Abstract Worldwide more than 7 billion tons of lignocellulosic biomass will be produced by 2025. In Colombia, these residues are mainly disposed of in rivers and open fields, and only 10% is reused and recycled. Non-centrifugal sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a residue obtained after sugarcane juice extraction during the manufacturing process of panela and is mostly used as fuel for boilers at sugar mills. Wheat bran (WB) is the main waste from wheat flour production. Nonetheless, the chemical composition of these by-products makes them suitable for use as substrates for hemicellulolytic enzyme production from fungi. Here, a whole process for production in a solid-state fermentation system, recovery, and ultrafiltration process for concentration of xylanases by Penicillium sp. Pn004 is presented. The higher productivity (26.7 ± 1.59 U gds-1 day-1) was reached on the fifth day of fermentation with an enzyme activity of 130.0 ± 7.95 U gds-1. The batch ultrafiltration process allowed increasing the xylanase activity up to 19-fold in the retentate, from 66.47 U mL-1 to 1486.83 U mL-1, without reaching a steady state flux through the membrane. Finally, the enzymatic extract achieved a 43% release of sugar from kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus), showing its potential to be used as an additive for silage or for enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic materials for sugar production.

Abstract For places where non-sterile drug production occurs, regulatory bodies recommend monitoring of the environmental bioburden. This procedure provides information regarding possible microbiological risks to which the products may be exposed, so that subsequent action measures may be implemented. The aim of the present work was to quantify and characterize the microorganisms present in Grade D (ISO 8) cleanrooms of a Brazilian pharmaceutical industry, identifying any possible seasonal climatic influences on these environments. Sampling was performed by surface and air monitoring, over 12 months during the year 2019, in rooms that were in operation. For both sampling methods, no statistically significant differences in bacteria and fungi counts were found between months or seasonal periods. Microorganisms that presented higher incidence included Staphylococcus epidermidis (15%) and Micrococcus spp. (13%), common to the human microbiota, and the fungi Cladosporium sp. (23%) and Penicillium sp. (21%), typical of the external environment. The results showed that microbial contamination in the Grade D cleanrooms was within the permissible maximum levels and remained similar throughout the year. Microbiological quality control in the clean areas of the pharmaceutical industry investigated was considered effective, with regular maintenance being necessary to keep bioburden levels controlled. nonsterile non sterile occurs exposed implemented ISO 8 environments 1 2019 operation methods periods 15% 15 (15% spp 13%, 13 13% , (13%) microbiota sp 23% 23 (23% 21%, 21 21% (21%) environment effective controlled 201 (15 (13% 2 (23 (21% 20 (1 (13 (2 (21 (

Abstract The total cost of processes that use lipases can be reduced by using the mycelium or not purified crude extract with lipolytic activity. These catalysts can be used without complex purification and can show desirable properties to emerging applications like hydrolysis and biotransformation of vegetable oils. To explore the potential of multiple forms of lipases (produced by the same filamentous fungus species), this work investigated intracellular and extracellular lipases produced by Trichoderma koningii (intracellular lipases were never studied), Penicillium spp. F02 (isolated from industrial grease trap) and Aspergillus niger. For this, batch fermentations were conducted for 96h using olive oil as a carbon source. The submerged culture was interrupted with vacuum filtration to isolate the mycelium and crude extract. The lipolytic activities were determined by the hydrolysis method of olive oil. The best results were obtained for intracellular activity with T. koningii (81.5 U/g of dry biomass) and for extracellular activity with A. niger (10.6 U/mL of crude extract). Both were attained in 96h of fermentation. T. koningii showed an accumulation of intracellular lipases and a depreciated extracellular activity in the initial 24 hours, which can be reasonable indications that there is strong retention of lipases in the mycelium. Statistical analysis within the range of 37°C to 44°C associated with pH from 7.8 to 8.0 favored the activity of lipases from T. koningii. All these findings are promising for future studies in the enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel with lipases (intracellular and extracellular) from T. koningii. oils species, species , species) studied, studied studied) spp F F0 isolated trap h source T 81.5 815 81 5 (81. Ug U g biomass A 10.6 106 10 6 (10. UmL mL . extract) fermentation 2 hours 37C C 37 44C 44 78 7 8 7. 80 0 8. 81. (81 10. 1 (10 3 4 (8 (1 (

