ABSTRACT Given that the Atlantic Forest is one of the most threatened biomes in the world, this study aims to compare alpha and beta diversity of the bee assemblage sampled in a site covered by remnants of the Atlantic Forest, in the municipality of Colombo, Paraná State, with those from ten other sites along the Curitiba Metropolitan Region, previously sampled under similar methodology. Our objective is to analyze if species diversity and composition are influenced by spatial gradients and vegetation cover. The study site’s bee assemblage is composed of 91 species, including Apis mellifera. The assemblage consists of 42 Apinae, 33 Halictinae, eight Megachilinae, five Colletinae, and three Andreninae species. Compared to the other sites, 11 species were sampled exclusively in Colombo, including Bombus brasiliensis Lepeletier, 1836, Centris proxima Friese, 1899, and Trichocerapis mirabilis (Smith, 1865). The most abundant native species were Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793) (204 individuals), Paratrigona subnuda Moure, 1947 (176) and Scaptotrigona bipunctata (Lepeletier, 1836) (113). Despite its high vegetation cover, Colombo exhibited intermediate values of species richness and diversity when compared to other sites, with a high dominance of Meliponini species. The sites could be separated based on beta diversity and the north–south gradient and vegetation cover were significantly related to species composition at this study’s spatial scale. Understanding the regional communities and the factors that influence species composition is essential for planning effective biodiversity conservation actions. world State Region methodology s 9 mellifera 4 Apinae 3 Halictinae Megachilinae Colletinae 1 Lepeletier 1836 Friese 1899 Smith, Smith (Smith 1865. 1865 . 1865) Fabricius, Fabricius (Fabricius 1793 204 (20 individuals, individuals , individuals) Moure 194 176 (176 (Lepeletier 113. 113 (113) northsouth north south studys scale actions 183 189 186 179 20 (2 19 17 (17 (113 18 2 ( (1 (11

Abstract Terminalia argentea tree, native to Brazil, is widely used in landscaping, recovering degraded areas, its wood, coal production, and the bark or leaf extracts has medicinal use. Despite of its importance, the arthropod fauna associated to this plant and its interspecific relationships still needs further studies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the arthropods, their ecological indices and the distribution in the leaf faces on T. argentea saplings. The numbers of phytophagous insects (e.g., Cephalocoema sp.), pollinators (e.g., Tetragonisca angustula), and natural enemies (e.g., Oxyopidae), and their ecological indices (e.g., species richness), were higher on the adaxial leaf faces on T. argentea saplings. Aggregated distribution of phytophagous insects (e.g., Aphis spiraecola), pollinators (e.g., Trigona spinipes), and natural enemies (e.g., Camponotus sp.) on T. argentea saplings was observed. Abundance, diversity, and species richness of natural enemies correlated, positively, with those of phytophagous and pollinators insects. Predators and tending ants followed their prey and sucking insects, respectively. Tending ants protected sucking insects against predators, and reduced chewing insects. The high number of Cephalocoema sp. on T. argentea saplings is a problem, because this insect can feed on leaves of this plant, but its preference for the adaxial leaf face favors its control. The aggregation behavior of arthropods on T. argentea saplings favors the control of potential pests of this plant. There seems to be competition between tending ants for space and food resources on T. argentea saplings. tree Brazil landscaping areas wood production use importance studies T e.g., eg e g (e.g. sp., sp , angustula, angustula angustula) Oxyopidae, Oxyopidae Oxyopidae) richness, richness) spiraecola, spiraecola spiraecola) spinipes, spinipes spinipes) observed Abundance diversity correlated positively respectively predators problem e.g. (e.g e.g

Resumo Terminalia argentea, árvore nativa do Brasil, é muito utilizada no paisagismo, na recuperação de áreas degradadas, sua madeira na produção de carvão e o extrato da casca ou das folhas tem uso medicinal. Apesar de sua importância, a fauna de artrópodes associada a esta planta e suas relações interespecíficas ainda carecem de estudos mais aprofundados. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar os artrópodes, seus índices ecológicos e a distribuição nas faces foliares de mudas de T. argentea. O número de insetos fitófagos (ex.: Cephalocoema sp.), polinizadores (ex.: Tetragonisca angustula), e inimigos naturais (ex.: Oxyopidae), e seus índices ecológicos (ex.: riqueza de espécies), foram maiores nas faces adaxiais das folhas das mudas de T. argentea. Foi observada uma distribuição agregada de insetos fitófagos (ex.: Aphis spiraecola), polinizadores (ex.: Trigona spinipes) e inimigos naturais (ex.: Camponotus sp.) em mudas de T. argentea. A abundância, diversidade e riqueza de espécies de inimigos naturais correlacionaram-se, positivamente, com as de insetos fitófagos e polinizadores. Os predadores e as formigas cuidadoras seguiram as suas presas e os insetos sugadores, respectivamente. As formigas cuidadoras protegeram os insetos sugadores contra os predadores e reduziram os insetos mastigadores. O elevado número de Cephalocoema sp. em mudas de T. argentea é um problema, pois esse inseto pode se alimentar de folhas dessa planta, mas sua preferência pela face adaxial da folha favorece seu controle. O comportamento de agregação de artrópodes em mudas de T. argentea favorece o controle de potenciais pragas dessa planta. Parece haver competição entre as formigas cuidadoras por espaço e recursos alimentares nas mudas de T. argentea. Brasil paisagismo degradadas medicinal importância aprofundados T ex. ex (ex. sp., sp , angustula, angustula angustula) Oxyopidae, Oxyopidae Oxyopidae) espécies, espécies) spiraecola, spiraecola spiraecola) spinipes abundância correlacionaramse, correlacionaramse correlacionaram se, correlacionaram-se positivamente respectivamente mastigadores problema (ex

