ABSTRACT: The state of Rio Grande do Sul has a great diversity of reptile species distributed throughout its territory. Due to human actions, such as habitat fragmentation, these animals have been frequently observed in urban and peri-urban environments. This facilitates the spread of pathogens between animals and humans, posing a unique health risk, as many diseases are considered zoonoses. Leptospirosis is among the most common zoonoses in the world and is caused by pathogenic species of bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The role of reptiles in the cycle of this disease is yet unknown. However, serological studies have demonstrated positivity for antibodies against Leptospira spp. in tortoises and snakes, which may indicate that these animals act in maintaining the pathogen in the environment. This observed the presence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in rescued reptiles taken to the Center for Rehabilitation of Wild Fauna and Screening Center for Wild Animals at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL). Samples were collected from 55 animals (39 Trachemys dorbigni; 3 Philodryas patagoniensis; 3 Caiman latirostris; 3 Salvator merianae; 2 Acanthochelys spixii; 2 Phrynops hilarii; 2 Hydromedusa tectifera; 1 Philodryas aestiva) from August 2022 to December 2023 and tested for 12 reference serovars. Two animals demonstrated positivity, one for the pathogenic serovar Pyrogenes and the other for the pathogenic serovar Canicola. This result reflected the importance of different species besides mammals as potential reservoirs and responsible for maintaining leptospirosis in the environment. ABSTRACT territory actions fragmentation periurban peri environments humans risk unknown However spp snakes environment antiLeptospira anti NURFSCETAS/UFPEL. NURFSCETASUFPEL NURFS CETAS/UFPEL . CETAS UFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL) 5 39 (3 dorbigni patagoniensis latirostris merianae spixii hilarii tectifera aestiva 202 serovars Canicola NURFSCETAS NURFSCETAS/UFPEL CETASUFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL ( 20

RESUMO: O Rio Grande do Sul possui uma grande diversidade de espécies de répteis distribuídos por todo o Estado. Devido às ações antrópicas, como a fragmentação de habitats, estes animais vêm sendo observados com frequência no meio urbano e periurbano. Isso facilita a disseminação de patógenos entre animais e seres humanos, sendo um risco a saúde única, visto que muitas doenças são consideradas zoonoses. A leptospirose está entre as zoonoses mais comuns do mundo e é causada pelas espécies patogênicas da bactéria do gênero Leptospira. Ainda não se sabe o papel dos répteis no ciclo da doença, porém, estudos sorológicos demonstraram positividade para anticorpos contra Leptospira spp. em cágados e serpentes, o que pode indicar que estes animais atuam na manutenção do patógeno no ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira em répteis oriundos de resgate e levados ao Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre e Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL). As amostras foram coletadas de 55 animais (39 Trachemys dorbigni; 3 Philodryas patagoniensis; 3 Caiman latirostris; 3 Salvator merianae; 2 Acanthochelys spixii; 2 Phrynops hilarii; 2 Hydromedusa tectifera; 1 Philodryas aestiva), durante o período de agosto de 2022 a dezembro de 2023, e testadas para 12 sorovares de referência. Dois animais demonstraram positividade, um deles para o sorovar patogênico Pyrogenes e outro para o sorovar patogênico Canicola. Este resultado demonstra a importância de outras espécies, além dos mamíferos, como potenciais reservatórios e responsáveis pela manutenção da leptospirose no ambiente. RESUMO Estado antrópicas habitats periurbano humanos única doença porém spp serpentes ambiente antiLeptospira anti NURFSCETAS/UFPEL. NURFSCETASUFPEL NURFS CETAS/UFPEL . CETAS UFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL) 5 39 (3 dorbigni patagoniensis latirostris merianae spixii hilarii tectifera aestiva, aestiva , aestiva) 202 2023 referência Canicola mamíferos NURFSCETAS NURFSCETAS/UFPEL CETASUFPEL (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL ( 20

Abstract Sustainable forest management requires the integration of better practices for the conservation of biological diversity. Therefore, it is necessary to know the composition and richness of wild communities in sites where different forest management practices are applied. To this end, the fauna of managed forests in the Chignahuapan region of Puebla State was sampled for four years. A total of 112 species were recorded: 13 medium and large mammals, 83 birds, four amphibians and 12 reptiles. The abundances of these observed species were used to calculate the expected richness with the non-parametric Chao1 estimator. The management method with the highest expected richness was the Silvicultural Development Method (MDS) with 113, followed by Successive Cutting (CS) with 97, and the lowest was observed in the Mexican Method for the Management of Irregular Forests (MMOBI) with 71. Sampling completeness ranged from 92 % in amphibians to 99 % in mammals. Sixteen species are in some risk category in the official Mexican standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, and 25 are endemic to Mexico. Taxonomic lists contain information on conservation status, endemism and relative abundance. Intensive forest management methods, such as MDS, have a richer mammal and bird community than MMOBI and CS but are similar to protected areas. The richness and abundance of amphibians and reptiles, most of them in some risk category, are low, especially in MMOBI and CS, and almost absent in protected areas.

