Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the combined effect of two pest biocontrol strategies: biofumigation with Brassica juncea and inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum, on the in vitro growth of the pathogen Phomopsis spp., an etiological agent of canker disease in pecan crops (Carya illinoinensis). B. juncea plants were crushed and placed in polystyrene recipients in doses of 10 and 30 g. Then, a Petri dish was introduced to each recipient, with a disk with a grown mycelium of Phomopsis spp. or T. harzianum, or both fungi (dual culture). Treatments were incubated in a culture chamber. The parameters evaluated were colonies’ surface area and percentage of mycelial inhibition of Phomopsis spp. Data were analyzed with non-parametric statistics using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The results indicated that: i) B. juncea did not affect the growth of T. harzianum; ii) the 30 g dose of B. juncea completely suppressed the growth of Phomopsis spp.; iii) T. harzianum significantly inhibited the growth of Phomopsis spp. colonies; iv) the combination of T. harzianum and biofumigation with 10 g of B. juncea showed synergy on the growth control of Phomopsis spp. Biofumigation with B. juncea, the application of T. harzianum, and the combination of both techniques could be promising alternatives for the biological control of Phomopsis spp.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto combinado de dos tácticas de biocontrol de plagas: la biofumigación con Brassicajuncea y la inoculación de Trichoderma harzianum, sobre el crecimiento in vitro del patógeno Phomopsis spp., agente etiológico de la cancrosis en el cultivo de pecán (Carya illinoinensis). Se trituraron plantas de B. juncea y se colocaron en envases de poliestireno en dosis de 10 y 30 g. Luego, en cada uno de estos recipientes se introdujo una caja de Petri con un disco con micelio dePhomopsis spp. o T. harzianum o ambos hongos (cultivo dual). Se incubó en cámara de cultivo. Los parámetros evaluados fueron la superficie de las colonias y el porcentaje de inhibición miceliar de Phomopsis spp. Los datos se analizaron con estadística no paramétrica mediante la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: i) B. juncea no afectó el crecimiento de T. harzianum; ii) la dosis de 30 g de B. juncea suprimió completamente el crecimiento de Phomopsis spp.; iii) T. harzianum inhibió significativamente el crecimiento de las colonias de Phomopsis spp.; iv) la combinación de T. harzianum y la biofumigación con 10 g de B. juncea mostró sinergia sobre el control del crecimiento de Phomopsis spp. La biofumigación con B. juncea, la aplicación de T. harzianum y la combinación de ambas técnicas podrían ser alternativas promisorias para el control biológico de Phomopsis spp.

Abstract Introduction. Supply chain issues have increased the costs of raw material and reduced the availability of materials for the production of biological control agents. This can result in greater disease pressure and lower yields on farms. Objective. To determine the effect of different amounts of starch and the use of local ingredients in small- and large-scale fermentation processes for Trichoderma harzianum. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in San José, Costa Rica, between 2016 and 2018. Flask experiments were performed to investigate the reduction or elimination of starch in commercial fermentation media. Fermentation vessel trials were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of an alternative local medium, which included three treatments: 1) commercial medium as a control, 2) 10 % molasses medium, and 3) 10 % molasses with 0.5% yeast extract. Viable spore counts were performed to determine colony-forming units (CFU/mL). Results. Reducing starch to 10 % of the original medium had no impact on CFU/mL. However, the absence of starch resulted in uneven growth during fermentation. Molasses produced approximately half the CFU/mL compared to the commercial medium but exceeded the threshold of 107 CFU/mL used in studies for the biological control of plant pathogens. Results obtained in a commercial-scale fermenter were similar to those of pilot-scale fermentation. Conclusion. Reducing starch content in the commercial medium did not affect growth, but the absence of starch led to solid mycelium clumps. The use of a local molasses-based medium on a commercial scale feasible as long as the required viable spore count for field use is maintained.

Resumen Introducción. Los problemas en la cadena de suministro aumentaron los costos de las materias primas y redujeron la disponibilidad de materiales para la producción de agentes de control biológico. Esto puede ejercer mayor presión de enfermedades y menores rendimientos en las granjas. Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de diferentes cantidades de almidón y el uso de ingredientes locales en procesos de fermentación a pequeña y gran escala para Trichoderma harzianum. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se ralizó en San José, Costa Rica, entre 2016 y 2018. Se realizaron ensayos en matraces para investigar la reducción o eliminación de almidón en medios de fermentación comerciales. Se llevaron a cabo ensayos en recipientes de fermentación para evaluar la efectividad de un medio local alternativo, que incluyó tres tratamientos: 1) medio comercial como control, 2) melaza al 10 % y 3) melaza al 10 % con 0,5 % de extracto de levadura. Se realizaron recuentos de esporas viables para determinar las unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC/mL). Resultados. La reducción de almidón al 10 % del medio original no tuvo impacto en las UFC/mL. Sin embargo, la ausencia de almidón resultó en un crecimiento desigual durante la fermentación. La melaza produjo aproximadamente la mitad de las UFC/mL en comparación con el medio comercial, pero superó el umbral de 107 UFC/mL utilizado en estudios para el control biológico de patógenos de plantas. Los resultados obtenidos en un fermentador a escala comercial fueron similares a los de la fermentación a escala piloto. Conclusión. La reducción del contenido de almidón en el medio comercial no afectó al crecimiento, pero la ausencia de almidón provocó acumulaciones sólidas de micelio. El uso de un medio de melaza de origen local a escala comercial parece factible mientras se mantenga un recuento de esporas viables requeridas para su uso en el campo.

