Abstract The use of alternative tree and shrub species such as Hibiscus rosa sinensis L, for feeding ruminants, can provide high amounts of feed biomass and high protein content. The most commonly used propagation methods for the production of seedlings of this species are by grafting, layering and cuttings, with the latter method standing out, because it allows obtaining a greater number of seedlings per branch in less time. The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of alternative rooting agents on wasp flower (H. rosa-sinensis L.) cuttings, under nursery conditions. Five rooting agents were evaluated consisting of Aloe vera, cinnamon, Aloe + molasses + egg (A+M+E), Moringa oleífera and the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma sp, plus a control consisting of the addition of water. The variables evaluated were number of roots per plant, root length, number of regrowths, fresh root weight per plant, dry root weight per plant, root biomass and survival percentage. The data were organized in a Microsoft Excel 2013 spreadsheet, then analyzed in the statistical program InfoStat 2020. The treatment with Trichoderma sp favors the vegetative growth of H. rosa-sinensis, followed by the A+M+E, Moringa and cinnamon treatments. The treatments with the highest percentage of survival were Moringa, cinnamon, Aloe, and Trichoderma sp, considered as excellent, while the A+M+H and control treatments were considered good.

Resumen El uso de las especies alternativas de árboles y arbustos como son Hibiscus rosa sinensis L, para la alimentación de rumiantes, puede proporcionar altas cantidades de biomasa alimenticia y alto contenido de proteína. Los métodos de propagación más utilizados para la producción de plántulas de esta especie son por injerto, acodo y esquejes, destacándose este último método, porque permite obtener un mayor número de plántulas por rama en menor tiempo. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el efecto de enraizadores alternativos sobre esquejes de flor de avispa (H. rosa-sinensis L.), bajo condiciones de vivero. Se evaluaron cinco enraizadores que consistieron en aloe vera, canela, aloe + melaza + huevo (A+M+H), Moringa oleifera y el hongo antagonista Trichoderma sp, además de un testigo que consistió en la adición de agua. Las variables evaluadas fueron número de raíces por planta, longitud de raíces, número de rebrotes, peso fresco de raíz por planta, peso seco de raíz por planta, biomasa de raíces y porcentaje de sobrevivencia. Los datos fueron organizados en una hoja de cálculo de Microsoft Excel 2013, posteriormente fueron analizados en el programa estadístico InfoStat 2020. El tratamiento con Trichoderma sp favorece el crecimiento vegetativo de H. rosa-sinensis, seguido de los tratamientos A+M+H, Moringa y canela. Los tratamientos con mayor porcentaje de sobrevivencia fueron Moringa, canela, aloe y Trichoderma sp, considerados como excelentes, mientras que los tratamientos A+M+H y testigo fueron considerados buenos.

Abstract The total cost of processes that use lipases can be reduced by using the mycelium or not purified crude extract with lipolytic activity. These catalysts can be used without complex purification and can show desirable properties to emerging applications like hydrolysis and biotransformation of vegetable oils. To explore the potential of multiple forms of lipases (produced by the same filamentous fungus species), this work investigated intracellular and extracellular lipases produced by Trichoderma koningii (intracellular lipases were never studied), Penicillium spp. F02 (isolated from industrial grease trap) and Aspergillus niger. For this, batch fermentations were conducted for 96h using olive oil as a carbon source. The submerged culture was interrupted with vacuum filtration to isolate the mycelium and crude extract. The lipolytic activities were determined by the hydrolysis method of olive oil. The best results were obtained for intracellular activity with T. koningii (81.5 U/g of dry biomass) and for extracellular activity with A. niger (10.6 U/mL of crude extract). Both were attained in 96h of fermentation. T. koningii showed an accumulation of intracellular lipases and a depreciated extracellular activity in the initial 24 hours, which can be reasonable indications that there is strong retention of lipases in the mycelium. Statistical analysis within the range of 37°C to 44°C associated with pH from 7.8 to 8.0 favored the activity of lipases from T. koningii. All these findings are promising for future studies in the enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel with lipases (intracellular and extracellular) from T. koningii.