Resumen El manejo forestal sustentable requiere de la integración de mejores prácticas de conservación de la diversidad biológica. Para esto, es necesario conocer la composición y riqueza de las comunidades silvestres en los sitios donde se aplican diferentes prácticas silvícolas. Con esta finalidad, se muestreó durante cuatro años la fauna de bosques productivos de la región de Chignahuapan, Puebla. Se registraron 112 especies: 13 de mamíferos medianos y grandes, 83 de aves, cuatro de anfibios y 12 de reptiles. A partir de la abundancia de estas especies observadas, se determinó la riqueza esperada con el estimador no paramétrico Chao1. El método de manejo con mayor riqueza esperada fue el Método de Desarrollo Silvícola (MDS) con 113, seguido por Cortas Sucesivas (CS) con 97, y la menor se observó en el Método Mexicano de Ordenación de Bosques Irregulares (MMOBI) con 71. La completitud de los muestreos varió del 92 % en anfibios al 99 % en mamíferos. Dieciséis especies se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo en la norma oficial mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, y 25 son endémicas de México. Se presentan listas taxonómicas con información sobre la situación de conservación, endemismo y abundancia relativa. Los métodos intensivos de manejo forestal, como MDS, tienen una comunidad de mamíferos y aves más rica que el MMOBI y CS, pero similar a las de áreas bajo protección. La riqueza y abundancia de anfibios y reptiles, la mayoría en alguna categoría de riesgo, son bajas, especialmente en el MMOBI y CS, y casi ausentes en zonas de protección.

Resumo Anfisbênas são répteis fossoriais caracterizadas por apresentarem corpo cilíndrico e alongado coberto por escamas dispostas exclusivamente em anéis e todas são ápodas, com exceção das três espécies do gênero Bipes. Sua dieta consiste em uma variedade de invertebrados e pequenos vertebrados. Por viverem no subsolo, muitos aspectos de sua história natural são difíceis de observar. A maioria dos estudos sobre alimentação em anfisbenas concentra-se na dieta e na ecologia alimentar, enquanto as informações sobre o comportamento alimentar se baseiam em observações preliminares. O objetivo deste artigo foi descrever o comportamento de captura de alimentos exibido por Leposternon microcephalum Wagler, 1824, fora da galeria, em cativeiro. Para o experimento foi utilizada uma isca não viva, ração úmida de gato, que foi oferecida e posicionada próxima a uma das aberturas da galeria, na superfície do solo. Um total de três animais foi analisadopor meio de observações visuais e registros de câmeras de telefones celulares posicionadas em um ponto fixo, captando imagens de suas vistas dorsal e lateral. Foram detectados dois tipos principais de comportamento: captura de recursos alimentares e mecanismo de defesa. As estratégias utilizadas para capturar o recurso alimentar foram semelhantes às observadas em outras espécies fossoriais. Embora o movimento de “marcha-à-ré” tenha sido observado e descrito, o registramos sendo usado como uma estratégia de fuga. Esses resultados contribuem para enriquecer o conhecimento sobre diferentes aspectos da história natural dos Amphisbaenia.

Abstract Amphisbaenians are fossorial reptiles that have a cylindrical and elongated body covered with scales arranged in rings, and are all apodal, except for the three species of the genus Bipes. The amphisbaenian diet consists of a variety of invertebrates and small vertebrates. As these animals live underground, many aspects of their natural history are difficult to study. Most feeding studies of amphisbaenians have focused on the composition of the diet and feeding ecology, and the data available on feeding behavior are based on precursory observations. The present study describes the food capture behavior of Leposternon microcephalum Wagler, 1824 in captivity. In this experiment we used non-live bait (moist cat food), which was placed near a burrow opening, on the surface of the substrate. Three animals were monitored visually and filmed using cellphone cameras deployed at fixed points, to capture images from the dorsal and lateral perspectives of the study subjects. Two principal types of behavior were observed: the capture of food and defense mechanisms. The strategies used to capture the food were similar to those observed in other fossorial species. Although the backward movement has already been observed and described, we were able to record this movement being used as an escape strategy. These findings enrich our knowledge on different aspects of the natural history of the amphisbaenians.

