Abstract Introduction. “Green mold,” caused by Penicillium digitatum is one of the phytosanitary issues that limits citrus production. For its control, synthetic fungicides are used, which have lost effectiveness due to resistance developed by the fungus. An alternative is the use of endophytic fungi with biocontrol action. Objective. To evaluate the effect of secondary metabolites (SM) from endophytic fungi (EF) on the mycelial inhibition of Penicillium digitatum and the effectiveness of disease control in mandarin fruits (Citrus reticulata) post-harvest. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in 2022, using a completely randomized experimental design in the Plant Health Laboratory at the Universidad Nacional de Cañete (UNDC), Lima, Peru. For the antibiosis test, secondary metabolites were extracted from ten strains of EF from the genera Trichoderma sp., Fusarium sp., and Aspergillus sp., where mycelial inhibition of the pathogen (%) was evaluated. SMs were sprayed at 15 % (v/v) concentration on mandarin fruits that were disinfected and inoculated with the pathogen by spraying (1x 105 CFU/cc). Additionally, a commercial biocontrol, a vegetable oil, and a fungicide were used. After 6 and 9 days, disease incidence (%) and severity index (0, 1, 2, 3) were evaluated. Results. Secondary metabolites from strains the HEA-111 (Aspergillus), HEA-109 (Fusarium), and HSA-1 (Trichoderma) showed the highest mycelial inhibition with 95.05 %, 87.51 %, and 47.47 %, respectively. In mandarin fruits treated with SMs from strains HEA-109 and HSA-1, there was a control of 80 % and 55 %, respectively. Conclusions. SMs from EF were effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of P. digitatum and reduces disease progression in mandarin fruits post-harvest.

Resumen Introducción. El “moho verde” causado por Penicillium digitatum es uno de los problemas fitosanitarios que limita la producción en los cítricos. Para su control se utilizan fungicidas sintéticos, que han perdido eficacia, debido a la resistencia generada por el hongo. Una alternativa, es el uso de hongos endófitos con acción biocontroladora. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de metabolitos secundarios (MS) de hongos endófitos (HE) en la inhibición micelial de Penicillium digitatum y la eficacia de control de la enfermedad, en frutos de mandarina (Citrus reticulata) después de la cosecha. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en 2022, bajo un diseño experimental completo al azar, en el laboratorio de Sanidad Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Cañete (UNDC), Lima, Perú. Para la prueba de antibiosis se extrajeron los metabolitos secundarios de diez cepas de HE de los géneros Trichoderma sp., Fusarium sp. y Aspergillus sp., en donde se evaluó la inhibición micelial del patógeno (%). Se asperjaron MS a una concentración del 15 % (v/v) sobre frutos de mandarina que fueron desinfectados e inoculados con el patógeno por aspersión (1x105 UFC/cc). Adicionalmente, se utilizaron un biocontrol comercial, un aceite vegetal y un fungicida. Después de 6 y 9 días, se evaluaron la incidencia (%) y el índice de severidad (0,1,2,3) de la enfermedad. Resultados. Los metabolitos secundarios de las cepas HEA-111 (Aspergillus), HEA-109 (Fusarium) y HSA-1 (Trichoderma) presentaron la mayor inhibición micelial con 95,05 %, 87,51 % y 47,47 %, respectivamente. En los frutos de mandarina tratados con los MS de las cepas HEA-109 y HSA-1, hubo un control del 80 % y 55 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Los MS de HE tuvieron efecto en la inhibición micelial de P. digitatum y redujeron el avance de la enfermedad en frutos de mandarina después de la cosecha.

Abstract Mexican native maize (Zea mays L.) is an emblematic food for Mexico, as it represents an important factor in terms of local economy, culture and biodiversity. Biotechnological techniques using plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are a sustainable alternative to the use of chemical agricultural inputs for corn production; however, it is important to emphasize that the ideal is to use native PGPB into the soil and/or crop where they are to be applied, since this ensures the PGPB adaptation and guarantees the colonization of the rhizosphere, improving crop yields. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to isolate native bacteria from soils cultivated with Mexican native maize and to demonstrate their biotechnological potential as PGPB in corn. Soil samples were taken from the municipality of Jiquilpan, Michoacán, Mexico and 40 isolates were obtained, of which 18 showed more than 90% germination of maize seeds. In addition, four isolates showed increases of 20 to 30 % in total shoot length and increases of 25 to 100 % in total plant dry weight. The mechanisms associated with maize growth promotion were phosphate solubilization, indole acetic acid and siderophore production, as well as antagonism against phytopathogenic fungi (Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium and Colletotrichum). Therefore, we conclude that the native PGPB isolated in the present study have biotechnological potential for use in Mexican native maize in the region.

