ABSTRACT The use of native trees is necessary for land restoration and the sequestration of carbon that is stored in forest biomass production in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the biomass prediction model used for native tropical lowland trees of Indonesia is limited to only specific locations and focuses on aboveground biomass (AGB). This study aimed to select and evaluate potential native tree species for high biomass and to develop the best allometric model for estimating tree biomass production (AGB, belowground/BGB, and total/TB) in lowland ecosystems in Indonesia. Trees were selected using the following five criteria: nativeness, ecosystem type, morphological appearance, multipropagation ability, and economic value. Biomass content was quantified for 102 sample trees (56 trees aged 4 years and 46 trees aged 8 years), using the destructive method. Effective growth biomass and species ecological data indicated five species as potential trees for land restoration in tropical lowlands of Indonesia: Litsea garciae, Terminalia bellirica, Pterospermum javanicum, Anisoptera marginata, and Cananga odorata. The best allometric model of this study is highly recommended for implementation with native trees of tropical lowlands in Indonesia, especially those in early stages (less than 8 years). Meanwhile AGB. AGB . (AGB) AGB, (AGB belowgroundBGB belowground BGB belowground/BGB total/TB totalTB total TB criteria nativeness type appearance ability value 10 56 (5 years, , years) method garciae bellirica javanicum marginata odorata less years. 1 5 (

Abstract In the Brazilian Cerrado, the Red-and-green Macaw (Ara chloropterus) populations are facing an accelerated rate of habitat loss. Despite this, their feeding areas and primary food sources remain poorly understood. In this study, I assessed the relationship between the diet of the Red-and-green Macaw and available food resources in a habitat mosaic from the fragmented Cerrado in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Red-and-green Macaws fed on 20 native and five exotic species, mainly in dry habitats (Cerrado, dry forest, and an urban area along the Maracaju Cliffs) during the dry season, while year-round foraging in the riparian vegetation (Aquidauana River and streams). Then, the number of feeding macaws paralleled variations in food abundance and diversity, besides the number of food species. On the other hand, by using a wide variety of abundant foods, macaws' diet breadth presented high values throughout the year. The seasonal consumption of large-seeded fruits across the habitat mosaic displayed a gradient ranging from the urban area to dry habitats, along which macaws ate from exotic to Cerrado species. In this respect, Terminalia catappa seeds and Mangifera indica fruit pulp were important for Red-and-green Macaws in the urban area during the wet season, while Caryocar brasiliense seeds comprised the same in the Cerrado. At this site, both Dipteryx alata and Buchenavia tomentosa seeds composed much of the Red-and-green Macaws' diet during the dry season. Between those habitats, in the watercourse vegetation, macaws frequently foraged on palm fruits across seasons. Therefore, throughout the year, the abundance and variety of food resources strongly influenced the number of foraging Red-and-green Macaws across the habitat mosaic. Understanding the effect of varying seed availability on the spatial and temporal abundance patterns of Red-and-green Macaws, which primarily feed on large-seeded species, is central to developing effective conservation strategies. Due to the accelerated habitat loss, the Maracaju Cliffs emerge as crucial for the Red-and-green Macaw among the Cerrado remnants of Mato Grosso do Sul. Redandgreen Red green Ara chloropterus loss understood study State Brazil 2 species (Cerrado forest season yearround year round Aquidauana streams. streams . streams) Then diversity hand foods largeseeded large seeded respect site seasons Therefore strategies

Resumo No Cerrado brasileiro, as populações de arara-vermelha (Ara chloropterus) estão sob forte pressão de perda de habitat, ao mesmo tempo em que suas áreas de alimentação e importantes itens alimentares permanecem praticamente desconhecidos. Neste estudo, avaliei a relação entre a dieta e oferta de recursos alimentares para a arara-vermelha, em um mosaico de habitats, no fragmentado Cerrado do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Registrei o consumo de 20 espécies nativas e 5 exóticas, sendo que os hábitats secos (Cerrado, mata estacional e área urbana em meio a Serra de Maracaju) serviram como principais áreas de alimentação no decorrer da estação seca. Por outro lado, a vegetação ripária (Rio Aquidauana e riachos) foi explorada em proporções semelhantes em ambas estações. O uso sazonal de espécies com grandes sementes, ao longo do mosaico de habitats, exibiu um gradiente da área urbana aos habitats secos ao longo do qual as araras consumiram desde espécies exóticas até as do Cerrado. As sementes de Terminalia catappa e polpa de Mangifera indica foram responsáveis por grande parte da alimentação delas na área urbana durante a estação chuvosa, enquanto as sementes de Cariocar brasiliense correspondeu ao mesmo no Cerrado. As sementes de Dipteryx alata e Buchenavia tomentosa, também no Cerrado, ficaram no extremo oposto do gradiente, sendo consumidos durante a estação seca. Em meio ao gradiente, ficaram os frutos de palmeiras, explorados na vegetação dos cursos d`água, tanto nas chuvas quanto na seca. O número de araras-vermelhas se alimentando foi paralelo a abundância de alimentos, bem como ao número e diversidade de espécies de alimentares. Já a amplitude de nicho alimentar exibiu valores elevados durante o ano todo, refletindo o consumo de uma variedade de frutos abundantes. Portanto, não apenas a abundância, mas também a variedade de recursos alimentares influenciou fortemente o número de araras-vermelhas alimentando-se ao longo do mosaico de habitats durante todo o ano. Como as araras-vermelhas dependem extensamente de espécies com sementes grandes, entender como a oferta diversificada desses recursos pode afetar suas variações temporais e espaciais de abundância são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de planos de conservação. Dessa forma, face ao acelerado desmatamento do Cerrado no Mato Grosso do Sul, a Serra de Maracaju, em meio aos remanescentes do Cerrado, emerge como crucial para as populações persistentes de araras-vermelhas. brasileiro araravermelha arara vermelha Ara chloropterus habitat desconhecidos estudo araravermelha, vermelha, Sul 2 (Cerrado Maracaju seca lado Rio riachos estações chuvosa tomentosa palmeiras dágua d água d`água ararasvermelhas vermelhas alimentos abundantes Portanto alimentandose conservação forma ararasvermelhas. vermelhas.

