Hierdie artikel fokus op die geskiedenis van die ora (Φ3) sedert die eerste vrystelling daarvan 20 jaar gelede in 2004. Die ora is onlosmaaklik verweef met Orania, 'n Afrikaanse dorp in die Noord-Kaap. Die ora is op 'n een-tot-een-grondslag gekoppel aan die Suid-Afrikaanse rand. Die ora sirkuleer as 'n wettige betaalmiddel vir gebruik in kontanttransaksies in Orania. Die bestaan en sirkulasie van die ora is een van die unieke eienskappe van Orania. 'n Verdere unieke eienskap van Orania is die uitsluitlike gebruik van Afrikaans in die dorp. Alle bedrywighede (godsdiensbeoefening, kultuuraktiwiteite, onderrig en saketransak-sies) geskied uitsluitlik in Afrikaans. Voorts het Orania net wit inwoners. Die dorp word dus as 'n wit Afrikaner enklawe beskou. Daarbenewens is die oogmerk van Orania selfbeskikking wat die dorp se toekoms betref. Dit bring Orania in lyn met die voortsetting van die Verwoerdiaanse ideaal van afsonderlike ontwikkeling tot selfbeskikking. Hierdie ideaal word in Orania ondersteun deur "selfwerk-saamheid", met ander woorde 'n beleid dat voorkeur gegee word aan indiensneming van die inwoners van Orania. Die inwoners van Orania verkies om bedrae in ora te noem en nie in rand nie. Gevolglik word daardie praktyk in hierdie artikel gebruik. Gebaseer op die 2021/22-sensusopname in Orania, is totale persoonlike jaarlikse inkomste op Φ295 672 222 beraam. Per capita persoonlike jaarlikse inkomste vir die 2 377 inwoners is dus op Φ124 389 beraam. Hierteenoor is die jaarlikse inkomste van huishoudings in Orania in 2021 op Φ190 331 179 beraam. Hierdie verskil in ramings kan nie met behulp van die bestaande sensusopnamedata verklaar word nie en is tevore aangestip as 'n gebied vir verdere navorsing. Die 2021-besigheidsopname van Orania rapporteer data oor sake-ondernemings in die dorp. Op grond van hierdie opnamedata is die jaarlikse omset van sakeondernemings in Orania in 2021 op Φ281 950 000 beraam. Meer navorsing is nodig om te bepaal of die groei in ora-koepons wat uitgereik word, hoegenaamd korreleer met die groei in ekonomiese bedrywighede in Orania. Die groeikoers van ora-koepons kan nie met groei in ekonomiese bedrywighede vergelyk word nie omdat laasgenoemde nie voorheen op 'n vergelykbare basis bereken is nie. Onlangse navorsing is die eerste inisiatief om 'n basis te skep vir die bepaling van Orania se toekomstige ekonomiese groei. Indien hierdie korrelasie deur toekomstige navorsing bepaal kan word, sal dit 'n nuttige en maklike aanwyser van ekonomiese bedrywighede op die dorp wees. Die navorsing toon ook dat die ora tot gemeenskapsbewussyn bydra, byvoorbeeld omdat die inwoners bedrae in ora uitdruk, eerder as in rand. Die ora verminder ook kontantrisiko in Orania, omdat die ora nie buite die dorp gebruik kan word nie. Die ora het egter ook sekere nadele vir inwoners van Orania. Houers van ora-koepons en dOra moet dit in Orania vir rand inwissel vir kontanttransaksies buite die dorp. Enige afslag wat sake-ondernemings op ora-transaksies toestaan, verminder hul omset en bruto wins. Die feit dat ora-koepons nie masjienleesbaar is nie, verhoog die administrasiekoste van die koepons. Die ora en Orania is onlosmaaklik met mekaar verweef. Die dorp kan egter sonder die ora bestaan, terwyl die ora nie sonder Orania kan bestaan nie.

