Resumo Biomas tropicais como o Cerrado brasileiro e a Floresta Amazônica apresentam uma grande diversidade de fungos e insetos. As interações entre esses organismos podem ser benéficas para ambos os parceiros. Em riachos, essas interações contribuem para a decomposição da serapilheira. O estudo do trato digestório (TD) de insetos como um habitat para microrganismos fúngicos é uma oportunidade para obtenção de linhagens fúngicas com potencial biotecnológico, podendo trazer luz para o entendimento das relações simbióticas entre esses organismos em florestas tropicais. Esse estudo investigou a comunidade fúngica do TD de larvas de Triplectides (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) coletados em riachos de baixa ordem nos biomas Cerrado e Floresta Amazônica no Brasil. Foram obtidos 49 isolados fúngicos e identificados entre 32 espécies de 12 gêneros. O gênero Roussoella foi encontrado apenas no DT de insetos em riachos da Floresta Amazônica, enquanto sete gêneros ocorreram apenas no DT de insetos em riachos do Cerrado. O gênero Penicillium (40%) foi o mais frequente. No Cerrado, 78% foram produtoras de CMCase, mais que o dobro da Floresta Amazônica (35%). E 62% foram produtoras de xilanase, no Cerrado, e 71% na Floresta Amazônica. Nesse contexto, a comunidade fúngica do TD de larvas Triplectides pode desempenhar um papel importante na dieta de insetos por quebrar o material lignocelulósico.

Abstract Tropical biomes such as Brazilian Cerrado and Amazon Forest have a great diversity of fungi and insects. Interactions between these organisms can be beneficial to both partners. In streams, these interactions contribute to litter decomposition. Studying the digestive tract (DT) of shredder insects as a habitat for fungal microorganisms is an opportunity to obtain fungal strains with biotechnological potential, which may help to understand the symbiotic relationships between these organisms in tropical forests. This study investigated the fungal community in the DT of larvae of Triplectides (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) collected in low-order streams in the Cerrado and Amazon Forest biomes in Brazil. Forty-nine fungal isolates were obtained and identified among 32 species and 12 genera. The genus Roussoella was only found in the DT of insects in Amazon Forest streams, while 7 genera only occurred in the DT of insects in Cerrado streams. The genus Penicillium (40%) was the most frequent. In the Cerrado, 78% were producers of CMCase, more than two-fold that in the Amazon Forest (35%). And 62% were producers of xylanase, in the Cerrado and 71% in the Amazon Forest. In this context, the fungal community in the DT of Triplectides larvae may play an important role in the insect diet by breaking down lignocellulosic material.

RESUMO Fungos filamentosos tem sido alvo de estudos de bioprospecção devido à sua grande eficiencia em produzir enzimas extracelulares, as quais tem grande potencial para uso em bioindústrias. Neste estudo, fungos filamentosos foram isolados do intestino de larvas de insetos aquáticos da Amazônia, para avaliar sua atividade celulolítica. Foram coletadas 69 larvas de insetos aquáticos fragmentadores de três gêneros: Phylloicus (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae), Triplectides (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) e Stenochironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae) em dez igarapés de uma área protegida na Amazônia central brasileira. O crescimento dos fungos isolados foi feito em meio de cultura Ágar Batata Dextrose (BDA). Os isolados fúngicos foram transferidos para o meio sintético com Carboximetil celulose e utilizou-se vermelho Congo para determinar o índice enzimático. O halo de hidrólise, indicando a produção de celulases, foi observado em 175 isolados fúngicos (70% do total), dos quais 25 tiveram um índice enzimático ≥ 2,0 e pertencem a sete gêneros fúngicos. Os táxons fúngicos Cladosporium, Gliocephalotrichum, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, Talaromyces, Trichoderma e Umbelopsis foram isolados dos intestinos das larvas de Phylloicus, Triplectides e Stenochironomus e são tradicionalmente utilizados em aplicações biotecnológicas. Os resultados indicam um potencial celulolítco destes fungos associados ao intestino de insetos aquáticos amazônicos.