ABSTRACT Tomato is an important economic crop due to its consumption and production worldwide. However, like other crops, it is susceptible to pathogens, being necessary agrochemicals to prevent diseases and improve the production of fruits. Among the sustainable alternatives to crop production, microbial inoculants are used as biofungicide and biostimulants for plant development. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the biocontrol potential of seven Trichoderma spp. isolates (T1, T2, T3, T4, T15, T17, and T19) against tomato pathogens in vitro experiments, and their potential to improve tomato growth. The Trichoderma spp. antagonism was investigated against Alternaria sp. 003/09, Botrytis sp. 006/13, Fusarium sp. 007/09, and Stemphylium sp. A73. Dual culture, volatile, and diffusible compounds activity tests showed that all new Trichoderma spp. tested could reduce the mycelial growth of all tested pathogens, highlighting T15 and T17 isolates. Seed and soil inoculation revealed very contrasting results: Trichoderma sp. T17 showed a beneficial effect when inoculated in soil, reducing the percentage of yellowish leaves, and increasing dry weight and stem diameter. Inoculation of Trichoderma sp. T17 in the seed increases hypocotyl and radicle lengths, and the seed vigor index. Finally, the strains studied present the potential to be used to develop biocontrol products.

Resumen: El género Trichoderma, perteneciente al grupo de los hongos filamentosos, se ha consolidado como una herramienta efectiva en la agricultura gracias a sus propiedades y múltiples usos, destacando su capacidad para funcionar como agente biocontrolador frente a diversos fitopatógenos. El éxito de este biocontrolador se basa en la acción conjunta de varios mecanismos, como la antibiosis, el micoparasitismo, la competencia por espacio y nutrientes, la producción de enzimas y metabolitos secundarios con actividad antimicrobiana, así como la estimulación de la respuesta de defensa de las plantas ante los patógenos. En esta revisión, se enfatizan los mecanismos de acción de Trichoderma como biocontrolador, específicamente en los compuestos volátiles, y se discuten sus potencialidades para su aplicación en la agricultura. En vista de su capacidad para inhibir el crecimiento de patógenos, de estimular el crecimiento de las plantas y mejorar la calidad del suelo, Trichoderma representa un recurso valioso para los agricultores. El conocimiento de estos mecanismos puede contribuir a optimizar aún más su uso en la agricultura y fomentar prácticas agrícolas sostenibles.

Abstract: The genus Trichoderma, belonging to the group of filamentous fungi, has become a valuable tool in agriculture due to its properties and multiple uses, particularly its capacity to act as a biocontrol agent against various phytopathogens. The success of this biocontrol agent relies on the combined action of several mechanisms, such as antibiosis, mycoparasitism, competition for space and nutrients, production of enzymes and secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity, as well as stimulation of plant defense response against pathogens. This review emphasizes the mechanisms of action of Trichoderma as a biocontrol agent, focusing on volatile compounds generation, while discussing its potential for agriculture application. Given its ability for growth inhibition of pathogens, for stimulating plant growth, and for improving soil quality, Trichoderma represents a valuable resource for farmers. Knowledge of these mechanisms can further optimize its use in agriculture to encourage sustainable agricultural practices.

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the inoculation with Aspergillus terreus and/or Trichoderma longibrachiatum on fermentation, chemical and microbiological composition of elephant grass ‘Cameroon’ silage (Cenchrus purpureus). Treatments were A. terreus at 105 colony forming units (CFU)/g (AT15), T. longibrachiatum at 105 CFU/g (TL20), a mixture of both at 105 CFU/g (MIX), and a control group without inoculation (CONTR). The design was completely randomized with seven replicates. The MIX silage was most stable, while CONTR, AT15, and TL20, had lower dry matter losses. There was no effect of inoculation in the chemical composition of silages. Only MIX silage (4.40) had pH above the minimum of 4.2 for humid grass silage and above the control (4.05). Bacteria from Diplococcus genus was identified at the opening of TL20 and CONTR silages. After air exposure, the population of rods, Lactobacillus, and total lactic acid bacteria was higher in theTL20 and MIX. The inclusion of a T. longibrachiatum and A. terreus mixture increases dry mater loss and silage pH. T. longibrachiatum was more efficient in maintaining populations of total lactic acid bacteria after opening; therefore, this strain has potential as an additive for elephant grass ‘Cameroon’ silage.

