in the public healthcare system.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar magnitude, tendência e padrões espaciais da mortalidade por câncer na infância e adolescência, entre 1996 e 2017, nas 133 regiões intermediárias brasileiras, utilizando indicadores socioeconômicos e de serviços de saúde. Métodos: É um estudo ecológico que analisa a tendência da mortalidade por câncer na infância e adolescência por meio de séries temporais. Os dados sobre óbitos foram extraídos do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Os dados referentes à população foram extraídos dos censos demográficos de 1991, 2000 e 2010 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, com interpolação para os anos intercensitários. Foram delineadas séries temporais para a mortalidade por tipo de câncer em cada região intermediária. Tais regiões foram agrupadas por macrorregiões para a apresentação dos resultados. O cálculo e interpretação das tendências de mortalidade utilizaram o procedimento de autorregressão de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: As taxas de mortalidade para todas as neoplasias foram maiores na Região Norte (7,79 óbitos por 100 mil habitantes), enquanto para as leucemias foram maiores na Região Sul (1,61 óbitos por 100 mil habitantes). Em ambas a mortalidade foi maior no sexo masculino e na faixa etária de zero a quatro anos. A tendência mostrou-se decrescente (annual percent change — APC -2,11 [intervalo de confiança — IC95% -3,14; -1,30]) para todas as neoplasias nas regiões brasileiras e estacionária (APC -0.43 [IC95%: -1.61; 2.12]) para as leucemias, no período analisado. Conclusão: A taxa de mortalidade, para todas as neoplasias, apresentou valores mais elevados nas regiões que dispõem de menores números de leito de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the socioeconomic and obstetric characteristics of adolescent mothers and the complications they cause to maternal and neonatal health. This baseline data analysis of the MINA-Brazil birth cohort was conducted in the municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul, state of Acre, Brazil. The chi-square test was used to compare characteristics of adolescent and adult postpartum women, and multiple Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to assess associated factors. Among the postpartum women, 26.2% (95%CI: 24.0-28.4) were adolescents. Factors associated with childbirth in adolescence included: nine years or less of schooling (adjPR:1.36; 95%CI: 1.14-1.61), belongs to the lowest quartiles of the wealth index (1st quartile: adjPR:1.40; 95%CI: 1.08-1.80) (2nd quartile: adjPR:1.37; 95%CI: 1.08-1.74), primigravidae (adjPR:3.69; 95%CI: 2.98-4.57), low pre-pregnancy BMI (adjPR:1.28; CI95%: 1.04-1.57), urinary tract infection during pregnancy (adjPR:1.25; CI95%: 1.07-1.46) and less than six prenatal consultations (adjPR:1.42; 95%CI: 1.21-1.66). Poverty, little schooling, primigravidae, low pre-pregnancy BMI, urinary tract infection during pregnancy and few prenatal consultations were associated with childbirth during adolescence in a municipality in the Northern region of Brazil.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi investigar as características socioeconômicas e obstétricas de parturientes adolescentes e suas complicações sobre a saúde materna e neonatal. Trata-se de uma análise de dados da linha de base da coorte de nascimentos MINA-Brasil conduzida no município de Cruzeiro do Sul, estado do Acre. Utilizou-se teste qui-quadrado para comparar características das puérperas adolescentes com as adultas e modelos múltiplos de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para avaliar fatores associados. Entre as puérperas estudadas, 26,2% (IC95%: 24,0-28,4) eram adolescentes. Os fatores associados ao parto na adolescência foram ter nove anos ou menos de estudo (RPaj:1,36; IC95%: 1,14-1,61), pertencer aos menores quartis do índice de riqueza (1° quartil: RPaj:1,40; IC95%: 1,08-1,80) (2° quartil: RPaj:1,37; IC95%: 1,08-1,74), ser primigesta (RPaj:3,69; IC95%: 2,98-4,57), baixo IMC pré-gestacional (RPaj:1,28; IC95%: 1,04-1,57), infecção urinária na gravidez (RPaj:1,25; IC95%: 1,07-1,46) e menos de seis consultas de pré-natal (RPaj:1,42; IC95%: 1,21-1,66). Pobreza, baixa escolaridade, primigestação, baixo IMC pré-gestacional, infecção urinária na gestação e menor número de consultas de pré-natal foram associados ao parto na adolescência em município da região Norte do Brasil.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the magnitude, trend, and spatial patterns of childhood and adolescent cancer mortality between 1996 and 2017 in 133 Brazilian intermediate regions by using socioeconomic and healthcare services indicators. Methods: This is an ecological study for analyzing the trend of mortality from cancer in childhood and adolescence through time series. Data on deaths were extracted from the Brazilian Mortality Information System. Data on population were extracted from the 1991, 2000, and 2010 demographic censuses of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, with interpolation for intercensal years. Time series were delineated for mortality by type of cancer in each intermediate region. Such regions were grouped by macroregions to present the results. The calculation and interpretation of mortality trends use the Prais-Winsten autoregression procedure. Results: Mortality rates for all neoplasms were higher in the Northern region (7.79 deaths per 100 thousand population), while for leukemias, they were higher in the Southern region (1.61 deaths per 100 thousand population). In both regions, mortality was higher in boys and in the 0-4 age group. The trend was decreasing (annual percent change [APC] – -2.11 [95%CI: -3.14; - 1.30]) for all neoplasms in the Brazilian regions and stationary (APC – -0.43 [95%CI: -1.61; 2.12]) for leukemias in the analyzed period. Conclusion: The mortality rate for all neoplasms showed higher values in regions with smaller numbers of ICU beds in the public healthcare system.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar magnitude, tendência e padrões espaciais da mortalidade por câncer na infância e adolescência, entre 1996 e 2017, nas 133 regiões intermediárias brasileiras, utilizando indicadores socioeconômicos e de serviços de saúde. Métodos: É um estudo ecológico que analisa a tendência da mortalidade por câncer na infância e adolescência por meio de séries temporais. Os dados sobre óbitos foram extraídos do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Os dados referentes à população foram extraídos dos censos demográficos de 1991, 2000 e 2010 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, com interpolação para os anos intercensitários. Foram delineadas séries temporais para a mortalidade por tipo de câncer em cada região intermediária. Tais regiões foram agrupadas por macrorregiões para a apresentação dos resultados. O cálculo e interpretação das tendências de mortalidade utilizaram o procedimento de autorregressão de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: As taxas de mortalidade para todas as neoplasias foram maiores na Região Norte (7,79 óbitos por 100 mil habitantes), enquanto para as leucemias foram maiores na Região Sul (1,61 óbitos por 100 mil habitantes). Em ambas a mortalidade foi maior no sexo masculino e na faixa etária de zero a quatro anos. A tendência mostrou-se decrescente (annual percent change — APC -2,11 [intervalo de confiança — IC95% -3,14; -1,30]) para todas as neoplasias nas regiões brasileiras e estacionária (APC -0.43 [IC95%: -1.61; 2.12]) para as leucemias, no período analisado. Conclusão: A taxa de mortalidade, para todas as neoplasias, apresentou valores mais elevados nas regiões que dispõem de menores números de leito de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Resumen: La pancreatitis aguda (PA) inducida por hipertrigliceridemia (HTG) secundaria a déficit de insulina en el contexto de un debut de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) es una complicación infrecuente pero grave en niños. Objetivo: describir el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la HTG grave y destacar la necesidad del diagnóstico oportuno de la DM1. Caso Clínico: Adolescente de sexo femenino de 15 años con sobrepeso, consultó por fiebre, anorexia y dolor abdominal difuso de dos semanas de evolución. Las pruebas de laboratorio destacaron HTG 17.580 mg/dL, lipasa 723 U/L, glicemia 200 mg/dL. Tomografia computarizada abdominal mostró páncreas aumentado de tamaño y edematoso. Se hospitalizó con diagnóstico de PA e HTG grave, que evolucionó con PA necro-hemorrágica. Fue tratada con infusión continua de insulina intravenosa hasta lograr descenso de los niveles de triglicéridos. Al suspender la insulina presentó nuevamente aumento de la glicemia en ayunas (206 mg/dL) y acidosis metabólica, por lo que se sospechó DM. Preguntando dirigidamente, destacaba historia de polidipsia, poliuria y pérdida de peso durante los últimos 3 meses. La Hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) resultó muy elevada (14,7%). Se optimizó el tratamiento insulínico, consiguiendo, a los 15 días de tratamiento, estabilización de los parámetros de laboratorio y resolución anatómica completa del compromiso pancreático al año de seguimiento. Conclusiones: La HTG grave en pediatría obliga a considerar sus causas secundarias, como el debut de DM1. Es crucial mejorar la habilidad de diagnóstico precoz de la DM, que puede presentarse con formas de debut infrecuentes y de alto riesgo para el paciente.

