RESUMEN La galápaga sabanera (Podocnemis vogli) es una tortuga de ambientes acuáticos, principalmente lénticos, que centra su época reproductiva en la temporada seca, en la que sus huevos son una importante fuente de alimento en la red trófica y para el hombre, de manera que frecuentemente son afectados por depredadores naturales. Con el propósito de reducir el efecto negativo de la depredación natural sobre las nidadas de P vogli en la Reserva Natural de la Sociedad Civil La Esperanza en Paz de Ariporo, se implementó una estrategia de protección directa con malla metálica y se realizó el seguimiento a las posturas durante tres periodos de anidación entre 2016 y 2018. Como resultado del uso de esta estrategia para proteger las nidadas, se evidenció el efecto de otros depredadores y parásitos menos conspicuos como las hormigas legionarias (Labidus) y las larvas de moscas parasitarias (Phoridae). En ambos casos la afectación se registró en los neonatos recién eclosionados de galápaga sabanera al interior de los nidos, algunos de ellos hallados en un estado de salud precaria o muertos. Este es el primer reporte de depredación de los neonatos de P. vogli por estas especies de insectos sobre las cuales las estrategias físicas convencionales de protección fueron ineficientes.

ABSTRACT The savanna side-necked turtle (Podocnemis vogli) is a river turtle of mainly lentic aquatic environments that centers its reproductive period in the dry season; its eggs are a significant source of nourishment in the food web that includes humans as well. Therefore, by monitoring and installing metal mesh we protected the nests during three spawning seasons (2016-2018). After using the mentioned protection strategy other possible predators or parasites, such as the insects, became evident. We observed that when monitoring clutches, organisms such as ants and parasitic flies took advantage of the newborn hatchlings inside the nests. In both cases, the affectations by both species caused considerable injuries in the neonates, which eventually showed a precarious state of health and even died rapidly. This is the first time that predation on P. vogli neonates by these insect species has been reported, in which physical protection strategies are not functional.

RESUMO: Detritivoria e parasitismo são hábitos alimentares já registrados para os forídeos do gênero Megaselia Rondani. Os resultados do presente estudo confirmam o hábito parasitário das larvas de Megaselia. Este é o primeiro registro de adulto de Pachylia ficus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) como hospedeiro de Megaselia scalaris (Loew, 1866) e Megaselia sp. (Diptera: Phoridae).

ABSTRACT: Detritivoria and parasitism are dietary habits already registered for the phorids of the genus Megaselia Rondani. The results of this study confirm the parasitic habit of Megaselia larvae. This is the first Pachylia ficus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) adult record as a host of Megaselia scalaris (Loew, 1866) and Megaselia sp. (Diptera: Phoridae).

In this study the composition of carrion entomofauna in the ground below the carcas one month after the death was examined, identifying strata and associations to different ground depths. Three carcasses were examined: two horses and a cow, placed in sandy soil during the spring, summer and autumn in a natural environment in Mendoza. Soil samples were taken from ground surface every 10 cm below the corpse up to a depth of 60 cm. A total of 11,452 specimens (8,576 in autumn, 2,339 in summer, and 537 in spring), belonging to 24 different species belonging to 11 families was collected. Indicator species allowed differentiation of strata in sampled soil under corpses. In spring a first stratum was defined with pupae of Piophila casei (Linnaeus) (Piophilidae) between the surface and 30cm depth and a second stratum was defined at a depth between 40 to 60cm with pupae of a species of Phoridae and eggs of Histeridae. In summer only one stratum was defined by the abundance of puparia of Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Calliphoridae), located between the surface and 30cm depth. In autumn only one stratum was determined by larvae of Dermestes maculatus De Geer (Dermestidae) located between the surface and 20cm depth. The entomological composition varies with depth and between seasons, abundance was higher on the surface. Calliphoridae and Dermestidae were associated with superficial layers and the genera Euspilotus Lewis (Histeridae) and Omorgus Erichson (Trogidae) to deeper layers of the soil.