RESUMO O objetivo foi testar a inoculação com Aspergillus terreus e Trichoderma longibrachiatum sobre a fermentação, a composição bromatológica e microbiológica de silagem de capim-elefante cultivar ‘Cameroon’ (Cenchrus purpureus). Os tratamentos foram A. terreus a 105 unidades formadores de colônias (UFC)/g (AT15), T. longibrachiatum a 105 UFC/g (TL20), a mistura de ambos a 105 UFC/g (MIX), cada, e um controle não inoculado (CONTR). O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso, com sete repetições. A silagem MIX foi mais estável após abertura, enquanto CONTR, AT15 e TL20 apresentaram menor perda de massa seca. Não houve efeito de inoculação sobre a composição bromatológica das silagens. Apenas a silagem MIX (4,40) apresentou pH acima do mínimo de 4,2 para silagem de capim úmido e superior ao controle (4,05). Bactérias do gênero Diplococcus foram identificadas na abertura das silagens TL20 e CONTR. Após exposição ao ar, a população de bastonetes, Lactobacillus e bactérias láticas totais foram maiores em TL20 e MIX. A mistura de T. longibrachiatum e A. terreus aumenta a perda de matéria seca e o pH da silagem. T. longibrachiatum é mais eficiente em manter as populações de bactérias láticas totais após a abertura. Portanto, essa cepa tem potencial como aditivo para silagem de capim-elefante ‘Cameroon’.