Resumen El maíz criollo (Zea mays L.) es un alimento emblemático para México, ya que representa un factor importante en cuanto a economía local, cultura y biodiversidad. Las técnicas biotecnológicas donde se emplean bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (BPCV), son una alternativa sostenible al uso de insumos agrícolas químicos para la producción de maíz, sin embargo, es importante destacar que, lo ideal es utilizar BPCV nativas del suelo y/o cultivo donde se pretendan aplicar, ya que esto asegura la adaptación de las BPCV y garantiza la colonización de la rizosfera, mejorando los rendimientos productivos del cultivo. Por lo cual, el objetivo del presente trabajo, fue aislar bacterias nativas de suelos cultivados con maíz criollo mexicano y demostrar su potencial biotecnológico como BPCV en maíz. Se tomaron muestras de suelo cultivado con maíz criollo mexicano, del municipio de Jiquilpan, Michoacán, México y se lograron obtener 40 asilados, de los cuales 18 indujeron la germinación de las semillas de maíz en más del 90 %. Además, cuatro aislados mostraron incrementos del 20 al 30 % en la longitud total del brote y aumentos del 25 hasta el 100 % en el peso seco total de las plantas. Los mecanismos asociados a la promoción del crecimiento del maíz fueron los de, solubilización de fosfatos, producción de ácido indol acético y de sideróforos, así como el antagonismo contra hongos fitopatógenos (Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium y Colletotrichum). Por lo cual, concluimos que las BPCV nativas aisladas en el presente estudio, tienen potencial biotecnológico para su uso en maíz criollo mexicano de la región.

Abstract In many agricultural crops, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi co-exist and interact with saprophytic fungi. This study aimed to analyze the effects of two free-living phosphofungi on the growth of potatoes co-inoculated with Claroideoglomus claroideum. Micropropagated native potato plantlets were transferred to a sterile Andisol previously inoculated with C. claroideum and subsequently two saprophytic fungi. The treatments were: C. claroideum (T0), C. claroideum + Talaromyces pinophilus (T1), C. claroideum + Penicillium albidum (T2), and C. claroideum + T. pinophilus + P. albidum (T3). At harvest, the most relevant results show that in T3 the height, shoot dry weight, root length and P acquisition of the potato plants were increased. Therefore, dry weight and P absorbed by minitubers were enhanced two and three-fold, respectively, compared with T0, along with an increase in the length of the thinnest roots. It is concluded that co-inoculation of this fungal consortium could be an advantageous alternative to be used as a bioinoculant by potato tuber seed producers in sustainable agriculture.

Resumen En muchos cultivos agrícolas, los hongos micorrícicos arbusculares coexisten e interactúan con hongos saprófitos. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos de dos fosfohongos de vida silvestre sobre el crecimiento de papas co-inoculadas con Claroideoglomus claroideum. Se trasfirieron plántulas de papa nativa micropropagadas a suelo Andisol estéril previamente inoculado con C. claroideum, y subsecuentemente con dos hongos saprófitos. Los tratamientos fueron: C. claroideum (T0), C. claroideum + Talaromyces pinophilus (T1), C. claroideum + Penicillium albidum (T2) y C. claroideum + T. pinophilus + P. albidum (T3). En la cosecha, los resultados más relevantes mostraron que el T3 incrementó la altura, el peso seco de los brotes, la longitud de las raíces y la absorción de P en las plántulas de papa. El peso seco y el P absorbido por los minitubérculos incrementaron al doble y triple, respectivamente, en comparación con el T0; además, aumentó la longitud de las raíces más delgadas. Se concluye que la co-inoculación de dicha asociación de hongos podría ser una alternativa favorable para su uso como bioinoculante por productores de semillas de tubérculos de papa en la agricultura sustentable.

