ABSTRACT This article analyzes how Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894) depicts the relationship between science and morality (secular or religious) in his 1886 novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. For this purpose, I analyze the setting choice (London) and some characteristics of late Victorian Gothic fiction that constitute the negative aesthetics of which Stevenson’s characters are formed. Then, I analyze how the negative aesthetic juxtaposes with an order that is both scientific and moralist in a cultural context in which the reading public is obsessed with crime. Eventually, I discuss the theories of 19th-century philosophers and scientists, such as Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909), and Francis Galton (1822-1911), in an attempt to understand Stevenson’s novella from an allegedly scientific point of view. I conclude that Hyde/Jekyll was “destined” to fail since both late Victorian science and morality were prone to condemn the “unfit”.

RESUMO Este artigo analisa como o escritor escocês Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894) retrata a relação entre ciência e moral (secular ou religiosa) em sua novela de 1886, O médico e o monstro. Para tanto, analiso a escolha do cenário (Londres) e algumas características da ficção gótica tardo-vitoriana que constituem a estética negativa da qual são formados os personagens de Stevenson. Em seguida, analiso como uma estética negativa se justapõe a uma ordem científica e moralista em um contexto cultural em que o público leitor é obcecado por crimes. Ao final, discuto as teorias de filósofos e cientistas do século XIX, como Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909) e Francis Galton (1822-1911), na tentativa de compreender a novela de Stevenson de um ponto de vista supostamente científico. Concluo que Hyde/Jekyll estava “destinado” ao fracasso, já que tanto a ciência quanto a moralidade do final da era vitoriana eram propensas a condenar os “inaptos”.

Resumen En el ámbito de la discapacidad intelectual, el desarrollo de una vida independiente se ha configurado como un derecho humano y civil que permite a estas personas articular planes de vida deseados. Esta investigación analiza, mediante un estudio de caso, los significados que un grupo asesor compuesto por ocho personas adultas con discapacidad intelectual tiene sobre el concepto de vida independiente en el contexto chileno. Para la recopilación de los datos se diseñó una entrevista grupal semiestructurada acompañada de moodboards que facilitaron la verbalización de las respuestas. Sobre los relatos obtenidos a partir de las entrevistas se realizó un análisis de contenido temático. Los resultados muestran cómo el desempeño de una actividad laboral remunerada o el establecimiento de relaciones afectivas sólidas se conforman como elementos imprescindibles para la independencia personal. La dificultad para ser económicamente independientes o la falta de accesibilidad en el entorno laboral se identifican también como principales barreras para la concreción de este derecho. Igualmente, se destaca el rol que desempeñan la pareja y las amistades como figuras de apoyo constante a la independencia y al empoderamiento personal. Estos resultados sugieren algunas orientaciones para la planificación de intervenciones sobre este constructo, las cuales deben procurar la adquisición de habilidades que fortalezcan la capacidad de autocuidado de este colectivo, promover el incremento de oportunidades para la realización de elecciones significativas en el ámbito laboral, personal y comunitario, y adaptarse a los espacios en los que se desenvuelven las personas con discapacidad intelectual en la edad adulta.

Abstract In the field of intellectual disability, the development of an independent life has been configured as a human and civil right that allows these people to articulate desired life plans. Despite the advances, at the international level, research on aspects related to independent living in people with intellectual disabilities continues to be very scarce. Generally, the approaches to the study of this construct are based on broader investigations dedicated to evaluating the levels of quality of life or self-determination of this population in residential services or sheltered housing. Precisely, this study analyzes, through a case study, the meanings that an advisory group made up of eight adults with intellectual disabilities has on the concept of independent living in the Chilean context in order, on the one hand, to identify relevant elements for the definition of the construct from the perceptions and experiences of this population; and on the other, to propose guidelines at various levels that allow progress in the realization of this right. To collect the data, a semi-structured group interview was designed whose questions were grouped around four themes: previous conceptions of the participants about the construct of independent life, satisfaction with life and possibilities of the context for the development of personal independence, role of family, friendship and partner in independent life, and opportunities of the work context for the achievement of personal independence. During the interview, another strategy was incorporated in which visual language gained more relevance. Specifically, a set of ten moodboards were used that allowed participants to delve into the different topics addressed. The results of the code validation process were calculated using Krippendorff's alpha statistics (.954) and Cohen's kappa (.953), which showed a high level of inter-judge agreement. As a result of this process, categories (N = 6) and subcategories (N = 17) were established. The results show how various needs, barriers and facilitators for the development of independent life are identified from the interviews of the interviewees. Among the main needs is the performance of a paid work activity or the establishment of solid affective relationships. With regard to the barriers that hinder personal independence, the most notorious are related to the difficulty of being financially independent or to the lack of accessibility in the work environment. Regarding the elements that facilitate the development of an independent life, the role of the couple stands out as a constant figure of support for independence and personal empowerment. These results suggest some guidelines for planning interventions on this construct. Among others, they should seek the acquisition of skills that strengthen the self-care capacity of this group; should promote increased opportunities for making meaningful choices in the workplace, personal and community; and they must adapt to the spaces in which people with intellectual disabilities operate in adulthood. On the other hand, it is assumed that one of the main limitations of this research is that the results are not generalizable. However, this study has some strengths. Among others, it contributes to enriching the bulk of research on independent living, this being an aspect barely addressed in the literature. It also complements the results of other research regarding the elements that can condition the development of skills for personal independence. This allows for the design of interventions that provide opportunities for independent living based on the felt needs of these people. In addition, it raises future lines of research related, for example, to the importance of the informed choice of the residential environment or to the study of the possibilities of the digital world as an incident phenomenon in the acquisition of skills for personal independence.