The history of the ora (with the symbol Φ) as a trade instrument is inextricably linked to the history of Orania, a village on the southern bank of the Orange River in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The closest town to Orania is Hopetown (43 kilometres to the northwest). Orania is about 160 kilometres south of Kimberley, the biggest city in the Northern Cape. Orania has a number of unique features. Firstly, all inhabitants are white and speak Afrikaans, with the implication that this is the language used for all activities (business, education, religion and social interaction). It is therefore viewed as a white Afrikaner cultural enclave. Secondly, the aim of Orania is self-determination as far as its future is concerned. In this context it has been described as a continuation of the Verwoerdian ideal of the 1960s. This aim is supported by "selfwerksaamheid" (loosely meaning "to work with our own for our own"), that is, a policy in terms of which preference is given to the employment of people from Orania. Thirdly, Orania has its own trade instrument, the ora, the symbol for which is Φ.2 The ora is described as a coupon used in settlement of cash transactions. Calling the ora currency would be a contravention of the South African Reserve Bank Act, 1989. The Orania Sakekamer [chamber of commerce] issues the ora. It is linked on a one-to-one basis to the South African rand, that is, at a rate of Φ 1,00 = R1,00. The inhabitants of Orania prefer to use ora when referring to amounts and this paper follows the same convention. Literature on Orania refers to the ora and its use in trade, but there is no research focusing on the development of the ora since it wasfirst launched in 2004. This paper seeks to contribute to filling this gap in the existing literature. The ora serves the needs of the inhabitants of Orania. A population census undertaken in Orania in December 2021 and early in 2022 reported the town'spopulation as 2 377 people, of whom 1 635 were 20 years and older. The same census also showed that Orania comprised 649 households and 220 businesses. Based on the 2021/22 census, the total personal annual income of the residents of Orania in 2021 was estimated at Φ295 672 222. Per capita personal annual income of the 2 377 inhabitants was therefore estimated at Φ124 389. Based on the same census data, the annual household income in Orania was estimated at Φ190 331179. The difference in estimates cannot be explained in terms of the 2021/2022 census data and was previously highlighted as an area for further research. These estimates show some correlation with the survey data obtained from the 2021 business survey conducted in Orania. Business turnover in 2021 was estimated at Φ281 950 000. More research is necessary to ascertain whether the increase in the value of ora issued correlates at all with the growth rate of economic activity in Orania. If this correlation can be determined, ora in circulation will be a useful indicator of the growth of economic activities in Orania. The growth rate of ora coupons cannot be compared with growth in economic activity because the latter has not previously been calculated on a comparable basis. Recently research was published that will contribute to a basis for determining future economic growth. This research shows that the ora contributes to "community building" (a sense that the residents are building their own future) in Orania and limits cash risks in the town. However, the ora also has certain disadvantages for residents of Orania. Holders of ora coupons and dOra must exchange them for rand in Orania for cash transactions outside the town. Any discount that businesses grant on ora transactions reduces their turnover and gross profit. The fact that ora coupons are not machine-readable increases the administration costs of the coupons. The final conclusion is that the ora is inextricably linked to Orania. The town can exist without the ora, but the ora cannot exist without Orania.

ORIENTATION: Expatriates must adjust to geographical and cultural gap, a change that demands cultural intelligence (CQ). Chinese self-initiated expatriates (SIEs), who have travelled out of their own volition with no institutional support, are in Ghana for investment opportunities due to Ghana's political stability and the recently discovered oil in commercial quantities. RESEARCH PURPOSE: The study purpose was to examine which construct of CQ (metacognitive CQ, cognitive CQ, behavioural CQ and motivational CQ) best predicts interactional adjustment (IA) of Chinese SIEs in Ghana MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: These business opportunities in Ghana for the Chinese SIEs come together with a new set of challenges - inability of most Chinese SIEs to interactionally adjust to the Ghanaian cultural context. The SIEs could be particularly susceptible to cultural failure because they have no institutional support. RESEARCH DESIGN, APPROACH AND METHOD: This study had a sample size of 397 Chinese SIEs and used quantitative design. Data for this study were gathered using an online survey and analysed using partial least square (PLS)-structural equation model. A number of fundamental analyses were performed, including a description of data entry, missing value processing, outlier handling, assessing normalcy and linearity, and analysing measurement reliability and validity issues. The bivariate correlations between principal variables were investigated. MAIN FINDINGS: A positive relationship between all constructs of CQ and IA of Chinese SIEs in Ghana was found by the study. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: The study suggests that cross-cultural managers and expatriate coaches should focus their training on the four constructs of CQ for effective IA of SIEs. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE ADDED: This study contributes to CQ research on SIEs' cross-cultural assimilation, and it will serve as a reference for further studies.