Abstract Bees are the main pollinators in natural ecosystems, allowing for resilient ecosystems. In this study, the richness, abundance and density of nests, geographical distribution of nesting types of stingless bees and the interaction in flowering plants in the UNAN-León Agricultural Campus were determined. All the trees in windbreaks, live fences, fence posts and dry trunks, fruit trees, scattered trees and infrastructure were checked, managing to identify the booby of the colonies in the nests of stingless bees. For the interaction of stingless bees, convenience sampling was carried out in areas with the presence of grass and flowering shrubs. For the interaction, the number of plants visited by the bees was taken into account with quantitative data and the number of interactions at the network level was determined. The results are represented in graphs of bipartite networks. Five species of stingless bees were identified (Dolichotrigona schultessi, Friesiomelitte paupera, Nannotrigona perilampoides, Trigona fuscipennis and Trigona fulviventris) with an abundance of 273 individuals, with T. fuscipennis and T. fulviventris being more abundant. 49 nests belonging to five species of stingless bees were recorded. The species with the highest number of nests corresponded to Nannotrigona perilampoides with 81.6% of the nests. A nest density of 1.04 nests/ha was found, predominating nests in buildings with 81.6%. The distribution of nests is presented in an aggregated manner for the species N. perilampoides. Forty-seven species of flowering plants were identified, being foraged by meliponini bees, the bee that visits the most flowers is T. fuscipennis, foraging 35 plant species, most frequently Ixophorus unisetus and Amaranthus spinosus plants. The network presented a degree of connectivity close to medium, with a relatively good degree of nesting, a generalist specialization index. Therefore, this study allowed to establish the bases for future studies on management strategies and conservation of stingless bees.

Resumen Las abejas son los principales polinizadores en los hábitats naturales, permitiendo tener ecosistemas resilientes. En este estudio se determinó la riqueza, abundancia y densidad de nidos, distribución espacial y tipos de anidación de abejas sin aguijón, además de la interacción con plantas en floración en el Campus Agropecuario de la UNAN-León, Nicaragua. Se revisaron árboles en cortinas rompevientos, cercas vivas, postes de cercas y troncos secos, árboles frutales, árboles dispersos y edificaciones, logrando identificar la entrada de las colonias en los nidos. Para determinar la interacción de estas abejas se realizaron muestreos por conveniencia en áreas con presencia de hierbas y arbustos en floración. En la interacción se tomó en cuenta el número de plantas visitadas por estos insectos con datos cuantitativos y se determinó el número de interacciones a nivel de red, representando los resultados en grafos de redes bipartitas. Se identificaron cinco especies de abejas sin aguijón: Friesiomelitte paupera, Dolichotrigona schultessi, Nannotrigona perilampoides, Trigona fuscipennis y Trigona fulviventris, con una abundancia de 273 individuos, presentándose en mayor número T. fuscipennis y T. fulviventris. Los 49 nidos registrados pertenecen a cinco especies de abejas sin aguijón. La especie con mayor número de nidos correspondió a Nannotrigona perilampoides con 81,6% del total de nidos. Se encontró una densidad de 1,04 nidos/ha, predominando aquellos presentes en edificaciones con 81,6%. La distribución de nidos se presentó de manera agregada para N. perilampoides. Se identificaron 47 especies de plantas en floración, siendo pecoreadas por abejas Meliponini. La especie de abeja que más flores visito fue T. fuscipennis, pecoreando 35 especies de plantas, siendo las más frecuentes Ixophorus unisetus y Amaranthus spinosus. La red presentó un grado de conectancia cercano a media, con un anidamiento relativamente bueno y un índice de especialización generalista. Este estudio permitió establecer las bases para desarrollar futuros estudios sobre estrategias de manejo y conservación de abejas sin aguijón.

ABSTRACT. This experiment aimed to evaluate the forage species and their effect on fruit production of the chayote crop. For this, the culture was under observation in the first ten minutes at each time, from 7:00 am to 6:00 pm, with three repetitions, in each year studied (1994, 2001, 2009 and 2016). With the exception of 2009, Trigona spinipes stingless bees were frequent and constant insects in these flowers between 8:00 am and 1:00 pm, visiting mainly male flowers for nectar collection and due to foraging behavior this stingless bee may be considered a pollinator of the chayote.