RESUMEN Trichoderma, un género de hongos filamentosos es ampliamente utilizado en la agricultura debido a sus propiedades y usos diversos, destacando su habilidad para funcionar como un agente biocontrolador contra diversos fitopatógenos. El éxito de Trichoderma se basa en múltiples mecanismos de acción, que incluyen antibiosis, micoparasitismo, competencia por espacio y nutrientes, producción de enzimas y metabolitos secundarios con actividad antimicrobiana y la estimulación de la respuesta de defensa de las plantas ante los patógenos. Esta mini revisión se centra en los mecanismos de acción de Trichoderma como biocontrolador y sus potencialidades para el uso en la agricultura. Este género de hongos filamentosos con capacidad para inhibir el crecimiento de patógenos, estimular el crecimiento de las plantas y mejorar la calidad del suelo lo convierten en un recurso valioso para los agricultores. El conocimiento de estos mecanismos puede ayudar a mejorar aún más su uso en la agricultura y promover prácticas agrícolas sostenibles.

ABSTRACT Trichoderma, a genus of filamentous fungi, is widely used in agriculture due to its various properties and uses, particularly its ability to function as a biocontrol agent against various phytopathogens. The success of Trichoderma is based on multiple mechanisms of action, including antibiosis, mycoparasitism, competition for space and nutrients, production of enzymes and secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity, and stimulation of the plant defense response against pathogens. This mini review focuses on the mechanisms of action of Trichoderma as a biocontrol agent and its potential for use in agriculture. Its ability to inhibit the growth of pathogens, stimulate plant growth, and improve soil quality makes it a valuable resource for farmers. Understanding these mechanisms can further improve its use in agriculture and promote sustainable agricultural practices.

Abstract Introduction.Soybean establishes a symbiosis with Bradyrhizobium japonicum that allows it to fix atmospheric N. Coinoculation with other plant growth-promoting microorganisms can increase Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) and plant growth. Objective. Determine if inoculation with P-solubilizing fungi (SP), Aspergillus flavus (S1) and Trichoderma longibrachiatum (S2), affects growth and BNF variables in soybeans. Materials and methods. In the greenhouse on an Andisol and an Ultisol, growth variables and BNF were evaluated in soybeans inoculated with B. japonicum and 2 SPs. Five treatments were evaluated: an absolute control (T), addition of phosphate rock (RF), addition of RF and inoculation with B. japonicum (BRF) and the addition of RF, B. japonicum and the 2 SPs independently (BRFS1 and BRFS2). An unrestricted randomized design with 4 repetitions was established and the data was analyzed according to normality, either with ANDEVA and DGC at 5% or Kruskal Wallis at 5%. Results. The responses obtained showed a positive effect on the evaluated variables when soybeans were inoculated with SP in addition with B. japonicum. The effect was a trend in Andisol, for the variables aerial fresh weight and number of nodules and their dry weight, while for Ultisol significance was found for these same variables, as well as for aerial dry weight, leaf area and N content and foliar P, with the greatest effect in BRFS2. In absolute terms, the highest P content in the soil microbial biomass and the highest SP population was found in the treatment with the presence of S2. The populations of N Fixers (NF) in the soil were higher for T and RF that did not have inoculation with B. japonicum. Conclusion. Inoculation with SP fungi can positively affect BNF, foliar N and P amounts as well as soybean plant growth.