Abstract The Brazilian species of the New World genus Ptilodexia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 are revised. Before this study, only one species of Ptilodexia was recorded from Brazil, viz. P. lateralis (Walker, 1836). Herein we record, for the first time, two new records of known Ptilodexia species in Brazil, viz. P. striata (Wulp, 1891) and P. rubricornis (Wulp, 1891). In addition, a new species is described, Ptilodexia matogrossensis sp. nov. from Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul states in Brazil; hence four species of this genus are currently recorded from Brazil. The species Neomyostoma ptilodexioides Townsend, 1935, from Brazil, placed in the monotypic genus Neomyostoma Townsend, 1935, is proposed as junior synonym of P. lateralis. Illustrations and detailed descriptions are presented for P. lateralis, P. matogrossensis sp. nov., P. striata and P. rubricornis and the male terminalia is described for P. lateralis and P. striata. The female terminalia and the first larval instar are described for the first time for the genus, based on the descriptions of P. lateralis and P. striata. A key to the identification of all recognized Brazilian species of Ptilodexia is presented. Finally, an updated distributional record is given for all studied species. Bergenstamm 188 revised study Brazil viz P Walker, Walker (Walker 1836. 1836 . 1836) Wulp, Wulp (Wulp 1891 1891. addition sp nov Townsend 1935 Finally 18 183 189 193 1 19

Abstract Terminalia argentea tree, native to Brazil, is widely used in landscaping, recovering degraded areas, its wood, coal production, and the bark or leaf extracts has medicinal use. Despite of its importance, the arthropod fauna associated to this plant and its interspecific relationships still needs further studies. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the arthropods, their ecological indices and the distribution in the leaf faces on T. argentea saplings. The numbers of phytophagous insects (e.g., Cephalocoema sp.), pollinators (e.g., Tetragonisca angustula), and natural enemies (e.g., Oxyopidae), and their ecological indices (e.g., species richness), were higher on the adaxial leaf faces on T. argentea saplings. Aggregated distribution of phytophagous insects (e.g., Aphis spiraecola), pollinators (e.g., Trigona spinipes), and natural enemies (e.g., Camponotus sp.) on T. argentea saplings was observed. Abundance, diversity, and species richness of natural enemies correlated, positively, with those of phytophagous and pollinators insects. Predators and tending ants followed their prey and sucking insects, respectively. Tending ants protected sucking insects against predators, and reduced chewing insects. The high number of Cephalocoema sp. on T. argentea saplings is a problem, because this insect can feed on leaves of this plant, but its preference for the adaxial leaf face favors its control. The aggregation behavior of arthropods on T. argentea saplings favors the control of potential pests of this plant. There seems to be competition between tending ants for space and food resources on T. argentea saplings. tree Brazil landscaping areas wood production use importance studies T e.g., eg e g (e.g. sp., sp , angustula, angustula angustula) Oxyopidae, Oxyopidae Oxyopidae) richness, richness) spiraecola, spiraecola spiraecola) spinipes, spinipes spinipes) observed Abundance diversity correlated positively respectively predators problem e.g. (e.g e.g