Resumo A Acacia mangium (Willd.) (Fabales: Fabaceae) apresenta aplicabilidade em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas devido ao seu rápido crescimento, espécie rústica, pioneira, com potencial de fixação de nitrogênio. No entanto, esta planta é atacada por pragas. É importante saber, entre eles, o mais importante. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os insetos herbívoros (fontes de perda) e seus inimigos naturais (fontes de solução) em 48 mudas A. mangium. Eles foram classificados de acordo com sua capacidade de danificar ou reduzir a fonte de dano nessas mudas usando o percentual do Índice de Importância-Produção Desconhecido (% I.I.-P.U.). As fontes de perda Trigona spinipes Fabr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera), Phenacoccus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Aethalion reticulatum L. (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae) e Tropidacris Collaris Stoll. (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), apresentaram os maiores % I.I.-P.U. em folhas de mudas de A. mangium. As fontes de solução Oxyopidae (Araneae), Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) e Brachymyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) apresentaram os maiores % I.I.-P.U. nas folhas de mudas de A. mangium. O número de Lordops sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) foi reduzido pelo número de Brachymyrmex sp.; a de T. collaris pelos de Oxyopidae e Brachymyrmex sp.; e a de Tettigoniidae pelo de P. termitarius, totalizando 8,93% de redução destes insetos herbívoros (números) em mudas de A. mangium. Esses insetos herbívoros podem se tornar problemas em plantações comerciais desta planta, pois estes estão relacionados como pragas em algumas culturas. Essas formigas e Oxyopidae podem ser importantes em cultivos comerciais de A. mangium, pois podem reduzir o número desses insetos herbívoros. Willd. Willd (Willd. Fabales (Fabales Fabaceae crescimento rústica pioneira nitrogênio entanto saber eles 4 ImportânciaProdução Importância Produção ( I.I.P.U.. IIPU I.I. P.U. . I P U I.I.-P.U.) Fabr Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Apidae, Apidae , Apidae) Hemiptera, Hemiptera (Hemiptera) sp (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae, Pseudococcidae Pseudococcidae) L Aethalionidae Stoll Orthoptera (Orthoptera Romaleidae, Romaleidae Romaleidae) I.I.P.U. I.I.-P.U Araneae, Araneae (Araneae) Smith (Smith Formicidae Coleoptera (Coleoptera Curculionidae T 893 8 93 8,93 números (números culturas (Willd II I.I PU P.U I.I.P.U (Araneae 89 9 8,9 8,

Abstract Acacia mangium (Willd.) (Fabales: Fabaceae) tree shows applicability in programs to recover degraded areas due to its fast-growing, rustic, pioneer species, with the potential to fix nitrogen. However, this plant is attacked by pests. It is important to know, among them, the most important. This study aims to evaluate the herbivorous insects (loss sources) and their natural enemies (solution sources) on 48 A. mangium saplings. They were classified according to their ability to damage or reduce the source of damage on these saplings using the percentage of the Importance Index-Production Unknown (% I.I.-P.U.). The loss sources Trigona spinipes Fabr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera), Phenacoccus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Aethalion reticulatum L. (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae), and Tropidacris collaris Stoll. (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), showed the highest % I.I.-P.U. on leaves of A. mangium saplings. The solution sources Oxyopidae (Araneae), Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and Brachymyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), showed the highest % I.I.-P.U. on leaves of A. mangium saplings. The number of Lordops sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was reduced per number of Brachymyrmex sp.; that of T. collaris those of Oxyopidae and Brachymyrmex sp.; and that of Tettigoniidae that of P. termitarius, totaling 8.93% of reduction of these herbivorous insects (numbers) on A. mangium saplings. These herbivorous insects turn into problems in commercial plantations of this plant since to are related to pests in some crops. These tending ants and Oxyopidae can be important on A. mangium commercial crops because they can reduce the number of these herbivorous insects. Willd. Willd (Willd. Fabales (Fabales Fabaceae fastgrowing, fastgrowing fast growing, growing fast-growing rustic species nitrogen However know them 4 A IndexProduction Index Production ( I.I.P.U.. IIPU I.I. P.U. . I P U I.I.-P.U.) Fabr Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera Apidae, Apidae , Apidae) Hemiptera, Hemiptera (Hemiptera) sp (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae, Pseudococcidae Pseudococcidae) L Aethalionidae, Aethalionidae Aethalionidae) Stoll Orthoptera (Orthoptera Romaleidae, Romaleidae Romaleidae) I.I.P.U. I.I.-P.U Araneae, Araneae (Araneae) Smith (Smith Formicidae, Formicidae Formicidae) Coleoptera (Coleoptera Curculionidae T 893 8 93 8.93 numbers (numbers (Willd II I.I PU P.U I.I.P.U (Araneae 89 9 8.9 8.

