ABSTRACT The Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet (Touit huetii) is the only one from the seven species of the genus Touit with no published data on its diet. In March 2023, in Puerto Madero, Sucumbíos, Northeast of Ecuador, we recorded flocks of Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet feeding on the bark of Terminalia catappa and the bark and leaves of Syzygium malaccense, both ornamental trees introduced from Asia. Consumption of resin-secreting vegetative structures has been rarely recorded in Neotropical psittacines. We suggest that these two resources may be important in the diet of the Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet and that this could be due to the fact that they have specific active compounds with properties of relevance for the health of individuals (e.g., antibacterial, an-tifungal, hepato-protective, or anti-inflammatory). We highlight the need for futher observations to understand if their consumption is a generalized pattern.

RESUMEN La Cotorrita Alirroja (Touit huetii) es la única de las siete especies del género Touit, de la que no existen datos publicados sobre su dieta. En marzo de 2023, en Puerto Madero, Sucumbíos, noreste de Ecuador, registramos bandadas de Cotorrita Alirroja alimentándose de la corteza de Terminalia catappa y de la corteza y las hojas de Syzygium malaccense, dos árboles ornamentales originarios de Asia. El consumo sobre estructuras vegetativas que poseen resina ha sido poco registrado en psitácidos neotropicales. Sugerimos que estas dos especies podrían ser importantes en la dieta de la Cotorrita Alirroja y que esto podría deberse a que poseen compuestos activos específicos con propiedades de relevancia para la salud de los individuos (e.g., antibacterianas, antifúngicas hepato-protectoras, o antiinflamatorias). Resaltamos la necesidad profundizar estas observaciones para entender si su consumo es un patrón generalizado.

ABSTRACT Mistletoe is an important nutritional resource for the frugivorous ornithological fauna in several ecosystems. However, in great intensity, they can reduce the vigor of their host trees, requiring adequate management in urban afforestation, without depleting this source of food for birds. The hypothesis that there are hemiparasites with host specificity was the reason for this study. Thus, a floristic census of the trees was carried out at UFMT, campus Cuiabá; the infestation by genus of hemiparasite present was recorded, in quantity and degree of infestation, in addition to the quantification of seeds of the hemiparasite germinated without the development of the vegetative part, whose cotyledons necrotized and died. A total of 4265 tree individuals were evaluated, distributed in 46 families, in which 16,52% were identified of the genera Phoradendron, Psittacanthus, and Struthanthus, of which about 90,0% were Psittacanthus. The highest infestation occurred in 24 families, highlighting Fabaceae (28,3%) and Combretaceae (25,6%), and the species Terminalia catappa, Anadenanthera peregrina, and Vatairea macrocarpa. The presence of germinated seeds of the hemiparasite with dead cotyledons varies between tree species and between individuals of the same species. The highlight was in Rutaceae, Arecaceae, and Rubiaceae, and in the species Acrocomia aculeata, Caryocar villosum, and Genipa americana L. that present individuals with natural control potential, even with the presence of frugivorous ornithological fauna and the dispersion of the hemiparasite. In general, the intensity and degree of infestation are low, and there is no infestation in the Caryocaceae, Rutaceae, and Rubiaceae families, highlighting the species Caryocar villosum, Murraya paniculata and Alibertia edulis.

