Abstract (Objective) The objective of this study was to analyze antimicrobial resistance in Peruvian aquaculture. (Methodology) An observational, descriptive study was carried out. Samples of Argopectenpurpuratus, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oreochromis niloticus and Litopenaeus vannamei were included. The bacteria Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Erichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Aeromonas spp., and Flavobacterium psychrophilum were isolated. Antibiotic resistance was evaluated using antibiograms, and resistant samples were sequenced to identify antimicrobial resistance genes. Absolute and percentage frequencies were calculated. In addition, Wald, Clopper-Pearson, and pooled prevalence confidence intervals were estimated. (Results) In the case of A. purpuratus, 22.2% (95% CI:2.81-60.00) of the E. coli samples were resistant to oxytetracycline. Resistant samples were found in 4.44% (n=2) of the aquaculture production centers (APCs). In O. mykiss, 88.89% (95% CI:51.16-99.72) of the Enterococcus spp. were resistant to osfomycin and oxytetracycline. Resistant samples were found in12.96% of the APCs (n=7). Regarding O. niloticus, 47.31% (95% CI: 37.16-57.46) of the E. coli samples were resistant to oxytetracycline ampicilline>chloramphenicol>fosfomycin and azithromycin. Resistant samples were encountered in 50% of the APCs (n=19). In addition, 89.36% (95% CI:80.55-98.18) of the Enterococcus spp. were resistant to Fosfomycin> chloranphenicol and colistin> oxytetracycline>azithromycin>ampicilline; resistant samples were found in 36.84% of the APCs (n=14). In L. vannamei, 87.11% (95% CI:83.00-91.21) of the Enterococcus spp. samples were resistant to Fosfomycin> colistin> oxytetracycline> azithromycin> ampicilline and resistant samples were found in 100% of the APCs (n=33). Likewise, 35.05% (95% CI:29.74-40.23) of the V. parahaemolyticus samples were resistant to ampicilline>fosfomycin>oxytetracycline>azithromycin>eritromicine>enrofloxacin>ampicilline> chloranfhenicol. Resistant samples were found in 78.79% (n=26) of the APCs (Conclusions) The percentage of APCs with O. niloticus and L. vannamei showed that antimicrobial resistance was high.

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Resumo (Objetivo) O objetivo foi analisar a resistência antimicrobiana na aquicultura peruana. (Metodologia) Foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo. Foram incluídas amostras das espécies Argopecten purpuratus, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oreochromis niloticus e Litopenaeus vannamei. Foram isoladas bactérias dos gêneros Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Aeromonas spp., e espécies de Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus e Flavobacterium psychrophilum. A resistência antimicrobiana foi avaliada por meio de antibiograma, e amostras resistentes foram sequenciadas para identificar genes de resistência antimicrobiana. Foram calculadas as frequências absoluta e percentual, além dos intervalos de confiança de Wald, Clopper-Pearson e as prevalências agrupadas. (Resultados) Em relação a A. purpuratus, 22,2% (IC 95%: 2,81-60,00) das amostras de E. coli foram resistentes à oxitetraciclina. Estes pertenciam a 4,44 % (n=2) dos centros de produção aquícola (CPA). Em O. mykiss, 88,89% (IC 95%: 51,16-99,72) das amostras de rococcus spp. foram resistentes à fosfomicina e oxitetraciclina. Estas pertenciam a 12,96% das CPAs (n=7). Em relação a O. niloticus, 47,31 % IC 95%: 37,16-57,46) das amostras de E. coli foram resistentes à oxitetraciclina>ampicilina>cloranfenicol fosfomicina e azitromicina. Estas pertenciam a 50% das CPAs (n=19). Além disso, 89,36% (IC95%: 80,55-98,18) das amostras de Enterococcus spp. foram resistentes a fosfomicina>cloranfenicol e colistina>oxitetraciclina>azitromicina>ampicilina; estas pertenciam a 36,84% das CPAs (n=14). Em L. vannamei, 87,11% (IC 95%: 83,00-91,21) das amostras de Enterococcus spp foram resistentes à fosfomicina>colistina>oxitetraciclina>azitromicina eritromicina>enrofloxacina> ampicilina>cloranfenicol e pertenciam a 100% das CPAs (n=33). Além disso, 3 ,05% (IC 95%: 29,74-40,23) das amostras de V.parahaemolyticus foram resistentes à ampicilina>fosfomicina>colistina>oxitetraciclina>azitromicina. Estas pertenciam a 78,79% (n=26) das CPAs. (Conclusões) A porcentagem de CPA de O. niloticus L. vannamei, mostrou maior resistência antimicrobiana do estudo.

Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different fasting periods on mortality of Litopenaeus vannamei post-larvae and the time it took to molt or die. The study applied an experimental design using 20-days-old post-larvae (PL), with a control group subjected to continuous feeding (CF) and 9 treatments (S2, S4, S6, S8, S10, S12, S14, S16, S18) with varying fasting periods, followed by continuous feeding. The time at which food deprivation resulted in death was analyzed for 50% of the post-larvae, even when they received food after fasting. Statistical analysis of time to molt identified 3 different groups (P < 0.05): group 1 with continuous feeding, group 2 with fasting periods of 2 and 4 days (S2, S4), and group 3 with fasting periods between 6-18 days (S6-S18). In control group with continuous feeding, the time to molt was estimated at about 3.44 ± 0.68 days. Time to death, showed 2 significantly different treatment groups (P < 0.05). In CF treatment, all PLs survived. The first group consisted of fasting tests for 2 and 4 days (S2, S4). The second group corresponded to fasting periods from S6 to S18 days, resulting in the shortest time to death with 71.43 and 100% of individuals dead. The PNR50 was estimated to be around 3.97 ± 0.31 days, demonstrating that fasting periods affected development and potentially caused death in PL of L. vannamei.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes períodos de ayuno sobre la mortalidad de las post-larvas de Litopenaeus vannamei y el tiempo que les tomó mudar o morir. El estudio aplicó un diseño experimental utilizando post-larvas de 20 días de edad, con un grupo control sometido a alimentación continua (CF) y 9 tratamientos (S2, S4, S6, S8, S10, S12, S14, S16, S18) con períodos variables de ayuno, seguidos de alimentación continua. Se analizó el momento en el que la privación de alimentos provocó la muerte del 50% de los individuos, incluso cuando recibieron alimento después del ayuno. El análisis estadístico para el tiempo de muda identificó 3 grupos diferentes (P < 0,05). Grupo 1 con alimentación continua; Grupo 2 con periodos de ayuno de 2 y 4 días; y grupo 3 con periodos de ayuno entre 6-18 días. En el grupo control con alimentación continua se estimó un tiempo de muda de alrededor de 3,44 ± 0,68 días. En el tiempo de muerte hubo 2 grupos de tratamientos significativamente diferentes (P < 0,05). En el tratamiento con alimentación continua sobrevivieron todas las PL. El primer grupo consistió en pruebas de ayuno durante 2 y 4 días (S2 y S4). El segundo grupo correspondió desde los periodos de ayuno de S6 a S18 días, resultando el menor tiempo hasta la muerte con 71,43 y 100% de individuos muertos. El PNR50 se estimó alrededor de 3,97 ( 0,31 días, demostrando que los períodos de ayuno afectaron el desarrollo y potencialmente causan mortalidad en las post-larvas de L. vannamei.