Abstract: This article aims to study “Consumidor.gov.br”, a public online dispute resolution (ODR) platform, and its potential as a preventive instrument for consumer disputes. It starts from the hypothesis that the expansion of the service in Brazil has not yet fulfilled the desideratum of restraining excessive judicialization and that adjustments are necessary to achieve this scope. Platform usage data is examined, in contrast to information on procedural distribution. In the light of the doctrine on biases, heuristics and nudges, it is proposed to use non-cogent behavioral stimuli to maximize the adoption of the platform and its resolute effectiveness. Alternatively, possible interactions between ODR platforms and the judicial process are examined, which could serve the same deterrent objective on exacerbated judicialization.

Resumo: Este artigo objetiva estudar o “Consumidor.gov.br”, plataforma pública on-line de resolução de disputas (ODR), e o seu potencial como instrumento preventivo das lides de consumo. Parte-se da hipótese de que a expansão do serviço no Brasil ainda não cumpriu o desiderato de refrear a judicialização excessiva e de que ajustes são necessários para ultimar esse escopo. São examinados os dados de utilização da plataforma, em contraste com as informações sobre distribuição processual. À luz da doutrina sobre vieses, heurísticas e “nudges”, propõe-se a utilização de estímulos comportamentais não cogentes para maximizar a adoção da plataforma e a sua eficácia resolutiva. Alternativamente, examinam-se possíveis interações entre as plataformas de ODR e o processo judicial, que poderiam servir ao mesmo objetivo dissuasório da judicialização exacerbada.

RESUMEN: El Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus), es un cestodo que se propaga entre huéspedes intermedios y definitivos a través de la ingestión de materia fecal contaminada con los huevos del parásito. El ciclo de vida consiste en la diferenciación de huevos a oncosferas y embriones, que finalmente forman quistes en órganos como el hígado, los pulmones y otros. Dentro de estos quistes hay protoescólices, una etapa intermedia del parásito que se convierte en su forma adulta (tenia), una vez que infectan a sus huéspedes definitivos. Cuando estos quistes hidatídicos se desarrollan en seres humanos, se les conoce como equinococosis quística (EC). Esta enfermedad se trata mediante la extirpación quirúrgica de los quistes o la quimioterapia con compuestos benzimidazólicos. La comprensión de la morfología de la etapa de desarrollo intermedia del E. granulosus y la etapa de protosclex, puede permitir a los investigadores identificar cambios estructurales definidos y funciones de proteínas que podrían usarse para desarrollar modalidades de tratamiento para la CE. Las características únicas en la superficie tegumentaria durante la etapa de protoescolex y las proteínas asociadas con la fertilidad del quiste se han identificado en estudios de investigación anteriores y acercan a los investigadores a la comprensión de los mecanismos subyacentes del desarrollo del E. granulosus y, en consecuencia, los medios para interrumpirlo para lograr un mejor control de la enfermedad.