En el presente trabajo se examinó la composición de entomofauna cadavérica en el suelo debajo de cadáveres identificando estratos y asociaciones con diferentes profundidades a un mes de producido el deceso. Se utilizaron tres cadáveres (dos caballos y una vaca) dispuestos en suelo arenoso en primavera, verano y otoño en un ambiente natural de Mendoza. Los muestreos se realizaron en el suelo debajo de los cadáveres hasta 60 cm de profundidad. Se colectaron 11452 ejemplares (8576 en otoño, 2339 en verano y 537 en primavera) pertenecientes a 24 especies incluidas en 11 familias. Las especies indicadoras permitieron diferenciar estratos en el suelo muestreado debajo de los cadáveres. En primavera un primer estrato fue definido por puparios de Piophila casei (Linnaeus) (Piophilidae) entre la superficie y los 30 cm de profundidad y el segundo estrato fue establecido por pupas de una especie de Phoridae (Diptera) y huevos de Histeridae entre los 40 y 60 cm. En verano un estrato fue establecido por la abundancia de los puparios de Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Calliphoridae) entre la superficie y los 30 cm. En otoño fue reconocido un estrato con larvas de Dermestes maculatus De Geer (Dermestidae) entre la superficie hasta los 20 cm de profundidad. La composición entomológica cambia en la profundidad del suelo y entre las estaciones, la abundancia fue mayor en la superficie. Calliphoridae y Dermestidae aparecen asociados a capas superficiales y los géneros Euspilotus Lewis (Histeridae) y Omorgus Erichson (Trogidae) a capas más profundas del suelo.

RESUMO Registros de sete espécies de forídeos pertencentes a seis gêneros e duas subfamílias foram encontrados para o estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Esse número de espécies está longe de ser representativo da fauna real do estado, sendo muito aquém do número de espécies conhecidas de Phoridae para outros estados mais bem estudados.

ABSTRACT Records of seven species belonging to six genera and two subfamilies were found for the Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. This number of species is far from being representative of the real fauna of the state and is much smaller than the number of known species of other better studied states.

El uso de moscas y otros artrópodos como evidencia para calcular la data de muerte de un cuerpo en estado avanzado de putrefacción, se conoce como entomología forense, una disciplina auxiliar de las ciencias forenses. La presencia de larvas sobre el cuerpo humano sin vida, permite al entomólogo forense apoyar al patólogo, estableciendo los márgenes mínimo de tiempo de muerte transcurridos desde la llegada de los insectos al cuerpo hasta el momento del hallazgo. En este estudio, se presenta un listado de dípteros de importancia médico legal colectadas en las adyacencias de la morgue del Hospital Adolfo Prince Lara, municipio Puerto Cabello. En los meses enero-marzo 2012 se realizaron tres colectas, una por mes. Las moscas se capturaron con el uso de una malla entomológica utilizando como cebo 500 g de hígado de res en estado cromático de descomposición. En cada colecta se tomaron datos de temperatura y humedad relativa (promedio = 30ºC y 48%, respectivamente). Se recolectaron un total de 257 individuos correspondientes a las familias Piophilidae (1,1%), Sarcophagidae (4,1%), Phoridae (10,2%), Muscidae (32,3%) y Calliphoridae (52,3%).Sin embargo, la especie más representativa durante el muestreo en las adyacencias del hospital fue L. cuprina, seguida de C. megacephala.