Resumen Introducción. La soya establece una simbiosis con Bradyrhizobium japonicum para fijar N atmosférico. La coinoculación con otros microorganismos promotores del crecimiento (MPC) puede incrementar la Fijación Biológica de Nitrógeno (FBN) y el crecimiento de las plantas. Objetivo. Determinar si la inoculación con los hongos solubilizadores de P (SP), Aspergillus flavus (S1) y Trichoderma longibrachiatum (S2), afecta variables de crecimiento y de FBN en soya. Materiales y métodos. En un Andisol y un Ultisol en invernadero, se evaluaron variables de crecimiento y FBN en soya inoculada con B. japonicum y 2 SP. Se evaluaron 5 tratamientos: un testigo absoluto (T), adición de roca fosfórica (RF), adición de RF e inoculación con B. japonicum (BRF) y la adición de RF, B. japonicum y los 2 SP de manera independiente (BRFS1 y BRFS2). Se estableció un diseño irrestricto al azar con 4 repeticiones y los datos se analizaron según la normalidad, con ANDEVA y DGC al 5% o Kruskal Wallis al 5%. Resultados. Se obtuvo un efecto positivo sobre las variables evaluadas, cuando la soya se inoculó con los SP además de B. japonicum. El efecto fue tendencia en el Andisol, para las variables peso fresco aéreo y número de nódulos y su peso seco, mientras que para el Ultisol se encontró significancia para estas mismas variables, así como para el peso seco aéreo, área foliar y contenido de N y P foliar, el efecto fue mayor en BRFS2. En términos absolutos el mayor contenido de P en la biomasa microbiana del suelo y la mayor población de SP se encontró en el tratamiento con la presencia de S2. Las poblaciones de Fijadores de N fueron mayores para T y RF. Conclusión. La inoculación con hongos SP puede afectar positivamente la FBN, las cantidades de N y P foliar así como el crecimiento de las plantas de soya.

Abstract The use of alternative tree and shrub species such as Hibiscus rosa sinensis L, for feeding ruminants, can provide high amounts of feed biomass and high protein content. The most commonly used propagation methods for the production of seedlings of this species are by grafting, layering and cuttings, with the latter method standing out, because it allows obtaining a greater number of seedlings per branch in less time. The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of alternative rooting agents on wasp flower (H. rosa-sinensis L.) cuttings, under nursery conditions. Five rooting agents were evaluated consisting of Aloe vera, cinnamon, Aloe + molasses + egg (A+M+E), Moringa oleífera and the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma sp, plus a control consisting of the addition of water. The variables evaluated were number of roots per plant, root length, number of regrowths, fresh root weight per plant, dry root weight per plant, root biomass and survival percentage. The data were organized in a Microsoft Excel 2013 spreadsheet, then analyzed in the statistical program InfoStat 2020. The treatment with Trichoderma sp favors the vegetative growth of H. rosa-sinensis, followed by the A+M+E, Moringa and cinnamon treatments. The treatments with the highest percentage of survival were Moringa, cinnamon, Aloe, and Trichoderma sp, considered as excellent, while the A+M+H and control treatments were considered good.

Resumen El uso de las especies alternativas de árboles y arbustos como son Hibiscus rosa sinensis L, para la alimentación de rumiantes, puede proporcionar altas cantidades de biomasa alimenticia y alto contenido de proteína. Los métodos de propagación más utilizados para la producción de plántulas de esta especie son por injerto, acodo y esquejes, destacándose este último método, porque permite obtener un mayor número de plántulas por rama en menor tiempo. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el efecto de enraizadores alternativos sobre esquejes de flor de avispa (H. rosa-sinensis L.), bajo condiciones de vivero. Se evaluaron cinco enraizadores que consistieron en aloe vera, canela, aloe + melaza + huevo (A+M+H), Moringa oleifera y el hongo antagonista Trichoderma sp, además de un testigo que consistió en la adición de agua. Las variables evaluadas fueron número de raíces por planta, longitud de raíces, número de rebrotes, peso fresco de raíz por planta, peso seco de raíz por planta, biomasa de raíces y porcentaje de sobrevivencia. Los datos fueron organizados en una hoja de cálculo de Microsoft Excel 2013, posteriormente fueron analizados en el programa estadístico InfoStat 2020. El tratamiento con Trichoderma sp favorece el crecimiento vegetativo de H. rosa-sinensis, seguido de los tratamientos A+M+H, Moringa y canela. Los tratamientos con mayor porcentaje de sobrevivencia fueron Moringa, canela, aloe y Trichoderma sp, considerados como excelentes, mientras que los tratamientos A+M+H y testigo fueron considerados buenos.

Abstract The marketing of microbial pesticides has increased exponentially in recent years. Almost 70 % of the products marketed use as active ingredient conidia of biocontrol fungi, and One of the most frequently used criteria to evaluate the quality of these products is conidial germination test, Specifically, this methodology is used to select and assess the viability and vigor of elite strains with biological potential. Some of the factors that influence conidial germination over time, include the selection of culture medium, temperature, incubation time, and the addition of germination synchronizing agents. The optimization for each elite strain allows the characterization of a microorganism behavior over time, ensuring its biological activity and effective management as a biological resource for commercial purposes. The main objective of this study was to identify the optimal conditions (culture media, incubation time, and synchronizing agent concentration) for the germination of three elite strains: Trichoderma koningiopsis (Th003), Lecanicillium lecanii (Vl026), and Metarhizium robertsii (Mt004), which are active ingredients in biopesticides. As a result, the optimal conditions selected are as follows: agar-water medium with 0.0003 % benomyl for Th003 with an incubation period of 18 hours, agar-water medium with 0.0003 % benomyl for Vl026 with an incubation period of 24 hours, and PDA agar supplemented with 0.0003 % benomyl for Mt004 with an incubation period of 18 hours. These conditions will allow a precise evaluation of the germination of the biological control agents ensuring over time their viability and vigor as active ingredients in biopesticides.