Resumo Durante o presente estudo, os espécimes foram coletados em locais selecionados do deserto do Cholistan e da Reserva de Caça de Kalabagh, província de Punjab, Paquistão. Cada espécime capturado foi etiquetado com o número do comprovante e medidas morfométricas foram realizadas. O comprimento médio do focinho à cloaca foi de 172,559 ± 1,40 mm, e o peso médio foi de 92,1 ± 1,30 g. O DNA de Uromastyx hardwickii foi amplificado e sequenciado usando o conjunto de primer 16S rRNA. A sequência de DNA obtida mostrou identificação de espécies confiável e clara. Após o corte de bases ambíguas, o fragmento de rRNA 16S obtido tinha 520 pb, enquanto os fragmentos de rRNA 16S alinhados com a sequência próxima do NCBI composta por 510 pb. Sequências semelhantes do gênero Uromastyx foram recuperadas do NCBI em pesquisas de explosão. A árvore de união de vizinhos do gênero Uromastyx foi construída com base na distância-p usando MEGA X. A variação intraespecífica média foi de 0,095 ± 0,01, enquanto a variação intraespecífica foi de 0-1%. Da mesma forma, a variação interespecífica de Uromastyx hardwikii com Saara asmussi, Uromastyx alfredschmidti, Uromastyx geyri, Uromastyx thomasi, Uromastyx alfredschmidti foi de 0-12%, 0-19%, 0-19%, 0-20%, 12-19%, respectivamente. O DNA recém-produzido foi submetido ao NCBI e o número de acesso foi obtido (MW052563.1). Os resultados do estudo atual forneceram informações sobre a identificação molecular e morfológica do Gênero Uromastyx. Em nossa recomendação, a identificação de base molecular abrangente de répteis do Paquistão é necessária para relatar qualquer nova ou subespécie do país.

Abstract During the present study, specimens were collected from selected sites of Cholistan desert and Kalabagh Game Reserve, Punjab province, Pakistan. Each captured specimen was tagged with voucher number and morphometric measurements were taken. The average snout to vent length was 172.559±1.40 mm and average weight was 92.1±1.30 g. The DNA of Uromastyx hardwickii was amplified and sequenced using 16S rRNA primer set. The obtained DNA sequence has shown reliable and clear species identification. After trimming ambiguous bases, the obtained 16S rRNA fragment was 520 bp while 16S rRNA fragments aligned with closely matched sequence from NCBI comprised of 510 bp. Closely matched sequences of genus Uromastyx were retrieved from NCBI in blast searches. Neighbour-joining tree of genus Uromastyx was constructed based on p-distance using MEGA X. The mean intraspecific variation was 0.095±0.01 while intraspecific variation was ranging from 0-1%. Similarly, interspecific variation of Uromastyx hardwikii with Saara asmussi, Uromastyx alfredschmidti, Uromastyx geyri, Uromastyx thomasi, Uromastyx alfredschmidti was 0-12%, 0-19%, 0-19%, 0-20%, 12-19% respectively. The newly produced DNA was submitted to NCBI and accession number was obtained (MW052563.1). Results of current study provided information about the molecular and morphological identification of Genus Uromastyx. In our recommendation, comprehensive molecular based identification of Pakistan’s reptiles is required to report any new or subspecies from country.

Resumo A mineração é vital para o sustento humano e um setor crucial na economia do Estado. No entanto, seus impactos sobre o meio ambiente e a biodiversidade não podem ser subestimados, visto serem potentes para atrair a atenção do governo. O meio ambiente e a vida selvagem estão sujeitos aos impactos prejudiciais da mineração e de suas atividades relacionadas. Neste estudo, os distritos, nomeadamente Mardan e Mohmand, foram selecionados no que diz respeito aos impactos da mineração. A avaliação foi realizada em animais selvagens afetados negativamente pelo setor de mineração. A fauna tem sido observada atentamente para trazer os riscos calculados e a percepção de ameaça à vida selvagem regional. Um total de nove espécies de mamíferos, 21 espécies de pássaros, foi registrado no Distrito Mardan. Enquanto no Distrito Mohmand, duas espécies de mamíferos, nove espécies de pássaros e quatro espécies de répteis foram estudadas. O estudo explorou essa mineração que é principalmente responsável pela degradação do solo, acarretando perdas de alimentos e na agricultura. Vários outros fatores como explosões, poluição, caça, desmatamento, perda de habitat também foram observados. O desmatamento veio à tona como uma das principais causas de extinção da fauna da região, e tem-se que medidas preventivas são necessárias para dimensionar a catástrofe provocada pelo homem.