ABSTRACT Filamentous fungi have been targeted by bioprospecting studies because they are effective producers of extracellular enzymes that can potentially be used by the bioindustry. In this study, we isolated filamentous fungi from the guts of Amazonian aquatic insect larvae to evaluate their cellulolytic activity. We collected 69 larvae of shredder insects of three genera: Phylloicus (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae), Triplectides (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) and Stenochironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in ten streams from a protected area in the central Brazilian Amazon. Production of mycelia was elaborated in PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) medium. The isolates were transferred to a synthetic medium with carboxymethyl cellulose, and Congo red was used to determine the enzymatic index. The hydrolysis halo, indicating the production of cellulases, was observed in 175 fungal isolates (70% of the total), of which 25 had an enzymatic index ≥ 2.0 and belonged to seven fungal genera. The fungal taxa Cladosporium, Gliocephalotrichum, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, Talaromyces, Trichoderma and Umbelopsis were isolated from guts of Phylloicus, Triplectides and Stenochironomus, which are traditionally used in biotechnological applications. Our results indicate the cellulolytic potential of fungi associated with the guts of aquatic Amazonian insects.

Resumen En este estudio se evaluó la respuesta de la composición, la estructura y la función de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados a la variación temporal hidráulica en el río Agua Blanca. Se recolectaron 60 muestras en dos tramos durante dos épocas hidroclimáticas mediante un muestreo aleatorio estratificado. Se midió el caudal y el ancho del canal, así como la velocidad, la profundidad y el número de Froude (Fr) en cada muestra biológica. En la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov se evidenció un incremento significativo en los valores de la velocidad, el caudal y el Fr durante la época de lluvias. El análisis ANOSIM evidenció una variación temporal en la composición y la estructura de la comunidad. Los géneros Leptohyphes, Smicridea, Helicopsyche, Nanomis y Marilia fueron más abundantes en la época de transición, y las familias Simuliidae y Sericostomatidae en la época de lluvias. El grupo funcional alimentario (GFA) dominante en la época de transición fue el de colectores-recolectores (CR) y en la de lluvias, el de los fragmentadores (FR) y colectores-filtradores (CF). Según el análisis de correspondencia canónica (ACC), Simuliidae y Metrichia se asociaron con valores altos de la profundidad, Mayobaetis con el ancho del cauce y Sericostomatidae con la velocidad y el Fr. Los ostrácodos, Meridialis y Triplectides presentaron una asociación negativa con la velocidad. Según las curvas de preferencia, el rango óptimo de velocidad para la familia Sericostomatidae fluctuó entre 1,8 m.s-1 y 2,3 m.s-1, en tanto que las profundidades óptimas para la familia Simuliidae estuvieron entre 0,3 m y 0,55 m. Se resalta el papel de las variables hidráulicas evaluadas como determinantes de la presencia de algunos géneros y grupos funcionales.

Abstract In this study, we evaluated the response of the composition, structure, and function of the macroinvertebrate community regarding the hydraulic temporal variation in the Agua Blanca Stream. The 60 macroinvertebrate samples were collected in two reaches during two hydroclimatic periods with stratified random sampling. We measured the flow and channel width for each reach and the velocity, the depth, and the Froude number for each biological sample. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed a significant increase in the values of velocity, flow, and Fr during the rainy season. The ANOSIM analysis showed a temporary variation in the composition and structure of the community: Leptohyphes, Smicridea, Helicopsyche, Nanomis, and Marilia genera were more abundant in the transition season while the Simuliidae and Sericostomatidae families in the rainy season. The dominant functional feeding group (FFG) in the transition season were the collectors and in the rain season, the fragmenters and collectors-filters. According to the CCA, Simuliidae and Metrichia were associated with high depth values, Mayobaetis with the width of the channel, and Sericostomatidae with the velocity and the Fr. Ostracods, Meridialis, and Triplectides had a negative association with velocity. According to the preference curves, the optimal velocity range for the Sericostomatidae family was 1,8 m.s-1 to 2,3 m.s-1 and the optimal depths for the Simuliidae family were between 0,3 m and 0,55 m. The role of the hydraulic variables evaluated was determinant for the presence of some genera and functional groups.