The use of flies and other arthropods as evidence to estimate the time of death of a body in an advanced state of putrefaction, known as forensic entomology, an auxiliary discipline of forensic science. The presence of larvae on the human body lifeless, allows the forensic entomologist support the pathologist, establishing minimum time frames death since the arrival of the insects to the body until the moment of discovery. In this study, a list of Diptera of forensic importance collected in the vicinity of the hospital Adolfo Prince Lara, Puerto Cabello morgue are presented. In the months January to March 2012 were made three collections, one per month. Using 500 g of beef liver decomposed (in chromatics stage) the flies were taken temperature and relative humidity (mean = 30 and 48%, respectively). A total of 257 individuals corresponding to families Piophilidae (1.1%), Sarcophagidae (4.1%), Phoridae (10.2%), Muscidae (32.3%) and Calliphoridae (52.3%). However, the most representative species during sampling in the vicinity of the was L. cuprina, followed by C. megacephala.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de dois nematoides, Steinernema feltiae e S. carpocapsae, no controle de moscas dos cogumelos e avaliar o efeito desses tratamentos na produção de Agaricus bisporus. Foram realizados dois ensaios de cultivo de cogumelos em condições controladas, em substrato previamente infestado pelos dípteros Megaselia halterata e Lycoriella auripila, com dois tratamentos: 106juvenis infectantes (IJ) por metro quadrado de S. feltiae e 0,5x106IJ m-2 de S. feltiae+ 0,5x106IJ m-2 de S. carpocapsae. Foi realizado outro experimento, com uso dos mesmos tratamentos, para avaliar o possível efeito dos nematoides sobre a produção dos cogumelos. Avaliou-se o número de adultos que emergiram no substrato, para cada espécie de mosca. Não foi detectada redução da população de M. halteratacom a aplicação de nematoides, enquanto o número de L.auripila foi reduzido em ambos os tratamentos, particularmente no tratamento individual com S. feltiae. A aplicação de nematoides entomopatogênicos não tem efeito adverso na produção de cogumelos.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of two nematodes, Steinernema feltiae and S. carpocapsae, to control mushroom flies and to evaluate the effect of these treatments on Agaricus bisporus production. Two mushroom cultivation trials were carried out in controlled conditions, in substrate previously infested with the diptera Megaselia halterata and Lycoriella auripila, with two treatments: 106infective juveniles (IJ) per square meter of S. feltiae and 0.5x106IJ m-2S. feltiae + 0.5x106IJ m-2S. carpocapsae. Another experiment was carried out using the same treatments to evaluate the possible nematode effect on mushroom yield. The number of adults emerging from the substrate was evaluated for each fly species. No decrease in the population of M. halterata was detected with nematode application, whereas the number of L. auripila was reduced in both treatments, particularly in the individual treatment with S. feltiae. The application of entomopathogenic nematodes has no adverse effect on mushroom production.

Urticating setae are exclusive to New World tarantulas and are found in approximately 90% of the New World species. Six morphological types have been proposed and, in several species, two morphological types can be found in the same individual. In the past few years, there has been growing concern to learn more about urticating setae, but many questions still remain unanswered. After studying individuals from several theraphosid species, we endeavored to find more about the segregation of the different types of setae into different abdominal regions, and the possible existence of patterns; the morphological variability of urticating setae types and their limits; whether there is variability in the length of urticating setae across the abdominal area; and whether spiders use different types of urticating setae differently. We found that the two types of urticating setae, which can be found together in most theraphosine species, are segregated into distinct areas on the spider's abdomen: type III occurs on the median and posterior areas with either type I or IV surrounding the patch of type III setae. Morphological intermediates between types I and III, as well as between III and IV, were found. We propose that type III urticating setae have evolved through modifications of body setae on specific areas of abdomen dorsum and subsequently gave independent origin to areas having either type I or IV. A parallel evolution seems to have occurred in some aviculariine genera in which type II setae evolved also from body setae from specific areas of abdomen dorsum. Concerning the length of the setae, we observed that towards the median and posterior areas of the abdomen the length of the urticating setae increases. These long setae are cast by the spider as part of an active defensive behavior against vertebrate predators. We propose that spiders use the various types of urticating setae differently and according to their different targets: type I setae, when incorporated either into the molting web or eggsac, is more effective against invertebrates (ants or phorid fly larvae) than type III. The latter seems to be used mainly against vertebrate predators.

A preliminary study on coprophilous and necrophilous Diptera assemblages was done at family level, in a serranía forest in Sierra de Minas, Uruguay. Besides, seasonal structure variations of both assemblages were assessed. Dipterous were sampled monthly during a year, using pitfall traps baited with cow dung and cow liver, which were deployed for a week. A total of 3,142 individuals corresponding to 21 families, were captured. Heleomyzidae was recorded for the first time in Uruguay. The most abundant families were Phoridae and Sphaeroceridae which represented 58% of total number of captures. Sphaeroceridae (42%) was the dominant family in dung baited traps, followed by Cecido-myiidae (14%) and Phoridae (12%). Phoridae (59%) was the most abundant family in carrion baited traps, followed by Drosophilidae (10%). Both assemblages showed the same pattern of seasonal abundances variation, and revealed peaks in spring (October - November) and in autumn (April). The number of families of coprophilous flies was greater during spring (October-December) and in autumn (April) while necrophilous flies showed the highest richness of families only from October to November. This study represents the contribution to the knowledge about dipteran communities in native ecosystems in Uruguay.