Abstract Mining is vital for human sustenance and a crucial sector in the state economy. However, its impacts on the environment and biodiversity cannot be underestimated. Which are potent to the attract government’s attention. Environment and wildlife are subject to the harmful impacts of mining and its related activities. In this study, districts, namely Mardan and Mohmand have been targeted with respect to mining impacts. The assessment was carried out on wildlife adversely affected by the mining sector. The fauna has been keenly observed to bring the calculated risks and threat perception of the regional wildlife. Total 9 species of mammals, 21 species of birds, were recorded in District Mardan. While in District Mohmand 2 species of mammals, 9 species of birds, and 4 species of reptiles were studied. The Study explored that mining primarily responsible for land degradation. Which lead to food and agriculture losses. Several other factors like blasting, pollution, hunting, deforestation, habitat loss was also observed. Deforestation surfaced one of the major causes for extinction of fauna in the said region. preemptive measures are needed to seize the man-made catastrophe.

Abstract Information regarding species occurrence is fundamental to understanding biodiversity distribution. However, the biodiversity from the west of the state of Paraná has been historically less studied, especially amphibians and reptiles. For this reason, we present the first reptile list of species from the west of the state of Paraná and extend the current list of anurans for the municipality of Foz do Iguaçu. The species list was based on a systematic field study conducted at Refúgio Biológico Bela Vista (RBV) a conservation area within the Hydroelectric Power Itaipu Binacional. We integrated the species list with previous species observations available in the literature for the same place where our sampling was conducted. A total of 41 species of amphibians and reptiles are presented. All amphibians species found were recorded in the field; however, from the 22 species of reptiles recorded, three were historical records obtained before this study. Species were all classified as Least Concern and/or had stable populational status according to the IUCN. Sampling sufficiency was achieved for anurans but not for reptiles, probably due to low abundance of several snake species. The most abundant species of anuran was Dendropsophus nanus, from the Hylidae family, whereas Leptodactylus plaumanni and Scinax squalirostris were represented by only one individual each. The lizard Salvator merianae was the most abundant reptile, and seven species were represented by only one individual each. The most successful sampling method for adult anurans was active search in water bodies whereas most of reptile species were observed by accidental encounters and not through a systematic sampling method. We found that herpetofauna composition from RBV was similar to other communities from Paraná state that also occur within the Semideciduous Seasonal Forest. Finally, as additional information to the species list, we offer species identification keys and discuss the importance of Refúgio Biológico Bela Vista to harbor the anuran and reptile diversity of the region. distribution However studied reason Iguaçu (RBV Binacional 4 presented however 2 andor or IUCN nanus family each Forest Finally region

Resumo Informações sobre a ocorrência de espécies são fundamentais para a compreensão da distribuição da biodiversidade. Porém, a biodiversidade do oeste do Estado do Paraná tem sido historicamente menos estudada, especialmente a de anfíbios e répteis. Por esse motivo, apresentamos a primeira lista de espécies de répteis do oeste do Estado do Paraná e ampliamos a lista atual de anuros para o município de Foz do Iguaçu. A lista de espécies foi baseada em um estudo sistemático de campo realizado em uma área de conservação dentro da Usina Hidrelétrica Itaipu Binacional. Integramos a lista de espécies com observações de espécies anteriores disponíveis na literatura para o mesmo local onde nossa amostragem foi realizada. Um total de 41 espécies são apresentadas. Todas as espécies de anuros encontradas foram registradas em campo; entretanto, das 22 espécies de répteis registradas, três foram registros obtidos antes deste estudo. Todas as espécies foram classificadas como “Pouco Preocupante” e/ou tinham status de “População Estável” de acordo com a IUCN. A suficiência amostral foi alcançada para anuros, mas não para répteis, provavelmente devido à baixa abundância de diversas espécies de serpentes. A espécie de anuro mais abundante foi Dendropsophus nanus, da família Hylidae, enquanto Leptodactylus plaumanni e Scinax squalirostris foram representados por apenas um indivíduo cada. O lagarto Salvator merianae foi o réptil mais abundante, e sete espécies foram representadas por um indivíduo cada. O método de amostragem mais bem sucedido para anuros adultos foi a busca ativa em corpos d’água, enquanto a maioria das espécies de répteis foi observada por encontros acidentais e não através de um método de amostragem sistematizado. Descobrimos que a composição da herpetofauna do Refúgio Biológico Bela Vista foi semelhante à de outras comunidades do estado do Paraná que também ocorrem dentro da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual. Por fim, como informações adicionais à lista de espécies, oferecemos chaves de identificação das espécies e discutimos sobre a importância da área de Itaipu para abrigar a diversidade de anuros e répteis da região. Porém estudada motivo Iguaçu Binacional realizada 4 apresentadas entretanto 2 Pouco Preocupante eou ou População Estável IUCN serpentes nanus Hylidae cada dágua, dágua d água, água d’água sistematizado Semidecidual fim região