Resumo Terminalia argentea, árvore nativa do Brasil, é muito utilizada no paisagismo, na recuperação de áreas degradadas, sua madeira na produção de carvão e o extrato da casca ou das folhas tem uso medicinal. Apesar de sua importância, a fauna de artrópodes associada a esta planta e suas relações interespecíficas ainda carecem de estudos mais aprofundados. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar os artrópodes, seus índices ecológicos e a distribuição nas faces foliares de mudas de T. argentea. O número de insetos fitófagos (ex.: Cephalocoema sp.), polinizadores (ex.: Tetragonisca angustula), e inimigos naturais (ex.: Oxyopidae), e seus índices ecológicos (ex.: riqueza de espécies), foram maiores nas faces adaxiais das folhas das mudas de T. argentea. Foi observada uma distribuição agregada de insetos fitófagos (ex.: Aphis spiraecola), polinizadores (ex.: Trigona spinipes) e inimigos naturais (ex.: Camponotus sp.) em mudas de T. argentea. A abundância, diversidade e riqueza de espécies de inimigos naturais correlacionaram-se, positivamente, com as de insetos fitófagos e polinizadores. Os predadores e as formigas cuidadoras seguiram as suas presas e os insetos sugadores, respectivamente. As formigas cuidadoras protegeram os insetos sugadores contra os predadores e reduziram os insetos mastigadores. O elevado número de Cephalocoema sp. em mudas de T. argentea é um problema, pois esse inseto pode se alimentar de folhas dessa planta, mas sua preferência pela face adaxial da folha favorece seu controle. O comportamento de agregação de artrópodes em mudas de T. argentea favorece o controle de potenciais pragas dessa planta. Parece haver competição entre as formigas cuidadoras por espaço e recursos alimentares nas mudas de T. argentea. Brasil paisagismo degradadas medicinal importância aprofundados T ex. ex (ex. sp., sp , angustula, angustula angustula) Oxyopidae, Oxyopidae Oxyopidae) espécies, espécies) spiraecola, spiraecola spiraecola) spinipes abundância correlacionaramse, correlacionaramse correlacionaram se, correlacionaram-se positivamente respectivamente mastigadores problema (ex

ABSTRACT Paramycodrosophila Duda, 1924 is a small cosmopolitan genus which encompasses 16 described species. In the Neotropical region there are records of only two species, P. costaricana Duda, 1925 and P. nephelea Wheeler, 1968. In this paper, we describe the first 19 new species from South America – P. itatiaiensis n. sp., P. blauthae n. sp., P. rafaeli n. sp., P. boldrinii n. sp., P. roraimensis n. sp., P. amazonensis n. sp., P. moratoi n. sp., P. mineira n. sp., P. leonensis n. sp., P. marinhoi n. sp., P. viscondedemauaensis n. sp., P. pedraseladensis n. sp., P. vicenziae n. sp., P. pallidifacies n. sp., P. acreensis n. sp., P. mantiqueira n. sp., P. maculosa n. sp., P. melana n. sp., P. puri n. sp. – based on morphological traits. A distribution map and a taxonomic key for male imagoes of the Neotropical species was also produced. By adding 19 new species, we establish the Neotropical region as the biogeographical region with the most known diversity in the world for the genus. Duda 192 1 P Wheeler 1968 paper n sp traits produced 196

ABSTRACT The Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet (Touit huetii) is the only one from the seven species of the genus Touit with no published data on its diet. In March 2023, in Puerto Madero, Sucumbíos, Northeast of Ecuador, we recorded flocks of Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet feeding on the bark of Terminalia catappa and the bark and leaves of Syzygium malaccense, both ornamental trees introduced from Asia. Consumption of resin-secreting vegetative structures has been rarely recorded in Neotropical psittacines. We suggest that these two resources may be important in the diet of the Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet and that this could be due to the fact that they have specific active compounds with properties of relevance for the health of individuals (e.g., antibacterial, an-tifungal, hepato-protective, or anti-inflammatory). We highlight the need for futher observations to understand if their consumption is a generalized pattern.

RESUMEN La Cotorrita Alirroja (Touit huetii) es la única de las siete especies del género Touit, de la que no existen datos publicados sobre su dieta. En marzo de 2023, en Puerto Madero, Sucumbíos, noreste de Ecuador, registramos bandadas de Cotorrita Alirroja alimentándose de la corteza de Terminalia catappa y de la corteza y las hojas de Syzygium malaccense, dos árboles ornamentales originarios de Asia. El consumo sobre estructuras vegetativas que poseen resina ha sido poco registrado en psitácidos neotropicales. Sugerimos que estas dos especies podrían ser importantes en la dieta de la Cotorrita Alirroja y que esto podría deberse a que poseen compuestos activos específicos con propiedades de relevancia para la salud de los individuos (e.g., antibacterianas, antifúngicas hepato-protectoras, o antiinflamatorias). Resaltamos la necesidad profundizar estas observaciones para entender si su consumo es un patrón generalizado.