Resumen La comercialización de plaguicidas microbianos ha aumentado de manera exponencial en los últimos años. Casi el 70 % de los productos que se comercializan utilizan como principio activo conidios de hongos biocontroladores y uno de los criterios más utilizados para evaluar la calidad de estos productos es la prueba de germinación de conidios. Específicamente, se utiliza para la selección y la evaluación de la viabilidad y vigor de cepas élite con potencial biológico. Algunos de los factores que influyen en la germinación de los conidios incluye la selección del medio del cultivo, la temperatura, el tiempo de incubación y la adición de sustancias sincronizadoras de germinación. La optimización para cada cepa élite permite estimar el comportamiento del microorganismo, lo que garantizará su actividad biológica y eficacia, al ser un recurso biológico con fines comerciales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue seleccionar las condiciones óptimas (medios de cultivo, tiempo de incubación y concentración de sustancia sincronizadora) para la germinación de tres cepas élite Trichoderma koningiopsis (Th003), Lecanicillium lecanii (Vl026) y Metarhizium robertsii (Mt004), las cuales son principios activos de bioplaguicidas en proceso de comercialización. Como resultado se seleccionó el medio de cultivo de agar agua con benomil al 0,0003 % con un tiempo de lectura de 18 h para Th003 y de 24 h para Vl026. Para la cepa Mt004, el medio de cultivo que favoreció la germinación sincrónica de los conidios fue agar PDA suplementado con benomil al 0,0003 % con un tiempo de lectura de 18 h. Estas condiciones permitirán a través del tiempo realizar una correcta evaluación de la germinación de los agentes de control biológico y garantizar su viabilidad y vigor como principio activo de bioplaguicidas.

ABSTRACT The quinoa crop is affected by various diseases, with mildew (Peronospora variabilis Gaum) being the most important due to prevalence, severity and economic impact. Antagonistic endophytic fungi represent a sustainable option for the sanitary management of crops. The objective of the work was to determine the endophytic behavior of local strains of Trichoderma asperelloides in quinoa seedlings. The culture technique was used to re-isolate the fungus from root, stem and leaf sections at 15 and 30 daa and microscopic observation of histological sections to characterize the colonization of the fungus at 30 daa. The design defined the fixed effects: quinoa genotype (AMMA-18, RQ-252-18 and RQ-SAC-18), T. asperelloides strain: (T1, T15, T16); organ: root, stem, leaf, and evaluation time 15 and 30 daa. The highest occurrence of re-isolations was at 15 daa in RQ-252-18 from the three sections, followed by AMMA-2018 and RQ-SAC-18. Significant differences were recorded in the RQ-252-18/T16 interaction levels, with re-isolations from root and leaf being higher. At 30 daa, there were no differences between genotypes, but between type of organ, always superior in root. Re-isolation was dependent on the time since application and the genotype/strain combination. Intercellular colonization of fungal hyphae was observed in the epidermal tissue and stem and root cortex. The work expands the records of T. asperelloides as a quinoa endophyte for future multiple interaction studies with P. variabilis or other biotic and/or abiotic stress factors.

RESUMEN El cultivo de quinua es afectado por diversas enfermedades, entre las cuales, el mildiu (Peronospora variabilis Gaum) es la más importante por su prevalencia, severidad e impacto económico. Los hongos endófitos antagonistas representan una opción sustentable para el manejo sanitario de los cultivos. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar el comportamiento endofítico de cepas locales de Trichoderma asperelloides en plántulas de quinua. Se utilizó la técnica de cultivo para el re-aislamiento del hongo de secciones de raíz, tallo y hoja a los 15 y 30 días después de la aplicación del hongo (dda), y se realizó la observación microscópica de cortes histológicos para caracterizar la colonización del hongo a los 30 dda. El diseño definió los efectos fijos: genotipo de quinua (AMMA-18, RQ-252-18 y RQ-SAC-18), cepa de T. asperelloides: (T1, T15, T16); órgano: raíz, tallo, hoja, y momento de evaluación (15 y 30 dda). La mayor ocurrencia de re-aislamientos fue a los 15 dda en RQ-252-18 desde las tres secciones, seguido por AMMA-2018 y RQ-SAC-18. Se registró diferencias significativas en los niveles de interacción RQ-252-18/T16 siendo superiores los re-aislamientos desde raíz y hoja. A los 30 dda, no se observaron diferencias entre genotipos, y re-asliamientos eran significativamente mayores desde la raíz. El re-aislamiento fue dependiente del tiempo desde la aplicación y la combinación genotipo/cepa. Se observó colonización intercelular de hifas del hongo en el tejido epidérmico y del córtex de tallo y raíz. El trabajo amplía los registros de T. asperelloides como endófito de quinua para futuros estudios de interacción múltiple con P. variabilis u otros factores estrés biótico y/o abiótico.