ABSTRACT. The present study aimed to correlate the influence of water quality, cultivation time, area, and density of ponds on the zootechnical performance of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in oligohaline waters. It was demonstrated that, under the conditions of this research, better control of temperature, pH and water alkalinity can be employed. Ammonia levels were within the normal range and correlated positively with the growth rate (ρ = 0.69859) and production (ρ = 0.66362) of the ponds. There was also a positive correlation between cultivation time and pond density with shrimp weight (ρ = 0.75305 and 0.68933) and pond productivity (ρ = 0.74763 and 0.79367, respectively). Negative correlations were observed between: I) pH with shrimp survival (ρ = -0.73238) and pond production (ρ = -0.68696); II) alkalinity and pond production (ρ = -0.66162). The results show that the cultivation of shrimp L. vannamei in oligohaline waters is viable and there is potential for increased productivity associated with better hydrological monitoring and use of higher density and cultivation time by some producers.

Abstract Traditional shrimp paste was produced by Litopenaeus vannamei head as a low-priced by-product instead of the tradition raw material. Partial replacement of sodium chloride with potassium chloride at 0%, 30% and 50% was done to reduce risk of hypertension. The reduction of aw and increment of pH, total volatile bases nitrogen (TVB-N), trimethylamine (TMA), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and degree of hydrolysis (DH) were found in all treatments. After fermentation for 90 d, total viable count (TVC) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) decreased, with no pathogenic microorganisms found. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Inhibition (%) of shrimp head was close to captopril at 2.17 ng/mL but lower than shrimp head paste and captopril at 4.35 ng/mL. Sensory score of all treatments were lower than that of commercial shrimp paste. Partial replacement of sodium chloride with potassium chloride at 50% can be done in shrimp head paste but further study required to improve consumer acceptability. lowpriced low priced byproduct product material 0 0% 30 50 hypertension pH TVBN, TVBN TVB N , (TVB-N) TMA, TMA (TMA) TBARS (TBARS DH (DH 9 d TVC (TVC LAB (LAB decreased Angiotensinconverting Angiotensin converting ACE (ACE % (% 217 2 17 2.1 ngmL ng mL 435 4 35 4.3 acceptability 3 5 (TVB-N (TMA ( 21 1 2. 43 4.

ABSTRACT: The production chain of Penaeus vannamei require detailed quality evaluation from farm to processing plant, to maintain the quality standards. We evaluated the impact of production chain steps in main defects of P. vannamei as red hepatopancreas, detached cephalothorax and post-mult. Red hepatopancreas and detached cephalothorax exhibited the highest defect incidence, which are related to capture method and post-harvest handling procedures. Red hepatopancreas showed a positive correlation (r = 0.56; P = 0.008) with post-molts. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) explained 53.91% of total data variance, where the second principal component (PC2) contributed with 19.39% separating shrimp defects and management steps based on square cosines of red hepatopancreas and transport time. These results suggested that steps of production chain as well as post mortem process are directly related to shrimp defects, and the knowledge of these factors can contribute to improve the product quality. ABSTRACT plant standards postmult. postmult mult. mult post-mult incidence postharvest harvest procedures r 0.56 056 0 56 0.008 0008 008 postmolts. postmolts molts. molts post-molts PCA (PCA 5391 53 91 53.91 variance PC2 PC (PC2 1939 19 39 19.39 time 0.5 05 5 0.00 000 00 539 9 53.9 (PC 193 1 3 19.3 0. 0.0 53. 19.

RESUMO: A cadeia produtiva do Penaeus vannamei exige avaliações detalhadas quanto à qualidade do produto desde o campo até a planta de processamento, considerando a importância da manutenção dos padrões de qualidade. Foi avaliado o impacto das etapas da cadeia produtiva nos principais defeitos do P. vannamei como hepatopâncreas vermelho, cefalotórax desprendido e pós-mudas. Hepatopâncreas e o cefalotórax desprendido foram os defeitos de maior incidência, e estão relacionados ao método de despesca e manuseio pós-abate. O hepatopâncreas vermelho apresentou correlação positiva (r = 0,56; P = 0.008) com pós-muda. A Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) explicou 53,91% da variância total dos dados, onde o segundo componente principal (PC2) contribuiu com 19,39% separando os defeitos do camarão e as etapas de manejo com base nos cossenos quadrados do hepatopâncreas vermelho e tempo de transporte. Esses resultados sugerem que as etapas da cadeia produtiva bem como o processo post mortem estão diretamente relacionados aos defeitos dos camarões, e o conhecimento desses fatores pode contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade do produto. RESUMO processamento pósmudas. pósmudas pós mudas. mudas pós-mudas incidência pósabate. pósabate abate. abate pós-abate r 0,56 056 0 56 0.008 0008 008 pósmuda. pósmuda muda. muda pós-muda ACP (ACP 5391 53 91 53,91 dados PC2 PC (PC2 1939 19 39 19,39 transporte camarões 0,5 05 5 0.00 000 00 539 9 53,9 (PC 193 1 3 19,3 0, 0.0 53, 19, 0.