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to evaluate the reproductive phenology in a Monteverdia ilicifolia plantation, whose seedlings were produced with Trichoderma spp. and vermicompost, in order to identify the moment when the shift to the adult reproductive stage of the species occurs and possible effects of biostimulants on reproductive development of the species. The seedlings was carried out in tubes of 180 cm³ volume in a greenhouse in November 2015. For the Trichoderma spp. assay, three non-commercial strains (T1 and T2: Trichoderma asperelloides; T10: Trichoderma virens) inoculated in commercial substrate and one treatment without Trichoderma (control) were tested, comprising four treatments with five replications each, totaling 20 plants. For the vermicompost assay, different proportions of vermicompost and non-sterile soil were tested. The percentages of vermicompost evaluated were: 0; 20; 40; 50; 60 and 80% in relation to the non-sterile soil (treatments T0, T20, T40, T50, T60 and T80), being tested ten replications per treatment, totaling 60 plants. The seedlings were transplanted to the field at 330 days, at a spacing of 4.0 m x 3.5 m, constituting two trials, which were evaluated individually. The reproductive phenology of M. ilicifolia was evaluated in 2018, 2019 and 2020, using the presence/absence of flowering and fruiting method, quantified by the activity index (AI), which expresses the percentage of individuals that manifested the events in each sampling. The analyzes were carried out directly and monthly, between the months of August and December of each year. The first reproductive phenology of the species occurred 22 months after planting. The flowering activity index was more intense than the fruiting activity index during the three reproductive periods analyzed, but it is still incipient to infer about the action of biostimulants, in view of the presence of two floral types with characteristics that may have influenced the results found. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the floral typology of each cultivated individual to better understand the reproductive dynamics of the species in the study area and confirm possible effects of biostimulants.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a fenologia reprodutiva em um plantio de Monteverdia ilicifolia, cujas mudas foram produzidas com Trichoderma e vermicomposto, visando identificar o momento em que ocorre a mudança para a fase adulta reprodutiva da espécie e possíveis efeitos dos bioestimulantes no desenvolvimento reprodutivo das plantas. A semeadura foi realizada em tubetes de 180 cm³ de volume em casa de vegetação em novembro de 2015. Para o ensaio com Trichoderma spp., foram testadas três cepas não-comerciais (cepas T1 e T2: Trichoderma asperelloides; T10: Trichoderma virens) inoculadas em substrato comercial e um tratamento sem Trichoderma (controle), constituindo quatro tratamentos com cinco repetições cada, totalizando 20 plantas. Para o ensaio com vermicomposto, foram testadas diferentes proporções de vermicomposto e solo não-estéril. Os percentuais de vermicomposto avaliados foram: 0; 20; 40; 50; 60 e 80% em relação ao solo não-estéril (tratamentos T0, T20, T40, T50, T60 e T80), sendo testadas dez repetições por tratamento, totalizando 60 plantas. O transplante das mudas para o campo ocorreu aos 330 dias, em espaçamento 4,0 m x 3,5 m, constituindo dois ensaios, os quais foram avaliados individualmente. A fenologia reprodutiva de M. ilicifolia foi avaliada em 2018, 2019 e 2020, pelo método presença/ausência de floração e frutificação, quantificados pelo índice de atividade (IA), que exprime o percentual de indivíduos que manifestaram os eventos em cada amostragem. As análises foram realizadas de forma direta e mensalmente, entre os meses de agosto a dezembro de cada ano. A primeira fenologia reprodutiva da espécie ocorreu 22 meses após o plantio. O índice de atividade de floração foi mais intenso que o índice de atividade de frutificação no decorrer dos três períodos reprodutivos analisados, mas ainda são incipientes para inferir sobre a ação dos bioestimulantes, tendo em vista a presença de dois tipos florais com características que podem ter influenciado nos resultados encontrados. Por isso, é necessário avaliar a tipologia floral de cada indivíduo cultivado para compreender melhor a dinâmica reprodutiva da espécie na área de estudo e confirmar possíveis efeitos dos bioestimulantes.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma asperellum isolates and their culture filtrates to control Lasiodiplodia theobromae in vivo and to promote the growth of pecan seedlings. Two experiments were carried out, both in a greenhouse. In the first experiment, the aerial part of the plants was sprayed by biological control treatments and, 14 days later, the pathogen was inoculated into the stem, through injury. In the second experiment, the substrate was moistened with biological control treatments and 14 days later the pathogen was inoculated following the same methodology as the first experiment. The following parameters were evaluated: length of the aerial part, stem diameter, fresh mass of the aerial part and the root, dry mass of the aerial part and the root, incidence and severity of the disease. The comparison of means was performed using the Skott-Knott test at a 5% probability of error, using the SISVAR software. In both experiments, the greatest responses were obtained in the growth parameters evaluated in the treatments with the culture filtrates and with the spore suspension in relation to the treatment inoculated with the pathogen without the use of biological control treatments. These treatments also reduced the incidence and severity of stem canker in pecan seedlings, and the best treatment varied with the form of application. The isolates of T. asperellum and the culture filtrates stimulated the initial growth of the plants, decreasing the incidence and severity of stem canker in pecan plants, regardless of the form of application.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação de isolados de Trichoderma asperellum e de seus filtrados de cultura no controle de Lasiodiplodia theobromae in vivo e na promoção do crescimento de mudas de nogueira-pecã. Foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos, ambos em casa de vegetação. No primeiro experimento, a parte aérea das plantas foi aspergida pelos tratamentos de controle biológico e 14 dias após foi inoculado o patógeno no caule, por meio de ferimento. No segundo experimento, o substrato foi umedecido com os tratamentos de controle biológico e 14 dias após foi feita a inoculação do patógeno seguindo mesma metodologia do primeiro experimento. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: comprimento da parte aérea, diâmetro do caule, massa fresca da parte aérea e da raiz, massa seca da parte aérea e da raiz, incidência e severidade da doença. A comparação das médias foi realizada pelo teste de Skott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade de erro, com o software SISVAR. Nos dois experimentos, obtiveram-se as maiores respostas nos parâmetros de crescimento avaliados nos tratamentos com os filtrados de cultura e com a suspensão de esporos, em relação ao tratamento inoculado com o patógeno sem o uso dos tratamentos de controle biológico. Esses tratamentos também reduziram a incidência e a severidade do cancro do tronco em mudas de nogueira-pecã, sendo que o melhor tratamento variou com a forma de aplicação. Os isolados de T. asperellum e os filtrados de cultura estimularam o crescimento inicial das plantas, diminuíram a incidência e a severidade do cancro do tronco nas plantas de nogueira-pecã, independente da forma de aplicação.