Abstract Natural History Collections (NHCs) represent the world’s largest repositories of long-term biodiversity datasets. Specimen collection and voucher deposition has been the backbone of NHCs since their inception, but recent decades have seen a drastic decline in rates of growth via active collecting. Amphibians and reptiles are amongst the most threatened zoological groups on the planet and are historically underrepresented in most worldwide NHCs. As part of an ongoing project to review the Portuguese zoological collections in the country’s NHCs, herpetological data from its three major museums and smaller collections was gathered and used to examine the coverage and representation of the different taxa extant in Portugal. These collections are not taxonomically, geographically, or temporally complete. Approximately 90% of the Portuguese herpetological taxa are represented in the country’s NHCs, and around half of the taxa are represented by less than 50 specimens. Geographically, the collections cover less than 30% of the country’s territory and almost all of the occurring taxa have less than 10% of their known distribution represented in the collections. A discussion on the implications for science of such incomplete collections and a review of the current status of Portuguese NHCs is presented. (NHCs worlds world s longterm long term datasets inception collecting countrys country Portugal taxonomically geographically complete 90 5 specimens Geographically 30 10 presented 9 3 1

Abstract Variations in hematological profile in reptiles can be caused by multiple factors, including parasites presence. Our goals were to identify and morphologically describe blood cells of Liolaemus pacha and analyze their relationship with sex, body condition, individual reproductive/post-reproductive period and mite infestation. Blood smear analyses do not indicate the presence of hemoparasites, suggesting that the mites Neopterygosoma do not serve as vectors for these organisms, as has been proposed for other genera of ectoparasitic mites. In post-reproductive period, there was a reduction in specimens’ body condition and a higher leukocyte count in uninfected lizards. This could be a consequence of the testosterone effects, in higher concentration during the reproductive season, which can increase the metabolic rate, decreasing feeding rate. Infested and non-infested lizards showed no differences in body condition, as well as in leukocyte count, hence the host’s immune system could be developing infestation tolerance. Infested specimens had a higher count of monocytes, thrombocytes, heterophils and lymphocytes. Based on cells function, mites’ effect could be associated with inflammatory processes, allergic reactions or infectious diseases. These results suggested a complex interaction between lizards’ hematological parameters and factors associated to ectoparasites or body conditions. We consider this work as a diagnostic tool for genus Liolaemus, to evaluate health quality, with relevance to the conservation or management of this lizard’s genus. sex reproductive/postreproductive reproductivepostreproductive reproductive/post post hemoparasites organisms postreproductive effects season rate noninfested non infested hosts host s tolerance monocytes thrombocytes lymphocytes function processes diseases conditions quality lizard reproductivepost

Abstract Biological invasions are one of the major threats to biodiversity and good quality of life, resulting from the translocation of species by human action. There are more than 500 alien species currently invading ecosystems in Brazil, particularly plants and fishes, while little is known about invasive microorganisms. Although invasive alien species are present in all ecosystems in the country, most have been recorded in habitats with greater human interference, such as urban and peri-urban areas, farmland, dams, reservoirs, ports, and canals. Historically, the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil have had more invasive alien species, but there has been an increase in the number of invasive alien species in the central-western and northern regions in recent decades. The ornamental trade of plants and fishes as well as the illegal pet trade of wild mammals and reptiles are some of the main pathways for invasive species introduction and spread in Brazil. Breeding and cultivation systems that allow escape to natural areas are a relevant route of species introductions in freshwater ecosystems, while unintentional introductions from shipping and infrastructure are of extreme concern in marine ecosystems. The negative impacts of invasive alien species on the biota mainly include changes in community structure and local decrease in native species richness, mediated by predation, competition, and ecosystem changes. Most negative impacts are recorded for intentionally introduced species, such as fishes and plants, but unintentional introductions have led to impacts on good quality of life, with associated costs and impacts on human health. The management of biological invasions faces challenges that need to be overcome, such as the lack of public knowledge about the impact of invasive alien species, the popular appeal of charismatic invasive species or those used by humans, and the use of controversial control techniques. However, successful experiences of eradication and control in terrestrial and marine ecosystems have been recorded, some of them involving public engagement in management actions. Recognizing the issue as a cross-cutting public policy and developing ongoing governance experiences are fundamental goals for the management of invasive alien species in Brazil. life action 50 microorganisms country interference periurban peri farmland dams reservoirs ports canals Historically centralwestern central western decades richness predation competition health overcome humans techniques However actions crosscutting cross cutting 5