ABSTRACT: In Brazil, the Atlantic Forest has been suffering from deforestation, which has had impacts on its flora, fauna, and microbiota. However, the fungal diversity present in these environments is little known and studied. In this study, a total of 90 samples of 45 wild birds (45 feathers and 45 feces) were collected in Ilha da Marambaia, southeastern Brazil. Filamentous fungi isolated from these samples were identified through macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Some isolates were identified by molecular biology using the PCR technique. Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cunninghamella, Curvularia, Eurotium, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Neosartorya, Pestalotia, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Mucor and Syncephalastrum were identified. These results indicate the presence of saprophytic fungi species in the feathers and feces of wild birds of the capture site. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate if the mycobiota profile modifies with anthropization and if it interferes with bird health and environmental recovery. ABSTRACT Brazil deforestation flora fauna microbiota However studied study 9 4 (4 Marambaia characteristics technique Acremonium Alternaria Aspergillus Cunninghamella Curvularia Eurotium Fusarium Geotrichum Neosartorya Pestalotia Paecilomyces Penicillium Rhizopus site recovery (

RESUMO: No Brasil, a Mata Atlântica vem sofrendo com o desmatamento, que tem impactado sua flora, fauna e microbiota. No entanto, a diversidade fúngica presente nesses ambientes é pouco conhecida e estudada. Neste trabalho, um total de 90 amostras de 45 aves silvestres (45 penas e 45 fezes) foram coletadas na Ilha da Marambaia, Sudeste do Brasil. Fungos filamentosos isolados dessas amostras foram identificados por meio de características macroscópicas e microscópicas. Alguns isolados foram identificados por biologia molecular usando a técnica de PCR. Foram identificados Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cunninghamella, Curvularia, Eurotium, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Neosartorya, Pestalotia, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Mucor e Syncephalastrum. Esses resultados indicam a presença de espécies de fungos saprofíticos nas penas e fezes de aves silvestres do local de captura. Novos estudos devem ser realizados a fim de elucidar se o perfil da micobiota se modifica com a antropização e se interfere na saúde das aves e na recuperação ambiental. RESUMO Brasil desmatamento flora microbiota entanto estudada trabalho 9 4 (4 Marambaia microscópicas PCR Acremonium Alternaria Aspergillus Cunninghamella Curvularia Eurotium Fusarium Geotrichum Neosartorya Pestalotia Paecilomyces Penicillium Rhizopus Syncephalastrum captura ambiental (

Abstract Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. seeds are protein sources with health and environmental benefits. In this research, proteins with lectin activity were identified in a protein fraction from S. virgata seeds (PFLA), as well its antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials, in addition to cytotoxic effects. To obtain PFLA, seed flour was homogenized in Glycine-NaOH (100 mM; pH 9.0; NaCl 150 mM) and precipitated in ammonium sulfate. PFLA concentrates bioactive lectins (32 HU/mL, 480 HU/gFa, 18.862 HU/mgP) and essential amino acids (13.36 g/100g protein). PFLA exerts antioxidant activity, acting as a promising metal chelating agent (~77% of activity). Analyzes of cell culture assay results suggest that antioxidant activity of PFLA may be associated with the recruitment of essential molecules to prevent the metabolic impairment of cells exposed to oxidative stress. PFLA (256 – 512 µg/mL) also exhibits antifungal activity, inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Penicillium citrinum. Cytotoxic analysis indicates a tendency of low interference in the proliferation of 3T3 and HepG2 cells in the range of PFLA concentrations with biological activity. These findings support the notion that PFLA is a promising adjuvant to be applied in current policies on the management of metal ion chelation and fungal infections. Cav. Cav (Cav. Pers benefits research S , (PFLA) potentials effects GlycineNaOH Glycine NaOH 100 (10 mM 9.0 90 9 0 15 sulfate 32 (3 HUmL HU mL HU/mL 48 HUgFa gFa HU/gFa 18862 18 862 18.86 HU/mgP HUmgP mgP 13.36 1336 13 36 (13.3 g100g gg g 100g protein. . protein) ~77% 77 (~77 activity) stress 256 (25 51 µg/mL µgmL µg flavus albicans citrinum T 3T HepG infections (Cav (PFLA 10 (1 9. 1 3 ( 4 1886 86 18.8 13.3 133 (13. ~77 7 (~7 25 (2 5 188 8 18. 13. (13 ~7 (~ 2 ~