RESUMEN: Pensar la universidad en contextos emergentes exige considerar que, si la universidad de antaño se equivocó al dar excesivo énfasis al pasado, la universidad de hoy se ve impulsada por el inexorable presente y el imprevisible futuro, lo que la obliga a revisar sus concepciones y prácticas pedagógicas en la clase universitaria. El corte del estudio que aquí presentamos, se detuvo a analizar cualitativamente tres informes de prácticas protagonizadas y presentadas por los participantes del XI Seminario Internacional de Educación Superior (XI SIES) de la Red Sur Brasileña de Investigadores de Educación Superior (RIES), realizado en 2018 en la Universidad Federal de Pelotas. Los trabajos seleccionados cumplen el criterio de presentar, al menos, dos de las dimensiones de la innovación, porque entendemos que una práctica innovadora debe presentar, al menos, dos de las dimensiones propuestas por Cunha (2006). Los estudios seleccionados presentaron dos dimensiones relacionadas con mayor énfasis: Ruptura con la forma tradicional de enseñar y aprender y Reorganización de la relación teoría/práctica. Los autores que apoyaron este trabajo fueron, principalmente, Santos (2010), Franco (2012), Didriksson (2008), Cunha (1998, 2006), Morosini (2014), Tardif (2002) y Shulman (1989), orientando el análisis pretendido, ya sea en la comprensión de los contextos emergentes, o en el campo de las prácticas pedagógicas y la innovación. Los retos son muchos, pero el estudio evidenció el interés y el protagonismo de profesores y alumnos hacia una práctica pedagógica más significativa y emancipadora. RESUMEN pasado futuro universitaria presentamos SIES RIES, RIES , (RIES) 201 Pelotas presentar menos innovación 2006. 2006 . (2006) teoríapráctica teoría teoría/práctica fueron principalmente 2010, 2010 (2010) 2012, 2012 (2012) 2008, 2008 (2008) 1998, 1998 (1998 2006, 2006) 2014, 2014 (2014) 2002 (2002 1989, 1989 (1989) pretendido muchos emancipadora (RIES 20 200 (2006 (2010 (2012 (2008 199 (199 (2014 (200 198 (1989 2 (201 19 (19 (20 (198 1 (1 (2 (

ABSTRACT: Thinking about the university in emerging contexts requires considering that, if the university of yore was wrong to give excessive emphasis to the past, today's is driven by the inexorable present and the unpredictable future, forcing it to review its conceptions and pedagogical practices in university class. The scope of the study presented here focused on a qualitative analysis of three reports of practices carried out and presented by participants of the XI Seminário Internacional de Educação Superior (XI SIES) of the South Brazilian Network of Higher Education Investigators, held in 2018 at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas. The selected works obey the selection criterion of presenting, at least, two of the most prominent and related dimensions of innovation, they are: Break with the traditional way of teaching and learning and Reorganization of the theory/practice relationship because we understand that an innovative practice must present at least two of the dimensions proposed by Cunha (2006). The authors who supported this work were mainly Santos (2010), Franco (2012), Didriksson (2008), Cunha (1998, 2006), Morosini (2014), Tardif (2002) and Shulman (1989), guiding the intended analysis, whether in the understanding of emerging contexts, or in the field of pedagogical practices and innovation. The challenges are many, but the study showed the interest and protagonism of teachers and students in the direction of a more significant and emancipatory. ABSTRACT past todays today s future class SIES Investigators 201 Pelotas presenting innovation theorypractice theory 2006. 2006 . (2006) 2010, 2010 , (2010) 2012, 2012 (2012) 2008, 2008 (2008) 1998, 1998 (1998 2006, 2006) 2014, 2014 (2014) 2002 (2002 1989, 1989 (1989) many emancipatory 20 200 (2006 (2010 (2012 (2008 199 (199 (2014 (200 198 (1989 2 (201 19 (19 (20 (198 1 (1 (2 (

RESUMO: Pensar a universidade em contextos emergentes requer considerar que, se a universidade de outrora errou por dar excessiva ênfase ao passado, a de hoje se vê impelida pelo presente inexorável e pelo futuro imprevisível, forçando-a a rever as suas concepções e as práticas pedagógicas desenvolvidas na aula universitária. O recorte do estudo que aqui apresentamos se deteve a analisar de modo qualitativo três relatos de práticas protagonizadas e apresentadas por participantes do XI Seminário Internacional de Educação Superior (XI SIES) da Rede Sul-brasileira de Investigadores da Educação Superior (RIES), realizado em 2018 na Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel). Os trabalhos selecionados obedecem ao critério de apresentar, pelo menos, duas das dimensões de inovação, pois entendemos que uma prática inovadora deve apresentar, pelo menos, duas das dimensões propostas por Cunha (2006). Os trabalhos elegidos apresentaram duas dimensões relacionadas e com maior destaque, são elas: Ruptura com a forma tradicional de ensinar e aprender e Reorganização da relação teoria/prática. Os autores que sustentaram este trabalho foram, principalmente, Santos (2010), Franco (2012), Didriksson (2008), Cunha (1998, 2006), Morosini (2014), Tardif (2002) e Shulman (1989), orientando a análise pretendida na compreensão dos contextos emergentes ou no campo das práticas pedagógicas e da inovação. Os desafios são muitos, mas o estudo evidenciou o interesse e o protagonismo de professores e estudantes na direção de uma prática pedagógica mais significativa e emancipatória. RESUMO passado imprevisível forçandoa forçando universitária SIES Sulbrasileira Sul brasileira RIES, RIES , (RIES) 201 UFPel. UFPel . (UFPel) apresentar menos inovação 2006. 2006 (2006) destaque elas teoriaprática teoria teoria/prática foram principalmente 2010, 2010 (2010) 2012, 2012 (2012) 2008, 2008 (2008) 1998, 1998 (1998 2006, 2006) 2014, 2014 (2014) 2002 (2002 1989, 1989 (1989) muitos emancipatória (RIES 20 (UFPel 200 (2006 (2010 (2012 (2008 199 (199 (2014 (200 198 (1989 2 (201 19 (19 (20 (198 1 (1 (2 (