ABSTRACT Mistletoe is an important nutritional resource for the frugivorous ornithological fauna in several ecosystems. However, in great intensity, they can reduce the vigor of their host trees, requiring adequate management in urban afforestation, without depleting this source of food for birds. The hypothesis that there are hemiparasites with host specificity was the reason for this study. Thus, a floristic census of the trees was carried out at UFMT, campus Cuiabá; the infestation by genus of hemiparasite present was recorded, in quantity and degree of infestation, in addition to the quantification of seeds of the hemiparasite germinated without the development of the vegetative part, whose cotyledons necrotized and died. A total of 4265 tree individuals were evaluated, distributed in 46 families, in which 16,52% were identified of the genera Phoradendron, Psittacanthus, and Struthanthus, of which about 90,0% were Psittacanthus. The highest infestation occurred in 24 families, highlighting Fabaceae (28,3%) and Combretaceae (25,6%), and the species Terminalia catappa, Anadenanthera peregrina, and Vatairea macrocarpa. The presence of germinated seeds of the hemiparasite with dead cotyledons varies between tree species and between individuals of the same species. The highlight was in Rutaceae, Arecaceae, and Rubiaceae, and in the species Acrocomia aculeata, Caryocar villosum, and Genipa americana L. that present individuals with natural control potential, even with the presence of frugivorous ornithological fauna and the dispersion of the hemiparasite. In general, the intensity and degree of infestation are low, and there is no infestation in the Caryocaceae, Rutaceae, and Rubiaceae families, highlighting the species Caryocar villosum, Murraya paniculata and Alibertia edulis. ecosystems However afforestation birds study Thus UFMT Cuiabá recorded part died 426 evaluated 4 families 1652 16 52 16,52 Phoradendron Psittacanthus Struthanthus 900 90 0 90,0 2 28,3% 283 28 3 (28,3% 25,6%, 256 25,6% , 25 6 (25,6%) catappa peregrina macrocarpa Rutaceae Arecaceae aculeata villosum L potential general low Caryocaceae edulis 42 165 1 5 16,5 9 90, 28,3 (28,3 25,6 (25,6% 16, 28, (28, 25, (25,6 (28 (25, (2 (25 (

RESUMO As ervas-de-passarinho compõem um importante recurso nutricional para a fauna ornitológica frugívora em vários ecossistemas. Porém, em grande intensidade, podem diminuir o vigor de suas árvores hospedeiras sendo necessário manejo adequado na arborização urbana, sem exaurir essa fonte de alimento aos pássaros. A hipótese de que existam hemiparasitos com especificidade de hospedeiro foi a motivação para este trabalho. Assim, foi realizado censo florístico arbóreo na UFMT, campus Cuiabá; registrada a infestação por gênero de hemiparasito presente, em quantidade e grau de infestação, além da quantificação de sementes do hemiparasito germinadas sem o desenvolvimento da parte vegetativa, cujos cotilédones necrosaram e morreram. Avaliaram-se 4265 indivíduos arbóreos, distribuídos em 46 famílias nas quais 16.52% foram identificados os gêneros Phoradendron, Psittacanthus e Struthanthus, dos quais cerca de 90.0% eram Psittacanthus: A maior infestação ocorreu em 24 famílias, destacando-se Fabaceae (28.3%) e Combretaceae (25.6%) e as espécies Terminalia catappa, Anadenanthera peregrina e Vatairea macrocarpa: A presença de sementes germinadas do hemiparasito com cotilédones mortos é variável entre as espécies arbóreas e entre os indivíduos da mesma espécie. O destaque foi em Rutaceae, Areacaceae e Rubiaceae, e nas espécies Acrocomia aculeata, Caryocar villosum e Genipa americana L: que apresentam indivíduos com potencial natural de controle, mesmo com a presença da fauna ornitológica frugívora e a dispersão do hemiparasito. De forma geral, a intensidade e o grau de infestação são baixos e não há infestação nas famílias Caryocaceae, Rutaceae e Rubiaceae, com destaque para as espécies Caryocar villosum, Murraya paniculata e Alibertia edulis. ervasdepassarinho ervas passarinho ecossistemas Porém urbana pássaros trabalho Assim UFMT Cuiabá presente vegetativa morreram Avaliaramse Avaliaram se 426 arbóreos 4 1652 16 52 16.52 Phoradendron Struthanthus 900 90 0 90.0 2 destacandose destacando 28.3% 283 28 3 (28.3% 25.6% 256 25 6 (25.6% catappa macrocarpa espécie Rubiaceae aculeata L controle geral Caryocaceae edulis 42 165 1 5 16.5 9 90. 28.3 (28.3 25.6 (25.6 16. 28. (28. 25. (25. (28 (25 (2 (

Abstract The studying material were recently collected with Malaise traps in Northeastern Brazil, and the authors found a new species of Amydrostylus, which represents the second known species of this endemic genus from the open/dry biomes of Brazil. The discovery results will provide more new diagnosis for the genus and allow a better knowledge of the male terminalia morphology, leading to a new interpretation of some of its structures. Male and female specimens are described and illustrated here. Brazil Amydrostylus opendry open dry morphology structures here