RESUMO As ervas-de-passarinho compõem um importante recurso nutricional para a fauna ornitológica frugívora em vários ecossistemas. Porém, em grande intensidade, podem diminuir o vigor de suas árvores hospedeiras sendo necessário manejo adequado na arborização urbana, sem exaurir essa fonte de alimento aos pássaros. A hipótese de que existam hemiparasitos com especificidade de hospedeiro foi a motivação para este trabalho. Assim, foi realizado censo florístico arbóreo na UFMT, campus Cuiabá; registrada a infestação por gênero de hemiparasito presente, em quantidade e grau de infestação, além da quantificação de sementes do hemiparasito germinadas sem o desenvolvimento da parte vegetativa, cujos cotilédones necrosaram e morreram. Avaliaram-se 4265 indivíduos arbóreos, distribuídos em 46 famílias nas quais 16.52% foram identificados os gêneros Phoradendron, Psittacanthus e Struthanthus, dos quais cerca de 90.0% eram Psittacanthus: A maior infestação ocorreu em 24 famílias, destacando-se Fabaceae (28.3%) e Combretaceae (25.6%) e as espécies Terminalia catappa, Anadenanthera peregrina e Vatairea macrocarpa: A presença de sementes germinadas do hemiparasito com cotilédones mortos é variável entre as espécies arbóreas e entre os indivíduos da mesma espécie. O destaque foi em Rutaceae, Areacaceae e Rubiaceae, e nas espécies Acrocomia aculeata, Caryocar villosum e Genipa americana L: que apresentam indivíduos com potencial natural de controle, mesmo com a presença da fauna ornitológica frugívora e a dispersão do hemiparasito. De forma geral, a intensidade e o grau de infestação são baixos e não há infestação nas famílias Caryocaceae, Rutaceae e Rubiaceae, com destaque para as espécies Caryocar villosum, Murraya paniculata e Alibertia edulis.

Abstract The studying material were recently collected with Malaise traps in Northeastern Brazil, and the authors found a new species of Amydrostylus, which represents the second known species of this endemic genus from the open/dry biomes of Brazil. The discovery results will provide more new diagnosis for the genus and allow a better knowledge of the male terminalia morphology, leading to a new interpretation of some of its structures. Male and female specimens are described and illustrated here.

Abstract Terminalia argentea native tree to Brazil and used in landscaping, wood and coal production, and civil construction, is adapted to poor and dry soils and cultivated in severely disturbed ecosystems. This plant has insecticidal activity, but arthropods can cause damage to its saplings. This study evaluates the herbivorous insects and of their natural enemies on 48 T. argentea saplings which were divided according to the damage they cause or reduce it on these saplings using the percentage of the Importance Index-Production Unknown (% I.I.-P.U.). The Lamprosoma sp., Epitragus sp., Tropidacris collaris, Cerambycidae, Cratosomus sp., Psiloptera sp., Parasyphraea sp., Trigona spinipes, and Aphis spiraecola showed the highest % I.I.-P.U. on leaves of T. argentea. The Aphirape uncifera, Mantis religiosa, Uspachus sp., Podisus sp., and Araneidae, with the highest % I.I.-P.U. on leaves of T. argentea saplings are possible solutions to reduce damage by these pests. These natural enemies can reduce herbivorous insects on T. argentea saplings. However, their populations should be increased, especially spiders. Nevertheless, the Brachymyrmex sp. associated to A. spiraecola, in future T. argentea commercial plantations, can increase populations of sap-sucking insect and, consequently, their damage.

Resumo Terminalia argentea, árvore nativa do Brasil, é utilizada no paisagismo, produção de madeira e carvão, na construção civil, com adaptação adequada a solos pobres e secos, pode ser utilizada na recuperação de ecossistemas, severamente perturbados. Essa planta tem atividade inseticida, mas artrópodes podem causar danos em suas mudas. Insetos herbívoros e seus inimigos naturais foram avaliados em 48 mudas de T. argentea e classificados, usando a porcentagem do Índice de Importância-Produção Desconhecida (% I.I.-P.U.), de acordo com seus danos ou potencial para reduzir organismos pragas nessas mudas. Lamprosoma sp., Epitragus sp., Tropidacris collaris, Cerambycidae, Cratosomus sp., Psiloptera sp., Parasyphraea sp., Trigona spinipes e Aphis spiraecola apresentaram os maiores % I.I.-P.U. nas folhas de T. argenteae. Aphirape uncifera, Mantis religiosa, Uspachus sp., Podisus sp. e Araneidae, com os maiores % I.I.-P.U. em folhas de mudas de T. argentea, são possíveis soluções por reduzir os danos causados por essas pragas. Esses inimigos naturais podem ser importantes para T. argentea por reduzir as populações de insetos herbívoros em mudas dessa planta. Contudo, suas populações, principalmente as de aranhas, precisam ser aumentadas. No entanto, a associação de Brachymyrmex sp. com A. spiraecola, em futuros cultivos comerciais de T. argentea, pode aumentar os danos por insetos sugadores de seiva.