Abstract The relocation of epiphytes contributes to biodiversity conservation. In this sense, studies that aim to promote the success of the process are necessary. Therefore, the objective of this work was to analyze the effects of initial fresh mass and fertilization on the propagation of two species of Rhipsalis, thus ensuring their success after relocation to a protected area. Therefore, fertilized and unfertilized plants of Rhipsalis puniceodiscus and Rhipsalis trigona initially with one or two cladodes were propagated in a greenhouse for 25 months. After relocation to a forest area, their survival was monitored for 16 months. Survival percentage, shoot length and root length were analyzed every four months. Fresh mass, dry mass and photosynthetic pigment were analyzed before relocating to a native forest. During the protected propagation stage, for both species, individuals presenting more branches and those that were fertilized exhibited more intense overall development. The propagation of R. puniceodiscus and R. trigona in a greenhouse with two cladodes is better than with one cladode. In general, R. puniceodiscus displayed better development under controlled conditions than R. trigona. Propagation using fertilization increased fresh mass and favors growth and survival rate of R. puniceodiscus and R. trigona. It is possible to relocate both species to a preserved area of the Atlantic Forest, but R. trigona presented more potential.

Resumo A realocação de epífitas contribui para a conservação da biodiversidade. Neste sentido, estudos que visem promover o sucesso do processo são necessários. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os efeitos da massa fresca inicial e da fertilização na propagação de duas espécies de Rhipsalis, garantindo assim o seu sucesso após a realocação para uma Unidade de Conservação. Para tanto, plantas fertilizadas e não fertilizadas de Rhipsalis puniceodiscus e Rhipsalis trigona inicialmente com um ou dois cladódios foram propagadas em casa de vegetação por 25 meses. Após a mudança para uma área de floresta, sua sobrevivência foi monitorada por 16 meses. A porcentagem de sobrevivência, comprimento da parte aérea e comprimento da raiz foram analisados a cada quatro meses. Massa fresca, massa seca e pigmento fotossintético foram analisados antes de realocar para uma floresta nativa. Na fase de propagação protegida, para ambas as espécies, os indivíduos com mais ramos e os que foram fecundados exibiram um desenvolvimento global mais intenso. A propagação de R. puniceodiscus e R. trigona em casa de vegetação com dois cladódios é melhor do que com apenas um cladódio. Em geral, R. puniceodiscus apresentou melhor desenvolvimento em condições controladas do que R. trigona. A propagação com fertilização aumenta a massa fresca e favorece o crescimento e a taxa de sobrevivência de R. puniceodiscus e R. trigona. É possível realocar ambas as espécies para uma área preservada da Floresta Atlântica, porém R. trigona se apresentou mais promissora no processo.

Abstract Terminalia argentea native tree to Brazil and used in landscaping, wood and coal production, and civil construction, is adapted to poor and dry soils and cultivated in severely disturbed ecosystems. This plant has insecticidal activity, but arthropods can cause damage to its saplings. This study evaluates the herbivorous insects and of their natural enemies on 48 T. argentea saplings which were divided according to the damage they cause or reduce it on these saplings using the percentage of the Importance Index-Production Unknown (% I.I.-P.U.). The Lamprosoma sp., Epitragus sp., Tropidacris collaris, Cerambycidae, Cratosomus sp., Psiloptera sp., Parasyphraea sp., Trigona spinipes, and Aphis spiraecola showed the highest % I.I.-P.U. on leaves of T. argentea. The Aphirape uncifera, Mantis religiosa, Uspachus sp., Podisus sp., and Araneidae, with the highest % I.I.-P.U. on leaves of T. argentea saplings are possible solutions to reduce damage by these pests. These natural enemies can reduce herbivorous insects on T. argentea saplings. However, their populations should be increased, especially spiders. Nevertheless, the Brachymyrmex sp. associated to A. spiraecola, in future T. argentea commercial plantations, can increase populations of sap-sucking insect and, consequently, their damage.

Resumo Terminalia argentea, árvore nativa do Brasil, é utilizada no paisagismo, produção de madeira e carvão, na construção civil, com adaptação adequada a solos pobres e secos, pode ser utilizada na recuperação de ecossistemas, severamente perturbados. Essa planta tem atividade inseticida, mas artrópodes podem causar danos em suas mudas. Insetos herbívoros e seus inimigos naturais foram avaliados em 48 mudas de T. argentea e classificados, usando a porcentagem do Índice de Importância-Produção Desconhecida (% I.I.-P.U.), de acordo com seus danos ou potencial para reduzir organismos pragas nessas mudas. Lamprosoma sp., Epitragus sp., Tropidacris collaris, Cerambycidae, Cratosomus sp., Psiloptera sp., Parasyphraea sp., Trigona spinipes e Aphis spiraecola apresentaram os maiores % I.I.-P.U. nas folhas de T. argenteae. Aphirape uncifera, Mantis religiosa, Uspachus sp., Podisus sp. e Araneidae, com os maiores % I.I.-P.U. em folhas de mudas de T. argentea, são possíveis soluções por reduzir os danos causados por essas pragas. Esses inimigos naturais podem ser importantes para T. argentea por reduzir as populações de insetos herbívoros em mudas dessa planta. Contudo, suas populações, principalmente as de aranhas, precisam ser aumentadas. No entanto, a associação de Brachymyrmex sp. com A. spiraecola, em futuros cultivos comerciais de T. argentea, pode aumentar os danos por insetos sugadores de seiva.