Abstract: Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG)-induced acute pancreatitis (AP) secondary to insulin deficiency following the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a rare but serious complication in children. Objective: To describe the diagnosis and treatment of severe HTG and to emphasize the need for timely diagnosis of T1DM. Clinical Case: A 15-year-old female adolescent with a history of overweight presented with a two-weeks history of fever, anorexia, and diffuse abdominal pain. Laboratory tests revealed triglycerides of 17,580 mg/dL, lipase of 723 U/L, and blood glucose of 200 mg/dL. An abdominal CT scan showed an enlarged and edematous pancreas. She was hospitalized with a diagnosis of AP and severe HTG, which progressed to acute necro-hemorrhagic pancreatitis. Treatment included continuous intravenous insulin infusion until triglyceride levels decreased. Upon discontinuation of insulin, fasting hyperglycemia (206 mg/dL) and metabolic acidosis recurred, therefore DM was suspected. Upon targeted questioning, a history of polydipsia, polyuria, and weight loss during the last 3 months stood out. Glycated hemoglobin was markedly elevated (14.7%). Insulin therapy was optimized, achieving stabilization of laboratory parameters after 15 days of treatment and complete anatomical resolution of pancreatic involvement at one year of follow-up. Conclusions: The presence of severe HTG in pediatrics compels us to consider its secondary causes, such as the onset of T1DM. It is crucial to improve the ability to diagnose T1DM early, as it may present with infrequent and high-risk presentations for the patient.