ABSTRACT Neodexiopsis Malloch (Diptera, Muscidae) is a member of the subfamily Coenosiinae, with more than a hundred species recorded in the Neotropical region. In Ecuador, it is known by four species, which may be an underestimated number. We describe five new species based on recently collected material: Neodexiopsis bicoloratta new species, N. longialata new species, N. nigrocalyptrata new species, N. plana new species, and N. secunda new species. A key to segregating all the recorded species from Ecuador is presented. The male and female terminalia of the new species were dissected and illustrated. Images of the habitus of the adult from the new species are presented. Diptera, Diptera (Diptera Muscidae Coenosiinae region number material N presented illustrated

Abstract This research aims to identify the highlights-attributes of wood from the Caatinga biome in the perception of producers in the Small Wood Objects (SWO) market segment as a premise for market studies based on exploratory and mixed analysis - qualitative and quantitative - with semi-structured interviews and the use of the IRAMUTEQ Software. In order to achieve this objective, woody samples from the wood of nine species from the Caatinga, in the central-west region of Piauí: Pityrocarpa cf. moniliformis, Aspidosperma cf. multiflorum, Handroanthus cf. impetiginosus, Terminalia fagifolia Mart., Pterodon cf. abruptus, Diptychandra aurantiaca Tul., Combretum glaucocarpum Mart., Swartzia psilomena Harms. and Machaerium cf. acutifolium. Thus, it was observed that the 9 species presented have peculiarities in relation to the heartwood, with the characteristic “color” being the highlight attribute, an important information for the market. From the general and individual analyzes of these species, it was possible to group them according to their subjective peculiarities. As a result, a more effective participation of lesser-known species and the generation of increased demand from greater acceptance in the market can enable the offer in association or replacement with traditional use of those woods. Even though the use of IRAMUTEQ in the scientific forestry area is incipient, it proved to be coherent for use in qualitative research and valorization of wood species. It is concluded that the use of wood species from the Caatinga in question for objects with higher added value is an alternative for the market in addition to the current use (firewood and charcoal).

Resumo A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar os atributos-destaque de madeiras do bioma da Caatinga na percepção de produtores do segmento de mercado de Pequenos Objetos de Madeira (POM) como premissa para estudos mercadológicos a partir de análise exploratória e mista - quali-quantitativa - com uso de entrevistas semiestruturadas e análises com Software IRAMUTEQ. Para atingir o objetivo supracitado, trabalhou-se com amostras lenhosas do tronco de nove espécie de madeiras provenientes da Caatinga, região centro-oeste do Piauí, a saber: Pityrocarpa cf. moniliformis, Aspidosperma cf. Multiflorum, Handroanthus cf. impetiginosus , Terminalia fagifolia Mart., Pterodon cf. abruptus, Diptychandra aurantiaca Tul., Combretum glaucocarpum Mart., Swartzia psilomena Harms. e Machaerium cf. Acutifolium. Observou-se que as 9 espécies apresentadas possuem peculiaridades em relação ao cerne da madeira, sendo a característica “cor” o atributo-destaque, sendo uma informação importante para o mercado. A partir das análises gerais e individuais dessas espécies, pôde-se agrupá-las segundo suas peculiaridades subjetivas. Verifica-se que uma participação mais efetiva de espécies pouco conhecidas e a geração do aumento da demanda a partir de uma maior aceitação no mercado pode viabilizar a oferta em associação ou substituição às madeiras tradicionais. Cabe ressaltar que embora a utilização do IRAMUTEQ na área científica florestal seja incipiente, mostrou-se coerente para o uso em pesquisas qualitativas e valorização de espécies de madeira. Conclui-se que a utilização das espécies de madeiras da Caatinga em questão para objetos de maior valor agregado é uma alternativa para o mercado além do binômio lenha e carvão.