Resumo Acacia mangium (Willd., 1806) (Fabales: Fabaceae) é uma planta pioneira com rápido crescimento, rusticidade, potencial nitrificador e importante em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas. O objetivo foi avaliar a distribuição e a diversidade funcional das interações e a dominância-K de grupos de artrópodes em árvores jovens de A. mangium. Os números de indivíduos de onze espécies de insetos fitófagos, três de abelhas e quatorze de inimigos naturais foram maiores na superfície adaxial de folhas dessa planta. A abundância, diversidade e riqueza de espécies de insetos fitófagos e inimigos naturais, e a abundância e riqueza de espécies de polinizadores foram maiores na face adaxial de folhas de A. mangium. A distribuição de cinco espécies de hemípteros sugadores de seiva e seis de formigas protocooperantes (Hymenoptera), com interação positiva entre esses grupos, e três de abelhas (Hymenoptera) foi agregada em folhas de plantas jovens de A. mangium. Aethalion reticulatum (L.) (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae) e Bemisia sp. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae); Brachymyrmex sp. e Camponotus sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae); e Trigona spinipes Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foram os insetos fitófagos, inimigos naturais e polinizadores mais dominantes, respectivamente, em folhas de A. mangium. A definição da superfície foliar preferida pode auxiliar programas de manejo integrado de pragas.

Abstract Acacia mangium (Willd., 1806) (Fabales: Fabaceae) is a fast growing, rustic, pioneer species, with potential to fix nitrogen, and for programs to recover degraded areas. The objective was to evaluate the distribution and the functional diversity of interactions and the K-dominance of arthropod groups on A. mangium saplings. The number of individuals of eleven species of phytophagous insects, three bee species, and fourteen natural enemy species were highest on the adaxial leaf surface of this plant. Abundance, diversity and species richness of phytophagous insects and natural enemies, and abundance and species richness of pollinators were highest on the adaxial A. mangium leaf surface. The distribution of five species of sap-sucking hemipterans and six of protocooperating ants (Hymenoptera), with positive interaction between these groups, and three bee species (Hymenoptera) were aggregated on leaves of A. mangium saplings. Aethalion reticulatum (L.) (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae) and Bemisia sp. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae); Brachymyrmex sp. and Camponotus sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae); and Trigona spinipes Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were the most dominant phytophagous insects, natural enemies, and pollinators, respectively, on A. mangium leaves. Knowledge of preferred leaf surfaces could help integrated pest management programs.

RESUMEN Las abejas sin aguijón (ASA) son organismos relevantes en los ecosistemas por su desempeño como polinizadores. En México, la mayor diversidad de ASA se encuentra en el sureste. En este estudio se determinaron las especies de ASA y densidad de nidos en dos sitios con diferente perturbación dentro de la Reserva de la Biósfera de los Petenes (RBLP) Campeche (México). Asimismo, se identificaron los sustratos y las especies arbóreas de nidificación. En total se realizaron diez muestreos en transectos entre los meses de enero a mayo de 2018. Se registraron 56 nidos pertenecientes a ocho especies diferentes de ASA (Cephalotrigona zexmeniae, Frieseomelitta nigra, Lestrimellita niitkib, Nannotrigona perilampoides, Partamona bilineata, Plebeia frontalis, Scaptotrigona pectoralis y Trígona fulviventris). Las especies con mayor número de nidos correspondieron a F. nigra (41,07 %) y S. pectoralis (28,57 %). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la densidad de nidos entre los sitios Hecelchakán (2,15 nidos/ha) y Calkiní (0,19 nidos/ha). El sustrato preferido para anidación son las cavidades en árboles vivos (78,57 %). En total 15 especies arbóreas fueron identificadas como sustrato de nidificación y la especie más abundante correspondió a Crescentia cujete (n = 18, 40,9 %). El grado de perturbación tuvo poco efecto en el número y densidad de nidos de ASA, sin embargo, en general, la RBLP presentó una composición de especies y densidad de nidos reducida. Por lo tanto, este estudio permitió establecer las bases para futuros estudios sobre estrategias de manejo y conservación de estas especies para evitar su desaparición en la RBLP.