Se realizó un estudio preliminar sobre la estructura de los ensambles de dípteros coprófilos y necrófilos a nivel de familias, en un bosque serrano en Sierra de Minas, Uruguay. Asimismo se estableció la variación estacional de dicha estructura para ambos grupos de dípteros. Se realizaron muestreos mensuales durante un año, colocando durante una semana, seis trampas de caída, tres cebadas con estiércol vacuno y tres con hígado vacuno. Se recolectaron 3,142 individuos pertenecientes a 21 familias del Orden Diptera. Se registró por primera vez la familia Heleomyizidae en Uruguay. Las familias con mayor abundancia fueron Phoridae y Sphaeroceridae, representando el 58% del total de ejemplares recolectados. En las trampas con estiércol vacuno predominaron Sphaeroceridae (42%), Cecidomyiidae (14%) y Phoridae (12%). En las necrotrampas la familia más abundante fue Phoridae que representó el 59% del total de individuos, seguida de Drosophilidae (10%). Los dos ensambles presentaron el mismo patrón de variación estacional de la abundancia, con picos en otoño (marzo-abril) y en primavera (octubre-noviembre). La riqueza de familias del ensamble coprófilo fue mayor durante la primavera (octubre a diciembre) y en otoño (abril) mientras que el ensamble necrófilo presentó la mayor riqueza de familias solamente de octubre a noviembre. Este estudio constituye un primer paso en la generación de conocimientos acerca de la composición de las comunidades de dípteros en ambientes nativos en Uruguay.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer a diversidade de artrópodes associada ao cultivo de Pleurotus sajor-caju em palha de arroz pasteurizada em ambiente semicontrolado, localizado no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. A captura dos espécimes foi realizada no período de abril a maio de 2007, durante a fase de frutificação da cultura, compreendendo 45 dias. Foram realizadas nove coletas com intervalos de 5 dias, utilizando armadilhas INTRAL AL 012 (12 volts). Capturou-se um total de 3.129 indivíduos divididos em cinco ordens com predominância de Diptera (2.874), Hymenoptera (152), Ortoptera (69), Colembola (59) e Coleoptera (38). A ordem Diptera foi a que apresentou o maior número de famílias, sendo Mycetophilidae (2.530), Sciaridae (264), Cecidomyiidae (10), Phoridae (46), Muscidae (4), Calliphoridae (1) e Culicidae (19).

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to know the diversity of arthropods associated to the Pleurotus sajor-caju crop in rice straw pasteurized in a semicontrolled environment, located in the south of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The capture of specimens was carried out in the period of April through May 2007, during the phase of fruit bodies of the crop, lasting 45 days. Nine collections with intervals of 5 days were carried out, using INTRAL AL 012 (12 volt) traps. A total of 3129 individuals divided into five orders with predominance of Diptera (2874), Hymenoptera (152), Ortoptera (69), Colembola (59) and Coleoptera (38) was captured. The Diptera order was the one that presented the biggest number of families, being Mycetophilidae (2530), Sciaridae (264), Cecidomyiidae (10), Phoridae (46), Muscidae (4), Calliphoridae (1) and Culicidae (19).

O porco branco (Sus scrofa) foi usado como modelo para o estudo da sucessão de Artrópodes em cadáveres em zonas sombreadas e não sombreadas por árvores no sul da Nigéria. Nos cadáveres em decomposição em zonas sombreadas observou-se um processo de decomposição mais lento que nos expostos ao sol; 24,5 e 16,5 dias, respectivamente. Foram observadas quatro etapas de decomposição; fresco (autólise), intumescido (putrefação), deteriorado e seco (diagênese). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas de tipo e padrão nas infestações dos cadáveres por Artrópodes em ambas as condições. Foram registradas quatro classes de Artrópodes: insetos, aranhas (Arachnida), Diplópodes e Crustáceos. Os insetos foram a classe predominante representada por 24 famílias no total de 94% das coletas. Para cada uma das três classes restantes registrou-se apenas uma família no total de 2% das coletas. As moscas das famílias Calliphoridae, Phoridae e Sarcophagidae tomaram lugar e desenvolveram-se nos cadáveres apenas algumas horas após a morte dos animais. As famílias de coleópteros surgiram na fase de putrefação e alimentaram-se de insetos dípteros jovens e dos próprios cadáveres. As formigas (Hymenoptera) ocorreram em grande número para se alimentar dos cadáveres e usurpar, à restante fauna presente, a fonte de alimento. Na fase de deterioração desenvolveram-se nos cadáveres uma espécie de Diptera da família Muscidae e uma de Stratiomydae. Outros insetos dípteros e artrópodes surgiram para se alimentar dos cadáveres sobretudo na fase de deterioração. O ponto de maior riqueza de espécies (S) foi registrado na fase de deterioração dos cadáveres.