Abstract Mild steel (MS) corrosion inhibition by Terminalia mantaly (TM), in 1.0 M HCl, was studied using weight loss and linear polarization methods, at different reaction conditions. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the possible extract components. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and optical microscopy were used to investigate the interaction of the plant extract phytochemicals with the MS surface. The obtained results revealed that the inhibition efficiency percentage (IE%) increased with a decrease in the TM concentration, and decreased with a rise in temperature (T). The IE% also decreased as the hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentration increased. Inhibition occurred through the TM phyto-molecules adsorption onto the MS surface. The corrosion inhibition kinetics followed a zero order reaction, and it was uni-molecular. The linear polarization showed that TM is a mixed-type inhibitor. Gibb’s free energies values confirmed a spontaneous process, while TM adsorption onto the MS surface was found to obey physisorption, aligning with the Langmuir’s and El-Awady’s adsorption isotherm models.

Resumen Introducción. Es poca la información sobre concentración foliar de nutrimentos en especies forestales en Centro América. Se hace necesario desarrollar conocimiento que permita manejar de manera satisfactoria la nutrición de estos cultivos. Objetivo. Definirlos niveles ''normales'' de concentración foliar al eliminar los valores atípicos fuera del rango de variación con un valor central entre el primer y tercer cuartil en histogramas de distribución de frecuencias de especies forestales. Materiales y métodos. Con material foliar de especies forestales de Costa Rica, Panamá, Guatemala, México y Colombia se confeccionó una base de datos con 3566 entradas con la que se preparó otra más pequeña para los análisis de las especies que se estudian en el presente documento, provenientes de 3 pisos altitudinales. Se calculó la mediana de valores de nutrimento para toda la población como base para determinar las desviaciones estándar y sus valores normales de concentración de N-P-K-Ca-Mg-S-Fe-Mn-Zn-B-Cu-Al-Na. Resultados. Los resultados fueron una primera aproximación sobre la concentración foliar porcentual total en función del crecimiento de 9 especies forestales en los pisos altitudinales Tropical Húmedo-Muy Húmedo (4,23-6,77%), Tropical Estacionalmente Seco (4,65-6,05%) y Premontano (5,83-9,36%). Son significativamente afectados por el piso altitudinal la concentración de Al en los pisos Tropical Húmedo-Muy Húmedo y el N en el Tropical Estacionalmente Seco. La distribución en porcentaje de las principales especies forestales estudiadas fue C. alliodora (9,36), V. guatemalensis (6,77), C. odorata (6,58), G. arborea (6,05), P. quinata (5,91), A. acuminata (5,83), V. ferruginea (4,81), T. grandis (4,65) y T. amazonia (4,23). Conclusiones. En los pisos Tropical Húmedo-Muy Húmedo la presencia de V. guatemalensis y V. ferruginea mostró elevados valores en mg.L-1 de Al (13 470-22 172)>B(112-130)>Na(401) y porcentuales de P(0,54-0,68).La especie T. amazonia presenta concentraciones porcentuales altas de P(0,59)>B(164)>Cu(46) en mg.L-1. En el bosque Tropical Estacionalmente Seco ninguna de las especies estudiadas (G. arborea, T. grandis y P. quinata) presentó concentraciones elevadas de ningún elemento de los estudiados. En el piso Premontano se encontró valores porcentuales elevados de N(3,57)>K(1,13) en A. acuminata, en C. alliodora de N(3,45)>Ca(3,29)>K(1,24)>Mg(1,02) y en C. odorata de N(3,22).