Abstract Trichoderma is a cosmopolitan fungus widely distributed around the world. The different uses of this beneficial fungus are varied in several industries, like agriculture, textile, and paper, including the pharmaceutical industry. The genus Trichoderma has other mechanisms of action, including the production of different enzymes and secreted secondary metabolites used in various industries. The genomes of different Trichoderma species have been sequenced to identify the mechanisms for producing several compounds. The advancement of multiple technologies has allowed the development of transformation tools for the genetic improvement of Trichoderma, thus increasing biomass, primary and secondary metabolites, and enzymes. Therefore, genetic modification aims to increase compound production in several Trichoderma strains. Characterization of Trichoderma through gene expression analysis is essential for biotechnology applications. It helps counteract one of the most challenging problems for agriculture today, including climate change and the appearance of pathogens that attack crops with high commercial and food demand. In conclusion, this review analyzes various strategies to improve Trichoderma strains genetically and their multiple applications in the agricultural, textile, paper, and pharmaceutical industries. As a recommendation for future studies with potential impact, the optimization of specific genetic modifications in Trichoderma strains is recommended to improve their adaptability and effectiveness in combating emerging challenges in agriculture, especially those linked to climate change. Investigating possible synergies between genetically modified Trichoderma strains and environmentally sustainable agricultural practices could contribute to developing solutions for crop protection and yield improvement.

ABSTRACT The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the ligninolytic enzymatic activity (LEA = laccase, manganese peroxidase [MnP] and lipase peroxidase [LiP]) of two Ganoderma spp. populations (ruderal and urban), determine the type of fungal interaction of each population in co-cultures with Trichoderma spp. strains, and quantify the LEA in the interactions. Seven ruderal and seven urban strains were isolated, their daily growth rate (DGR) and LEA were determined and compared. With three strains from each population with the best DGR, co-cultures with three Trichoderma spp. strains were established (T85, T98 and T99). Ruderal strains produce more MnP and LiP activities, but have lower DGR compared to urban strains. Laccase activity was the same in both populations. The most common interaction between Ganoderma spp. and Trichoderma spp. was the inhibition at contact. Ruderal strains of Ganoderma spp. (4R and 9R) when grown in monoculture did not show MnP activity; however, when they interact with Trichoderma spp., MnP was present (between 150 to 3000%) and increased LiP (between 13 to 51%) activities. In urban strains of Ganoderma spp. laccase (between 8 to 183%), MnP (between 24 to 144%) and LiP (between 5 to 6268%) activities increased in interactions with Trichoderma spp. The LEA in each population was variable, the most common interaction between Ganoderma spp. and Trichoderma spp. was block at contact with significant increases in LEA.

RESUMEN Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron evaluar la actividad enzimática ligninolítica (AEL = lacasa, manganeso peroxidasa [MnP]) y lipasa peroxidasa [LiP]) de dos poblaciones de Ganoderma spp. (ruderal y urbana), determinar el tipo de interacción fúngica de cada población en cocultivos con cepas de Trichoderma spp. y cuantificar la AEL en las interacciones. Se aislaron siete cepas ruderales y siete urbanas, se determinó y comparó su tasa de crecimiento diario (TCD) y su AEL. Con tres cepas de cada población con mejor TCD, se establecieron cocultivos con tres cepas de Trichoderma spp. (T85, T98 y T99). Las cepas ruderales presentaron más actividad MnP y LiP, pero menor TCD en comparación con las cepas urbanas. La actividad de la lacasa fue igual en ambas poblaciones. La interacción más común entre Ganoderma spp. y Trichoderma spp. fue la inhibición al contacto. Las cepas ruderales de Ganoderma spp. (4R y 9R) cuando crecen en monocultivo no presentaron actividad MnP; sin embargo, cuando interactúan con Trichoderma, la MnP se presentó (entre 150 a 3000 %) e incrementó la LiP (entre 13 al 51 %). En cepas urbanas de Ganoderma spp. la actividad lacasa (entre 8 a 183 %), MnP (entre 24 a 144 %) y LiP (entre 5 a 6268 %) aumentó en las interacciones con Trichoderma. La AEL en cada población fue variable, la interacción más común entre Ganoderma spp. y Trichoderma spp. fue el bloqueo al contacto con incrementos significativos en la AEL.