ABSTRACT The fungal microbiota associated with the roots and rhizosphere of plants represents a significant source of biocontrol agents against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. While some fungal genera have been studied extensively, others require more attention in terms of their identity and mechanisms of action against plant parasitic nematodes. Thus, the aim of this research was to demonstrate the in vitro and in vivo biocontrol potential of fungi isolated from the root and rhizosphere of guava plants against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. We isolated four fungi (C5, C6, C7, and C10) from the root and rhizosphere of guava plants using the serial dilution method. These fungi were purified on potato dextrose agar and evaluated in vitro to assess their ability to parasitize M. incognita eggs and juveniles. Subsequently, the fungi were assessed for M. incognita control under nursery conditions in guava plants. The identity of the fungi with parasitic capacity and biocontrol potential was confirmed by amplifying and sequencing the ITS region, followed by Bayesian inference analysis. Results showed that the fungi corresponded to Talaromyces sayulitensis (C5), Myrothecium sp. (C6), Penicillium shearii (C7), and Beauveria bassiana (C10). Parasitism of M. incognita eggs was confirmed for all fungi, parasitism of juveniles occurred with T. sayulitensis (C5) and B. bassiana (C10). In guava seedlings treated with fungal isolates, a significant reduction in the number of eggs, juveniles, and nodules per gram of root was achieved. The biocontrol potential against M. incognita in guava seedlings was confirmed for different fungi associated with the root rhizosphere. rootknot knot spp extensively nematodes Thus C5, C5 C (C5 C6 C7 C10 method M Subsequently region analysis , sp (C6) (C7) C10. . (C10) T B isolates achieved (C C1 (C6 (C7 (C10 (C1

Abstract The objective was to identify the strains, quantity and diversity of fungi present in tortillas of 14 corn breeds. The weight of the fungal complex (PCH) was determined and the identification of its fungi and characteristics of the grain (flotation index), nixtamal (nixtamal moisture and dough moisture) and tortilla (tortilla moisture at 24 and 48 hours). An analysis of variance was performed on the data. All variables presented significant differences (p < 0.05). For the PCH the highest statistically different averages were the Naltel de altura breed (0.69 g) and Arrocillos amarillo breed (0.68 g) per tortilla. The Chalqueño breed had the highest number of mushrooms in the complex (Aspergillus flavus, Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizopus oryzae, Acremonium sp. y Alternaria sp.) unlike the fungus Penicillium sp., the Conico breed was the second best and in Pepitilla only the Acremonium sp. fungus was identified. For the humidity of nixtamal and dough moisture, the Pepitilla breed obtained the best values with 49.7 and 60.9%, respectively. There were differences of 65.2% in the PCH between the races evaluated, with the highest and lowest weight being the tall Naltel and Chalqueño breeds, respectively.