SUMMARY: Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus), is a tapeworm that spreads between intermediate and definitive hosts through the ingestion of fecal matter contaminated with the parasite’s eggs. The life cycle consists of differentiation from eggs to oncospheres to embryos, which eventually form cysts in organs like the liver, lungs and others. Within these cysts are protoscolices, an intermediate stage of the parasite which develop into adult tapeworms once they infect their definitive hosts. When these hydatid cysts form in humans, it is known as Cystic Echinococcosis (CE). This disease is treated through surgical excision of the cysts and or chemotherapy with benzimidazole compounds. Understanding the morphology of the intermediate developmental stage of E. granulosus, protoscolex stage, can allow researchers to identify defining structural changes and protein functions that could be used to develop treatment modalities for CE. Unique characteristics in the tegumental surface during the protoescolex stage and proteins associated with cyst fertility have all been identified in previous research studies and bring researchers closer to understanding the underlying mechanisms of E. granulosus development, and consequently, means to disrupt it to achieve better control of the disease.

Abstract The following article presents an inclusive research and development process that aims to co-create a technological support system for cognitive accessibility in urban settings. An inclusive research and co-design methodology is proposed, carried out by a multidisciplinary group from the areas of education, sociology, engineering and design, in conjunction with an advisory group of 11 adults with intellectual disabilities, who participate as experts by experience, adopting the role of co-researchers and co-designers of supports that promote independent living. Among the results, a pictographic language co-designed with the advisory group is described and the PICTOS application is presented to support and evaluate cognitive accessibility in face-to-face or physical services. The final discussion addresses the learnings about the impact of cognitive accessibility and inclusive research in co-design processes.

Resumen El siguiente artículo presenta un proceso de investigación y desarrollo inclusivo que tiene como objetivo la cocreación de un sistema de apoyo tecnológico para la accesibilidad cognitiva en entornos urbanos. Se plantea una metodología de investigación inclusiva y codiseño, llevada a cabo por un grupo multidisciplinar de las áreas de la educación, sociología, ingeniería y diseño, en conjunto con un grupo asesor conformado por 11 adultos con discapacidad intelectual, quienes participaron como expertos por experiencia, adoptando el rol de coinvestigadores y codiseñadores de apoyos que potencian la vida independiente. Entre los resultados se describe un lenguaje pictográfico codiseñado con el grupo asesor y la aplicación PICTOS para apoyar y evaluar la accesibilidad cognitiva en servicios presenciales o físicos. La discusión final aborda los aprendizajes sobre el impacto de la accesibilidad cognitiva y la investigación inclusiva en los procesos de codiseño.

RESUMO As ideias do britânico Herbert Spencer (1820 a 1903) abrangeram diferentes áreas do conhecimento e, em sua época e para além dela, influenciaram discursos políticos reformistas pelo mundo, a saber: importância da ciência e de seu ensino nas escolas; contrariedade da interferência do estado na vida dos indivíduos; otimismo em relação ao progresso; seleção por competência; teoria evolucionista da sociedade. Sobre a educação advogou a existência de uma hierarquia de atividades: 1ª) conservação própria; 2ª) necessárias à conservação própria; 3ª) disciplina dos filhos; 4ª) procedimentos sociais e relações políticas; 5ª) restante da vida (gostos e sentimentos). Consideramos que a compreensão das ideias de Spencer favorece o entendimento do mundo histórico desde o final do século XIX até primeiras décadas do século XX, mas também permite refletir sobre questões importantes da atualidade.

ABSTRACT The ideas of the English intellectual Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) encompassed different areas of knowledge and, in his time and beyond, influenced reformist political discourse all over the world, including topics such as the importance of science and its teaching in schools, opposition to State interference in individuals’ lives, optimism in relation to progress, selection through competence, and an evolutionary theory of societal development. Regarding education, he advocated the existence of a hierarchy of activities: 1) self-preservation, 2) those necessary for self-preservation, 3) discipline of children, 4) social procedures and political relationships, and 5) the rest of life (preferences and feelings). Grasping Spencer’s ideas promotes an understanding of the historical world from the end of the nineteenth century to the first decades of the twentieth century, and also enables reflection on issues of current importance.