The domestic pig (Sus scrofa) was used as a model to study arthropod succession on carcasses under tree shade and out of shade in southern Nigeria. Carcass decomposition took longer periods under tree shade than in exposed sites, at 24.5 and 16.5 days, respectively. Four decomposition stages - fresh, bloated, decay, and dry - were observed. No significant variabilities were recorded in the types and patterns of infestation of the carcasses by arthropods in both locations. Four classes of arthropods - Insecta, Arachnida, Diplopoda and Crustacea - were recorded. The class Insecta dominated the total arthropods collected with 24 families, and formed 94% of the catches. The other three classes each had one family represented, and contributed only 2% of the total catches. The calliphorids, a phorid, and sarcophagids arrived and bred on the carcasses only a few hours after death of the pigs. Families of coleopterans came during the bloated stage, and fed on the immature dipterous maggots and carrion materials. The ants (Hymenoptera) came in large numbers to eat the carcasses, and also preyed on all other fauna of the food resource. A muscid and a stratiomyiid, bred on the carcass as to the decay stage. Other insects and arthropods arrived mostly during the decay stage to feed on the carcasses. Species richness on the carcasses peaked during the decay stage.

Os insetos podem ser de grande utilidade no auxílio de elucidações de crimes. Estudos de entomologia forense ainda estão restritos a poucas localidades no Brasil e são escassos na vegetação de cerrado. Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar as principais espécies de Diptera associadas ao processo de decomposição de carcaças de suínos Sus scrofa e o padrão de sucessão de insetos nesse tipo de substrato. Foram realizados dois experimentos nos períodos seco e úmido do ano em duas áreas de cerrado no município de Uberlândia, MG. Foram utilizadas duas carcaças de suínos em cada ambiente e período do ano. O processo de decomposição foi mais lento no período seco, assim como a maior quantidade de insetos coletados. Diferenças na temperatura, umidade e precipitação pluviométrica parecem ter sido os principais responsáveis pelas diferenças nos tempos de decomposição entre os dois períodos do ano. Quatorze espécies (59.467 espécimes) foram coletadas nas carcaças em decomposição. Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) was the species more abundantly breed in the two periods. The other species that breed in the carcasses were: C. putoria (Wiedemann), Hemilucilia segmentaria(Fabricius), Lucilia eximia(Wiedemann) (Calliphoridae), Peckia (Pattonella) intermutans(Walker), Peckia (Squamatoides) trivitatta(Curran), Sarcodexia lambens(Wiedemann) (Sarcophagidae), Musca domestica(L.), Ophyra aenescens(Wiedemann), Stomoxys calcitransL. (Muscidae), Fannia pusio(Wiedemann), Fannia sp. (Fanniidae), Hermetia illuscens L. (Stratiomyidae) e Phoridae sp. O cerrado dessa região apresenta vários dípteros potenciais indicadores forenses.