RESUMEN El tema de la salud mental en niños y adolescentes requiere mayor atención. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las características de los pacientes de consulta externa de un centro especializado de un hospital universitario paraguayo. Este estudio empleó una serie retrospectiva, no probabilística, de casos consecutivos. Se examinaron las historias clínicas de pacientes de ambos sexos, de entre 2 y 17 años de edad, que solicitaron consulta en el Departamento de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente del Hospital de Clínicas entre julio de 2021 y julio de 2023, y que fueron diagnosticados con un trastorno mental según la CIE-10. Se recogieron datos demográficos y clínicos de 447 pacientes, representando 1278 consultas. La mayoría de los pacientes eran mujeres (57,7%), con una edad media de 13 ± 3 años. La mayoría de los pacientes (57,3%) procedían del Departamento Central, el 61,5% eran de zonas rurales y el 72% no tenían seguro médico. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron episodios depresivos (F32), otros trastornos de ansiedad (F41), trastornos de conducta (F91) y trastornos específicos de la personalidad (F60). Los resultados de este estudio proporcionan información crucial sobre la salud mental de niños y adolescentes, que es esencial para informar las políticas de salud mental, asignar recursos y formar a los profesionales sanitarios encargados de atender a este grupo de pacientes.

ABSTRACT The topic of mental health in children and adolescents requires increased attention. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the characteristics of outpatient clinic patients at a specialized center within a Paraguayan University Hospital. This study employed a retrospective, non-probabilistic series of consecutive cases. The medical records of patients of both sexes, aged between 2 and 17 years, who sought consultation at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry of the Hospital de Clínicas between July 2021 and July 2023, and were diagnosed with a mental disorder according to the ICD-10, were examined. Demographic and clinical data were collected from 447 patients, representing 1278 consultations. The majority of the patients were female (57.7%), with a mean age of 13 ± 3 years. Most patients (57.3%) were from the Central Department, 61.5% were from rural areas, and 72% did not have medical insurance. The most frequent diagnoses were depressive episodes (F32), other anxiety disorders (F41), conduct disorders (F91), and specific personality disorders (F60). The findings of this study provide crucial information on child and adolescent mental health, which is essential for informing mental health policies, allocating resources, and training healthcare professionals tasked with caring for this patient group.