ABSTRACT Tomato is an important economic crop due to its consumption and production worldwide. However, like other crops, it is susceptible to pathogens, being necessary agrochemicals to prevent diseases and improve the production of fruits. Among the sustainable alternatives to crop production, microbial inoculants are used as biofungicide and biostimulants for plant development. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the biocontrol potential of seven Trichoderma spp. isolates (T1, T2, T3, T4, T15, T17, and T19) against tomato pathogens in vitro experiments, and their potential to improve tomato growth. The Trichoderma spp. antagonism was investigated against Alternaria sp. 003/09, Botrytis sp. 006/13, Fusarium sp. 007/09, and Stemphylium sp. A73. Dual culture, volatile, and diffusible compounds activity tests showed that all new Trichoderma spp. tested could reduce the mycelial growth of all tested pathogens, highlighting T15 and T17 isolates. Seed and soil inoculation revealed very contrasting results: Trichoderma sp. T17 showed a beneficial effect when inoculated in soil, reducing the percentage of yellowish leaves, and increasing dry weight and stem diameter. Inoculation of Trichoderma sp. T17 in the seed increases hypocotyl and radicle lengths, and the seed vigor index. Finally, the strains studied present the potential to be used to develop biocontrol products. worldwide However crops fruits development Thus spp T1, T1 T (T1 T2 T3 T4 T19 experiments sp 00309 003 09 003/09 00613 006 13 006/13 00709 007 007/09 A73 A culture volatile results leaves diameter lengths index Finally products (T 0030 00 0 003/0 0061 1 006/1 0070 007/0 A7 003/ 006/ 007/

Abstract The total cost of processes that use lipases can be reduced by using the mycelium or not purified crude extract with lipolytic activity. These catalysts can be used without complex purification and can show desirable properties to emerging applications like hydrolysis and biotransformation of vegetable oils. To explore the potential of multiple forms of lipases (produced by the same filamentous fungus species), this work investigated intracellular and extracellular lipases produced by Trichoderma koningii (intracellular lipases were never studied), Penicillium spp. F02 (isolated from industrial grease trap) and Aspergillus niger. For this, batch fermentations were conducted for 96h using olive oil as a carbon source. The submerged culture was interrupted with vacuum filtration to isolate the mycelium and crude extract. The lipolytic activities were determined by the hydrolysis method of olive oil. The best results were obtained for intracellular activity with T. koningii (81.5 U/g of dry biomass) and for extracellular activity with A. niger (10.6 U/mL of crude extract). Both were attained in 96h of fermentation. T. koningii showed an accumulation of intracellular lipases and a depreciated extracellular activity in the initial 24 hours, which can be reasonable indications that there is strong retention of lipases in the mycelium. Statistical analysis within the range of 37°C to 44°C associated with pH from 7.8 to 8.0 favored the activity of lipases from T. koningii. All these findings are promising for future studies in the enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel with lipases (intracellular and extracellular) from T. koningii. oils species, species , species) studied, studied studied) spp F F0 isolated trap h source T 81.5 815 81 5 (81. Ug U g biomass A 10.6 106 10 6 (10. UmL mL . extract) fermentation 2 hours 37C C 37 44C 44 78 7 8 7. 80 0 8. 81. (81 10. 1 (10 3 4 (8 (1 (

RESUMO Os microrganismos promotores de crescimento vegetal representam uma alternativa eficiente e viável para a produção de mudas florestais. Dentre eles, destaca-se o gênero Trichodermaque promove o crescimento em planta pela síntese do ácido indol acético, solubilização de fosfato e micronutrientes. Diante disso, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a influência de Trichoderma asperellum(Samuels, Lieckf & Nirenberg) no desenvolvimento inicial das mudas de tamboril. Foram feitas inoculações com T. asperellum, sendo utilizadas as doses de 0 (testemunha), 5, 9, 14 e 18 g de inoculante por litro de substrato, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições cada. Foram analisadas altura, massa fresca do caule, massa fresca da raiz, massa fresca total, massa seca de parte aérea, massa seca de raiz, massa seca total e índice de qualidade de Dickson (IQD). A inoculação com T. asperellumapresentou eficiência como promotor de crescimento em mudas de tamboril, em diferentes doses, nos parâmetros altura - dose 10,76 g, massa fresca da parte aérea - dose 15,76 g, massa fresca da raiz - dose 11,04 g, massa fresca total - dose 12,14 g, massa seca parte aérea - dose 11,5 g, massa seca da raiz - dose 10,27 g e massa seca total - dose 10,58 g. O IQD teve um incremento de 35% em relação à testemunha. Assim, com a inoculação de Trichoderma foi estimada uma máxima eficiência técnica nas doses entre 10 e 12 g L-1 de substrato, evidenciando efeito no desenvolvimento das mudas de tamboril. florestais eles destacase destaca se acético micronutrientes disso asperellumSamuels, asperellumSamuels asperellum Samuels, Samuels asperellum(Samuels Nirenberg tamboril T testemunha, testemunha , (testemunha) 5 9 1 substrato cada caule IQD. . (IQD) 1076 76 10,7 1576 15 15,7 1104 11 04 11,0 1214 12,1 115 11, 1027 27 10,2 1058 58 10,5 35 Assim L1 L L- (testemunha (IQD 107 7 10, 157 15, 110 121 12, 102 2 105 3