ABSTRACT Biomass is a fundamental measure for understanding the structure and functioning (e.g. fluxes of energy and nutrients in the food chain) of aquatic ecosystems. We aim to provide predictive models to estimate the biomass of Triplectides egleri Sattler, 1963, in a stream in Central Amazonia, based on body and case dimensions. We used body length, head-capsule width, interocular distance and case length and width to derive biomass estimations. Linear, exponential and power regression models were used to assess the relationship between biomass and body or case dimensions. All regression models used in the biomass estimation of T. egleri were significant. The best fit between biomass and body or case dimensions was obtained using the power model, followed by the exponential and linear models. Body length provided the best estimate of biomass. However, the dimensions of sclerotized structures (interocular distance and head-capsule width) also provided good biomass predictions, and may be useful in estimating biomass of preserved and/or damaged material. Case width was the dimension of the case that provided the best estimate of biomass. Despite the low relation, case width may be useful in studies that require low stress on individuals.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a colonização de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em detritos foliares de Inga ingoides (Leguminosae) em experimentos de campo em um riacho de primeira ordem da Mata Atlântica do Estado de Pernambuco no nordeste do Brasil. Um total de 270 bolsas de folhiço, distribuídas em três trechos do riacho com características similares em relação à morfologia e parâmetros físicos e químicos da água foram submersas, entre fevereiro a julho de 2013 e retiradas após 7, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias. Dois tratamentos foram utilizados: colonização e exclusão da macrofauna. O percentual de biomassa remanescente final (%R) foi maior para bolsas de colonização do que para as de exclusão, evidenciando a efetiva participação dos macroinvertebrados no processo de decomposição. Os fragmentadores apresentaram menor participação no processo de decomposição foliar de I. ingoides, sendo Tripletides (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae), Polypedillum e Stenochironomus (Diptera, Chironomidae) os táxons predominantes na macrofauna. Filtrador foi o grupo trófico funcional predominante (45,6%), seguido por predador (31,2%), coletor (11,8%), raspador (6,7%) e fragmentador (4,8%).

The aim of this study was to analyze the colonization of Inga ingoides (Leguminosae) leaves by benthic macroinvertebrates in field experiments. A total of 270 leaf packs, distributed in three stretches, were submerged of similar morphology and physical and chemical parameters of water between February to July 2013, and retrieved after 7, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. Two treatments were used: colonization and exclusion of benthic macroinvertebrates. The leaf weight loss (%R) was greater to colonization than exclusion of benthic fauna, showing the role of macroinvertebrates in the leaf breakdown. Shredders played a minor role in the leaf breakdown. Filtering was the main trophic feeding group (45.6%), followed by predator (31.2%), collector (11.8%), scrapers (6.7%) and shredders (4.8%). Triplectides (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae), Polypedillum, and Stenochironomus (Diptera, Chironomidae) were the most frequent shredders.

Triplectides, with about 70 extant species, is the most diverse genus within the Triplectidinae. In the Neotropical Region there are 14 species distributed from southern Mexico to Patagonia. Two new species of Triplectides from the Neotropics are described and illustrated based on the male genitalia: Triplectides cipo sp. nov., from state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, and Triplectides qosqo sp. nov., from province of Cuzco, southern Peru. The news species can be distinguished by the male genitalia: Triplectides cipo sp. nov. can be recognized by having the inferior appendages with mesal lobes subacute and apical lobes short, and the tergum X robust, with a subtruncate apex and deep mesal notch; Triplectides qosqo sp. nov. can be recognized by the first article of inferior appendages long and narrow when compared to the others Triplectides species and by the tibial spur formula 2,2,4.

OBJETIVO: Larvas de Triplectides spp. e Marilia sp. ocupando casulos de outras espécies são registradas e fotografadas; MÉTODOS: O material foi coletado em diferentes localidades e datas em regiões de Mata Atlântica e Amazônia Central; RESULTADOS: As larvas de Triplectides parecem ter um comportamento oportunista, ocupando uma grande variedade de abrigos, o que reflete seu hábito comum de entrar em galhos vazios ao invés de construir casulos complexos. Entretanto, este comportamento não é registrado freqüentemente em larvas de Marilia, e nós acreditamos que a diferença na rugosidade das paredes interiores, assim como a diferença na cor dos tipos de materiais dos casulos limitam o comportamento oportunista entre as espécies deste gênero; CONCLUSÕES: Estudos experimentais com diferentes espécies podem ajudar o entendimento desse comportamento à luz dos valores adaptativos.