Resumo Invasões biológicas são uma das maiores ameaças à biodiversidade e à boa qualidade de vida, ocorrendo a partir da translocação de espécies por ação humana. Existem mais de 500 espécies exóticas invadindo ecossistemas atualmente no Brasil, com destaque para plantas e peixes. Pouco se sabe sobre microrganismos invasores. Apesar de existirem espécies exóticas invasoras em todos os ecossistemas no país, a maior parte dos registros foi feita em hábitats com maior interferência humana, como áreas urbanas, periurbanas, terras cultivadas, represas, reservatórios, portos e canais. Historicamente, as regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil apresentam mais espécies exóticas invasoras, mas nas últimas décadas se tem observado um aumento no número de espécies exóticas invasoras nas regiões centro-oeste e norte. O comércio de plantas e peixes ornamentais, assim como o comércio ilegal de mamíferos e répteis silvestres como animais de estimação são algumas das principais vias de introdução e disseminação de espécies exóticas invasoras no Brasil. Sistemas de criação e cultivo que possibilitam o escape para áreas naturais são uma relevante via de introdução em ecossistemas de águas continentais, enquanto introduções não intencionais a partir de navegação e de infraestrutura são de extrema preocupação em ecossistemas marinhos. Os impactos negativos de espécies exóticas invasoras sobre a biota incluem principalmente alterações na estrutura de comunidades e diminuição local da riqueza de espécies nativas, mediados por predação, competição e modificações ecossistêmicas. A maior parte dos impactos negativos registrados ocorreram para espécies introduzidas intencionalmente, como peixes e plantas, mas introduções não intencionais têm levado a impactos na boa qualidade de vida, com custos associados e impactos sobre a saúde humana. A gestão de invasões biológicas esbarra em desafios a serem superados, tais como a falta de conhecimento do público sobre o impacto de espécies exóticas invasoras, o apelo popular de espécies invasoras carismáticas ou utilizadas por humanos e o emprego de técnicas controversas de controle. Entretanto, experiências bem-sucedidas de erradicação e controle em ecossistemas terrestres e marinhos têm sido registrados, alguns deles envolvendo engajamento público nas ações de manejo. Reconhecer o tema como uma política pública transversal e desenvolver experiências continuadas de governança são metas fundamentais para a gestão e o manejo de espécies exóticas invasoras no Brasil. vida humana 50 invasores país urbanas periurbanas cultivadas represas reservatórios canais Historicamente centrooeste centro oeste norte ornamentais continentais nativas predação ecossistêmicas intencionalmente superados Entretanto bemsucedidas bem sucedidas 5

Abstract The larynx is in the lower respiratory tract and has the function of protecting the airways, controlling, and modulating breathing, assisting the circulatory system, and vocalizing. This study aims to describe the anatomy and histology of the skeleton of the larynx and trachea of the species Chelonia mydas, Caiman yacare and Caiman latirostris. The study was conducted at the Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), using nine specimens of Ch. mydas, 20 of Ca. yacare and four of Ca. latirostris. Samples of the larynx and trachea were collected, fixed, and sent for dissection of the structures and subsequent macroscopic analysis. For histology, samples were processed by the routine paraffin embedding method and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Verhoeff. For the three species, two arytenoid cartilages, a cricoid cartilage, a hyoid apparatus composed of a base and two horns were found. In Ch. mydas, two structures called thyroid wings were observed, not found in crocodilians. The trachea of crocodilians presented incomplete tracheal rings and musculature, while the trachea of Ch. mydas presented complete tracheal rings. Histologically, the entire cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx of the three species, as well as the tracheal rings, are constituted by hyaline cartilage. airways controlling breathing system vocalizing latirostris UFES, UFES , (UFES) Ch 2 Ca collected fixed analysis hematoxylineosin hematoxylin eosin Verhoeff cartilages cartilage observed musculature Histologically (UFES

Abstract The phylogenetic affinities of early dinosaurs are a controversial topic. There are disputing scenarios aiming to explain the evolutionary tree of these reptiles. A number of factors play a role on this issue. High levels of intraspecific variation experienced by the earliest forms are pointed by distinct authors as one of the main sources of phylogenetic biases. In the present study, we performed experimental analyses incorporating skeletally immature individuals as distinct operational taxonomic units in order to investigate the effect of ontogeny on the phylogeny and morphospace of early Late Triassic sauropodomorphs. The results support an “artificial” grouping of skeletally immature individuals of early dinosaurs in the phylogenetic trees, which is controlled by ontogenetic development. Such results are interpreted as the effect of ontogenetic control on the states of certain morphological characters, producing false synapomorphies. In addition, the morphological disparity analysis indicated a significant difference between the skeletally immature and mature individuals, corroborating previous assumptions. At this point, we suggest caution during the scoring process of early dinosaurs. Some approaches that avoid ontogenetically sensitive characters revealed a putative solution. Nevertheless, additional specimens and alternative tools are mandatory in order to properly deal with this issue. topic reptiles issue biases study sauropodomorphs artificial “artificial trees development synapomorphies addition assumptions point solution Nevertheless