Abstract Worldwide more than 7 billion tons of lignocellulosic biomass will be produced by 2025. In Colombia, these residues are mainly disposed of in rivers and open fields, and only 10% is reused and recycled. Non-centrifugal sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is a residue obtained after sugarcane juice extraction during the manufacturing process of panela and is mostly used as fuel for boilers at sugar mills. Wheat bran (WB) is the main waste from wheat flour production. Nonetheless, the chemical composition of these by-products makes them suitable for use as substrates for hemicellulolytic enzyme production from fungi. Here, a whole process for production in a solid-state fermentation system, recovery, and ultrafiltration process for concentration of xylanases by Penicillium sp. Pn004 is presented. The higher productivity (26.7 ± 1.59 U gds-1 day-1) was reached on the fifth day of fermentation with an enzyme activity of 130.0 ± 7.95 U gds-1. The batch ultrafiltration process allowed increasing the xylanase activity up to 19-fold in the retentate, from 66.47 U mL-1 to 1486.83 U mL-1, without reaching a steady state flux through the membrane. Finally, the enzymatic extract achieved a 43% release of sugar from kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus), showing its potential to be used as an additive for silage or for enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic materials for sugar production.

Abstract Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. seeds are protein sources with health and environmental benefits. In this research, proteins with lectin activity were identified in a protein fraction from S. virgata seeds (PFLA), as well its antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials, in addition to cytotoxic effects. To obtain PFLA, seed flour was homogenized in Glycine-NaOH (100 mM; pH 9.0; NaCl 150 mM) and precipitated in ammonium sulfate. PFLA concentrates bioactive lectins (32 HU/mL, 480 HU/gFa, 18.862 HU/mgP) and essential amino acids (13.36 g/100g protein). PFLA exerts antioxidant activity, acting as a promising metal chelating agent (~77% of activity). Analyzes of cell culture assay results suggest that antioxidant activity of PFLA may be associated with the recruitment of essential molecules to prevent the metabolic impairment of cells exposed to oxidative stress. PFLA (256 – 512 µg/mL) also exhibits antifungal activity, inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Penicillium citrinum. Cytotoxic analysis indicates a tendency of low interference in the proliferation of 3T3 and HepG2 cells in the range of PFLA concentrations with biological activity. These findings support the notion that PFLA is a promising adjuvant to be applied in current policies on the management of metal ion chelation and fungal infections. Cav. Cav (Cav. Pers benefits research S , (PFLA) potentials effects GlycineNaOH Glycine NaOH 100 (10 mM 9.0 90 9 0 15 sulfate 32 (3 HUmL HU mL HU/mL 48 HUgFa gFa HU/gFa 18862 18 862 18.86 HU/mgP HUmgP mgP 13.36 1336 13 36 (13.3 g100g gg g 100g protein. . protein) ~77% 77 (~77 activity) stress 256 (25 51 µg/mL µgmL µg flavus albicans citrinum T 3T HepG infections (Cav (PFLA 10 (1 9. 1 3 ( 4 1886 86 18.8 13.3 133 (13. ~77 7 (~7 25 (2 5 188 8 18. 13. (13 ~7 (~ 2 ~

Abstract The total cost of processes that use lipases can be reduced by using the mycelium or not purified crude extract with lipolytic activity. These catalysts can be used without complex purification and can show desirable properties to emerging applications like hydrolysis and biotransformation of vegetable oils. To explore the potential of multiple forms of lipases (produced by the same filamentous fungus species), this work investigated intracellular and extracellular lipases produced by Trichoderma koningii (intracellular lipases were never studied), Penicillium spp. F02 (isolated from industrial grease trap) and Aspergillus niger. For this, batch fermentations were conducted for 96h using olive oil as a carbon source. The submerged culture was interrupted with vacuum filtration to isolate the mycelium and crude extract. The lipolytic activities were determined by the hydrolysis method of olive oil. The best results were obtained for intracellular activity with T. koningii (81.5 U/g of dry biomass) and for extracellular activity with A. niger (10.6 U/mL of crude extract). Both were attained in 96h of fermentation. T. koningii showed an accumulation of intracellular lipases and a depreciated extracellular activity in the initial 24 hours, which can be reasonable indications that there is strong retention of lipases in the mycelium. Statistical analysis within the range of 37°C to 44°C associated with pH from 7.8 to 8.0 favored the activity of lipases from T. koningii. All these findings are promising for future studies in the enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel with lipases (intracellular and extracellular) from T. koningii. oils species, species , species) studied, studied studied) spp F F0 isolated trap h source T 81.5 815 81 5 (81. Ug U g biomass A 10.6 106 10 6 (10. UmL mL . extract) fermentation 2 hours 37C C 37 44C 44 78 7 8 7. 80 0 8. 81. (81 10. 1 (10 3 4 (8 (1 (