Resumen: La agricultura familiar detiene gran relevância productiva, económica, social y cultural en el país, pero todavía cuenta con grandes dificultades de inserirse en el mercado capitalista altamente competitivo. La economia solidaria pretende ser un contrapunto a ese sistema económico vigente, pues se basa en el desarrollo económico amparado en la cooperación entre las personas, en la autogestión de los emprendimientos y en la búsqueda por una forma de vida mejor de sus participantes. El objetivo del estudio fue traer algunas características de la economía solidaria en Brasil y como ella puede ser instrumento impulsor y de apoyo al progreso de la agricultura familiar. Para ello se realizó pesquisa bibliográfica y documental, con coleta de informaciones en renombradas bases de datos nacionales, como el Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) y el Sistema de Informação em Economia Solidária (SIES). Se percibió que la agricultura familiar da salida a sus productos principalmente por la venta directa a los consumidores, que sus mercados son locales y la falta de capital circulante es su dificultad prevaleciente. Resumen productiva económica país competitivo vigente personas participantes documental nacionales IBGE (IBGE SIES. SIES . (SIES) consumidores prevaleciente (SIES

Abstract: Family farming has productive, economic, social, and cultural relevance in the country, but it still has great difficulties in entering the highly competitive capitalist market. The solidarity economy aims to be a counterpoint to this current economic system, as it is based on economic development supported by cooperation between people, the self-management of enterprises, and the search for a better way of life for its participants. The objective of the study was to bring some characteristics of the solidarity economy in Brazil and how it can be an instrument that promotes and supports the progress of family farming. Bibliographic and documentary research was carried out, with information collection in renowned national databases, such as the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) and the Sistema de Informação em Economia Solidária (SIES). It was noticed that family farming sells its products mainly through direct sales to consumers, that its markets are local, and the lack of working capital is its prevailing difficulty. Abstract productive social country market system people selfmanagement self management enterprises participants out databases IBGE (IBGE SIES. SIES . (SIES) consumers local difficulty (SIES

Resumo: A agricultura familiar detém grande relevância produtiva, econômica, social e cultural no país, mas ainda conta com grandes dificuldades de se inserir no mercado capitalista altamente competitivo. A economia solidária visa ser um contraponto a esse sistema econômico vigente, pois se baseia no desenvolvimento econômico amparado na cooperação entre as pessoas, na autogestão dos empreendimentos e na busca por uma forma de vida melhor de seus participantes. O objetivo do estudo foi trazer algumas características da economia solidária no Brasil e como ela pode ser instrumento impulsionador e de apoio ao progresso da agricultura familiar. Realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, com coleta de informações em renomadas bases de dados nacionais, como o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e o Sistema de Informação em Economia Solidária (SIES). Percebeu-se que a agricultura familiar escoa seus produtos principalmente pela venda direta aos consumidores, que seus mercados são locais e a falta de capital de giro é sua dificuldade prevalecente. Resumo produtiva econômica país competitivo vigente pessoas participantes Realizouse Realizou documental nacionais IBGE (IBGE SIES. SIES . (SIES) Percebeuse Percebeu consumidores prevalecente (SIES