Abstract Biofloc technology (BFT) systems are sustainable for aquaculture due to the growth of microorganisms in the culture medium that can uptake toxic nitrogen compounds, which generates “in situ” microbial protein that can be eaten, decreasing feed costs. BFT brown (formed with no direct natural light and bacterial dominance) and green (exposed to direct natural light, algal system) waters can be potentially used for aquaponics of commercial halophytes. This study evaluated changes in physical-chemical parameters and macronutrient concentrations of brown and green saline waters of BFT systems, with marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) breeding stock, subjected to a one-week recirculation cycle in saline aquaponics with halophytes (Salicornia neei, Apium graveolens and Paspalum vaginatum). For 30 days in the summer of 2019, clarified brown and green waters of BFT systems of L. vannamei were used for aquaponic cultivation of these three halophytes. Water samples were collected before and after one week of water recirculation in the aquaponic systems. Halophytes grow well with both water types. The brown water had a higher phosphate concentration and its nitrate content reduced 3-fold in magnitude after one week of recirculation. The green water had higher average concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfate compared to the brown water, and its nitrate and nitrite contents significantly increased after one week of recirculation. The remediation of dissolved macronutrients using aquaponics can be ineffective for green water types, mainly due to the death and decay of photoautotrophic microorganisms during the water recirculation process inside aquaponic structures. (BFT compounds situ eaten costs formed dominance exposed system physicalchemical physical chemical Litopenaeus stock oneweek Salicornia neei vaginatum. vaginatum . vaginatum) 3 2019 L types 3fold fold potassium calcium structures 201 20 2

RESUMEN El aceite de coco (Cocos nucifera) es considerado una sustancia inmunoestimulante natural que contiene compuestos bioactivos con la capacidad de regular o modificar la respuesta inmune e incrementar la resistencia contra agentes patógenos. Es por ello que el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el aceite de C. nucifera suplementado en la dieta como potencial antiviral para reducir las mortalidades ocasionadas por el virus de la mancha blanca (WSSV) en el cultivo de camarón Litopenaeus vannamei. Se realizaron dos bioensayos con juveniles de camarón: el primero (20 días) consistió en alimentar con I) alimento comercial (AC); II) AC + 2.5 % de aceite de coco extra virgen (ACEV); III) AC + 5 % ACEV y el segundo bioensayo (27 días) con I) AC + WSSV; II) AC + 2.5 % ACEV + WSSV; III) AC y IV) AC + 2.5 % ACEV. Al final se determinó la tasa de crecimiento específico (TCE), la supervivencia, el conteo total de hemocitos (CTH) y únicamente en el bioensayo II se determinó la prevalencia del WSSV. Los resultados de TCE, CTH para ambos bioensayos no mostraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos, al igual que la supervivencia en el bioensayo I. Sin embargo, si existieron diferencias significativas en la supervivencia del bioensayo II (p = 0.0030) entre el tratamiento I (83.3 %) y el resto de los tratamientos que presentaron supervivencias más altas. Se concluye que los resultados de prevalencia de WSSV del bioensayo II mostraron que la adición con 2.5 % de ACEV en el alimento presentó un efecto en la disminución de la prevalencia y la carga viral de WSSV en juveniles de L. vannamei, sin embargo, estos resultados no presentaron diferencias significativas con el resto de los tratamientos, no mostró efectos negativos en cuanto a la supervivencia y la TCE, así como tampoco se registró un efecto en el CTH entre los tratamientos de ambos bioensayos.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral potential of coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil supplemented in the diet of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to reduce the mortality caused by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) under shrimp culture. Two bioassays were conducted for shrimp juveniles. The first bioassay (20 days) consisted of supplying the following feeds: I) commercial feed (CF); II) CF + 2.5% of extra virgin coconut oil (EVCO); III) CF + 5% EVCO and the second bioassay (27 days), the following feeds were supplied: I) CF + WSSV; II) CF + 2.5% EVCO + WSSV; III) CF; IV) CF + 2.5% EVCO. Specific growth rate (EGR), survival, and total hemocyte count (THC) were determined in both bioassays. The prevalence of WSSV was only determined for the second bioassay. The results of EGR, THC and prevalence of WSSV indicate that there were no significant differences among treatments in both bioassays nor in survival during the first bioassay. However, in the second bioassay, differences were found (p = 0.0030) between I (83.3%) and the rest of treatments, which showed higher survival values. We conclude that the supplementation of 2.5-5.0% of EVCO in shrimp feed promoted a decrease in the prevalence and viral load of WSSV in juveniles of L. vannamei. In addition, this supplement did not show negative effects in survival and EGR. Finally, no immunosuppression or reduction of the immune response of THC was detected among treatments in both bioassays.