Abstract Fishermen-hunter-gatherers of sambaquis (Brazilian shell mounds) had an intimate affinity with marine-coastal environments, where they exploited a great variety of fish and mollusks that comprise the best documented fauna from sambaquis. However, other groups of animals as mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians are also present in these sites, but are relatively less studied. This paper is the first one focused exclusively on the Tetrapoda biodiversity of sambaquis and aimed to identify tetrapods of ten sites from southern Brazil. We present a faunal inventory and data regarding animal capture and environmental exploitation. We identified the specimens anatomically and taxonomically, analyzed them concerning fragmentation, and quantified the data for the number of identified specimens (NISP) and minimum number of individuals (MNI). Despite the high degree of fragmentation of remains, we identified 46 taxa. As expected, most were from marine animals: cetaceans (total NISP = 2,568 and MNI = 27), otariids (total NISP = 248 and MNI = 32), and seabirds (total NISP = 65 and MNI = 23), indicating great relevance of marine tetrapod fauna as a resource for sambaqui builders (79.39% of NISP). We thus document the close bond between fishermen-hunter-gatherers of sambaquis and the marine tetrapods in southern Brazil. Fishermenhuntergatherers Fishermen hunter gatherers Brazilian mounds marinecoastal coastal environments However mammals birds reptiles studied Brazil exploitation taxonomically (NISP MNI. . (MNI) remains 4 taxa expected total 2568 2 568 2,56 27, 27 , 27) 24 32, 32 32) 6 23, 23 23) 79.39% 7939 79 39 (79.39 NISP. NISP) fishermenhuntergatherers fishermen (MNI 256 56 2,5 3 79.39 793 7 (79.3 25 5 2, 79.3 (79. 79. (79 (7 (

Abstract The study aimed to characterize the digestive tract of Uranoscodon superciliosus and its associations to the diet and foraging behavior already described for the species. Five lizards were captured in forest areas near the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Tongue, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines fragments were collected, fixed, and processed for light microscopy. Hyaline cartilage was present in the center of the tongue, and the papillae from the apex and glands from the radix showed positive reaction to Alcian blue. The oesophagus presented a folded mucosa, covered by an epithelium with mucous and goblet cells positive to PAS and Alcian blue. There was presence of gastric glands in the cardic and fundic stomach regions, plus all the regions reacted positively to PAS. Fold and villi variations in both small and large intestine were noted, as well as the number and arrangement of goblet cells. Mucous and goblet cells from the small intestine were positively stained in PAS, while only the goblet cells were Alcian blue positive. These findings indicate that the Amazonian Diving Lizard’s digestive tract organs, mainly the tongue and stomach, present morphologies associated to ambush-type foraging and a specific diet largely based on small invertebrates. species Manaus Amazonas Brazil Tongue collected fixed microscopy mucosa noted Lizards Lizard s organs ambushtype ambush type invertebrates

Abstract Hepatozoon spp. are the most common haemoparasites reported from reptiles around the world, however, only six species have been described infecting crocodilians. In Brazil, Hepatozoon caimani Carini, 1909 is currently the only recognized species from the caiman hosts. This study provides new data on the diversity of species of Hepatozoon infecting Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus) using molecular data and phylogenetic analysis, with additional support of morphological data of developmental stages from host blood and tissue. Forty-four individuals were collected and screened for haemogregarines, and blood and tissue samples were analysed by light microscopy with 31 (70.45%) infected. Hepatozoon spp. blood developmental stages included immature and mature gamonts with or without cytoplasmic vacuoles and free gamonts. Additionally, merogonic developmental stages were found in the liver and spleen of infected hosts. Based on the morphological and molecular data, this study identified two possible different species of Hepatozoon, being one of them the H. caimani with intragenotypic divergence. spp world however crocodilians Brazil Carini 190 hosts Linnaeus (Linnaeus analysis Fortyfour Forty four haemogregarines 3 70.45% 7045 70 45 (70.45% Additionally H divergence 19 70.45 704 7 4 (70.45 1 70.4 (70.4 70. (70. (70 (7 (