Resumen El objetivo fue identificar las cepas, la cantidad y la diversidad de hongos presente en tortillas de 14 razas de maíz. Se determinó el peso del complejo de hongos (PCH) y la identificación de los hongos del mismo, así como características del grano (índice de flotación), nixtamal (humedad de nixtamal y humedad de masa) y tortilla (humedad de tortillo a las 24 y 48 h). A los datos se les realizó un análisis de varianza. Todas las variables presentaron diferencias significativas (p < 0.05). Para el PCH los mayores promedios estadísticamente diferente fueron las razas Naltel de altura (0.69 g) y Arrocillos amarillo (0.68 g) por tortilla. La raza Chalqueño tuvo el mayor número de hongos en el complejo (Aspergillus flavus, Mucor sp., Pen icilli um sp., Rh izopus oryzae, Acremonium sp. y Alternaría sp.); con diferencia del hongo Penicillium sp., la raza Cónico fue la segunda mejor, y en Pepitilla solo se identificó el hongo Acremonium sp. Para la humedad de nixtamal y de masa la raza Pepitilla obtuvo los mejores valores, con un 49.7 y 60.9%, respectivamente. Se tuvieron diferencias del 65.2% en el PCH entre las razas evaluadas, presentando el mayor y menor peso las razas Naltel de altura y Chalqueño, respectivamente.

Abstract Airborne fungi are dispersed through the air. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of airborne fungi in Brazil and understand the relationship between fungal growth and respiratory diseases and infections. We conducted an integrative literature review of studies conducted in Brazil based on searches of the PubMed, MEDLINE-BIREME, SciELO, and LILACS databases for full-text articles published between 2000 and 2022. The searches returned 147 studies, of which only 25 met the inclusion criteria. The most prevalent genera of airborne fungi in Brazil are Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Curvularia, and Fusarium. The studies were conducted in the states of Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Sergipe, Mato Grosso, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Minas Gerais. The findings also show the relationship between fungi and meteorological factors and seasonality, the sensitivity of atopic individuals to fungi, and the main nosocomial mycoses reported in the literature. This work demonstrates the importance of maintaining good microbiological air quality to prevent potential airborne diseases. infections PubMed MEDLINEBIREME, MEDLINEBIREME MEDLINE BIREME, BIREME MEDLINE-BIREME SciELO fulltext full text 200 2022 14 2 criteria Aspergillus Penicillium Cladosporium Curvularia Fusarium Maranhão Ceará Piauí Sergipe Grosso Pernambuco Sul Catarina Janeiro Paulo Gerais seasonality 20 202 1

Resumo Fungos anemófilos se dispersam na natureza através do ar atmosférico. O presente estudo objetivou caracterizar a prevalência da microbiota fúngica anemófila no Brasil e correlacionar o crescimento fúngico com doenças respiratórias e quadros infecciosos. Este trabalho é uma revisão integrativa de literatura construída a partir da busca nas bases de dados PubMed, BIREME, SciELO e LILACS, com inclusão de trabalhos brasileiros publicados entre 2000 e 2022, em língua portuguesa ou inglesa com texto online integral. O universo do estudo foi constituído por 147 publicações, das quais 25 compuseram a amostra por atenderem aos critérios de inclusão. Os gêneros de fungos aerotransportados mais prevalentes no Brasil são: Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp. e Fusarium sp. Os locais de origem dos estudos incluem Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Sergipe, Mato Grosso, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Minas Gerais. Além disso, foi possível determinar a relação dos fungos com parâmetros meteorológicos e sazonalidade, a sensibilização de indivíduos atópicos aos fungos e as principais micoses nosocomiais relatadas na literatura. Assim, o trabalho destaca a importância da manutenção da qualidade microbiológica do ar com vistas a se prevenir possíveis doenças transmitidas pelo ar. atmosférico infecciosos PubMed BIREME LILACS 200 2022 integral 14 publicações 2 são sp Maranhão Ceará Piauí Sergipe Grosso Pernambuco Sul Catarina Janeiro Paulo Gerais disso sazonalidade Assim 20 202 1

Penicillium meliponae, a recently described and rare species, was isolated as an endophytic fungus from the Amazonian plant Duguetia sthelechantha, and has been proven to be a pigment producer. Considering the high productivity of this species and the lack of data on its chemical composition, the present study aimed to characterize the chemical profile of P. meliponae and evaluate the influence of agitation and the use of different culture media. For this purpose, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and molecular networking were used, allowing the identification of 17 azaphilone molecules with sclerotiorin-like skeletons, becoming the first chemical report of this species. In addition, the different production patterns in the tested culture media were indicative that this species is sensitive to changes in the composition of the carbon source and to the presence of agitation. Furthermore, this work contributes to the fragmentation mechanisms of the different possible structural arrangements for azaphilones of the sclerotiorin type and serves as a repository of information on the gas-phase behavior of this type of metabolite in mass spectrometry experiments and will assist future studies aimed at the discovery of azaphilones. sthelechantha producer P purpose LCMS/MS LCMSMS LC MS/MS MS (LC-MS/MS used 1 sclerotiorinlike like skeletons addition Furthermore gasphase gas phase LCMS MSMS