Carrion breeding insects may be of great utility in crimes briefing. Studies on forensic entomology are restricted to few localities in Brazil and very few of them were done in the cerrado vegetation (a type of Savannah) until now. This work aimed to survey the main species of dipterans associated with the decomposition process of Sus scrofa and the insect succession pattern in carcasses in the Cerrado. The study was carried out in the dry and humid season of the year, in two cerrado vegetation profiles in Uberlândia, MG. Two pig carcasses were placed in each vegetation profile and time period of the year. The decomposition process was slower and insects were more abundant in the dry season. Differences in temperature, air humidity and pluvial precipitation seemed to be the main physical factors responsible for the differences in the time of decomposition of the pig carcasses between the two seasons. Fourteen species of dipterans (59,467 specimens) bred in the decomposing carcasses. Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) was the species more abundantly breed in the two periods. The other species that breed in the carcasses were: C. putoria (Wiedemann), Hemilucilia segmentaria(Fabricius), Lucilia eximia(Wiedemann) (Calliphoridae), Peckia (Pattonella) intermutans(Walker), Peckia (Squamatoides) trivitatta(Curran), Sarcodexia lambens(Wiedemann) (Sarcophagidae), Musca domestica(L.), Ophyra aenescens(Wiedemann), Stomoxys calcitransL. (Muscidae), Fannia pusio(Wiedemann), Fannia sp. (Fanniidae), Hermetia illuscens L. (Stratiomyidae) and Phoridae sp. The Cerrado of this region presents many dipterans potential forensic indicators.

In this paper, it is reported a case which was studied in the Forensic Entomology Laboratory belonging to the Anthropology Section from the General Department of the Scientific Police (Spanish National Police). We analysed entomological evidences collected during death scene investigation performed in Fuenlabrada, south of Madrid administrative region (Spain, Paleartic Region). Both corpses, in advanced decomposition stage, were found indoors in a country house in winter 2001. Samples collected consisted of Diptera identified as Calliphoridae, Muscidae and Phoridae Families; Coleoptera corresponding to Cleridae, Dermestidae and Histeridae ones. Furthermore, spiders which allowed us to confirm the compatibility with the place where carcasses were found. The study of the insect succession allowed the estimation of post-mortem interval in one year.

En este artículo se presenta un caso estudiado en el Laboratorio de Entomología Forense de la Sección de Antropología de la Comisaría General de Policía Científica (Cuerpo Nacional de Policía). En él, se analizaron muestras entomológicas recogidas en dos cadáveres durante la práctica de la Inspección Ocular Técnico Policial, llevada a cabo en la localidad de Fuenlabrada, sita en la zona Sur de Madrid (España, Región Paleártica). Los dos cadáveres, en avanzado estado de descomposición, fueron encontrados en el interior de una finca rústica en invierno del año 2001. Las evidencias de interés forense recogidas consistieron en dípteros de las Familias Calliphoridae, Muscidae y Phoridae y Coleoptera de las Familias Cleridae, Dermestidae e Histeridae. Además, arácnidos que permitieron afirmar la compatibilidad de los especímenes con el entorno. La sucesión de los insectos recogidos permitió estimar el intervalo post-mortem en un año.

Results of a year surveys in 21 houses from Puerto Vallarta, Mexico are provided. Details on the arthropod families are included. With the use of sticky traps, 25 197 specimens were collected. We recognized 122 families from 31 orders. Only five families grouped 76.45% of the observed abundance and the highest values of infestation indeces throughout the year: Entomobryidae (9.04%; 100%), Psyllopsocidae (10.10%; 95.23%), Liposcelididae (8.11%; 100%), Formicidae (33.58%; 100%) and Phoridae (15.42%; 100%).

Se presentan los resultados de un año de estudio de individuos pertenecientes a las familias de artrópodos presentes en 21 viviendas de Puerto Vallarta, México. Con el uso de trampas adhesivas se capturaron 25 197 ejemplares. Se determinaron 122 familias en 31 órdenes. Sólo cinco familias agruparon el 76.45% de la abundancia observada y los valores más altos de los índices de infestación de viviendas a lo largo del año: Entomobryidae (9.04%; 100%), Psyllopsocidae (10.10%; 95.23%), Liposcelididae (8.11%; 100%), Formicidae (33.58%; 100%) y Phoridae (15.42%; 100%).