Abstract Introduction. Foliar nutrient concentration in forestry species of Central America is scarce. There is need to develop data to help in satisfactory handle nutrition of these crops. Objetive. To define ''normal'' foliar levels ofnutrients considered as those that after eliminating atypical values in a histogram remain in the first and third quartiles of a normal frequency distribution of data available. Materials and methods. Foliar samples of forestry species collected in Costa Rica, Panamá, Guatemala, México and Colombia were analyzed and data were used to conform a data base with 3566 entries, a subset of data was prepared to generate the information for the 9 species considered in the present document obtained from 3 altitudinal belts. Analyses performed included N-P-K-Ca-Mg-S-Fe-Mn-Zn-B-Cu-Al-Na. Results. Information presented is the first approximation about foliar total concentration of nutrients of nine forestry species in Central America growing in the Tropical Humid-Very Humid (4.23-6.77%), Tropical Seasonally Dry (4.65-6.05%) and Premontane (5.83-9.36%) altitudinal belts. Foliar concentrations of Al in the Tropical Humid-Very Humid and N in the Tropical Seasonally Dry were particularly large. The percentage of main forestry species analyzed was distributed as C. alliodora (9.36), V. guatemalensis (6.77), C. odorata (6.58), G. arborea (6.05), P. quinata (5.91), A. acuminata (5.83), V. ferruginea (4.81), T. grandis (4.65) and T. amazonia (4.23). Conclusions. The presence of V. guatemalensis and V. ferruginea in the Tropical Humid-Very Humid belts affected foliar concentrations to high values (mg.L-1) of Al (13 470-22 172)>B(112-130)>Na(401)>P(0.54-0.68%) and that of T. amazonia the concentrations of P(0.59%), B(164 mg.L-1), and Cu(46 mg.L-1). In the Tropical Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest none of the species studied (G. arborea, T. grandis and P. quinata) showed high foliar concentrations of any element. Foliar values found for N(3.57)>K(1.13) in A. acuminata, of N(3.45)>Ca(3.29)>K(1.24)>Mg(1.02) in C. alliodora, and of N(3.22) in C. odorata in the Premontane belt were considered as high.

Resumen El almendro (Terminalia catappa L.) en Panamá es de uso maderable, nutricional, medicinal, entre otros. Se sabe poco sobre los compuestos secundarios presentes en las diferentes partes de esta especie vegetal. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo realizar la caracterización fitoquímica de la hoja verde (HN), fruto verde (FV) y maduro (FM) del almendro. El muestreo se llevó a cabo entre los meses de mayo a junio del 2017. Se colocaron las HN, FV y FM del almendro por separado en tratamiento de extracción directa con etanol al 95% durante un día. El extracto etanólico fue obtenido por filtrado de gravedad y concentrado en un rotavapor al vacío (BUCHI Rotavapor™ R-210). Se realizó un tamizaje fitoquímico para determinar los tres principales grupos de compuestos secundarios (compuestos fenólicos, compuestos nitrogenados y terpenos). También se realizó un análisis de Espectroscopía Infrarroja (FTIR) y Espectroscopía Ultravioleta-Visible (UV) para saber cuáles eran los grupos funcionales presentes. Se utilizó Past 4.02 para generar una gráfica de abundancia relativa de los compuestos secundarios presentes, y se aplicó el índice de Whittaker para evaluar el porcentaje de diferencia en la composición fitoquímica de las diferentes partes vegetales. Con estos datos se logró identificar que la caracterización fitoquímica semicuantitativa es variable para cada parte, presentando mayor abundancia de compuestos nitrogenados (alcaloides) y compuestos fenólicos (taninos, flavonoides). No se observó presencia de glicósidos cardiotónicos, ni de gomas y mucilagos. Esta información resalta que T. catappa L. es un potencial recurso para la salud, siendo de gran valor etnobotánico, farmacológico y para la industria alimenticia en Panamá.