Resumen El género Trichoderma, descrito por Persoon y Rifai, con base en características morfo - fisiológicas, contaba con nueve especies; aunque no se diferenciaban satisfactoriamente. Las técnicas moleculares permitieron ratificar e identificar otras nuevas; actualmente, se notifican 453 especies de Trichoderma. La identificación polifásica se impone, debido a las complejidades del género. El trabajo tuvo como objetivo caracterizar aislados de Trichoderma tomando como base aspectos morfo-culturales y genéticos. Las descripciones morfológicas se realizaron por observaciones microscópicas de microcultivos, según Rifai, Gams y Bissett. La compatibilidad vegetativa se evaluó macroscópicamente, y se determinó el tipo de reacción (compatible o incompatible). La variabilidad genética se analizó por RAPD; utilizando el método Jaccard mediante el paquete estadístico FreeTree. Los aislados presentaron características morfológicas similares, aunque hubo diferencias en la coloración de las colonias y la morfometría de las estructuras fúngicas. Fueron compatibles con las especies T. viride, T. asperellum y T. atroviride, y entre ellos. Los RAPD generaron 92 bandas reproducibles, 65 fueron polimórficas (70,7 %). El agrupamiento por UPGMA mostró variabilidad intraespecífica, formándose cuatro grupos. Para T.13, T.17, T.75 y T.78 se detectaron bandas específicas, útiles para el diseño de cebadores específicos para la autenticación, protección y monitoreo en sistemas productivos.

Abstract The genus Trichoderma, described by Persoon and Rifai, on the basis of morpho-physiological characteristics, had nine species; however, they were not satisfactorily differentiated. The molecular techniques allowed to ratify and to identify other new ones; at present, 453 Trichoderma species are reported. The polyphasic identification is imposed, due to the complexities of the genus. The objective of this work was to characterize Trichoderma isolates based on morphological-cultural and genetic aspects. Morphological descriptions were made from microscopic observations of microcultures, according to Rifai, Gams and Bissett. The vegetative compatibility relationships were macroscopically evaluated, and the type of reaction (compatible or incompatible) was determined. The genetic variability was analyzed by RAPD; using the Jaccard method with the FreeTree statistical package. The isolates presented similar morphological characteristics, although there were differences in the colonies coloration and the fungal structures morphometry. They were compatible with T. viride, T. asperellum and T. atroviride species, and each other. RAPD generated 92 reproducible bands, 65 were polymorphic (70.7 %). Clustering by UPGMA showed intraspecific variability, forming four groups. For T.13, T.17, T.75 and T.78 specific bands were detected, useful for the specific primers design for authentication, protection and monitoring in productive systems.

Abstract The cowpea bean is a legume of economic importance for small producers in the Caribbean, Colombia; however, grain production is affected by MV vascular wilt, caused by Scleroctium rolsii, causing losses of up to 50 %. The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of seed treatment in the management of MV. Two experiments were established, the first one was done in the laboratory, determining the active ingredient and dose that does not affect the emergence and development of the seedlings. The second was carried out in a mesh house, where the seeds were treated with the molecules and the best dose identified in the first experiment. The second experiment was established with the Caupicor 50 variety, under a completely randomized design with four repetitions. The treatments evaluated were the following: T0: absolute control, T1: Calcium nitrate (1.0 g l-1), T2: Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole (1.0 cc l-1); T3: Trichoderma harzianum, (3.0 g Kg-1); T4: Benomyl (2.0 g Kg-1); T5: Carboxim + Thiram (2.0 g Kg-1); T6: potassium phosphite (2.0 g L-1) and T7: negative control, unprotected seeds. The treated bean seeds will be sown in disinfected soil and inoculated with a strain of Scleroctium folfsii. Every four days evaluations of incidence, severity and height were carried out. The most efficient treatments in the management of MV were T2, T3 and T5; however, T2= Azoxystrobin+difecobazol affected seedling emergence.

Resumen El frijol caupí, es una leguminosa de importancia económica de los pequeños productores del Caribe, colombiano; sin embargo, la producción del grano es afectada por la marchitez vascular MV, causada por Scleroctium rolsii, ocasionando pérdidas hasta del 50 %. El objetivo de la investigación, fue evaluar el efecto del tratamiento de semillas en el manejo de la MV. Se establecieron dos experimentos, el primero se hizo en el laboratorio, determinando ingrediente activo y dosis que no afecte la emergencia y el desarrollo de las plántulas. El segundo se realizó en casa de mallas, donde las semillas fueron tratadas con las moléculas y la mejor dosis identificada en el primer experimento. El segundo experimento se estableció con la variedad Caupicor 50, bajo un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron los siguientes: T0: testigo absoluto, T1: Nitrato de calcio (1,0 g l-1), T2: Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazol (1,0 cc l-1); T3: Trichoderma harzianum, (3,0 g Kg-1); T4: Benomil (2,0 g Kg-1); T5: Carboxim + Thiram (2,0 g Kg-1); T6: fosfito de potasio (2,0 g L-1) y T7: testigo negativo, semillas sin protección. Las semillas de frijol tratadas, se sembrarán en suelo desinfectado y se inocularon con una cepa de Scleroctium folfsii. Cada cuatro días se realizaron evaluaciones de incidencia, severidad y altura. Los tratamientos más eficientes en el manejo de la MV, fueron T2, T3 y T5; sin embargo, el T2= Azoxystrobin+difecobazol, afectó la emergencia de las plántulas.