ABSTRACT Seed coating is a common practice in treating corn seeds and polymers are used to improve seed performance in terms of physical, physiological, and health quality. However, adverse environmental impacts caused by using non-renewable and non-biodegradable polymers are driving the search for alternatives to overcome these effects, such as natural-based polymers. This study evaluated the effect of chitosan coating formulations (0.6-3.4 g 100 mL –1 chitosan and 0-0.60 g glycerol g –1 chitosan) on the quality of corn seeds ( Zea mays L.) regarding physical aspects (visual and morphological aspect, water content, and 1,000-seed mass), physiological potential (germination test, germination speed index, seedling length, cold test, seedling emergence, seedling emergence speed index, seedling height, and root and shoot dry matter), and health quality (Blotter test). Chitosan coatings associated with glycerol did not interfere with the water content, 1,000-seed mass, germination and emergence percentages, cold test, and root dry matter. Conversely, higher biopolymer concentrations can reduce germination speed index, emergence speed index, seedling height, and shoot dry matter. Thus, coating with chitosan 2 % and 0.30 g glycerol g –1 chitosan showed promising results in terms of physical aspects with no damage to the physiological potential of corn seeds while reducing the occurrence of Penicillium spp. However nonrenewable non renewable nonbiodegradable biodegradable effects naturalbased natural based 0.63.4 0634 0.6 3.4 0 6 3 4 (0.6-3. 10 1 – 00.60 0060 0.60 60 0-0.6 L. L visual aspect content 1,000seed 1000seed 1,000 000 mass , mass) test index length height matter, matter matter) Blotter test. . test) percentages Conversely Thus 030 30 0.3 spp 63 0.63. 063 06 0. 34 3. (0.6-3 00 00.6 006 060 0-0. 000seed 1000 1,00 03 0.63 (0.6- 00. 0-0 1,0 (0.6 0- 1, (0. (0

ABSTRACT The fungal microbiota associated with the roots and rhizosphere of plants represents a significant source of biocontrol agents against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. While some fungal genera have been studied extensively, others require more attention in terms of their identity and mechanisms of action against plant parasitic nematodes. Thus, the aim of this research was to demonstrate the in vitro and in vivo biocontrol potential of fungi isolated from the root and rhizosphere of guava plants against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. We isolated four fungi (C5, C6, C7, and C10) from the root and rhizosphere of guava plants using the serial dilution method. These fungi were purified on potato dextrose agar and evaluated in vitro to assess their ability to parasitize M. incognita eggs and juveniles. Subsequently, the fungi were assessed for M. incognita control under nursery conditions in guava plants. The identity of the fungi with parasitic capacity and biocontrol potential was confirmed by amplifying and sequencing the ITS region, followed by Bayesian inference analysis. Results showed that the fungi corresponded to Talaromyces sayulitensis (C5), Myrothecium sp. (C6), Penicillium shearii (C7), and Beauveria bassiana (C10). Parasitism of M. incognita eggs was confirmed for all fungi, parasitism of juveniles occurred with T. sayulitensis (C5) and B. bassiana (C10). In guava seedlings treated with fungal isolates, a significant reduction in the number of eggs, juveniles, and nodules per gram of root was achieved. The biocontrol potential against M. incognita in guava seedlings was confirmed for different fungi associated with the root rhizosphere. rootknot knot spp extensively nematodes Thus C5, C5 C (C5 C6 C7 C10 method M Subsequently region analysis , sp (C6) (C7) C10. . (C10) T B isolates achieved (C C1 (C6 (C7 (C10 (C1

ABSTRACT: Mycotoxins are low molecular weight secondary metabolites produced by some fungi genera, such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Claviceps, during their growth in foods. These molecules share several common characteristics, including toxicity, carcinogenesis, and teratogenesis in animals and humans. This review addresses the reproductive, gestational and fetal changes induced by ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalenone, patulin, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin. A systematic evaluation of scientific articles was conducted on research portals PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords related to the topic. The research articles revealed all the characteristics of toxicity, carcinogenesis, and teratogenesis available in the literature, indicating a growing academic and scientific concern in the deposition of information about these mycotoxins. ABSTRACT genera Aspergillus Penicillium Alternaria Fusarium Claviceps foods toxicity carcinogenesis humans reproductive fumonisins zearalenone patulin deoxynivalenol T2 T 2 T- toxin topic literature mycotoxins