ABSTRACT Neodexiopsis Malloch (Diptera, Muscidae) is a member of the subfamily Coenosiinae, with more than a hundred species recorded in the Neotropical region. In Ecuador, it is known by four species, which may be an underestimated number. We describe five new species based on recently collected material: Neodexiopsis bicoloratta new species, N. longialata new species, N. nigrocalyptrata new species, N. plana new species, and N. secunda new species. A key to segregating all the recorded species from Ecuador is presented. The male and female terminalia of the new species were dissected and illustrated. Images of the habitus of the adult from the new species are presented. Diptera, Diptera (Diptera Muscidae Coenosiinae region number material N presented illustrated

Abstract Terminalia argentea native tree to Brazil and used in landscaping, wood and coal production, and civil construction, is adapted to poor and dry soils and cultivated in severely disturbed ecosystems. This plant has insecticidal activity, but arthropods can cause damage to its saplings. This study evaluates the herbivorous insects and of their natural enemies on 48 T. argentea saplings which were divided according to the damage they cause or reduce it on these saplings using the percentage of the Importance Index-Production Unknown (% I.I.-P.U.). The Lamprosoma sp., Epitragus sp., Tropidacris collaris, Cerambycidae, Cratosomus sp., Psiloptera sp., Parasyphraea sp., Trigona spinipes, and Aphis spiraecola showed the highest % I.I.-P.U. on leaves of T. argentea. The Aphirape uncifera, Mantis religiosa, Uspachus sp., Podisus sp., and Araneidae, with the highest % I.I.-P.U. on leaves of T. argentea saplings are possible solutions to reduce damage by these pests. These natural enemies can reduce herbivorous insects on T. argentea saplings. However, their populations should be increased, especially spiders. Nevertheless, the Brachymyrmex sp. associated to A. spiraecola, in future T. argentea commercial plantations, can increase populations of sap-sucking insect and, consequently, their damage. landscaping production construction ecosystems activity 4 T IndexProduction Index Production ( I.I.P.U.. IIPU I.I. P.U. . I P U I.I.-P.U.) sp collaris Cerambycidae spinipes I.I.P.U. I.I.-P.U uncifera religiosa Araneidae pests However increased spiders Nevertheless A plantations sapsucking sap sucking consequently II I.I PU P.U I.I.P.U

Resumo Terminalia argentea, árvore nativa do Brasil, é utilizada no paisagismo, produção de madeira e carvão, na construção civil, com adaptação adequada a solos pobres e secos, pode ser utilizada na recuperação de ecossistemas, severamente perturbados. Essa planta tem atividade inseticida, mas artrópodes podem causar danos em suas mudas. Insetos herbívoros e seus inimigos naturais foram avaliados em 48 mudas de T. argentea e classificados, usando a porcentagem do Índice de Importância-Produção Desconhecida (% I.I.-P.U.), de acordo com seus danos ou potencial para reduzir organismos pragas nessas mudas. Lamprosoma sp., Epitragus sp., Tropidacris collaris, Cerambycidae, Cratosomus sp., Psiloptera sp., Parasyphraea sp., Trigona spinipes e Aphis spiraecola apresentaram os maiores % I.I.-P.U. nas folhas de T. argenteae. Aphirape uncifera, Mantis religiosa, Uspachus sp., Podisus sp. e Araneidae, com os maiores % I.I.-P.U. em folhas de mudas de T. argentea, são possíveis soluções por reduzir os danos causados por essas pragas. Esses inimigos naturais podem ser importantes para T. argentea por reduzir as populações de insetos herbívoros em mudas dessa planta. Contudo, suas populações, principalmente as de aranhas, precisam ser aumentadas. No entanto, a associação de Brachymyrmex sp. com A. spiraecola, em futuros cultivos comerciais de T. argentea, pode aumentar os danos por insetos sugadores de seiva. Brasil paisagismo carvão civil secos ecossistemas perturbados inseticida 4 T classificados ImportânciaProdução Importância Produção ( I.I.P.U., IIPU I.I. P.U. , I P U I.I.-P.U.) sp collaris Cerambycidae I.I.P.U. I.I.-P.U argenteae uncifera religiosa Araneidae Contudo aranhas aumentadas entanto A seiva II I.I PU P.U I.I.P.U