Resumo Introdução A economia solidária se apresenta como estratégia de inclusão social pelo trabalho para pessoas com sofrimento psíquico. No Brasil, até 2005 não havia um levantamento sistematizado de Empreendimentos Econômicos Solidários (EES) que permitisse análises sobre esta realidade, ainda que informações desta natureza sejam reconhecidamente fundamentais para a avaliação e avanço de estratégias de sustentação destas ações. A Secretaria Nacional de Economia Solidária (SENAES) investiu no mapeamento nacional dos EES desde 2005 e, entre os anos de 2010 a 2013, foi realizado o segundo e último levantamento relativo aos EES no país, que alimentou o Sistema Nacional de Informações em Economia Solidária (SIES). Objetivo Caracterizar os empreendimentos econômicos solidários do campo da saúde mental cadastrados no banco de dados do SIES, oriundo do segundo mapeamento nacional. Método Trata-se de um estudo documental que analisou descritivamente os dados constantes no SIES. Resultados Foram identificados 140 empreendimentos compostos predominantemente por pessoas com transtornos mentais, inclusive quando decorrentes do uso de álcool e outras drogas, totalizando 19.708 empreendimentos cadastrados em todo território nacional. Os resultados apontam que há muitas semelhanças nas características dos EES do campo da saúde mental com os demais EES, como o tipo de organização, a atividade econômica desenvolvida, os espaços de comercialização, as conquistas e os desafios, por exemplo. Conclusão Entre as especificidades dos empreendimentos do campo da saúde mental, é possível apontar de maneira mais significativa a distribuição regional e área de atuação. Discute-se sobre as conquistas reveladas pelo mapeamento e sobre os desafios colocados para o avanço.

Abstract Introduction The solidarity economy is a strategy of social inclusion through work for people with psychic suffering. In Brazil, until 2005 there was no systematized survey of Solidary Economical Enterprises (SEE) that allowed analyzes on this reality, even though information of this nature is recognized as fundamental for the evaluation and advancement of strategies to sustain these actions. The National Secretary for Solidarity Economy (SENAES) has invested in the national mapping of the SEE since 2005, and between 2010 and 2013, the second and last survey on the SEE was carried out in the country, which fed the National Information System in Solidarity Economy (SIES). Objective To characterize the solidary economical enterprises of the field of mental health registered in the database of SIES from the second national mapping. Method This is a documentary study that analyzed descriptively the data contained in SIES. Results One hundred and forty enterprises were identified, predominantly composed of people with mental disorders, including those resulting from the use of alcohol and other drugs in a total of 19,708 enterprises registered in Brazil. The results point out that there are many similarities in the characteristics of SEE in the field of mental health with other SEE, such as the type of organization, economic activity developed, marketing spaces, achievements and challenges. Conclusion Among the specificities of the mental health field, we can point more significantly to the regional distribution and area of action. It discusses the achievements revealed by the mapping and the challenges posed for the advancement.

A economia solidária expandiu e ganhou reconhecimento público e acadêmico, nas últimas décadas. Multiplicaram-se visões, definições e enfoques, gerando uma polissemia conceitual e interpretações diversas a respeito. O presente artigo examina essas questões, a partir das estatísticas nacionais sobre a economia solidária. Destaca o seu valor metodológico e as explora sob vários prismas, em particular quanto à origem e ao sentido das experiências solidárias, do ponto de vista de seus integrantes, seus itinerários de trabalho e suas aspirações. Mediante uma análise retrospectiva dos últimos dados nacionais, de 2013, situa a economia solidária como um desdobramento de trajetórias que predispuseram certas categorias sociais à opção por formas coletivas de organização socioeconômica. Esse fato explica a heterogeneidade estrutural dessas práticas, a impropriedade de tratá-las como uma unidade empírica em si, e a conveniência de buscar em características latentes as suas lógicas instituintes.

Solidarity economy has expanded and gained public and academic recognition in recent decades, which means that views, definitions and approaches have multiplied, generating a conceptual polysemy and diverse interpretations about it. This paper examines these issues taking into consideration national statistics on the solidarity economy. It highlights their methodological value and explores them from various perspectives, in particular as to the origin and meaning of solidarity experiences, from the point of view of their members, their work itineraries and their aspirations. Through a retrospective analysis of the latest national data from 2013, the solidarity economy enables specific social categories to the option of collective forms of socio-economic organization. This fact explains the structural heterogeneity of these practices, the impropriety of treating them as an empirical unit in itself, and the desirability of seeking in their latent features their instituting logics.

L’économie solidaire s’est développée et a acquis une reconnaissance publique et académique au cours des dernières décennies. Les points de vue, les définitions et les approches se multiplient, générant une polysémie conceptuelle et diverses interprétations à ce sujet. Cet article examine ces questions à partir de statistiques nationales sur l’économie solidaire. Il met en avant leur valeur méthodologique et les explore sous divers aspects, en particulier quant à l’origine et le sens des expériences de solidarité, du point de vue de ses membres, de leurs parcours professionnel et de leurs aspirations. À partir d’une analyse rétrospective des dernières données nationales, de 2013, nous situons l’économie solidaire comme un dédoublement de trajectoires qui ont prédisposé certaines catégories sociales à l’option envers des formes collectives d’organisation socio-économique. Ce fait explique l’hétérogénéité structurelle de ces pratiques, l’inconvenance de les traiter comme une unité empirique en elle-même, et la commodité de recherche, dans des caractéristiques latentes, ses logiques instituantes.