RESUMO: Micotoxinas são metabólitos secundários de baixo peso molecular produzidos por alguns gêneros de fungos, como Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Fusarium e Claviceps, durante seu crescimento em alimentos. Estas moléculas partilham várias características comuns, incluindo toxicidade, carcinogênese e teratogênese em animais e humanos. Esta revisão aborda as alterações reprodutivas, gestacionais e fetais induzidas pela ocratoxina A, fumonisinas, zearalenona, patulina, desoxinivalenol e toxina T-2. Foi realizada uma avaliação sistemática de artigos científicos nos portais de pesquisa PubMed e Google Scholar utilizando palavras-chave relacionadas ao tema. Os artigos de pesquisa revelaram todas as características de toxicidade, carcinogênese e teratogênese disponíveis na literatura, indicando uma crescente preocupação acadêmica e científica na deposição de informações sobre essas micotoxinas. RESUMO fungos Aspergillus Penicillium Alternaria Claviceps alimentos comuns toxicidade humanos reprodutivas A fumonisinas zearalenona patulina T2. T2 T 2. 2 T-2 palavraschave palavras chave tema literatura micotoxinas T-

ABSTRACT: In Brazil, the Atlantic Forest has been suffering from deforestation, which has had impacts on its flora, fauna, and microbiota. However, the fungal diversity present in these environments is little known and studied. In this study, a total of 90 samples of 45 wild birds (45 feathers and 45 feces) were collected in Ilha da Marambaia, southeastern Brazil. Filamentous fungi isolated from these samples were identified through macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Some isolates were identified by molecular biology using the PCR technique. Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cunninghamella, Curvularia, Eurotium, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Neosartorya, Pestalotia, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Mucor and Syncephalastrum were identified. These results indicate the presence of saprophytic fungi species in the feathers and feces of wild birds of the capture site. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate if the mycobiota profile modifies with anthropization and if it interferes with bird health and environmental recovery. ABSTRACT Brazil deforestation flora fauna microbiota However studied study 9 4 (4 Marambaia characteristics technique Acremonium Alternaria Aspergillus Cunninghamella Curvularia Eurotium Fusarium Geotrichum Neosartorya Pestalotia Paecilomyces Penicillium Rhizopus site recovery (

RESUMO: No Brasil, a Mata Atlântica vem sofrendo com o desmatamento, que tem impactado sua flora, fauna e microbiota. No entanto, a diversidade fúngica presente nesses ambientes é pouco conhecida e estudada. Neste trabalho, um total de 90 amostras de 45 aves silvestres (45 penas e 45 fezes) foram coletadas na Ilha da Marambaia, Sudeste do Brasil. Fungos filamentosos isolados dessas amostras foram identificados por meio de características macroscópicas e microscópicas. Alguns isolados foram identificados por biologia molecular usando a técnica de PCR. Foram identificados Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cunninghamella, Curvularia, Eurotium, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Neosartorya, Pestalotia, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Mucor e Syncephalastrum. Esses resultados indicam a presença de espécies de fungos saprofíticos nas penas e fezes de aves silvestres do local de captura. Novos estudos devem ser realizados a fim de elucidar se o perfil da micobiota se modifica com a antropização e se interfere na saúde das aves e na recuperação ambiental. RESUMO Brasil desmatamento flora microbiota entanto estudada trabalho 9 4 (4 Marambaia microscópicas PCR Acremonium Alternaria Aspergillus Cunninghamella Curvularia Eurotium Fusarium Geotrichum Neosartorya Pestalotia Paecilomyces Penicillium Rhizopus Syncephalastrum captura ambiental (

Abstract For places where non-sterile drug production occurs, regulatory bodies recommend monitoring of the environmental bioburden. This procedure provides information regarding possible microbiological risks to which the products may be exposed, so that subsequent action measures may be implemented. The aim of the present work was to quantify and characterize the microorganisms present in Grade D (ISO 8) cleanrooms of a Brazilian pharmaceutical industry, identifying any possible seasonal climatic influences on these environments. Sampling was performed by surface and air monitoring, over 12 months during the year 2019, in rooms that were in operation. For both sampling methods, no statistically significant differences in bacteria and fungi counts were found between months or seasonal periods. Microorganisms that presented higher incidence included Staphylococcus epidermidis (15%) and Micrococcus spp. (13%), common to the human microbiota, and the fungi Cladosporium sp. (23%) and Penicillium sp. (21%), typical of the external environment. The results showed that microbial contamination in the Grade D cleanrooms was within the permissible maximum levels and remained similar throughout the year. Microbiological quality control in the clean areas of the pharmaceutical industry investigated was considered effective, with regular maintenance being necessary to keep bioburden levels controlled. nonsterile non sterile occurs exposed implemented ISO 8 environments 1 2019 operation methods periods 15% 15 (15% spp 13%, 13 13% , (13%) microbiota sp 23% 23 (23% 21%, 21 21% (21%) environment effective controlled 201 (15 (13% 2 (23 (21% 20 (1 (13 (2 (21 (