Abstract The present study analyzes the relationship between people and plants in the caatinga region of Northeastern Brazil, considering the influence of socio-economic factors on different categories of plant use in the community. Thus, it aims to associate socio-economic factors and knowledge in the use dynamics of medicinal, food and timber plants in Brejo da Conceição community, Currais, Piaui, Brazil. The data set was obtained through semi-structured interviews, interviewing one-hundred-one persons: 46 women and 55 men. A generalized linear model analyzed socio-economic factors influencing the knowledge of plants, built using Poisson distribution and having as explanatory variable age, gender, number of residents in household and education; as a response variable, the number of plants cited per respondent. To better understand the distribution of plants in use categories, we verified which species are the most important locally and, for that, we calculated the plants’ Cultural Importance Index and Relative Importance Index. The interviewees cited 126 plant species. Among these species, 74 were native, and 52 were naturalized. Overlapping the categories of use, the most prominent species in the categories medicinal and food, according to the indices of cultural importance (CI) and relative importance (RII), were the buriti palm tree (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.), orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) and cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). For the overlap of medicinal and timber uses, catinga de porco stood out (Terminalia brasiliensis (Cambess.) Eichler) and birro de cangalha (Diplopterys sp.). The lemon balm herb stood out as its medical use (Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. ex Britton & P.Wilson). Just the number of residents and gender factors influenced the plants’ knowledge of Brejo da Conceição in medicinal use, food and wood resources. Given the complexity of current discussions that guide related to these characteristics, the proposed results can serve as a reference for future research that incorporates more aspects of local ecological knowledge, including analyzing other essential variables that shape the distribution of knowledge in the distinct categories of use. Brazil socioeconomic socio economic community Thus Currais Piaui semistructured semi structured interviews onehundredone one hundred persons 4 5 men age education respondent 12 7 native naturalized CI (CI RII, RII , (RII) Mauritia L.f., Lf L.f. L f L.f.) Citrus L. (L. Osbeck Anacardium L.. . L.) uses Terminalia Cambess. Cambess (Cambess. Eichler Diplopterys sp.. sp sp. sp.) Lippia Mill. Mill (Mill. NEBr N E Br N.E.Br P.Wilson. PWilson P.Wilson P Wilson P.Wilson) resources characteristics 1 (RII L.f (L (Cambess (Mill

Abstract This research aims to identify the highlights-attributes of wood from the Caatinga biome in the perception of producers in the Small Wood Objects (SWO) market segment as a premise for market studies based on exploratory and mixed analysis - qualitative and quantitative - with semi-structured interviews and the use of the IRAMUTEQ Software. In order to achieve this objective, woody samples from the wood of nine species from the Caatinga, in the central-west region of Piauí: Pityrocarpa cf. moniliformis, Aspidosperma cf. multiflorum, Handroanthus cf. impetiginosus, Terminalia fagifolia Mart., Pterodon cf. abruptus, Diptychandra aurantiaca Tul., Combretum glaucocarpum Mart., Swartzia psilomena Harms. and Machaerium cf. acutifolium. Thus, it was observed that the 9 species presented have peculiarities in relation to the heartwood, with the characteristic “color” being the highlight attribute, an important information for the market. From the general and individual analyzes of these species, it was possible to group them according to their subjective peculiarities. As a result, a more effective participation of lesser-known species and the generation of increased demand from greater acceptance in the market can enable the offer in association or replacement with traditional use of those woods. Even though the use of IRAMUTEQ in the scientific forestry area is incipient, it proved to be coherent for use in qualitative research and valorization of wood species. It is concluded that the use of wood species from the Caatinga in question for objects with higher added value is an alternative for the market in addition to the current use (firewood and charcoal). highlightsattributes highlights attributes SWO (SWO semistructured semi structured Software objective centralwest central west Piauí cf moniliformis multiflorum impetiginosus Mart Mart. abruptus Tul Tul. Harms acutifolium Thus heartwood color “color attribute result lesserknown lesser known woods incipient firewood charcoal. charcoal . charcoal)

Resumo A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar os atributos-destaque de madeiras do bioma da Caatinga na percepção de produtores do segmento de mercado de Pequenos Objetos de Madeira (POM) como premissa para estudos mercadológicos a partir de análise exploratória e mista - quali-quantitativa - com uso de entrevistas semiestruturadas e análises com Software IRAMUTEQ. Para atingir o objetivo supracitado, trabalhou-se com amostras lenhosas do tronco de nove espécie de madeiras provenientes da Caatinga, região centro-oeste do Piauí, a saber: Pityrocarpa cf. moniliformis, Aspidosperma cf. Multiflorum, Handroanthus cf. impetiginosus , Terminalia fagifolia Mart., Pterodon cf. abruptus, Diptychandra aurantiaca Tul., Combretum glaucocarpum Mart., Swartzia psilomena Harms. e Machaerium cf. Acutifolium. Observou-se que as 9 espécies apresentadas possuem peculiaridades em relação ao cerne da madeira, sendo a característica “cor” o atributo-destaque, sendo uma informação importante para o mercado. A partir das análises gerais e individuais dessas espécies, pôde-se agrupá-las segundo suas peculiaridades subjetivas. Verifica-se que uma participação mais efetiva de espécies pouco conhecidas e a geração do aumento da demanda a partir de uma maior aceitação no mercado pode viabilizar a oferta em associação ou substituição às madeiras tradicionais. Cabe ressaltar que embora a utilização do IRAMUTEQ na área científica florestal seja incipiente, mostrou-se coerente para o uso em pesquisas qualitativas e valorização de espécies de madeira. Conclui-se que a utilização das espécies de madeiras da Caatinga em questão para objetos de maior valor agregado é uma alternativa para o mercado além do binômio lenha e carvão. atributosdestaque atributos destaque POM (POM qualiquantitativa quali quantitativa supracitado trabalhouse trabalhou se centrooeste centro oeste Piauí saber cf moniliformis Multiflorum Mart Mart. abruptus Tul Tul. Harms Acutifolium Observouse Observou madeira cor “cor atributodestaque, atributodestaque atributo destaque, atributo-destaque pôdese pôde agrupálas agrupá las subjetivas Verificase Verifica tradicionais incipiente mostrouse mostrou Concluise Conclui carvão