ABSTRACT The cultivation of vascular plants in aquaculture is becoming increasingly important and saline aquaponics have been centered on plants with a short life cycle (i.e. annual species). However, the cultivation of perennial halophytes can allow to produce biomass year-round by repeated cuttings and regrowth. The present study evaluated the effects of different cutting regimes on the growth and tissue nitrogen uptake of the perennial halophyte Paspalum vaginatum and Salicornia neei cultivated in saline aquaponics. Clarified water from Litopenaeus vannamei cultivation was used as the main source of water and nutrients to grow plants established in Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). In each trial (28 days), three groups of 22 plants were established in different NFT benches and subjected to no cutting, one harvest and two harvests. Cutting regimes applied to both halophytic species did not affect the quality of recirculating water. Tillering and stem elongation of P. vaginatum had increasing trends with augment of cutting frequency. Salicornia neei cut at 28-day intervals produced a larger number of marketable size branches with less lignified shoots than non-cut plants and branchy plants cut every 14 days, which showed the smallest branch size. Individual plants of P. vaginatum and S. neei took up in their tissues between 2.27-2.45 mg/day of N and 4.59-6.43 mg/day of N, respectively. Cutting regimes did not statistically affect the accumulation of nitrogen in the biomass of either halophytic species. One harvest treatment, every 28 days, was considered the most suitable practice for aquaponics production of both halophytes. i.e. ie i e (i.e . species) However yearround year round regrowth NFT. (NFT) (2 days , days) 2 harvests P frequency 28day day noncut non 1 S 2.272.45 227245 2.27 2.45 27 45 2.27-2.4 mgday mg 4.596.43 459643 4.59 6.43 4 59 6 43 4.59-6.4 respectively treatment i.e (NFT ( 272 2.272.4 22724 227 2.2 245 2.4 2.27-2. 596 4.596.4 45964 459 4.5 643 6.4 5 4.59-6. 2.272. 2272 2. 24 2.27-2 4.596. 4596 4. 64 6. 4.59-6 2.272 2.27- 4.596 4.59-