Abstract The objective was to identify the strains, quantity and diversity of fungi present in tortillas of 14 corn breeds. The weight of the fungal complex (PCH) was determined and the identification of its fungi and characteristics of the grain (flotation index), nixtamal (nixtamal moisture and dough moisture) and tortilla (tortilla moisture at 24 and 48 hours). An analysis of variance was performed on the data. All variables presented significant differences (p < 0.05). For the PCH the highest statistically different averages were the Naltel de altura breed (0.69 g) and Arrocillos amarillo breed (0.68 g) per tortilla. The Chalqueño breed had the highest number of mushrooms in the complex (Aspergillus flavus, Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizopus oryzae, Acremonium sp. y Alternaria sp.) unlike the fungus Penicillium sp., the Conico breed was the second best and in Pepitilla only the Acremonium sp. fungus was identified. For the humidity of nixtamal and dough moisture, the Pepitilla breed obtained the best values with 49.7 and 60.9%, respectively. There were differences of 65.2% in the PCH between the races evaluated, with the highest and lowest weight being the tall Naltel and Chalqueño breeds, respectively.

Resumen El objetivo fue identificar las cepas, la cantidad y la diversidad de hongos presente en tortillas de 14 razas de maíz. Se determinó el peso del complejo de hongos (PCH) y la identificación de los hongos del mismo, así como características del grano (índice de flotación), nixtamal (humedad de nixtamal y humedad de masa) y tortilla (humedad de tortillo a las 24 y 48 h). A los datos se les realizó un análisis de varianza. Todas las variables presentaron diferencias significativas (p < 0.05). Para el PCH los mayores promedios estadísticamente diferente fueron las razas Naltel de altura (0.69 g) y Arrocillos amarillo (0.68 g) por tortilla. La raza Chalqueño tuvo el mayor número de hongos en el complejo (Aspergillus flavus, Mucor sp., Pen icilli um sp., Rh izopus oryzae, Acremonium sp. y Alternaría sp.); con diferencia del hongo Penicillium sp., la raza Cónico fue la segunda mejor, y en Pepitilla solo se identificó el hongo Acremonium sp. Para la humedad de nixtamal y de masa la raza Pepitilla obtuvo los mejores valores, con un 49.7 y 60.9%, respectivamente. Se tuvieron diferencias del 65.2% en el PCH entre las razas evaluadas, presentando el mayor y menor peso las razas Naltel de altura y Chalqueño, respectivamente.

Resumo Fungos anemófilos se dispersam na natureza através do ar atmosférico. O presente estudo objetivou caracterizar a prevalência da microbiota fúngica anemófila no Brasil e correlacionar o crescimento fúngico com doenças respiratórias e quadros infecciosos. Este trabalho é uma revisão integrativa de literatura construída a partir da busca nas bases de dados PubMed, BIREME, SciELO e LILACS, com inclusão de trabalhos brasileiros publicados entre 2000 e 2022, em língua portuguesa ou inglesa com texto online integral. O universo do estudo foi constituído por 147 publicações, das quais 25 compuseram a amostra por atenderem aos critérios de inclusão. Os gêneros de fungos aerotransportados mais prevalentes no Brasil são: Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp. e Fusarium sp. Os locais de origem dos estudos incluem Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Sergipe, Mato Grosso, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Minas Gerais. Além disso, foi possível determinar a relação dos fungos com parâmetros meteorológicos e sazonalidade, a sensibilização de indivíduos atópicos aos fungos e as principais micoses nosocomiais relatadas na literatura. Assim, o trabalho destaca a importância da manutenção da qualidade microbiológica do ar com vistas a se prevenir possíveis doenças transmitidas pelo ar. atmosférico infecciosos PubMed BIREME LILACS 200 2022 integral 14 publicações 2 são sp Maranhão Ceará Piauí Sergipe Grosso Pernambuco Sul Catarina Janeiro Paulo Gerais disso sazonalidade Assim 20 202 1