RESUMEN Introducción. La adolescencia es un periodo de desarrollo biopsicosocial que va desde los 10 a 19 años, el embarazo entre estas edades supone una preocupación para la salud pública por todo lo que conlleva. Objetivo. Conocer la frecuencia y características clínico-epidemiológicas de gestantes adolescentes atendidas en el servicio de maternidad del Hospital Regional de Pedro Juan Caballero entre diciembre del 2021 a noviembre del 2022 Materiales y Método. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal, muestreo por conveniencia de adolescentes atendidas en el servicio de ginecología del Hospital Regional de Pedro Juan Caballero en el periodo diciembre 2021 a noviembre del 2022. Resultados. De 1615 puérperas, el 20% (n=317) fueron adolescentes, 26% de ellas tenían 19 años, 78,5% en unión libre, 38,2% tenía por lo menos 5 controles prenatales. En los antecedentes gineco obstétricos el 81% eran nulíparas. El peso de los 317 niños fue 2501 a 4000 gramos en un 83% y en puntaje APGAR 98,7% presentó un puntaje de 7-10; 82% nació entre 37-42 semanas y 50,3% fueron varones. La vía de parto más común fue la vaginal con 73% y de presentación cefálica en un 97%. Conclusión. La frecuencia de gestantes adolescentes representa una quinta parte del total de gestantes atendidas, más de dos tercios nacieron con peso adecuado, en su mayoría un APGAR de 7-10 a los 5 minutos y la vía por la cual nacieron en su mayoría fue la vaginal, en presentación cefálica.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Adolescence is a period of biopsychosocial development that goes from 10 to 19 years old. Pregnancy between these ages is a concern for public health due to everything it entails. Objetive. to know the frequency of teenage pregnant women treated in the maternity service of the Pedro Juan Caballero Regional Hospital in the period from December 2021 to November 2022. Material and Method. Descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional, convenience sampling of adolescents treated in the Gynecology service of the Pedro Juan Caballero Regional Hospital in the period December 2021 to November 2022. Results. 20% of the total pregnant women attended were adolescents, 26% of the adolescents were 19 years old, marital status, common-law union 74.5%. 38.2% had at least 5 prenatal checkups. In the Obstetric Gynecological History, 81% were nulliparous. The weight of the 317 children was 2501 to 4000 grams in 83% and in the APGAR score 98.7% had a score of 7-10; 82% were born between 37-42 weeks and 50.3% were boys. The most common route of delivery was vaginal with 73% and cephalic presentation in 97%. Conclusion. The frequency of pregnant adolescents represents a fifth of the total pregnant women attended, more than two thirds were born with adequate weight, mostly an APGAR of 7-10 at 5 minutes and the route by which they were mostly born was vaginal, in cephalic presentation.

Resumen: La presente investigación se divide en tres partes. En primer lugar, se exponen las nociones jurídicas y los diversos aspectos problemáticos asociados al derecho a la identidad de género de niños, niñas y adolescentes en la Ley n.o 21.120. Posteriormente, se analizan algunas sentencias que demuestran la aplicación que los tribunales chilenos hacen de esa normativa, revisión que permite constatar el trabajo de dichos órganos para sortear las restricciones de la norma. Finalmente, se examinan las últimas iniciativas legales destinadas a modificar la regulación actual y se establecen algunas críticas y oportunidades de mejora

Abstract: This research is divided into three parts. First, we present the legal notions and the various problematic aspects associated with the right to gender identity of children and adolescents in Law No. 21,120. Subsequently, we analyze some sentences that demonstrate the application that the Chilean courts make of the aforementioned regulation, a review that allows us to verify the work of these bodies in order to circumvent the restrictions of the norm. Finally, we examine the latest legal initiatives aimed at modifying the current regulation, establishing some criticisms and opportunities for improvement

Resumo: Esta pesquisa está dividida em três partes. Em primeiro lugar, são apresentadas as noções jurídicas e os vários aspectos problemáticos associados ao direito à identidade de género de crianças e adolescentes na Lei n.º 21.120. Posteriormente, são analisadas algumas sentenças que demonstram a aplicação que os tribunais chilenos fazem dessa legislação, uma revisão que permite verificar o trabalho desses órgãos para contornar as restrições da norma. Por último, são examinadas as últimas iniciativas legais destinadas a modificar o atual regulamento, estabelecendo algumas críticas e oportunidades de melhoria

Resumen: En la adolescencia y sobre todo en mujeres se ha evidenciado una mayor insatisfacción corporal, la cual se define como una evaluación negativa del propio cuerpo, siendo un fuerte predictor de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y la obesidad. Objetivo: Relacionar la insatisfacción corporal con la autoestima, depresión y el índice de masa corporal en adolescentes. Sujetos y Método: Estudio cuantitativo, correlacional y transversal, en una muestra de 397 adolescentes escolarizados/as (180 hombres y 217 mujeres) de la ciudad de Concepción, Chile, edades 10 a 19 años, a quienes se les aplicaron los siguientes instrumentos: Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) para evaluar la insatisfacción corporal, Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg, Inventario de Depresión de Beck II para mayores de 14 años, y Escala de Birleson para menores de 14 años. Se determinó el z-score del índice de masa corporal. Se estimó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman de todas las variables. Resultados: Se reportó insatisfacción corporal en un 54,9 % en mujeres y un 18,3 % en los hombres. La insatisfacción corporal se correlacionó positivamente con la edad, z-IMC y depresión (p < 0,01) y negativamente con la autoestima (p < 0,01). Al diferenciar por sexo la insatisfacción corporal se mantuvieron las mismas correlaciones significativas, salvo la edad. Conclusiones: Los resultados confirman la relación entre insatisfacción corporal con autoestima, depresión y el IMC. Se destaca la importancia de promover una autoestima e imagen corporal saludables desde edades tempranas para prevenir los trastornos alimentarios y la obesidad.