RESUMO A soja está sujeita à ocorrência de patógenos transmitidos por sementes, necessitando de tratamento fitossanitário, porém, este pode ser tóxico ao homem e ao ambiente. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito dos óleos essenciais de alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis) e eucalipto (Corymbia citriodora) no tratamento contra fungos fitopatogênicos em sementes de soja armazenadas. O experimento foi em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 × 5, para sementes com e sem inoculação de fungos (Aspergillus flavus e Penicillium rubens) e cinco tratamentos de sementes (três óleos essenciais, controle positivo e controle negativo), com quatro repetições. Os óleos essenciais de alecrim, eucalipto e a combinação destes foram aplicados na dose de 4 mL kg-1 de sementes de soja, na concentração de 700 µL mL-1. Como controle negativo (testemunha) utilizou-se água destilada com Tween® 80 a 2% e como controle positivo o fungicida comercial Vitavax-Thiram® 200SC, conforme dosagem do fabricante. O óleo essencial de R. officinalis foi eficiente no controle de Penicillium sp. nas sementes de soja armazenadas e apresentou efeito semelhante ao controle positivo. O óleo essencial de C. citriodora reduziu a incidência de Aspergillus sp. Portanto, estes óleos essenciais têm potencial para serem utilizados no controle alternativo de patógenos de sementes de soja.

ABSTRACT Soybean is subject to occurrences of pathogens transmitted by seeds, requiring phytosanitary treatment, however, it can be toxic to humans and the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of essential oils of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) on the control of phytopathogenic fungi in stored soybean seeds. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, using a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement consisted of seeds with and without fungal inoculation (Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium rubens) and five seed treatments (three essential oils, positive control, and negative control), with four replicates. Rosemary and eucalyptus essential oils and their combination were applied to soybean seeds at the rate of 4 mL kg-1, at a concentration of 700 µL mL-1. Distilled water with 2% Tween® 80 was used as negative control, and the commercial fungicide Vitavax-Thiram® 200SC was used as positive control, according to the manufacturers’ recommendations. The R. officinalis essential oil was efficient in the control of Penicillium sp. in stored soybean seeds and showed a similar effect to the positive control. The C. citriodora essential oil reduced the incidence of Aspergillus sp. Therefore, these essential oils have potential to be used as an alternative control of soybean seed pathogens.

ABSTRACT: Potatoes require high phosphate fertilization, which increases production costs and negatively affects the agroecosystem. Soil inoculation with phosphorus solubilizing fungi (PSF) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) become as an altgrnative to achieve productive systems with less environmental impact and that improve plant nutrition. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the inoculation of an AMF (Claroideoglomus claroideum, Cc) alone or in interaction with two PSFs (Talaromyces pinophilus, Tp and / or Penicillium albidum, Pa) on the root architecture and phosphate nutrition of micropropagated plants potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) variety "Desirée". The seedlings obtained from explants were acclimated in a growth chamber and in greenhouse. Four inoculated treatments are used: T1 (Cc), T2 (Cc + Tp), T3 (Cc + Pa), T4 (Cc + Tp + Pa) and a non-inoculated control (T0). At 145 DAE, the plants was harvested, determining morphoagronomic and root geometry parameters. Treatment T2 presented higher plant height with increases of 140% over T0, greater mobilization of P, observing the trend T2> T1 = T3> T4> T0, while with T1 the best root architecture was obtained. It concluded that the inoculation with Cc improved the root geometry and the co-inoculation with Cc + Tp increased the mobilization of P towards the plants. As a projection, it would be interesting to test this HMA-HSP co-inoculation in the field, as a proposal for a possible biofertilizer that improves phosphate nutrition and crop yield.