Abstract The almond tree (Terminalia catappa L.) in Panama is for timber, nutritional, and medicinal use, among others. Little is known about the secondary compounds present in the different parts of this plant species. This work aimed to carry out the phytochemical characterization of the green leaf (GL), green fruit (GF) and ripe fruit (RF) of the almond tree. The sampling was carried out between May to June 2017. The GL, GF and RF of the almond tree were placed separately, in direct extraction treatment with 95% ethanol for one day. The ethanolic extract was obtained by gravity filtration and concentrated in a vacuum rotary evaporator (BUCHI Rotavapor ™ R-210). Phytochemical screening was performed to determine the three main groups of secondary compounds (phenolics, nitrogenous and terpenes). An Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV) Spectroscopy analysis were performed to find out which functional groups were present.Past 4.02 program was used to generate a graph of relative abundance of the secondary compounds present, and Whittaker index was applied to evaluate the percentage of difference in the phytochemical composition of the plant`s parts. With these data, it was able to identify if the semi-quantitative phytochemical characterization is variable for each part, with nitrogen compounds (alkaloids) and phenolic compounds (tannins, flavonoids) presenting greater abundance. No presence of cardiotonic glycosides was found, or gums and mucilage. This information indicates that T. catappa L. is a potential resource for health, being of great ethnobotanical, pharmacological value and for the food industry in Panama.

Resumo As doenças transmitidas por mosquitos resultam na perda de vidas e economia, principalmente em países subtropicais e tropicais, e a resistência emergente aos inseticidas está aumentando essa ameaça. Os inseticidas botânicos são substitutos promissores dos inseticidas sintéticos. Este estudo avaliou o índice larvicida e de crescimento de Culex pipiens de quatro extratos solventes de Terminalia chebula, Aloe perryi e Peganum harmala contra Cx. pipiens. Nenhum dos 12 extratos exibiu potencial larvicida contra o terceiro ínstar, exceto o extrato de acetato de etila de P. harmala. Após 24 horas de exposição, o valor LC50 era 314,88 ppm e o valor LC90 era 464,19 ppm. A 320 ppm, a eclodibilidade foi de 25,83% e resultou em 100% de mortalidade. Além disso, os ovos tratados com o extrato de EtOAc de P. harmala exibiram um longo período larval em comparação com o controle. O período larval continuou por 12 dias, e o período pupal durou três dias nos grupos de tratamento. Os dados do índice de crescimento também exibiram uma diminuição (0,00-7,53) nos grupos tratados em comparação com 8,5 no controle. A transformação de ovos em adultos diminuiu com o aumento das concentrações. Este artigo é o primeiro relatório sobre o índice de desenvolvimento e crescimento de Cx. potencial de pipiens usando sementes de P. harmala.

Abstract Mosquito-borne diseases result in the loss of life and economy, primarily in subtropical and tropical countries, and the emerging resistance to insecticides is increasing this threat. Botanical insecticides are promising substitutes for synthetic insecticides. This study evaluated the larvicidal and growth index of Culex pipiens of four solvent extracts of Terminalia chebula, Aloe perryi, and Peganum harmala against Cx. pipiens. None of the 12 extracts exhibited larvicidal potential against third instars except the ethyl acetate extract of P. harmala. After 24 h of exposure, the LC50 value was 314.88 ppm, and the LC90 value was 464.19 ppm. At 320 ppm, the hatchability was 25.83%, and it resulted in 100% mortality. In addition, the eggs treated with the EtOAc extract of P. Harmala exhibited a long larval period compared with the control. The larval period continued for 12 days, and the pupal period took three days in the treatment groups. The growth index data also exhibited a decrease (0.00–7.53) in the treated groups compare with 8.5 in the control. The transformation of eggs into adults decreased with increasing concentrations. This paper is the first report on the development and growth index of Cx. pipiens potential using P. harmala seeds.