AIM: Larvae of Triplectides spp. and Marilia sp. occupying cases of other species are recorded and photographed; METHODS: The material was collected in different sites and dates in Atlantic Forest and Central Amazon regions; RESULTS: The Triplectides larvae seem to have an opportunistic behavior, occupying a great variety of cases, which reflects their common habit of enter in hollow twigs instead of build complex cases. However, this behavior is not frequently recorded in Marilia larvae, and we believe that the difference on the roughness of the interior walls, as well as the difference of the color of the material of the cases limit the opportunistic behavior in this genus; CONCLUSIONS: Experimental studies with different species can help the understanding of this behavior in the light of adaptive values.

Triplectides itatiaia sp. nov. is described from specimens collected on the Itatiaia massif, Mantiqueira mountain range, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The new species can be distinguished by the presence of hind wing fork I petiolate, the long dorsal excision of segment X and the flat, apically rounded mesal lobes. Female and immature stages are unknown. A key to the Brazilian species in the genus is provided.

Durante febrero y mayo de 2007, se realizó el estudio de la tricopterofauna en la cuenca del río Totare (Tolima), en 27 estaciones de muestreo entre los 244 y 2397 m. Se colectaron 3593 organismos pertenecientes a 11 familias y 26 géneros. Se reporta por primera vez para el departamento del Tolima la familia Xiphocentronidae (Xiphocentron), y los géneros Neotrichia, Zumatrichia (Hydroptilidae), Mexitrichia (Glossosomatidae) y Banyallarga (Calamoceratidae). La familia con mayor abundancia fue Hydropsychidae (44.92%) y la de menor Xiphocentronidae (0.14%). Los géneros más abundantes fueron Smicridea (25.27%) e Hydroptila (23.88%) y los menos representativos fueron Mexitrichia (0.03 %), Triplectides (0.03%), Atanatolica (0.03%) y Triaenodes (0.03%). Las estaciones río Totare (623 m), quebrada El Papayal (1827 m), quebrada Las Mellizas (2154 m) y quebrada La Rica (2177 m), presentaron la mayor abundancia de organismos (59% del total).

Between February and May 2007, the trichopteran fauna of the Totare River basin (Tolima) was studied. Twenty-seven stations were established between 244 and 2397 meters a.s.l. A total of 3593 specimens belonging to 11 families and 26 genera were collected. The family Xiphocentronidae (Xiphocentron) and the following genera are reported for the first time to the area: Neotrichia and Zumatrichia (Hydroptilidae), Mexitrichia (Glossosomatidae) and Banyallarga (Calamoceratidae). The most abundant family was Hydropsychidae (44.92%). Xiphocentronidae (0.14%) was the least abundant family. The most abundant genera were Smicridea (25.27%) and Hydroptila (23.88%) and the less abundant Mexitrichia (0.03%), Triplectides (0.03%), Atanatolica (0.03%) and Triaenodes (0.03%). The stations Totare River (623m), El Papayal (1827 m), Las Mellizas (2154m), and La Rica (2177 m) streams, showed the highest abundance of organisms (collectively 59% of the total).

A frequente ocorrência de larvas de Triplectides sp. em casas de Nectopsyche no Ribeirão Bocaina (Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brasil) foi registrada. Acúmulos de folhas foram coletados de novembro de 1999 a junho de 2000 em corredeiras e remansos. Larvas de Triplectides sp. em casas de Nectopsyche foram encontradas principalmente em remansos.

The frequent occurrence of Triplectides sp. larvae in cases of Nectopsyche Müller in Ribeirão Bocaina, Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brazil is recorded. Leaf packs were collected from November 1999 to June 2000 in riffles and pools. Triplectides sp. larvae in cases of Nectopsyche were found mostly in pools.