ABSTRACT In the composition of the soil microbiome, there are numerous microorganisms capable of promoting plant growth, better known as plant growth-promoting microorganisms. The study aimed to determine the effects of multifunctional microorganisms, alone or in combination, on shoot, root, and total biomass production, gas exchange, macronutrient content, yield components, and grain yield of corn plants. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design, with four replications. Twenty-six treatments consisted of isolated or combined microbiolization of corn seeds with the rhizobacteria Bacillus sp. (BRM 32109, BRM 32110, and BRM 63573), Burkholderia cepacea (BRM 32111), Pseudomonas sp. (BRM 32112), Serratia marcenses BRM 32113, Serratia sp. (BRM 32114), Azospirillum brasilense (Ab-V5), and Azospirillum sp. (BRM 63574), an isolated of fungus Trichoderma koningiopsis (BRM 53736), and a control treatment (without the application of microorganisms). At seven and 21 days, two more applications of the same treatments were carried out in the soil and the plants, respectively. The microorganisms applied alone or in combination promoted significant increases of 49% in corn plant biomass, 30% in gas exchange, 36% in macronutrient content, and 33% in grain yield. Isolates BRM 32114, Ab-V5, BRM 32110, and BRM 32112 and the combinations BRM 32114 + BRM 53736, BRM 63573 + Ab-V5, and BRM 32114 + BRM 32110 promoted better benefits to corn, allowing us to infer that the use of beneficial microorganisms significantly affects the development of corn plants.

RESUMO Na composição do microbioma do solo tem-se inúmeros microrganismos, capazes de promover o crescimento vegetal, mais conhecidos como microrganismos promotores de crescimento de plantas. Objetivamos determinar os efeitos de microrganismos multifuncionais, isoladamente ou em combinação, na produção de biomassa da parte aérea, raiz e total, nas trocas gasosas, no teor de macronutrientes, componentes de produção e produtividade de grãos de plantas de milho. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Utilizou-se 26 tratamentos que consistiram na microbiolização isolada ou combinada das sementes de milho com as rizobactérias BRM 32109, BRM 32110 e BRM 63573 (Bacillus sp.), BRM 32111 (Burkholderia cepacea), BRM 32112 (Pseudomonas sp.), BRM 32113 (Serratia marcenses) and BRM 32114 (Serratia sp.), Ab-V5 (Azospirillum brasilense) e BRM 63574 (Azospirillum sp.), um isolado de fungo BRM 53736 (Trichoderma koningiopsis) e um tratamento controle (sem a aplicação de microrganismos). Aos sete e 21 dias, foram realizadas mais duas aplicações dos mesmos tratamentos, no solo e nas plantas, respectivamente. Os microrganismos aplicados isoladamente ou em combinação promoveram incrementos significativos de 49% na biomassa das plantas de milho, 30% nas trocas gasosas, 36% no teor de macronutrientes e 33% na produtividade. Os isolados BRM 32114, Ab-V5, BRM 32110 e BRM 32112 e as combinações BRM 32114 + BRM 53736, BRM 63573 + Ab-V5 e 32114 + BRM 32110 promoveram melhores benefícios ao milho, nos permitindo inferir que o uso de microrganismos benéficos afetam significativamente o desenvolvimento das plantas de milho.