ABSTRACT Stingless bees (ASA) are relevant organisms in ecosystems because of their performance as pollinators. In Mexico, the higher diversity of ASA is found in the southeast. In this study, the ASA species and nest density of nests were identified at two sites with different disturbances (Hecelchakán and Calkiní) within the Petenes Biosphere Reserve (RBLP), Campeche (Mexico). Also, the substrates and the nesting tree species were identified. In total, ten sampling transects were performed between January and May 2018. In total 56 nests belonging to eight different species of ASA (Cephalotrigonazexmeniae, Frieseomelitta nigra, Lestrimellita niitkib, Nanotrigonaperilampoides, Partamona bilineata, Plebeia frontalis, Scaptotrigona pectoralis and Trigona fulviventris) were found. The species with the highest number of nests corresponded to F. nigra (41.07 %) and S. pectoralis (28.57 %). No significant differences were found in nest density between the Hecelchakán (2.15 nests/ha) and Calkiní (0.19 nests/ha) site. The preferred substrate for nesting is cavities in living trees (78.57 %). In total 15 tree species were identified as nesting substrate and the most abundant species corresponded to Crescentia cujete (n = 8, 40.90 %). The degree of disturbance had little effect on the number and density of ASA nest, however, in general, the RBLP presented low species composition and nest density. Therefore, this study allowed to establish the bases for future studies on management and conservation strategies of these species to avoid their loss in the RBLP.

RESUMEN: “Abejas nativas sin aguijón” se encuentran en bosques secos de la Reserva de Biosfera del Noroeste Amotapes Manglares, Tumbes, Perú, y poblaciones rurales cercanas. Estas abejas cumplen un rol importante como polinizadoras de cultivos agrícolas, forestales y como proveedoras de miel y polen", siendo Melipona mimética la especie más importante. Los objetivos del estudio fueron: la identificación molecular usando tres locis genéticos distintos (Citocromo c oxidasa, 28S ribosomal RNA y gen 16S rRNA), la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR) y análisis bioinformático, identificándose a los géneros: Cephalotrigona sp., Geotrigona sp., Lestrimelitta sp., Melipona sp., Nannotrigona sp., Oxytrigona sp., Plebeia sp., Scaptotrigona, sp., Trigona sp. y Trigonisca sp. Y haciendo uso de Metagenómica y secuencias cortas del gen 16s DNAr, comprobado en NCBI, se encontró a especies bacterianas en: huevos 139, larvas 31, pupas 154 y adultos 39, siendo las más importantes Clostridium spp., Lactobacillus camelliae, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus manihotivorans, Lactobacillus paracollinoides, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pontis, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus suebicus, Lactobacillus vaccinostercus, Lactobacillus vaginalis, Pediococcus acidilactici, y a través de técnicas dependiente e independiente de medios de cultivo a: Bacillus subtilis subsp subtilis en larva, Paenibacillus xylanilyticus en pupa y adulto: Humibacter sp., Acinetobacter sp., Acinetobacter nectaris y Fructobacillus sp. La identificación genómica y comunidad bacteriana es relevante, por tratarse del primer estudio de estas especies en Perú.

ABSTRACT: "Native stingless bees" are found in dry forests of the Northwest Amotapes Biosphere Reserve Mangroves, Tumbes, Peru, and nearby rural populations. These bees play an important role as pollinators of agricultural and forest crops and as suppliers of honey and pollen", Melipona mimética being the most important species. The objectives of the study were: molecular identification using three different genetic loci (Cytochrome c oxidase, 28S ribosomal RNA and 16S rRNA gene), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and bioinformatic analysis, identifying with the genres: Cephalotrigona sp., Geotrigona sp., Lestrimelitta sp., Melipona sp., Nannotrigona sp., Oxytrigona sp., Plebeia sp., Scaptotrigona, sp., Trigona sp. y Trigonisca sp. And making use of Metagenomics and Clostridium spp., Lactobacillus camelliae, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus manihotivorans, Lactobacillus paracollinoides, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pontis, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus suebicus, Lactobacillus vaccinostercus, Lactobacillus vaginalis, Pediococcus acidilactici,short sequences of the 16s DNAr gene, verified in NCBI, bacterial species were found: in eggs 139, larvae 31, pupae 154 and adults 39, being the most important Clostridium spp., Lactobacillus camelliae, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus manihotivorans, Lactobacillus paracollinoides, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pontis, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus suebicus, Lactobacillus vaccinostercus, Lactobacillus vaginalis, Pediococcus acidilactici and through media-dependent and media-independent techniques to: Bacillus subtilis subsp subtilis in larva, Paenibacillus xylanilyticus in pupa and adult: Humibacter sp., Acinetobacter sp., Acinetobacter nectaris and Fructobacillus sp. The genomic identification and bacterial community are relevant, as it is the first study of these species in Peru.