Abstract: In adolescence and especially in females, greater body dissatisfaction has been evidenced, which is defined as a negative evaluation of one’s own body, being a strong predictor of eating disorders and obesity. Objective: To relate body dissatisfaction with self-esteem, depression, and body mass index in adolescents. Subjects and Method: Quantitative, correlational, and cross-sectional study in a sample of 397 school adolescents (180 males and 217 females) from Concepción, Chile, aged 10 to 19 years, to whom the following instruments were applied: Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) to assess body dissatisfaction, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Beck’s Depression Inventory-II for those older than 14 years, and Birleson Depression Self-Rating Scale for those younger than 14 years. Body mass index z-score was determined. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was estimated for all variables. Results: Body dissatisfaction was reported in 54.9 % of females and 18.3 % of males. Body dissatisfaction was positively correlated with age, z-BMI, and depression (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with self-esteem (p < 0.01). When body dissatisfaction was differentiated by sex, the same significant correlations remained, except for age. Conclusions: The results confirm the relationship between body dissatisfaction with self-esteem, depression, and BMI. The importance of promoting healthy self-esteem and body image from an early age to prevent eating disorders and obesity is emphasized.

Resumo Partindo das trajetórias pessoais nas primeiras duas décadas de vida, repletas de experiências, encontros e emoções, quais as suas influências nos jovens ativistas em devir? Com base na investigação qualitativa realizada para o projeto “ArtCitizenship - juventude e as artes da cidadania: práticas criativas, cultura participativa e ativismo” (2019-2022), este artigo analisa as trajetórias durante a infância e a adolescência de 30 ativistas em Portugal. Emergem um conjunto de categorias “before activism”, que revelam a importância de incluir as primeiras experiências individuais e coletivas como pilares estruturantes do envolvimento futuro no ativismo e em movimentos sociais. Não se nasce ativista, as ações por uma determinada causa resultam de reações a interações e a emoções vividas desde a infância. Mais do que um interesse pessoal pelo ativismo, este pode resultar de uma urgência física e emocional.

Abstract What is the influence of early life trajectories, filled with experiences, encounters and emotions, on young to-be activists? Based on qualitative research done for the project “ArtCitizenship - youth and the arts of citizenship: creative practices, participatory culture and activism” (2019-2022), this article looks into individual trajectories, during childhood and youth, of 30 activists in Portugal. The collected data presents a set of “before activism” categories that reveal the importance of including early-life experiences to better understand future involvement with activism and social movements. One is not born an activist, actions for a given cause are a response to cumulative interactions and emotions felt from very early years. It shows how bodily-inscribed are the personal experiences and how, more than an interest in activism, there can be a physical and emotional urge for it.

RESUMEN Los derechos relacionados con la sexualidad y la identidad de género de los adolescentes han sido temas complejos de tratar. Son los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos los que han establecido que los adolescentes sean sujetos de derechos, incluido los de carácter sexual y de género, porque forman parte del libre desarrollo de la personalidad. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación es determinar si en el Ecuador los adolescentes trans son sujetos a los derechos sexuales, y, si pueden o no expresar libremente su identidad de género. Efectivamente, esta investigación comprobó que todos los adolescentes son sujetos de los derechos relacionados con la identidad de género y la sexualidad, los cuales deben ser ejercidos por ellos mismos, con base en el desarrollo de sus facultades. Por esta razón, los adolescentes trans tienen el derecho a expresar y disfrutar su sexualidad, de manera libre y responsable, sin sufrir discriminación alguna. Para lo cual, el Estado, a través de sus instituciones públicas, deberá garantizar un trato digno e igualitario, la rectificación registral de la nueva identidad de género, pero, sobre todo, una terapia médica que le asegure a la persona una armonía entre el sexo sentido y el sexo físico.