RESUMEN: La papa requiere una elevada fertilización fosfatada, lo que incrementa los costos de producción y afecta negativamente al agroecosistema. La inoculación del suelo con hongos solubilizadores de fósforo (HSP) y hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) surge como una alternativa para alcanzar sistemas productivos de menor impacto ambiental y que mejoran la nutrición vegetal. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la inoculación de un HMA (Claroideoglomus claroideum, Cc) solo o en interacción con dos HSP (Talaromyces pinophilus, Tp y/o Penicillium albidum, Pa) en la arquitectura radical y nutrición fosfatada de plantas micropropagadas de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) variedad Desirée. Las plántulas obtenidas de explantes se aclimataron en cámara de crecimiento y en invernadero. Se usaron cuatro tratamientos inoculados: T1 (Cc), T2 (Cc + Tp), T3 (Cc + Pa), T4 (Cc + Tp + Pa) y un control no inoculado (T0). A los 145 DDE se cosecharon las plantas determinándose parámetros morfoagronómicos y de geometría radical. El tratamiento T2 presentó mayor altura de planta con incrementos de 140% sobre T0 y mayor movilización de P observándose la tendencia T2 > T1 = T3 > T4 > T0, mientras que con T1 se obtuvo la mejor arquitectura radical. Se concluye que la inoculación con Cc mejoró la geometría radical y la co-inoculación con Cc + Tp aumentó la movilización de P hacia las plantas. Como proyección sería interesante ensayar esta co-inoculación HMA-HSP en campo, como propuesta de un posible biofertilizante que mejore la nutrición fosfatada y rendimiento de los cultivos.

ABSTRACT: This study describes a biotechnological strategy for producing and applying oxalic acid to solubilize phosphorus (P) from rock phosphate (RP). We evaluated six fungal species (Aspergillus niger FS1, Penicillium islandicum FS41, Pleurotus ostreatus PO1, Rhizoctonia solani Rhiz555, Sclerotium rolfsii Sr25, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Scl134) and three culture media (potato dextrose broth, Tsao and Strasser media) to maximize oxalic acid production. Among the fungal isolates tested and culture media, S. rolfsii Sr25 and Tsao medium showed efficient oxalic acid production. Tsao medium was optimized following a response surface methodology after initial screening of factors affecting RP solubilization. The optimized concentrations were 1 g L–1 NaNO3, 100 g L–1 glucose, 2 g L–1 KH2PO4, 4.5 g L–1 yeast extract, and 25 mg L–1 MgSO4·7H2O used for 20 days of incubation. Under these conditions, 71 mmol L–1 oxalic acid was obtained, representing a three-fold increase over production under non-optimized conditions (20 mmol L–1). Under optimized conditions, oxalic acid produced by S. rolfsii Sr25 reacted with low-solubility RP and solubilized 100 % of the P contained in ore. Thus, using S. rolfsii Sr25 to produce oxalic acid seems a promising biotechnological alternative for P solubilization from RP.

Abstract Phenols from wheat bran play an important role in improving the physiological function of human body because of their potential antioxidant capacity. However, most of the phenols in wheat bran exist in the form of insoluble binding, which limits their application in the field of food and medicine. In this paper, the modification of wheat bran by Penicillium solid-state fermentation (SSF) was studied. It was found that the content of free phenolic acids in wheat bran was significantly correlated with the activity of key hydrolytic enzymes in the fermentation process. On the fifth day of Penicillium fermentation, the content of free phenolic acids was the highest, which was 750.98 μg/g, which was 1.78 times higher than that of the control. The release of free phenolic acids was highest when wheat bran was treated with compound enzyme at 300 U/mL. Furthermore, the structure of wheat bran was significantly changed by fermentation with enzyme addition. On the 5th day of fermentation, the content of free phenolic acids was as high as 1500 μg/g, which was twice as much as that of fermented bran and 3.56 times that of unfermented bran.