Resumo: Duas áreas localizadas no Estado do Tocantins, Brasil foram selecionadas para o levantamento da comunidade de abelhas, uma área com vegetação predominante de Cerrado e outra em ecótono Cerrado-Amazônia. Durante cinco expedições em cada área em um período de 12 meses, entre os anos de 2019 e 2020 foram coletados 771 espécimes de abelhas, distribuídas em quatro famílias: Apidae, com a maior abundância e riqueza de espécies, seguida de Halictidae, Megachilidae e Andrenidae. Trigona pallens (Fabricius) (Apidae) foi a espécie com maior abundância em ambas as áreas, totalizando 118 espécimes, o que correspondeu a 26,9% da abundância total de indivíduos da tribo Meliponini. De um modo geral, a comunidade apresentou muitas espécies com poucos indivíduos e poucas espécies com muitos indivíduos. A metodologia de coleta com uso de rede entomológica permitiu a coleta do maior número de indivíduos e de espécies em relação a outros três métodos utilizados. Em ambas as áreas, poucas espécies foram classificadas como muito frequentes (MF) e muito abundantes (MA), de acordo com as classes de frequência e de abundância. Também para ambas as áreas, grande parte das espécies foram constantes (W) e um baixo número de espécies dominantes (D), com mais de 70% delas consideradas acidentais (Z). O presente estudo revelou que tanto o Cerrado como a área de transição Cerrado-Floresta Amazônica apresentou alta riqueza de espécies em comparação com outras áreas destes biomas amostradas no Brasil.

Abstract: Two sites located in Tocantins State, Brazil, were selected for the bee’s community survey. One of them was mostly covered by Cerrado vegetation and the other one is located in the Cerrado-Amazon Rainforest ecotone. Five expeditions were performed in each site throughout a 12-month period, between 2019 and 2020. The total of 771 bee specimens were collected and distributed into four families. Apidae presented the greatest species abundance and richness, it was followed by Halictidae, Megachilidae and Andrenidae, respectively. Trigona pallens (Fabricius) (Apidae) was the species presenting the greatest abundance in both sites, it totaled 118 specimens, which corresponded to 26.9% of the total abundance of individuals belonging to tribe Meliponini. In general, the community presented several species with few individuals and few species with many individuals. Bee collections were performed by using three different methodologies, among them one finds sampling based on the entomological net method, which allowed collecting the largest number of both individuals and species in comparison to the other used methods. Based on the frequency and abundance classes, only few species were classified as very frequent (VF) and very abundant (VA) in both sites based on the frequency and abundance classes. Most species were constant (W) in both regions, and there was a small number of dominant species (D); moreover, more than 70% of the sampled species were considered accidental (Z). According to the present study, either Cerrado or Cerrado-Amazon Rainforest studied sites presented higher species richness than other sites in these biomes sampled in Brazil.

RESUMO Este trabalho analisou visitantes florais de Turnera subulata Sm. (Turneraceae) em área antropizada na Bahia (Campus UEFS), com foco nos potenciais polinizadores, na produção de frutos e sementes e na influência dos fatores climáticos nesta interação. O estudo foi realizado durante seis meses em 2018 e 2019. Foram observados aspectos da biologia floral e comportamento do visitante. As flores de T. subulata duraram aproximadamente seis horas e durante este período foram expostas aos visitantes em diferentes intervalos para avaliar o pico de formação dos frutos. Os visitantes mais frequentes foram as abelhas Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758, Trigona sp., Augochlora sp. e Protomeliturga turnerae (Ducke, 1907). O pico de forrageamento ocorreu pela manhã, coincidindo com o momento de maior formação de frutos e sementes, e com o maior número de flores abertas. Tanto as abelhas exóticas quanto as nativas atuaram como potenciais polinizadores, sendo consideradas complementares no processo de polinização das flores.

ABSTRACT This work analyzed floral visitors of Turnera subulata Sm. (Turneraceae) within an anthropized area in Bahia (UEFS Campus), focusing on potential pollinators, fruit and seed production and the influence of climatic factors on this interaction. The study was carried during six months in 2018 and 2019. Aspects of floral biology and visitor behavior were observed. Turnera subulata flowers lasted approximately six hours and during this period they were exposed to visitors at different intervals to assess the peak time of fruit formation. The most frequent visitors were the bees Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758, Trigona sp., Augochlora sp. and Protomeliturga turnerae (Ducke, 1907). The foraging peak occurred in the morning, coinciding with the time of greatest formation of fruits and seeds, and with the time of greatest number of open flowers. Both exotic and native bees acted as potential pollinators, being considered complementary in the flower pollination process.