ABSTRACT The application of new management techniques with the objective of implementing in agriculture, such as the use of growth-promoting and/or plant-protecting microorganisms and micronutrients, appears as an alternative. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of Trichoderma atroviride in association with doses of B, analyzing the effects on nutritional contents, yield components and productivity. The study was carried out in the field, in a randomized block design in a 4 × 5 factorial scheme, whose treatments were combined, consisting of foliar application of T. atroviride in three phenological stages (V5, R1 and R5) and no application (SEM), and five doses of B (0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 g ha-1). The data obtained were submitted to ANOVA and, when significant, the study of polynomial regression and Tukey’s test was carried out, followed by Pearson’s linear correlation analysis (p < 0.05). The use of the microorganism and doses of B did not result in a significant increase in the growth and productive yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), but the application of the micronutrient significantly increased the number of pods per plant and the foliar content of B. Positive correlations were observed between plant height and pod insertion height (r = 0.51***), pod with branches (r = 0.68***), grains with branches and pod (r = 0.69*** and 0.95*** respectively), as well as a negative correlation between 100-grain mass and plant height (r = -0.24*), and a non-correlation for yield and leaf content of B.

ABSTRACT: The indiscriminate use of chemicals has motivated this research. The objective was to compare the effects on the development of plant succession under microorganism and biochar management in sandy loam and clay loam textured soils. The research was carried out in two plots: plot one with sandy loam textured soil and plot two with clay loam textured soil. Three treatments and a control were established, 20 plants were selected for each one, the control (T0): 8 kg of silicon oxide at 75% + 1 l of biochar enriched with Trichoderma spp, treatment 1 (T1): 8 kg of 75% silicon oxide + 56 ml of Paecilomyces spp, treatment 2 (T2): 8 kg of 75% silicon oxide + 102 ml of Paecilomyces spp; and Treatment 3 (T3): 56 g of arbuscular Mycorrhiza. The highest value in plant height presented plot one (P1) with 3.22 m (T1), plant stem diameter presented P1 with 1.04 m (T1) and corm diameter in plot two with 1.18 m (T2). The results revealed that the treatments have a positive effect on the growth of the plants.

RESUMEN: El uso indiscriminado de químicos ha motivado a la realización de esta investigación. El objetivo fue comparar los efectos en el desarrollo de los hijos de sucesión de las plantas bajo un manejo de microorganismos y biochar en suelos de textura franco arenoso y franco arcilloso. La investigación se desarrolló en dos parcelas: la parcela uno con suelo de textura franco arenoso y la parcela dos con suelo de textura franco arcilloso. Se establecieron tres tratamientos y un testigo, se seleccionaron 20 plantas por cada uno, el testigo (T0): 8 kg de óxido de silicio al 75% + 1 l de biocarbón enriquecido con Trichoderma spp, tratamiento 1 (T1): 8 kg de óxido de silicio al 75% + 56 ml de Paecilomyces spp, tratamiento 2 (T2): 8 kg de óxido de silicio al 75% + 102 ml de Paecilomyces spp; y el Tratamiento 3 (T3): 56 g de Micorriza arbuscular. El mayor valor en altura de la planta presentó la parcela uno (P1) con 3,22 m (T1), el diámetro de fuste de la planta presentó la P1 con 1,04 m (T1) y el diámetro del cormo en la parcela dos con 1,18 m (T2). Los resultados revelaron que los tratamientos tienen un efecto positivo sobre el crecimiento de las plantas de banano y la textura de los suelos si afectan en la absorción y efectos de los nutrientes aplicados.

Resumen Sitophilus granarius, es un pequeño insecto el cual bajo condiciones favorable llega a afectar al trigo almacenado hasta en un 85 %. Los esfuerzos investigativos están siendo orientados hacia el desarrollo de bioproductos a base de hongos o bacterias con acción entomopatógena, con utilidad potencial como bioinsecticidas. Estudios relacionados con Trichoderma harzianum y espinosina en el control del coleópteros-plaga de granos almacenados son mínimos y es en este contexto, el objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en evaluar el efecto de Trichoderma y la espinosina en el control de Sitophilus granarius en trigo almacenado. Para el desarrollo del estudio, el grano de todos los tratamientos fue impregnado primeramente con espinosina; tres concentraciones (tres tratamientos) de conidias de T. harzianum fueron asperjadas (T1:103, T2:106 y T3:109 conidias.mL-1), con cinco repeticiones cada tratamiento. En el estudio fueron considerados controles sin tratamientos. Los resultados muestran que, Trichoderma harzianum presenta un efecto biorregulador sobre S. granarius, el cual es significativo cuando se combina con la espinosina. Este efecto bioregulador se enfatiza cuando se inoculan concentraciones superiores de 109 condias/mL. Se deben realizar estudios relacionados con la coinoculación y el uso de la espinosina, asimismo, evaluar la viabilidad de la semilla y propiedades organolépticos del grano.