Abstract Mild steel (MS) corrosion inhibition by Terminalia mantaly (TM), in 1.0 M HCl, was studied using weight loss and linear polarization methods, at different reaction conditions. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the possible extract components. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and optical microscopy were used to investigate the interaction of the plant extract phytochemicals with the MS surface. The obtained results revealed that the inhibition efficiency percentage (IE%) increased with a decrease in the TM concentration, and decreased with a rise in temperature (T). The IE% also decreased as the hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentration increased. Inhibition occurred through the TM phyto-molecules adsorption onto the MS surface. The corrosion inhibition kinetics followed a zero order reaction, and it was uni-molecular. The linear polarization showed that TM is a mixed-type inhibitor. Gibb’s free energies values confirmed a spontaneous process, while TM adsorption onto the MS surface was found to obey physisorption, aligning with the Langmuir’s and El-Awady’s adsorption isotherm models.

Resumen Introducción. Es poca la información sobre concentración foliar de nutrimentos en especies forestales en Centro América. Se hace necesario desarrollar conocimiento que permita manejar de manera satisfactoria la nutrición de estos cultivos. Objetivo. Definirlos niveles ''normales'' de concentración foliar al eliminar los valores atípicos fuera del rango de variación con un valor central entre el primer y tercer cuartil en histogramas de distribución de frecuencias de especies forestales. Materiales y métodos. Con material foliar de especies forestales de Costa Rica, Panamá, Guatemala, México y Colombia se confeccionó una base de datos con 3566 entradas con la que se preparó otra más pequeña para los análisis de las especies que se estudian en el presente documento, provenientes de 3 pisos altitudinales. Se calculó la mediana de valores de nutrimento para toda la población como base para determinar las desviaciones estándar y sus valores normales de concentración de N-P-K-Ca-Mg-S-Fe-Mn-Zn-B-Cu-Al-Na. Resultados. Los resultados fueron una primera aproximación sobre la concentración foliar porcentual total en función del crecimiento de 9 especies forestales en los pisos altitudinales Tropical Húmedo-Muy Húmedo (4,23-6,77%), Tropical Estacionalmente Seco (4,65-6,05%) y Premontano (5,83-9,36%). Son significativamente afectados por el piso altitudinal la concentración de Al en los pisos Tropical Húmedo-Muy Húmedo y el N en el Tropical Estacionalmente Seco. La distribución en porcentaje de las principales especies forestales estudiadas fue C. alliodora (9,36), V. guatemalensis (6,77), C. odorata (6,58), G. arborea (6,05), P. quinata (5,91), A. acuminata (5,83), V. ferruginea (4,81), T. grandis (4,65) y T. amazonia (4,23). Conclusiones. En los pisos Tropical Húmedo-Muy Húmedo la presencia de V. guatemalensis y V. ferruginea mostró elevados valores en mg.L-1 de Al (13 470-22 172)>B(112-130)>Na(401) y porcentuales de P(0,54-0,68).La especie T. amazonia presenta concentraciones porcentuales altas de P(0,59)>B(164)>Cu(46) en mg.L-1. En el bosque Tropical Estacionalmente Seco ninguna de las especies estudiadas (G. arborea, T. grandis y P. quinata) presentó concentraciones elevadas de ningún elemento de los estudiados. En el piso Premontano se encontró valores porcentuales elevados de N(3,57)>K(1,13) en A. acuminata, en C. alliodora de N(3,45)>Ca(3,29)>K(1,24)>Mg(1,02) y en C. odorata de N(3,22).