RESUMEN Los aditivos probióticos son microorganismos vivos, que aplicados a los animales, en dosis suficiente benefician favorablemente su salud. El objetivo fue evaluar la repercusión de un preparado microbiano en el comportamiento productivo, salud y descripción del tipo de microorganismo de las cerdas reproductoras y lechones mediante cultivo selectivo. Se emplearon 12 cerdas reproductoras híbridos CC21 (Yorkshire-Landrace/L35 Duroc) y su descendencia, distribuidas en dos grupos de síes animales cada uno, T1 Control y T2 tratamiento. T2, contenía Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus thermophilus y Kluyveromyces fragilis (L-4 UCLV). Se utilizó un Diseño Completamente Aleatorizado, donde se evaluó comportamiento de peso vivo, número y peso al nacer de los cerditos; ganancia de peso en las fases neonato, crías, crecimiento y pre-ceba en lechones, incidencia diarreica y mortalidad; así mismo, se realizó descripción del tipo microorganismo mediante el cultivo selectivo. Los índices de peso y peso de cerditos al nacer fue mayor (P>0,05) en el T2; igualmente, la ganancia de peso en lechones (neonato, cría, crecimiento y pre-ceba) fue superior (P<0,05) en el T2; la incidencia de diarrea y mortalidad fue mayor (p<0,05) en el T1; igualmente, hubo mayor (P<0,05) crecimiento microbiano en diferentes medios selectivos a los 15 días después de suspender el tratamiento. Se concluye, que el aditivo probiótico en la dieta de los cerdos mejora el comportamiento productivo en las madres y su descendencia. Asimismo, se logra reducir la incidencia de diarreas y muertes. Además, hubo mayor crecimiento microbiano en diferentes medios selectivos.

ABSTRACT Probiotic additives contain beneficial microorganisms that included in the diet, in sufficient quantities, have a positive effect on the health of the host. However, high costs have limited its use in pork producers in developing countries. With the objective of evaluating the bioproductive behavior in breeding sows and their offspring when bioprepared in the diet is complemented. We used 12 hybrid breeding sows CC21 (Yorkshire-Landrace/L35 Duroc) and their descendants, divided into two groups of six animals each. T1, control and T2, treatment. T2, contained Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus thermophilus and Kluyveromyces fragilis (L-4 UCLV). A completely randomized design was used, the weight gained and the reproductive behavior in the offspring were evaluated; Weight gain in piglets from birth to pre-fattening, diarrheal cases and mortality, and the morpho-teintorial characterization of the microorganisms from the rectal swab. The weight gain in mother sows and piglets was higher (P>0.05) in T2. The diarrheic cases and mortality were lower (P<0.05) in T2; with the morpho-teintorial characterization, higher microbial load (P<0.05) was observed mainly coconuts in chain and isolated, short and chain bacilli positive gram and yeasts. It is concluded that the inclusion of bioprepared in the diet of the breeding sows and their offspring improves the bioproductive behavior, reduces diarrhea and deaths and increases the microbial load with corresponding morpho-teintorial characteristic to Bacilli, gram-positive cocci and yeasts.

Objetivo: evaluar la calidad del proceso de desinfección, medido en unidades relativas de luz (URL) en superficies ambientales de salas de cirugía, instrumentos reutilizables y de reuso mediante el equipo luminómetro 3M Clean Trace. Materiales: con un punto de corte en 250 URL, para definir adecuada calidad de la desinfección, se evaluó una muestra por conveniencia de 39 elementos: seis críticos de reuso, seis superficies ambientales y veintisiete de reutilización de difícil limpieza. Resultados: se encontró mala calidad en la mayoría de elementos evaluados. El gancho monopolar (reuso), la cánula de Frazzier (reutilización) y la mesa de medicamentos (superficie ambiental) fueron los elementos con niveles más elevados en cada grupo. Conclusiones: es necesario mejorar la calidad de limpieza y desinfección en salas de cirugía; el lu-minómetro demostró ser un instrumento útil en el control de calidad de este proceso; se requieren estudios adicionales para proponer puntos de corte más apropiados.