Abstract Sitophilus granarius, is a small insect which, under favorable conditions, affects up to 85 % of stored wheat. Research efforts are being directed towards the development of bioproducts based on fungi or bacteria with entomopathogenic action, with potential utility as bioinsecticides. Studies related to Trichoderma harzianum and spinosyn in the control of the beetle pest of stored grains are minimal and it is in this context, that the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma and spinosyn in the control of Sitophilus granarius in stored wheat. For the development of the study, the grain of all treatments was first impregnated with spinosyn; three concentrations (three treatments) of T. harzianum conidia were sprayed (T1:103, T2:106 y T3:109 conidias.mL-1), with five repetitions for each treatment. In the study they were considered controls without treatments. The results show that Trichoderma harzianum has a bioregulatory effect on S. granarius, which is significant when combined with spinosyn. This bioregulatory effect is emphasized when higher concentrations than 109 condia/mL are inoculated. Studies related to coinoculation and the use of spinosyn should be carried out, as well as evaluating the viability of the seed and the organoleptic properties of the grain.

Resumen Algunas especies del género Trichoderma poseen la capacidad de parasitar hongos patógenos de plantas. Esta característica propicia un alto potencial de uso en el control de las enfermedades (antracnosis) causadas por hongos en el fruto de aguacate postcosecha. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue el aislamiento e identificación de cepas nativas de Trichoderma de cultivos de aguacate con potencial antagonista in vivo e in vitro contra patógenos de este fruto. Las cepas fueron aisladas de raíz y suelo del huerto de aguacate en la localidad de Tanaxuri, Michoacán. Se obtuvieron seis cepas y se caracterizaron como TSONM1 (Trichoderma spp.), TRONM2 (Trichoderma spp.), TSONM3 (Trichoderma spp.), TSONM4 (Trichoderma spp.), TSONM5 (Trichoderma spp.) y TSONM6 (Trichoderma harzianum). Posteriormente, las cepas aisladas fueron confrontadas con Neofusicoccum parvum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Diaporthe sp. y Phomopsis perseae observándose inhibiciones in vitro mayores al 80 %. Mientras que en la evaluación in vivo, la cepa TSONM6 (Trichoderma harzianum) presentó mayor actividad antagónica contra C. gloeosporioides, Diaporthe sp. y P. persea. Adicionalmente, los frutos de aguacate tratados con TSONM6, presentaron mínimos porcentajes (< 2 %) de pudrición de la pulpa y pedúnculo. Por lo tanto, Thichoderma harzianun podría ser una buena alternativa para el control biológico del aguacate en postcosecha.

Abstract Some species of the genus Trichoderma have the ability to parasitize fungal plant pathogens. This characteristic provides a high potential for use in the control of diseases (anthracnose) caused by fungi in post-harvest avocado fruit. Therefore, the objective of this research was the isolation and identification of native Trichoderma strains from avocado cultures with antagonistic potential in vivo and in vitro against pathogens of this fruit. The strains were isolated from the root and soil of the avocado in the town of Tanaxuri, Michoacán. Six strains were obtained and characterized as TSONM1 (Trichoderma spp.), TRONM2 (Trichoderma spp.), TSONM3 (Trichoderma spp.), TSONM4 (Trichoderma spp.), TSONM5 (Trichoderma spp.) and TSONM6 (Trichoderma harzianum). Subsequently, the isolated strains were confronted with Neofusicoccum parvum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Diaporthe sp. and Phomopsis perseae, observing in vitro inhibitions greater than 80 %. In the in vivo evaluation, the TSONM6 strain (Trichoderma harzianum) showed greater antagonistic activity against C. gloeosporioides, Diaporthe sp. and P. persea. Additionally, the avocado fruits treated with TSONM6, presented minimum percentages (< 2 %) of pulp and peduncle rotting. Therefore, Thichoderma harzianun could be a good alternative for postharvest biological control of avocado.