Abstract Airborne fungi are dispersed through the air. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of airborne fungi in Brazil and understand the relationship between fungal growth and respiratory diseases and infections. We conducted an integrative literature review of studies conducted in Brazil based on searches of the PubMed, MEDLINE-BIREME, SciELO, and LILACS databases for full-text articles published between 2000 and 2022. The searches returned 147 studies, of which only 25 met the inclusion criteria. The most prevalent genera of airborne fungi in Brazil are Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Curvularia, and Fusarium. The studies were conducted in the states of Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí, Sergipe, Mato Grosso, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Minas Gerais. The findings also show the relationship between fungi and meteorological factors and seasonality, the sensitivity of atopic individuals to fungi, and the main nosocomial mycoses reported in the literature. This work demonstrates the importance of maintaining good microbiological air quality to prevent potential airborne diseases. infections PubMed MEDLINEBIREME, MEDLINEBIREME MEDLINE BIREME, BIREME MEDLINE-BIREME SciELO fulltext full text 200 2022 14 2 criteria Aspergillus Penicillium Cladosporium Curvularia Fusarium Maranhão Ceará Piauí Sergipe Grosso Pernambuco Sul Catarina Janeiro Paulo Gerais seasonality 20 202 1

Penicillium meliponae, a recently described and rare species, was isolated as an endophytic fungus from the Amazonian plant Duguetia sthelechantha, and has been proven to be a pigment producer. Considering the high productivity of this species and the lack of data on its chemical composition, the present study aimed to characterize the chemical profile of P. meliponae and evaluate the influence of agitation and the use of different culture media. For this purpose, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and molecular networking were used, allowing the identification of 17 azaphilone molecules with sclerotiorin-like skeletons, becoming the first chemical report of this species. In addition, the different production patterns in the tested culture media were indicative that this species is sensitive to changes in the composition of the carbon source and to the presence of agitation. Furthermore, this work contributes to the fragmentation mechanisms of the different possible structural arrangements for azaphilones of the sclerotiorin type and serves as a repository of information on the gas-phase behavior of this type of metabolite in mass spectrometry experiments and will assist future studies aimed at the discovery of azaphilones. sthelechantha producer P purpose LCMS/MS LCMSMS LC MS/MS MS (LC-MS/MS used 1 sclerotiorinlike like skeletons addition Furthermore gasphase gas phase LCMS MSMS

Resumen. El cultivo de Cannabis sativa ha tomado una gran importancia en los últimos años en Paraguay y en otros países de América Latina donde las reglamentaciones legales permiten su cultivo para usos medicinales, como fibra y también como alimento. Debido a que varias empresas aplican el modelo de cultivo orgánico para garantizar la calidad y además para llegar a certificar su producto es necesario estudiar alternativas de control biológico que garanticen una agricultura sostenible. En este estudio se aislaron e identificaron los microorganismos presentes en el suelo de cultivo de Cannabis sativa y también aquellos que infectaron a los insectos plagas encontrados sobre la planta. Se utilizó el método de dilución seriada para aislar microrganismos del suelo y para aislarlos de los cuerpos de insectos plagas la siembra directa en medios de cultivos específicos. Los géneros aislados del suelo fueron Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Absidia, Alternaria, Mucor, Penicillium y Fusarium; los géneros aislados de insectos plaga fueron Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus y Fusarium. Este es la primera descripción sobre la presencia de hongos en suelos e insectos plagas en cultivo de cáñamo industrial en Paraguay.

Abstract. The cultivation of Cannabis sativa has gained importance in recent years in Paraguay and other Latin American countries where legal regulations allow its cultivation for medicinal use, as fiber, and also as food. Since several companies apply the organic cultivation model to guarantee quality and certify their product, it is necessary to study biological control alternatives that guarantee sustainable agriculture. In this study, microorganisms present in the soil of Cannabis sativa cultivation and those that infected pests found on the plant were isolated and identified. The serial dilution method was used to isolate microorganisms from the soil and direct seeding on specific culture media to isolate them from the bodies of pest insects. The isolated genera from the soil were Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Absidia, Alternaria, Mucor, Penicillium and Fusarium; the isolated genera from pest insects were Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Fusarium. This study is the first report on fungi in soils and pest insects in industrial hemp cultivation in Paraguay.