Objective: To assess the quality of the disinfection process, measured in relative light units (URL) on environmental surfaces in operating rooms, reusable and disposable instruments through the luminometer equipment 3M Clean Trace. Materials: With a cut-off point on 250 URL to define the adequate quality of disinfection, we evaluated a convenience sample of 39 elements, six disposable instruments of critical importance, six environmental surfaces and twenty-seven reusable that are difficult to clean. Results: Bad quality was found on most of the evaluated elements. The monopolar hook (disposable), the Frazzier cannula (reusable) and the medicine counter (environmental surface) were the elements with the highest levels in each group. Conclusions: It is necessary to improve the quality of cleaning and disinfection in operating rooms. The luminometer proved to be a useful instrument in the quality control of this process. Additional studies are required to propose more appropriate cut-off points.

Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade do processo de desinfecáo, medido em unidades relativas de luz (URL), em superficies ambientais de salas de cirurgia, instrumentos reutilizáveis e de reuso mediante a equipe luminómetro 3M Clean Trace. Materiais: com um ponto de corte em 250 URL, para definir adequada qualidade da desinfecáo, foi avaliada amostra por conveniencia de 39 elementos: seis críticos de reuso, sies superficies ambientais e vinte e sete de reutilizacáo de difícil limpeza. Resultados: Encontrou-se má qualidade na maioria de elementos avaliados. O gancho monopolar (reuso), a cánula de Frazzier (reutilizacao) e a mesa de medicamentos (superficie ambiental) foram os elementos com níveis mais elevados em cada grupo. Conclusoes: é preciso melhorar a qualidade de limpa e desinfeção em salas de cirurgia; o luminómetro demonstrou ser instrumento útil no controle de qualidade deste processo; requerem-se estudos adicionais para propor pontos de corte mais apropriados.

This work shows the main features that shape the 13 undergraduate art programs in the new Chilean university system by analyzing information provided by direct informants, SIES and official Web pages. From this, it is possible to display a profile for these programs, whose main features are a little differentiation in terms of curricular structure, differences in tuition fees rates, a high number of women as students, a reduced number offaculty members with a PhD., and actions towards facilitating the graduation process. Analysis of data constitutes a basis for designing policies for teaching arts in Chilean universities.

Este trabajo expone los principales rasgos que caracterizan hoy a los trece programas de licenciatura en arte del sistema universitario chileno, mediante el análisis de la información entregada por informantes directos, Servicio de Información de Educación Superior, SIES, y sitios web institucionales. A partir de ello, es posible diseñar un perfil de los programas, cuyos rasgos principales son la poca diferenciación de estructura curricular existente entre ellos; las grandes diferencias en el valor de las matrículas; el alto número de estudiantes mujeres; el reducido número de académicos doctores, y las acciones de reforzamiento para facilitar el proceso de graduación. El análisis de los datos constituye un insumo para el diseño de políticas en la enseñanza del arte en las universidades chilenas.

Resumo: Neste artigo buscamos analisar o perfil dos empreendimentos de economia solidária: como são organizados, seus indicadores de gestão participativa, suas condições de sustentabilidade e possibilidades de garantir inserção social de trabalhadores excluídos do mercado de trabalho. Consiste em uma análise dos dados de 2007 da base Sies (Sistema de Informação em Economia Solidária) do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego. Procuramos verificar o que se entende por organização de trabalho solidário num mercado caracterizado por seu oposto, e em que a gestão coletiva se efetiva. Foram priorizados os empreendimentos caracterizados pelo trabalho coletivo ou cooperativo dos seguintes subsetores econômicos: reciclagem, costura, calçado e alimentação. Também foram consideradas as fábricas recuperadas e associações/cooperativas de profissionais qualificados dos setores de engenharia, informática e educação. Concluímos que, de forma geral, os empreendimentos solidários correspondem mais a políticas compensatórias do que efetivamente a uma alternativa ao emprego formal ou assalariado.

Abstract: This article tries to analyze the profile of solidarity economy enterprises: how are they organized, which are their indicators of participatory management, their conditions to ensure sustainability and social inclusion of workers excluded from the labor market. It consists of an analysis of 2007 data base from the SIES (Information System of Solidarity Economy) created by the Ministry of Labor and Employment. We attempted to verify what is meant by organizing solidarity work in a market characterized by its opposite, and also in what extent collective management is effective. We prioritized the enterprises characterized by cooperative or collective work of the following economic sectors: recycling, sewing, shoes, and food. We also considered the recovered factories and professionals associations or cooperatives from the sectors of engineering, computing and education. We concluded that, in general, the solidarity enterprises can be more effectively considered as a result of compensatory policies than as an alternative to formal employment or wage labor.