ABSTRACT The gender identity and sexual rights are very complex issues, even in the world of law. International organizations such as the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights or the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have stated that the minors are subjects of rights related to sexuality and gender identity, because these rights are part of the free development of the personality. Thus, the objective of this research is to analyze, if in Ecuador the minors are subjects to sexual rights and if they can freely express their gender identity. This research determined that the teenagers are subjects of sexual rights and gender identity, so that, the teenagers can exercise these rights but based on their faculties and capacities. For this reason, adolescents have the right to freely express and enjoy their sexuality; namely, they cannot suffer discrimination. Therefore, the State must guarantee transsexual adolescents dignified and equal treatment, the rectification of the registry of the new gender identity and a medical therapy that assures the person a harmony between the felt sex and the physical sex.

Resumen Este artículo explora el grado, tipo y diferencias por sexo de la violencia de pareja en estudiantes de 13 a 15 años del estado de Baja California (BC), México. Participaron 5750 adolescentes provenientes de secundarias públicas de cinco municipios. Se indagó sobre tipos de violencia prevalecientes (física, sexual y psicológica), causas, el ciclo de violencia, maltratos vividos y realizados (ser víctima y/o victimario/a). Sin antecedentes en BC, este estudio contribuye a detectar de forma temprana situaciones atendibles y evitables con programas adecuados. La violencia predominante fue la psicológica, manifestada en control, faltas de respeto e insultos. Entre sus causas se encuentran celos, enojo y desconfianza. En segundo lugar, destacó la violencia sexual, con poco respeto acerca de cuándo y cómo tener relaciones sexuales. Aunque pocos casos (22.73 %) reconocieron tener una relación de pareja, de ellos, 41.01 % reportaron padecer o infringir violencia, sin diferencias relevantes por sexo.

Abstract This article explores the degree, type, and differences by sex of intimate partner violence in students between 13 and 15 years old in Baja California (BC), Mexico. 5750 adolescents from public middle school in five municipalities participated. The prevailing types of violence (physical, sexual, and psychological), their causes, the cycle of violence, and abuse experienced and carried out (being a victim and/or victimizer) were inquired about. Without antecedents in BC, this study contributes to the early detection of situations that can be addressed and avoided with adequate programs. Psychological violence prevails through the need for control, lack of respect, and insults. Among its causes are jealousy, anger, and mistrust. Sexual violence followed due to the lack of respect about when and how to have sexual intercourse. Although few cases (22.73 %) admitted dating, 41.01% reported suffering or inflicting violence, with no relevant differences by sex.

Resumen La conducta agresiva representa uno de los problemas más relevantes en la actualidad. Por ello, es imperativo estudiar sus causas, procesos y consecuencias, así como las posibles formas en las que puede ser tratada y prevenida. Uno de los factores con los que este comportamiento ha sido asociado son las prácticas parentales. Este estudio buscó analizar la relación entre las prácticas de comunicación, autonomía, imposición, control psicológico y control conductual por parte de ambos padres y la conducta agresiva en adolescentes. Se llevó a cabo un estudio no experimental, cuantitativo, transversal y correlacional, en el que se administraron el cuestionario de agresividad y la escala de prácticas parentales a 1171 estudiantes entre 15 y 19 años (M = 15.95; 53 % mujeres). La prueba rho de Spearman permitió observar correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las dimensiones que componen la escala de prácticas parentales y las dimensiones de la conducta agresiva. Las prácticas de comunicación, autonomía y control conductual de ambos padres se asociaron negativamente con la CA, mientras que las de imposición y control psicológico se relacionaron positivamente. Una crianza caracterizada por niveles altos de comunicación, fomento de autonomía y adecuado control conductual se asocia con menores niveles de conductas agresivas en los hijos.

Abstract Aggressive behavior represents one of the most relevant problems at present. Therefore, it is imperative to study its causes, processes, and consequences, as well as how it can be prevented and treated. One of the factors with which this behavior has been associated is parental practices. This study aimed to analyze practices of communication, autonomy, imposition, psychological control and behavioral control, and aggressive behavior in adolescents. A non-experimental, quantitative, cross-sectional and correlational study was carried out. Aggression Questionnaire and Parental Practices Scale were administered to a sample of 1,171 students between 15 and 19 years old (M=15.95), 53% of whom were female. Through Spearman’s Rho test, statistically significant correlations were found between the five dimensions of Parental Practices and the four of the Aggressive Behavior variables. Both parents' communication, autonomy and behavioral control were associated negatively, while imposition and psychological control did so positively. Rearing characterized by high levels of communication, promotion of autonomy, and adequate behavioral control, is associated with lower levels of aggressive behavior in adolescents.