RESUMO O cultivo de plantas vasculares na aquicultura está se tornando cada vez mais importante e a aquaponia salina tem centrado no cultivo de plantas com o ciclo de vida curto (i.e. plantas anuais). Entretanto, o cultivo de plantas perenes pode permitir a produção de biomassa durante todo o ano por cortes repetidos e rebrote. O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos de diferentes regimes de poda no crescimento e absorção tecidual de nitrogênio das halófitas perenes Paspalum vaginatum e Salicornia neei cultivadas em aquaponia salina. A água clarificada do cultivo de Litopenaeus vannamei foi utilizada como principal fonte de água e nutrientes para o cultivo de plantas estabelecidas em Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). Em cada ensaio (28 dias), três grupos de 22 plantas foram estabelecidos em diferentes bancadas NFT e submetidos a nenhum corte, um corte e dois cortes. Os regimes de poda aplicados a ambas as espécies halófitas não afetaram a qualidade da água de recirculação. O perfilhamento e o alongamento do caule de P. vaginatum apresentaram tendências crescentes com o aumento da frequência de corte. Salicornia neei cortada em intervalos de 28 dias produziu um maior número de ramos de tamanho comercializável com menos ramos lignificados do que plantas não cortadas e plantas ramificadas cortadas a cada 14 dias, que apresentaram o menor tamanho de ramo. Plantas individuais de P. vaginatum e S. neei absorveram em seus tecidos entre 2,27-2,45 mg/dia de N e 4,59-6,43 mg/dia de N, respectivamente. Os regimes de corte não afetaram estatisticamente o acúmulo de nitrogênio na biomassa de nenhuma das espécies halófitas. O tratamento de uma poda, a cada 28 dias, foi considerado a prática mais adequada para a produção de aquaponia de ambas as halófitas. i.e. ie i (i.e anuais. anuais . anuais) Entretanto rebrote NFT. (NFT) (2 , dias) 2 recirculação P 1 ramo S 2,272,45 227245 2,27 2,45 27 45 2,27-2,4 mgdia mg dia 4,596,43 459643 4,59 6,43 4 59 6 43 4,59-6,4 respectivamente i.e (NFT ( 272 2,272,4 22724 227 2,2 245 2,4 2,27-2, 596 4,596,4 45964 459 4,5 643 6,4 5 4,59-6, 2,272, 2272 2, 24 2,27-2 4,596, 4596 4, 64 6, 4,59-6 2,272 2,27- 4,596 4,59-

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-bacterial and antimycobacterial potential of the by-products of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The following extracts were obtained: exoskeleton hexanic, methanolic and acqueous extracts (ExHex, ExMe, ExAc); and cephalothorax hexanic, acetonic and methanolic extracts (CeHex, CeAce, CeMe). Antibacterial effect was determined by the broth microdilution method against Gram-positive bacteria: Enterococcus faecalis American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 51299, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25293, and Staphylo-coccus epidermidis; Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145, and Salmonella typhimurium; and Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (M. bovis BCG) Danish strain. CeHex resulted active against all Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (MIC50= 400 µg mL-1) and against M. bovis BCG (MIC100= 250 µg mL-1). Gas chromatography (GC) of CeHex identified oleic, linoleic, palmitic, stearic, behenic, palmitoleic and linolenic fatty acids. The strong antibacterial activity of CeHex and the identification of its main chemical constituents justify further studies on the clinical applications of this marine by-product.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el potencial antibacteriano y antimicobacteriano de los sub-productos del camarón blanco (Litopenaeus vannamei). Fueron obtenidos los siguientes extractos: extracto hexánico, metanólico y acuoso del exoesqueleto (ExHex, ExMe, ExAc); y extracto hexánico, acetónico y metanólico del cefalotórax (CeHex, CeAce, CeMe). El efecto antibacteriano fue evaluado mediante el método de microdilución en caldo contra las bacterias Gram-positivas: Enterococcus faecalis American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 51299, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25293, y Staphylococcus epidermidis; bacterias Gram-negativas: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145, y Salmonella typhimurium; y Mycobacterium bovis bacilo Calmette-Guérin (M. bovis BCG) cepa Danesa. CeHex resultó activo contra todas las bacterias Gram-positivas y Gram-negativas (MIC50= 400 µg mL-1) y contra M. bovis BCG (MIC100= 250 µg mL-1). Mediante cromatogra-fía de gases (GC) de CeHex se identificaron los ácidos grasos: oleico, linoleico, palmítico, esteárico, behénico, palmitoleico y linolénico. La fuerte actividad antibacteriana de CeHex y la identificación de sus principales components químicos justifican estudios posteriores en las aplicaciones clínicas de este sub-producto marino.