Contexto: La aplicación de los Sistemas informatizados de información de enfermería (SIE) ha generado entre los enfermeros la necesidad de desarrollar nuevas competencias en la atención al enfermo, para saber cómo utilizar una nueva aplicación informática y aceptar el uso de un lenguaje común entre personas con su misma formación, para describir sus prácticas. Objetivos: Identificar la actitud de los enfermeros ante los Sistemas informatizados de Información de Enfermería (SIE), basados en la Clasificación Internacional para la Práctica de Enfermería (CIPE) y sus determinantes. Método: Estudio de tipo transversal y correlacional, con una muestra de 164 enfermeros de cinco hospitales del país. Para evaluar la actitud de los enfermeros se construyó una escala, que demostró tener una buena consistencia interna (Alfa de Cronbach 0,964), con cinco factores: el impacto de los SIE en los procesos de trabajo, el impacto de los SIE en la eficacia, la eficiencia y la financiación de los cuidados de enfermería; el compromiso con el nuevo SIE; las dificultades y las expectativas proporcionadas por el SIE; la adecuación del software y del servicio de asistencia de los usuarios. Resultados: Se destaca una actitud favorable de los enfermeros ante los SIE en estudio, influenciada por la percepción de los procesos de cambio en las organizaciones, por el tiempo para experimentar los SIE, por la formación básica, por el grado de capacitación sobre CIPE, por la categoría ocupacional y por el lugar de trabajo de los encuestados. Conclusión: La planificación de la aplicación de los SIE informatizados en las organizaciones de salud debe efectuarse a fin de que el proceso de cambio sea más notable para los usuarios, mediante la formación continua, logrando una mayor implicación de los profesionales de enfermería en este proceso de cambio.

Contexto: A implementação dos Sistemas informatizados de Informação em Enfermagem (SIE) gerou entre os enfermeiros a necessidade de desenvolver novas competências na prestação de cuidados, no sentido de saberem utilizar uma nova aplicação informática e aderirem ao uso de uma linguagem comum entre pares, para descrever as suas práticas. Objectivos: Identificar a atitude dos enfermeiros face aos Sistemas informatizados de Informação em Enfermagem (SIE), baseados na Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem (CIPE) e seus determinantes. Método: Estudo de tipo transversal e correlacional, com uma amostra de 164 enfermeiros de cinco hospitais do país. Para avaliar a atitude dos enfermeiros foi construída uma escala, que revelou boa consistência interna (Alfa de Cronbach 0,964), com 5 factores: impacto dos SIE nos processos de trabalho; impacto dos SIE na eficácia, eficiência e financiamento dos cuidados de enfermagem; comprometimento com o novo SIE; dificuldades e expectativas proporcionadas pelo SIE; adequação do software e do serviço de apoio ao utilizador. Resultados: Sobressai uma atitude favorável dos enfermeiros face aos SIE em estudo, influenciada pela percepção dos processos de mudança nas organizações, pelo tempo de experiência com os SIE, pela formação de base, pelo grau de formação sobre CIPE, pela categoria profissional e pelo local de trabalho dos inquiridos. Conclusão: O planeamento da implementação dos SIE informatizados nas organizações de saúde, deve ser efectuado de forma a tornar o processo de mudança mais perceptível pelos utilizadores, através da formação contínua, conseguindo um maior envolvimento dos profissionais de enfermagem nesse processo de mudança.

Context: Implementation of Computerised Nursing Information Systems (SIE) has generated the need for nurses to develop new skills in providing care, in order to know how to use a new computer application and accept the use of a common language among peers to describe their practices. Objectives: This purpose of this research was to identify nurses’ attitudes towards the Nursing Information Systems (SIE) based on International Classification for Nursing Practice (CIPE) and to identify their determinants. Method: Cross-sectional and correlational study, with a sample of 164 nurses from five hospitals in the country. To evaluate the nurses’ attitude’, a scale was constructed that revealed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha 0.964) with five factors: SIE impact on work processes; SIE impact on effectiveness, efficiency and funding of nursing care; commitment to the new SIE; difficulties and expectations provided by SIE; appropriateness of software and service user support. Results: The results highlight favourable nursing attitudes toward SIEs based on CIPE, influenced by: perceptions of organisational change process, SIE experience, nursing educational level, training in CIPE language, professional category and workplace of the respondents. Conclusion: Planning of the implementation of computerized SIE in health organizations, must be done in order to make the change process clearer to users, through continuous training, achieving greater involvement of nursing professionals in this change process.