Abstract Airborne fungi are dispersed through the air. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of airborne fungi in Brazil and understand the relationship between fungal growth and respiratory diseases and infections. We conducted an integrative literature review of studies conducted in Brazil based on searches of the PubMed, MEDLINE-BIREME, SciELO, and LILACS databases for full-text articles published between 2000 and 2022. The searches returned 147 studies, of which only 25 met the inclusion criteria. The most prevalent genera of airborne fungi in Brazil are Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Curvularia, and Fusarium. The studies were conducted in the states of Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Sergipe, Mato Grosso, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Minas Gerais. The findings also show the relationship between fungi and meteorological factors and seasonality, the sensitivity of atopic individuals to fungi, and the main nosocomial mycoses reported in the literature. This work demonstrates the importance of maintaining good microbiological air quality to prevent potential airborne diseases.

Resumo Fungos anemófilos se dispersam na natureza através do ar atmosférico. O presente estudo objetivou caracterizar a prevalência da microbiota fúngica anemófila no Brasil e correlacionar o crescimento fúngico com doenças respiratórias e quadros infecciosos. Este trabalho é uma revisão integrativa de literatura construída a partir da busca nas bases de dados PubMed, BIREME, SciELO e LILACS, com inclusão de trabalhos brasileiros publicados entre 2000 e 2022, em língua portuguesa ou inglesa com texto online integral. O universo do estudo foi constituído por 147 publicações, das quais 25 compuseram a amostra por atenderem aos critérios de inclusão. Os gêneros de fungos aerotransportados mais prevalentes no Brasil são: Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp. e Fusarium sp. Os locais de origem dos estudos incluem Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Sergipe, Mato Grosso, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Minas Gerais. Além disso, foi possível determinar a relação dos fungos com parâmetros meteorológicos e sazonalidade, a sensibilização de indivíduos atópicos aos fungos e as principais micoses nosocomiais relatadas na literatura. Assim, o trabalho destaca a importância da manutenção da qualidade microbiológica do ar com vistas a se prevenir possíveis doenças transmitidas pelo ar.

Natural enemies are major challenges in laboratory rearing of grasshoppers, but the identity and virulence of these towards the edible long-horned grasshopper Ruspolia differens (Serville) is scarcely known. In this study, fungi and bacteria were isolated from R. differens collected from Mbarara, Masaka, Hoima, Kampala and Kabale districts in Uganda in 2018, cultured on standard microbial media, identified using molecular techniques and screened for virulence against the insect in laboratory bioassays. Fourteen and nine species of fungi and bacteria were isolated from R. differens, respectively, with the number of isolates varying based on collection site. The most prevalent entomopathogenic fungal species were Aspergillus flavus Link (27.3%), Fusarium equiseti (Corda) (24.2%), Mucorfragilis Fresen (12.1%), Clonostachys rosea (Link) (6.0%) and Aspergillus tamarii Kita (6.0%); whereas the most prevalent bacterial isolates were Serratia marcescens Bizio (38.1(0)%), Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (14.3%) and Enterobacter cloacae (Jordan) (14.3%). Nine of the fungal species namely Clavispora lusitaniae Rodrigues de Miranda, Lichtheimia corymbifera (Cohn), Trichoderma koningii Oudem, F. equiseti, M. fragilis, Aspergillus niger van Tieghem, Epicoccum sorghinum (Saccardo), C. rosea, Penicillium commune Charles Thorn; and five bacterial species (Proteus penneri Hickman, S. marcescens, B. thuringiensis, Staphylococcus sciuri Kloos and Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder)) were ~5-7-fold and ~4-5-fold, more lethal to third instars of R. differens than untreated controls, respectively. This study is the first to report C. lusitaniae, Exserohilum mcginnis Padhye and Ajello, E. sorghinum, P. penneri and E. cloacae as insect pathogens. The results suggest a need to quarantine field collected R. differens before introducing them into the insectary, as well as performing antimicrobial practices during rearing of the insect to prevent entomopathogen-based mortality.