ABSTRACT Calythea Schnabl & Dziedzicki has 15 known species distributed worldwide, including three species in the neotropics. The species of Calythea can be easily identified by having bright silvery grey-dusting on the thorax and abdomen, forming a contrasting pattern with the dark body. Herein, we describe two new species from the Neotropical region and present new records of the genus for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. We also redescribe Calythea comis (Stein). In addition, we present an identification key for the Neotropical species and drawings of the terminalia and habitus images of the new species, C. comis, C. crenata (Bigot) and C. micropteryx (Thomson).

ABSTRACT Soosiulus belterrensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated from the Amazon Forest of the state of Pará, northern Brazil. Both the male and female terminalia are treated in detail, in addition to color features. With the addition of this new taxon, the diverse Neotropical genus Soosiulus Young, 1977 now comprises 28 species. The new species is the first one proposed for Soosiulus after the original generic description. It appears to be included in a complex with eleven other Soosiulus species, all of them sharing a very similar color pattern. Among the members of this putative complex, the aedeagus of S. belterrensis sp. nov. is most similar to those of S. hastatus Young, 1977 and S. ruber Young, 1977, due to the presence of a pair of conspicuous dorsoapical processes. However, in S. hastatus and S. ruber the aedeagus has also a retrorse ventroapical process originated from a lobe; both process and lobe are not present in the new species. In addition, the female sternite VII in S. hastatus and S. ruber is convex posteriorly, whereas it has a distinct median emargination in the new species.

ABSTRACT Three new species of Pseudosympycnus Robinson are described and illustrated from Peru: P. pennipes sp. nov., P. latitarsus sp. nov. and P. rafaeli sp. nov. In addition, Pseudosympycnus latipes (Parent) is recorded for the first time from the country and the male terminalia are illustrated. The first photographs of the holotype of P. bicolor Robinson and an updated key to species of the genus are provided.

Abstract Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB) are a heterogeneous group of oral microflorae that cause dental caries, destructive periodontal infections, and biofilms on fixed orthodontic appliances. Plant extracts as a source of antibacterial components may have acceptable activity against SRB strains and their biofilm development. Our study aimed at determining the antibiofilm, antimicrobial efficacy, and cytotoxicity of Iran's endemic plants against pathogenic SRB. Plantago ovata, Terminalia chebula, Eugenia caryophyllata, and Aloe vera extracts were prepared according to standard methods. Patients and orthodontic appliances samples were collected, and SRB strains were isolated using standard tests and 16S rRNA analysis. The extracts' antimicrobial, antibiofilm activity, and cytotoxicity were determined using dilution broth micro, crystal violet staining, and MTT method, respectively. Biofilm involved gene expression of strains determined using Real-time PCR. Three SRB isolates harboring target genes were identified using 16S rDNA that showed a more than 90% of similarity to Desulfomicrobium orale spp. All investigated extracts showed good activity against SRB isolates. T. chebula, E. caryophyllata, and A. vera showed promising antibiofilm activity, and their subMIC concentrations downregulated biofilm-forming related genes in all isolates. T. Chebula had the lowest cytotoxicity, followed by E. caryophyllata and A. vera. T. Chebula also showed the best average selectivity index (SI) of 17.9, followed by E. caryophyllata (12.52). Extracts investigated in the present study had good antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against isolated sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from patients' orthodontic appliances. Most of these extracts may be potential candidates for the development of antibacterial drugs.

Abstract Terminalia L. has a pantropical distribution, almost exclusively constituting tropical Combretaceae. In this work, a comprehensive synopsis of all the native species of Terminalia s.s. in the Brazilian Amazon is presented, including diagnostic characters, identification key, illustrations, geographic distribution maps, diversity and richness patterns with a new occurrence in Brazil, and a table with conservation status and number of records/ protected areas and their protected areas for all species. This information seeks to support the identification of these tree species, in addition to actions to conserve trees in the Brazilian Amazon.