RESUMEN Antecedentes Las granjas camaroneras son cada vez más vulnerables a los efectos negativos de las aflatoxinas (AF), ya que se utilizan con frecuencia ingredientes de origen vegetal en las dietas. Objetivos Evaluar los efectos de un secuestrante de AF a base de bentonita sobre los parámetros de crecimiento y la actividad de las enzimas fosfatasa alcalina (ALP) y glutatión S-transferasa (GST) en juveniles de camarón Litopenaeus vannamei alimentados con dietas contaminadas con AF durante 42 días. Metodos Los camarones se asignaron aleatoriamente a los siguientes grupos de estudio, que incluyeron una dieta no contaminada (NCD), una dieta contaminada con AF (ACD) y grupos suplementados con ACD y conteniendo 1, 1.5 o 2 g/kg de alimento de Mycofix Plus (MyP), un aglutinante de micotoxinas a base de arcilla que contiene bentonita, enzimas, algas y extractos de plantas. Resultados Los camarones de ACD tuvieron un peso medio, una tasa de crecimiento, un consumo de alimento y un porcentaje de retención de nitrógeno significativamente más bajos en comparación con los camarones del grupo NCD. Todos los tratamientos MyP dieron como resultado un peso medio, una tasa de crecimiento y una eficiencia de retención de nitrógeno similares a los camarones alimentados con NCD, mientras que solo ACD + 1 y ACD + 1.5 MyP tuvieron actividades ALP y GST similares a las de los camarones alimentados con NCD. Curiosamente, los camarones de ACD + 2 MyP tenían altas actividades de ALP y GST, incluso más altas que los animales ACD. Conclusiones MyP protegió a los camarones de los efectos adversos de las AF; sin embargo, en la dosis más alta, aumentaron las actividades de las enzimas metabólicas probablemente debido a otros compuestos bioactivos presentes en MyP.

ABSTRACT Background Shrimp farms are increasingly vulnerable to aflatoxin (AF) negative effects as frequent inclusion of plant-based ingredients is used in the diets. Goals Evaluate the impact of a bentonite-based AF binder on growth parameters, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glutathione s-transferase (GST) activities of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp fed AF contaminated diets for 42 days. Methods Juvenile shrimps were randomly assigned to the following study groups, including a non-contaminated diet (NCD), an AF contaminated diet (ACD), and ACD supplemented groups with either 1, 1.5 or 2 g/kg feed of Mycofix Plus (MyP), a clay-based mycotoxin binder that contains bentonite, enzymes, algae, and plants extracts. Results Shrimp from ACD had a significantly lower mean weight, growth rate, feed intake and nitrogen retention percentage when compared to shrimp from the NCD group. All MyP treatments resulted in similar mean weight, growth rate and nitrogen retention efficiency to NCD animals, at the same time, only the ACD + 1 and ACD + 1.5 MyP had ALP and GST activities similar than that of shrimp fed NCD. Interestingly, shrimp from ACD + 2 MyP had high ALP and GST activities, even higher than the ACD animals. Conclusions MyP protected shrimp from adverse AFs effects, however, at the highest dose, it increased metabolic enzyme activities, likely due to other bioactive compounds present in MyP.