Abstract Introduction. Foliar nutrient concentration in forestry species of Central America is scarce. There is need to develop data to help in satisfactory handle nutrition of these crops. Objetive. To define ''normal'' foliar levels ofnutrients considered as those that after eliminating atypical values in a histogram remain in the first and third quartiles of a normal frequency distribution of data available. Materials and methods. Foliar samples of forestry species collected in Costa Rica, Panamá, Guatemala, México and Colombia were analyzed and data were used to conform a data base with 3566 entries, a subset of data was prepared to generate the information for the 9 species considered in the present document obtained from 3 altitudinal belts. Analyses performed included N-P-K-Ca-Mg-S-Fe-Mn-Zn-B-Cu-Al-Na. Results. Information presented is the first approximation about foliar total concentration of nutrients of nine forestry species in Central America growing in the Tropical Humid-Very Humid (4.23-6.77%), Tropical Seasonally Dry (4.65-6.05%) and Premontane (5.83-9.36%) altitudinal belts. Foliar concentrations of Al in the Tropical Humid-Very Humid and N in the Tropical Seasonally Dry were particularly large. The percentage of main forestry species analyzed was distributed as C. alliodora (9.36), V. guatemalensis (6.77), C. odorata (6.58), G. arborea (6.05), P. quinata (5.91), A. acuminata (5.83), V. ferruginea (4.81), T. grandis (4.65) and T. amazonia (4.23). Conclusions. The presence of V. guatemalensis and V. ferruginea in the Tropical Humid-Very Humid belts affected foliar concentrations to high values (mg.L-1) of Al (13 470-22 172)>B(112-130)>Na(401)>P(0.54-0.68%) and that of T. amazonia the concentrations of P(0.59%), B(164 mg.L-1), and Cu(46 mg.L-1). In the Tropical Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest none of the species studied (G. arborea, T. grandis and P. quinata) showed high foliar concentrations of any element. Foliar values found for N(3.57)>K(1.13) in A. acuminata, of N(3.45)>Ca(3.29)>K(1.24)>Mg(1.02) in C. alliodora, and of N(3.22) in C. odorata in the Premontane belt were considered as high.

Resumen El almendro (Terminalia catappa L.) en Panamá es de uso maderable, nutricional, medicinal, entre otros. Se sabe poco sobre los compuestos secundarios presentes en las diferentes partes de esta especie vegetal. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo realizar la caracterización fitoquímica de la hoja verde (HN), fruto verde (FV) y maduro (FM) del almendro. El muestreo se llevó a cabo entre los meses de mayo a junio del 2017. Se colocaron las HN, FV y FM del almendro por separado en tratamiento de extracción directa con etanol al 95% durante un día. El extracto etanólico fue obtenido por filtrado de gravedad y concentrado en un rotavapor al vacío (BUCHI Rotavapor™ R-210). Se realizó un tamizaje fitoquímico para determinar los tres principales grupos de compuestos secundarios (compuestos fenólicos, compuestos nitrogenados y terpenos). También se realizó un análisis de Espectroscopía Infrarroja (FTIR) y Espectroscopía Ultravioleta-Visible (UV) para saber cuáles eran los grupos funcionales presentes. Se utilizó Past 4.02 para generar una gráfica de abundancia relativa de los compuestos secundarios presentes, y se aplicó el índice de Whittaker para evaluar el porcentaje de diferencia en la composición fitoquímica de las diferentes partes vegetales. Con estos datos se logró identificar que la caracterización fitoquímica semicuantitativa es variable para cada parte, presentando mayor abundancia de compuestos nitrogenados (alcaloides) y compuestos fenólicos (taninos, flavonoides). No se observó presencia de glicósidos cardiotónicos, ni de gomas y mucilagos. Esta información resalta que T. catappa L. es un potencial recurso para la salud, siendo de gran valor etnobotánico, farmacológico y para la industria alimenticia en Panamá.

Abstract The almond tree (Terminalia catappa L.) in Panama is for timber, nutritional, and medicinal use, among others. Little is known about the secondary compounds present in the different parts of this plant species. This work aimed to carry out the phytochemical characterization of the green leaf (GL), green fruit (GF) and ripe fruit (RF) of the almond tree. The sampling was carried out between May to June 2017. The GL, GF and RF of the almond tree were placed separately, in direct extraction treatment with 95% ethanol for one day. The ethanolic extract was obtained by gravity filtration and concentrated in a vacuum rotary evaporator (BUCHI Rotavapor ™ R-210). Phytochemical screening was performed to determine the three main groups of secondary compounds (phenolics, nitrogenous and terpenes). An Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV) Spectroscopy analysis were performed to find out which functional groups were present.Past 4.02 program was used to generate a graph of relative abundance of the secondary compounds present, and Whittaker index was applied to evaluate the percentage of difference in the phytochemical composition of the plant`s parts. With these data, it was able to identify if the semi-quantitative phytochemical characterization is variable for each part, with nitrogen compounds (alkaloids) and phenolic compounds (tannins, flavonoids) presenting greater abundance. No presence of cardiotonic glycosides was found, or gums and mucilage. This information indicates that T. catappa L. is a potential resource for health, being of great ethnobotanical, pharmacological value and for the food industry in Panama.