Resumen: Los murciélagos insectívoros representan más de la mitad de la diversidad de quirópteros del mundo. Aunque son importantes estabilizadores de las poblaciones de insectos dentro de su hábitat debido a sus hábitos de alimentación, pocos estudios se han centrado en la dieta de las especies de murciélagos insulares. El murciélago de sacos pequeño, Saccopteryx leptura, es una especie ampliamente distribuida en el trópico del nuevo mundo, pero con poca información sobre su dieta. En este estudio se determinó la composición de la dieta de una población de S. leptura en la isla Gorgona, a partir de muestras de contenido estomacal e intestinal. Esta investigación se centró en su patrón atípico de alimentación diurna para evaluar las diferencias en la selección de presas considerando dos factores: (1) la cobertura de dosel y (2) el sexo. Se encontraron representantes de nueve órdenes de insectos, siendo Hymenoptera, Coleoptera y Hemiptera los más consumidos, según la abundancia y porcentaje de volumen. Se identificaron dos nuevos registros a nivel de género dentro de la dieta de S. leptura, Camponotus (Formicidae) y Trigona (Apidae). En términos generales, no se encontraron diferencias de la dieta entre coberturas de dosel o entre sexos. Sin embargo, al analizar el porcentaje de volumen consumido a nivel de orden, se encontraron diferencias significativas en el consumo del orden Psocoptera para ambos factores. Los resultados sugieren que S. leptura adopta una alimentación oportunista, ya que consume presas de una amplia gama tamaños, usualmente las más abundantes y disponibles en el medio.

Abstract: Insectivorous bats represent more than half of all the Chiropterans of the world. Although they are important stabilizers of insect populations within their habitat due to their feeding habits, just few studies have been focused on the diet of insular bat species. The lesser sac-winged bat, Saccopteryx leptura, is widely distributed in the new world tropics, but little is known about its prey selection. In this study we determined the diet composition of the population of S. leptura from Gorgona Island, Colombia, using stomach and intestinal content samples. We focused our research on their atypical daytime feeding behavior to evaluate differences in prey selection considering two main factors: 1) plant canopy cover and 2) bat sex. We found prey representatives of nine orders of insects, with Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Hemiptera as the most consumed according to their abundance and volume percentage. We identified two new records at genus level in S. leptura´s diet, Camponotus (Formicidae) and Trigona (Apidae). In general terms, we did not find differences in the diet between canopy covers nor sexes. However, when analyzing the consumed percentage volume by order, there were significant differences in consumption of Psocoptera in both factors. Our results suggest that S. leptura has an opportunistic diet, as they tend to feed on prey of a wide range of sizes, usually the most abundant and available in the environment.

RESUMO Investigações anteriores mostraram que cultivares diversas de meloeiro podem apresentar diferente atratividade para abelhas. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição, frequência e comportamento de visitantes florais de algumas cultivares do meloeiro (Cucumis melo) (Amarelo, Pele de Sapo, Cantaloupe, Gália) em variadas situações (cultivo convencional e orgânico, época seca e chuvosa, com e sem mulching e introdução ou não de colmeias de abelhas melíferas) nos principais polos de produção do Nordeste brasileiro (Petrolina-PE/Juazeiro-BA, Pacajus-CE e Mossoró-RN). As observações e coletas dos visitantes ocorreram das 5h00 às 18h00, em dias não consecutivos. Foram registradas 12 espécies de insetos, a maioria abelhas. Entre elas, a mais frequente foi Apis mellifera (99.68%), mas outras espécies apareceram esporadicamente (menos de 0,5%): Xylocopa grisescens, Trigona spinipes, Plebeia sp., Melipona mandacaia, Frieseomelitta doedereleini, Halicitidae. Apis mellifera esteve presente em todas as cultivares e locais estudados. Xylocopa grisescens apareceu em dois polos, mas não em Pacajus-CE, no tipo Amarelo. E Trigona spinipes, embora estivesse presente nos três poios, não foi registrada no Pele de Sapo. O tipo Amarelo, com cultivo orgânico, sem o uso de mulching, e presença de colmeias de abelhas melíferas, no polo Petrolina-PE/ Juazeiro-BA, na época seca, foi a combinação de fatores que apresentou maior número de Apis mellifera como principal polinizadora das flores do meloeiro.

ABSTRACT Previous investigations showed that diverse varieties of melon may have different attractiveness for bees. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the composition, frequency and behavior of flower visitors of some melon (Cucumis melo) cultivars (Amarelo, Pele de Sapo, Cantaloupe, Gália) in different conditions (conventional and organic farming, dry and rainy seasons, with and without mulching and introduction or not of honey bee hives) in the main production poles in the Brazilian Northeast (Petrolina-PE/Juazeiro-BA, Pacajus-CE and Mossoro-RN). Observations and collections of flower visitors occurred from 5p.m. to 6p.m, in non-consecutive days. We recorded 12 species of insects, mostly bees. The most frequent was Apis mellifera (99.68%), but other species appeared sporadically (less than 0.5%): Xylocopa grisescens, Trigona spinipes, Plebeia sp., Melipona mandacaia, Frieseomelitta doedereleini, Halicitidae. Apis mellifera was present in all studied cultivars and sites. Xylocopa grisescens appeared in two poles, but not in Pacajus-CE, Amarelo cultivar. In addition, Trigona spinipes, although present in the three poles, was not recorded on Pele de Sapo. The Amarelo cultivar, under organic farming, without the use of mulching, and presence of honey bee hives, in the Petrolina-PE/Juazeiro-BA pole, in the dry season, was the combination of factors showing the largest number of Apis mellifera as the main visitor of melon flowers.