Resumo Hepatozoon spp. são os hemoparasitas mais comuns relatados em répteis em todo o mundo, no entanto, apenas seis espécies foram descritas infectando crocodilianos. No Brasil, Hepatozoon caimani Carini, 1909 é atualmente a única espécie reconhecida dos hospedeiros jacarés. Este estudo fornece novos dados sobre a diversidade de espécies de Hepatozoon que infectam Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus) utilizando dados moleculares e análise filogenética, com suporte adicional fornecido através de dados morfológicos de estágios de desenvolvimento do sangue e tecido do hospedeiro. Quarenta e quatro indivíduos foram coletados e triados para hemogregarinas, e amostras de sangue e tecidos foram analisadas por microscopia óptica com 31 (70,45%) infectados. Os estágios de desenvolvimento do sangue incluíram gamontes imaturos e maduros com ou sem vacúolos citoplasmáticos e gamontes livres. Além disso, foram encontrados estágios de desenvolvimento merogônico no fígado e baço de hospedeiros infectados. Com base nos dados morfológicos e moleculares, este estudo identificou duas possíveis espécies diferentes de Hepatozoon, sendo uma delas, o H. caimani com divergência intragenotípica. spp mundo entanto crocodilianos Brasil Carini 190 jacarés Linnaeus (Linnaeus filogenética hospedeiro hemogregarinas 3 70,45% 7045 70 45 (70,45% infectados livres disso delas H intragenotípica 19 70,45 704 7 4 (70,45 1 70,4 (70,4 70, (70, (70 (7 (

Resumo: Objetivo Inventariar os danos causados aos ambientes naturais ou à biodiversidade nativa por por espécies exóticas é desafiador. Nós testamos se o número de detecções de espécies exóticas é afetado pelo número total de espécies exóticas ou pela riqueza de exóticas invasoras, com o intuito de predizer que grupos de espécies são mais prováveis futuros invasores. Métodos Nós apresentamos informações obtidas de um senso nacional conduzido sobre organismos exóticos anelídeos, anfíbios, cnidários, crustáceos, macrófitas aquáticas, microrganismos, moluscos, nematelmintos, peixes, platelmintos e répteis para todas as bacias hidrográficas do país. Utilizamos o número de detecções como variável dependente da riqueza de espécies exóticas, por grupo taxonômico e da riqueza de espécies exóticas invasoras. Resultados Nós obtivemos 1.896 detecções de diferentes 183 espécies aquáticas. Peixes e moluscos foram os invasores comuns já que suas detecções são mais frequentes do que o esperado ao acaso, considerando todas as espécies ocorrendo nos ecossistemas de água doce do país. Nós também encontramos relações positivas e robustas entre as detecções por grupo taxonômico e a riqueza em espécies por grupo. Conclusões Os resultados ilustram como o ambiente de água doce brasileiro é frágil a invasões biológicas e destacam a necessidade de ações efetivas direcionadas à questão. A incerteza científica a respeito do status de espécies exóticas e seu podencial invasor é grande, o que leva à necessidade de precaução a respeito destas espécies. Apesar do cenário atual, novas políticas abrem opotunidades para que parques aquáticos com organismos exóticos se dispersem mais no Brasil o que deve aumentar ainda mais a pressão sobre ecossistemas naturais e espécies nativas, reforçando a necessidade já manifestada pela comunidade científica, de maior atenção ao tema. Resumo desafiador invasoras anelídeos anfíbios cnidários crustáceos aquáticas microrganismos nematelmintos peixes país 1896 1 896 1.89 18 acaso questão grande atual nativas tema 189 89 1.8 8 1.

Abstract: Aim Assessing the damage caused to natural environments and native biodiversity by alien species is challenging. We tested whether the number of detections of alien species is affected by total alien or total invader alien species richness, considering the importance of predicting which species are more probable future invaders. Methods We summarized a research information survey conducted on alien amphibians, annelids, aquatic macrophytes, cnidarians, crustaceans, fish, microorganisms, mollusks, nemathelminths, platyhelminths, and reptiles, and for Brazilian watersheds. We used linear regressions between detections and total alien species richness and between detections and invader species richness. Results We obtained 1,896 alien detections of 183 aquatic species in Brazil. Fish and mollusk species were the commonest invaders due to their detections being more frequent than expected by chance, considering all the alien species occurring in Brazilian freshwater ecosystems. We also found positive and robust linear relationships between alien species detections and alien species richness. Conclusions Our results illustrate how Brazilian freshwater systems are fragile to alien invasions and highlight the need for effective action to address this question. Scientific uncertainty in Brazil regarding the status of some alien species and their potential harm is high, highlighting the need for a cautionary overview of invaders. Despite this scenario, new policies create opportunities for aquatic parks with exotic organisms to spread further in Brazil, which, in actual Brazilian conditions, is likely to increase the pressure on natural ecosystems and native species. This reinforces the already expressed need by the scientific community for greater attention to the issue. Abstract challenging amphibians annelids macrophytes cnidarians crustaceans fish microorganisms mollusks nemathelminths platyhelminths reptiles watersheds 1896 1 896 1,89 18 chance question high scenario conditions issue 189 89 1,8 8 1,