Resumen ¿Qué factores afectan la convivencia familiar? A partir de esta interrogante se realiza un estudio cualitativo con diseño micro etnográfico (Creswell, 2005), con el objetivo de analizar los aspectos no favorecedores de la convivencia entre un grupo de estudiantes que cursa el quinto grado en una escuela primaria y sus respectivas madres y padres de una comunidad de la región centro de México. Para la obtención de los datos se emplearon dos tipos de observación: sistemática y participante; además de la entrevista, la encuesta (cuestionarios con preguntas abiertas para padres, madres y alumnado), fichas de juegos y el diario de campo. La información obtenida fue analizada a través de la codificación directa y axial, que se integró como unidad de análisis la convivencia entre padres y madres con hijos e hijas, y cinco categorías surgidas desde el abordaje inductivo. El estudio se sustenta en la teoría sociocultural de Vygotsky (1933, citado en Meece, 2001), es decir, aprender a través de la interacción, en la teoría de la dinámica infantil de Buytendijik (1935) y en la teoría del excedente energético de Herbert Spencer (1855, estás últimas teorías citadas en Gallardo-López y Gallardo-Vázquez, 2018). El uso de juegos tradicionales como recurso pedagógico en la clase de educación física contribuyó a establecer un vínculo de trabajo en la escuela y en casa entre madres, padres, hijas e hijos, además de favorecer la interacción familiar y el gasto energético preferentemente en la población preadolescente. En el estudio se utilizaron diferentes juegos tradicionales de México; se finalizó con una feria denominada Los juegos de mi abuelo. Los resultados dan a conocer que los factores que afectan la convivencia entre quienes integran la familia del grupo en estudio son la escasa comunicación, limitado uso del tiempo libre, indiferencia por el aprendizaje, responsabilidad laboral por parte de las madres y los padres, y uso excesivo de aparatos electrónicos de las personas preadolescentes.

Abstract A qualitative study was conducted to determine factors that impacted family coexistence. The study used a microethnographic design (Creswell, 2005) to examined aspects that did not benefit coexistence among a group of fifth grade students in Central Mexico and their parents. Data was collected through interviews, systematic and participant observation, a survey, which included open questions both for parents and students, a game card and a field diary. The data obtained was analyzed through direct and axial coding which included parent-child coexistence as a unit of analysis according to five categories arising from an inductive approach. The study is based on the sociocultural theory of Vygotsky (1933, cited in Meece, 2001) on learning through interaction, Byutendijik´s (1935) theory of child dynamics and the energy surplus theory by Herbert Spencer (1855, the latter cited in Gallardo-López and Gallardo-Vázquez, 2018). Use of traditional games as a pedagogical resource during P.E. class, served to strenghten the bond between parents and their children. It also promoted greater family interaction and energy expenditure, particularly among preteenagers. Various traditional Mexican games were used in the study, concluding with a fair called Games Played by My Grandfather. Some of the factors that were found to negatively impact the coexistence of the family group studied include poor communication, limited use of free time, indifference to learning, Parent responsiblities at work and excessive use of electronic devices.

Background: Lung cancer is the world’s leading cause of cancer death. Aim: To describe the clinical, staging and survival characteristics of lung cancer in a public Chilean regional hospital. Material and Methods: Analysis of a prospective database of a thoracic surgery service, retrieving histologically confirmed lung cancer cases from January 2010 to December 2019 and reviewing their medical records. Cases were re-staged by the TNM-8 system and variables were compared between periods 2010-2014 and 2015-2019. Results: We retrieved 551 lung cancer cases, 333 (60 %) men, with a mean age of 65 years. Distant metastases were found in 72% of cases (excluding lymphatic metastases). Of the non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), 50 (10%) cases were in stage I, 18 (4%) in stage II, 81 (16%) in stage III and 347 (70%) in stage IV. Global five-year survival was 18%, 20% for NSCLC, 71% for excised NSCLC, 8% for non-excised NSCLC, 88% for stage I and 92% for subgroup IA. Resective surgery was performed in 81 (14%) cases. When comparing 2010-2014 and 2015-2019 periods, the frequency of resective surgery increased from 7% to 20%. Conclusions: The diagnosis of lung cancer was frequently made in advanced stages. There was a significant increase in early diagnosis and frequency of surgeries with curative intent in the second observation period.

This article foregrounds the value of using "critical policy historiography" as an analytical/methodological tool in undertaking policy formulation research, highlighting the importance of taking a long-term historical perspective. Using school-funding policies in South Africa as a case study, it argues that while there was wide consultation with stakeholders, power dynamics within the policymaking process underscore the influence of policy elites, such as experts and powerful lobby groups, in shaping policy outcomes. In particular, it critiques the foundational moment of school-funding policymaking in the democratic era, that is, the South African Schools Act of 1996, focusing on key actors that shaped the Act, and whose interests were ultimately served. The article then reviews changes made to school-funding policies to date, and, building on the work of Salim Vally and others, argues for a policymaking framework that strengthens the influence of poor and marginalised communities on policy outcomes if the education social justice project in South Africa is to be advanced.