ABSTRACT Plant growth-promoting microorganisms represent an efficient and viable alternative to produce forest seedlings. Among them the genus Trichoderma stands out for promoting plant growth by the synthesis of indole acetic acid, phosphate solubilization, and micronutrients. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the influence of Trichodermaasperellumon the initial development of monkfish seedlings. Inoculations were performed with T. asperellum at the concentrations of 0 (control), 5, 9, 14, and 18 g of inoculant per liter of substrate, using a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates each. The following parameters were analyzed: height, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, total fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, total dry weight, and Dickson quality index (DQI). The following doses were applied: height - dose 10.76 g, fresh stem weight - dose 15.76 g, fresh root weight - dose 15.76 g, total fresh weight - dose 12.14, shoot dry weight - dose 11.5 g, root dry weight - dose 10.27 g, and total dry weight – dose 10.58 g. The DQI provided an increase of 35% compared with the witness. Thus, inoculation with Trichoderma was estimated to have a maximum technical efficiency between 10 and 12 g L-1 of substrate, showing an effect on the development of monkfish seedlings. growthpromoting seedlings acid solubilization micronutrients Therefore T control, control , (control) 5 9 14 1 substrate each analyzed DQI. . (DQI) applied 1076 76 10.7 1576 15 15.7 1214 12.14 115 11 11. 1027 27 10.2 1058 58 10.5 35 witness Thus L1 L L- (control (DQI 107 7 10. 157 15. 121 12.1 102 2 105 3 12.

ABSTRACT Cultivation of eucalyptus is of great importance in Brazil. Ceratocystis wilt is a disease of great economic relevance in the country, affecting eucalyptus, cacao and mango crops. New alternatives are needed for the management of this disease because infected plants frequently have to be removed from the area, causing losses to the farmers. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of biological control agents (Trichoderma harzianum and Purpureocillium lilacinum), applied by different modes, against Ceratocystis fimbriata in the soil. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in Dracena – São Paulo State, in two phases: one phase of 4 months with 90-day-old seedlings, and another phase of 2 months with 60-day-old seedlings. The following treatments were performed: Infested soil and soaking (IS + S); Infested soil and hydrogel (IS + H); Infested soil and irrigation (IS + IR); Infested soil and powder (IS + P); Negative Control (NC); Positive Control (CP). Results indicated that plants inoculated with the pathogen and treated with the control agents tended to have a higher chlorophyll index. Treatments with both biological agents applied by irrigation and powder in the soil (IS+IR and IS+P) presented the best and most consistent results for the two tested seedling ages. Brazil country crops area farmers Trichoderma lilacinum, lilacinum , lilacinum) modes State phases 90dayold dayold 90 day old seedlings 60dayold 60 performed IS S S) H H) IR IR) P P) NC (NC) CP. CP . (CP) index IS+IR ISIR IS+P ISP ages 9 6 (NC (CP

RESUMO O cultivo de eucalipto tem grande importância no Brasil. A murcha-de-ceratocystis, é uma doença com grande importância econômica no país nas culturas do eucalipto, cacau e manga. São necessárias novas alternativas para o manejo da doença, pois frequentemente plantas infectadas precisam ser removidas, causando prejuízo aos produtores. Esse estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência dos agentes de controle biológico (Trichoderma harzianum e Purpureocillium lilacinum) em diferentes modos de aplicação contra Ceratocystis fimbriata no solo. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em Dracena – SP em duas fases, uma durante 4 meses com mudas de 90 dias e outra durante 2 meses com mudas de 60 dias. Os seguintes tratamentos foram realizados: Solo infestado e imersão (IS + S); Solo infestado e hidrogel (IS + H); Solo infestado por irrigação (IS + IR); Solo infestado com pó (IS + P); Controle negativo (NC); e Controle positivo (CP). Os resultados indicaram que plantas inoculadas com o patógeno e tratadas com os agentes de controle tendem a apresentam maior índice de clorofila. Os tratamentos com ambos agentes biológicos de controle aplicados em forma de irrigação ou pó no solo (IS+IR e IS+P) apresentaram os melhores e mais consistentes resultados nas duas idades de mudas avaliadas. Brasil murchadeceratocystis, murchadeceratocystis murcha ceratocystis, ceratocystis murcha-de-ceratocystis manga removidas produtores Trichoderma lilacinum fases 9 6 realizados IS S S) H H) IR IR) P P) NC (NC) CP. CP . (CP) clorofila IS+IR ISIR IS+P ISP avaliadas (NC (CP