Se realizó un recuento del número de vejigas dispersas en 15 manzanas del centro urbano de Barva, Heredia, luego de la celebración de las mascaradas, actividad enmarcada en las fiestas patronales de la ciudad. Adicionalmente se llevó a cabo una evaluación de los huevos, larvas y adultos de mosca presentes en 2 vejigas que fueron descartadas en lugares públicos y que no fueron contaminadas con tierra, fluidos u otros detritos. Luego de la actividad se contaron 29 vejigas, las cuales estuvieron localizadas en tendido eléctrico (55,2%), aceras (27,6%), jardines (6,9%), desagües (6,9%) y techos (3,4%). Los grupos de moscas observados pertenecieron a las familias Calliphoridae (Cochliomyia macellaria, Lucilia eximia, Phaenicia cuprina, Chrysomyia megacephala), Sarcophagidae (Sarcophaga sp.), Muscidae (Musca domestica) y Phoridae. Los promedios de huevos y larvas por vejiga fueron 176 y 44 respectivamente. Los resultados demuestran que las vejigas crudas constituyen un eficiente atrayente para diversas especies de moscas de importancia en salud pública, lo que plantea la necesidad de buscar alternativas de tratamiento para las mismas con el fin de garantizar la sostenibilidad de la tradición minimizando la contaminación del entorno urbano.

A study of the number of animal bladders dispersed in 15 blocks in the urban core of Barva- Heredia was performed following the masquerades, a traditional celebration during the festivities of the city. Additionally, an evaluation of the eggs, larvae and adult flies was performed in two bladders that were discarded in public areas, which were free from soil, fluids, or other debris. In total, 29 bladders were counted. They were located on power lines (55,2%), sidewalks (27,6%), drainages (6,9%) and roofs (3,4%). The flies observed corresponded to the families Calliphoridae (Cochliomyia macellaria, Lucilia eximia, Phaenicia cuprina, Chrysomyia megacephala), Sarcophagidae (Sarcophaga sp.), Muscidae (Musca domestica), and Phoridae. The average of eggs and larvae per bladder was 176 and 44, respectively. Results show that fresh bladders are an efficient bait for flies of medical importance. In this sense, there is a need to identify treatment methods for the bladders in order to guarantee sustainability of the radition, without the contamination of the urban environment.

Stelis hymenantha and S. immersa are epiphytic orchids growing sympatrically on oaks in the area of Ocosingo, Chiapas. They belong to the group of Pleurothallidinae, in which pollination by Diptera is frequent. The objective of this paper is to determine pollination system as well as the mechanisms that prevent hybridization between these species. Field work was carried out in order to determine the number of individuals per population, flowering period, fruit set, as well as pollinators, attractants and rewards that the plants of these two species offer. Results indicate that S. hymenantha and S. immersa coincide in flowering during certain period of time, that the flowers have different size and morphology, that both produce fragrances, that are different, and that both produce a ''nectarlike'' transparent substance on the base of the lip and in one of the species also on the petals. Stelis immersa is pollinated by females of a fly in the genus Megaselia (Phoridae) and receives a large number of visitors. The pollinator of S. hymenantha was not determined precisely, however a Drosophilidae fly was seen entering flowers. Removal of pollinaria is determined by the size of pollinator. A very low number of capsules is produced in both species.

El objetivo de este trabajo es el de llevar a cabo estudios de polinización en las epífitas Stelis hymenantha y S. immersa que crecen simpátricamente en bosques de encino en la región de Ocosingo, Chiapas. Estas orquídeas pertenecen al linaje de las Pleurothallidinae, en el cual la polinización por dípteros es frecuente. Por medio de observaciones de campo en varias poblaciones de estos taxa se determinó su fenología, la situación de sus poblaciones, sus preferencias ecológicas, sus polinizadores así como su morfología floral y el tipo de atrayentes y recompensas que ofrecen. Los resultados indican que las flores de las dos especies coinciden en cierto momento en sus épocas de floración, que sus flores presentan grandes diferencias morfológicas y de tamaño, que atraen insectos al producir un líquido similar al néctar que se distribuye en forma de una capa delgada sobre la base del labelo y en una de las especies también en los pétalos, además de emitir fragancias diferentes. Stelis immersa recibe un mayor número de visitantes y sus polinizadores son hembras de un pequeño díptero, del género Megaselia (Phoridae). Aunque no se encontró un insecto llevando los polinarios de S. hymenantha, se observó a una mosca del grupo de los Drosophilidae penetrando las flores. La formación de cápsulas en las dos especies es muy baja en comparación con el número de flores. Una divergencia morfológica floral y una emisión de fragancias diferentes hacen que no se compartan los polinizadores, previniendo la hibridación entre estas orquídeas. Se requiere un tamaño específico de los polinizadores para que los polinarios sean removidos.