ABSTRACT The coconut mite (Aceria guerreronis - Eriophyidae) attacks coconut fruits, inhabits the meristematic region, and causes losses in fruit production. Chemicals are the main control measures but successive applications can cause resistance in mites. In this sense, it is necessary to search for ecological alternatives that assist in sustainable management, as consumers seek products grown using more eco-friendly techniques. This study aimed to identify an entomopathogenic fungal isolate and evaluate its ability to control the mite A. guerreronis, which is present in commercial areas in the municipality of Santa Izabel do Pará, Brazil, in the Eastern Amazon. The efficiency of fungi on mites was tested using six treatments: water (control), chemical acaricide, and fungi of the genera Purpureocillium, Metarhizium, Beuaveria, and Trichoderma; the treatments were applied to the bunches at a concentration of 108 conidia mL-1. The results demonstrated a reduction in mites on fruits, with the B. bassiana and P. lilacinum treatments being the most successful. This study demonstrates that these fungi have acaricidal action and may present an economically viable and ecological alternative for controlling phytophagous mites in coconut cultivation in the Amazon. Aceria Eriophyidae fruits region production sense management ecofriendly eco friendly techniques A Pará Brazil Amazon control, , (control) acaricide Purpureocillium Metarhizium Beuaveria Trichoderma 10 mL1. mL1 mL 1. 1 mL-1 B P successful (control mL-

RESUMO O ácaro do coco (Aceria guerreronis - Eriophyidae) ataca os frutos do coqueiro, habita a região meristemática e causa perdas na produção de frutos. A principal medida de controle é por meio de produtos químicos. Sucessivas aplicações podem causar a resistencia dos ácaros, neste sentido, faz-se necessária a busca por alternativas ecológicas que auxiliem em um manejo sustentável, pois consumidores procuram produtos oriundos de técnicas mais saudáveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar um isolado fúngico entomopatogênico e avaliar o controle sobre o ácaro A. guerreronis, presente em áreas comerciais no município de Santa Izabel do Pará, Brasil, Amazônia Oriental. A eficiência dos fungos sobre os ácaros, foi testada através de seis tratamentos: água (controle), acaricida químico e fungos dos gêneros Purpureocillium, Metarhizium, Beuaveria e Trichoderma, na concentração de 108 conídios mL-1, e aplicados sobre os cachos. Os resultados demonstraram que houve redução de ácaros nos frutos, sendo os tratamentos à base de B. bassiana e P. lilacinum, os mais eficientes, demonstrando que esses fungos possuem ação acaricida e podem ser uma alternativa economicamente viável e ecológica para o controle de ácaros fitófagos no cultivo de coqueiro na Amazônia. Aceria Eriophyidae químicos sentido fazse faz se sustentável saudáveis Pará Brasil Oriental controle, , (controle) Purpureocillium Metarhizium Trichoderma 10 mL1, mL1 mL 1, 1 mL-1 cachos B P lilacinum eficientes (controle mL-

Resumo: Fungos do gênero Trichoderma spp têm sido relacionados à produção de hormônios ou correlacionados a fatores de crescimento, proporcionando maior eficiência no uso de alguns nutrientes, assim, permitindo uma maior disponibilidade e absorção pelas plantas. Neste sentido, objetivou-se determinar a dose do fertilizante organomineral de resíduos de cupuaçuzeiro e a eficiência do Trichoderma harzianum no crescimento inicial e qualidade morfofisiológica em mudas de Mezilaurus itauba na Amazônia setentrional. A dose de 50% do fertilizante organomineral de resíduos de cupuaçuzeiro (FORCup) com Trichoderma harzianum promove melhor qualidade e robustez nas mudas de M. itauba. A presença de Trichoderma harzianum + 50% do fertilizante organomineral de resíduos de cupuaçuzeiro (FORCup) promove ganhos positivos na biomassa de raiz das mudas de M. itauba. A presença de Trichoderma harzianum promove incremento no conteúdo de clorofilas a e b em mudas de M. itauba. Para produção de mudas de M. itauba indica-se o uso Trichoderma harzianum + 50% do fertilizante organomineral de resíduos de cupuaçuzeiro (FORCup), pois promove incremento positivo para todos índices fisiológicos e morfológicos nas condições da presente pesquisa. Resumo nutrientes assim plantas sentido objetivouse objetivou se setentrional 50 FORCup (FORCup M indicase indica FORCup, , pesquisa 5

Abstract Fungi of the genus Trichoderma spp have been related to the production of hormones or correlated with growth factors, promoting greater efficiency in the use of some nutrients, thus allowing greater availability and absorption by plants. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the dose of organomineral fertilizer from cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) residues and the efficiency of Trichoderma harzianum on the initial growth and morphophysiological quality of Mezilaurus itauba seedlings in the northern Amazon. Dose of 50% of the organomineral fertilizer from cupuaçu residues (ORFCup) with Trichoderma harzianum promotes better quality and robustness in Mezilaurus itauba seedlings. The presence of Trichoderma harzianum + 50% ORFCup promotes positive gains in the root biomass of Mezilaurus itauba seedlings. The presence of Trichoderma harzianum promotes an increase in chlorophylls a and b contents in Mezilaurus itauba seedlings. For the production of Mezilaurus itauba seedlings, it is recommended to use Trichoderma harzianum + 50% ORFCup, as it promoted increments in all physiological and morphological indices under the conditions of the present study. factors nutrients plants context Theobroma grandiflorum Amazon 50 (ORFCup 5