Abstract: In this study the enrichment dietary effect with different crude protein levels (CP) and feed additives on growth, survival, feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed consumption (FC) and total hemocyte count (THC) in juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were evaluated. The study covered two bioassays: in the first one, juveniles were daily fed for 45 days with four experimental diets containing: (1) Control, commercial feed (35% CP); (2) 29% CP; (3) 32% CP; (4) 35% CP. After the 29% CP diet was selected, juveniles in bioassay II were daily fed for 45 days with a single CP diet complemented with probiotics: (1) Control, commercial feed (35% CP); (2) 29% CP; (3) 29% CP + Bacillus mix at 1×106 CFUg-1 feed; and (4) 29% CP + yeast mix at 1×106 CFUg-1 feed. Juvenile shrimp fed with experimental diets gained significantly more weight and increased survival, FCR, FC and THC compared with control diet. However, differences among experimental diets were not significant. In bioassay II, juvenile shrimp fed with experimental diet + feed additives significantly increased survival, FCR, FC and THC compared with control diet. Growth of juveniles significantly increased with 29% CP and 29% CP + yeast mix diets, compared with control group. Complementing the diet with yeast mix showed higher survival and THC of juveniles compared with the other experimental treatments. Different CP levels in shrimp diet improved growth, survival and circulating hemocytes, and addition of mixed yeast as feed additive induced better survival and immune response in juvenile shrimp.

Resumen: En este estudio se evaluó el efecto del enriquecimiento de dietas con diferentes niveles de proteína cruda (CP) y aditivos en el crecimiento, supervivencia, tasa de conversión alimenticia (FCR), consumo de alimento (FC) y conteo total de hemocitos (THC) en juveniles de camarón blanco Litopenaeus vannamei. El estudio consta de dos bioensayos: en el primero, los juveniles fueron alimentados diariamente por 45 días con cuatro dietas experimentales con diferente contenido de proteína: (1) Alimento comercial o control, CP 35%; (2) CP 29%; (3) CP 32%; (4) CP 35%. Después de seleccionar CP 29%, en el bioensayo II los juveniles fueron alimentados diariamente por 45 días con una dieta proteica complementada con probióticos: (1) Alimento comercial o control, CP 35%; (2) CP 29%; (3) CP 29% + mezcla de Bacillus a 1×106 UFCg-1 alimento; y (4) CP 29% + mezcla de levaduras a 1×106 UFCg-1 alimento. Los camarones juveniles alimentados con las dietas experimentales mostraron ganancia en peso significativamente mayor e incremento en supervivencia, FCR, FC y THC comparado con la dieta control. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas entre las dietas experimentales. En el segundo bioensayo, los juveniles alimentados con la dieta experimental + aditivos alimentarios incrementaron significativamente supervivencia, FCR, FC y THC comparado con la dieta control. El crecimiento de juveniles se incrementó significativamente con las dietas CP29% y CP29%+mezcla de levaduras, comparado con el crecimiento de la dieta control. La dieta complementada con la mezcla de levaduras mostró el valor más alto de supervivencia y THC de juveniles comparado con los demás tratamientos experimentales. Los diferentes niveles experimentales de CP incluidos en la dieta de camarón incrementaron crecimiento, supervivencia y hemocitos circulantes; la adición de una mezcla de levaduras como aditivo alimentario, indujo mejor supervivencia y respuesta inmune en juveniles de camarón.

ABSTRACT The study on “Hydraulic evaluation of the seawater pumping system towards the white shrimp Litopenaeus Vannamei progenitor bank in the UEB Yaguacam” comes from considering that the pumping equipment represents 35 % of the total energy consumption, and that in this case a pump of 53 kW of power is manipulated that is used 11 hours a day. For this, technical characteristics of the pump and the piping system were investigated, and the operating point was defined at 340 m3/h for a load of 22,97 m, an efficiency of 65,9 % and a useful power of 21,26 kW. Using the PCE-TDS 100 ultrasonic flowmeter, the magnitude of the unwanted leaks was determined, which generate average loss of 9,9 % of the pumped water; which represent an energy impact of 21 133,5 kWh/year.

RESUMEN El estudio sobre “Evaluación hidráulica del sistema de bombeo de agua de mar hacia el banco de progenitores de camarón blanco Litopenaeus Vannamei en la UEB Yaguacam”, proviene de considerar que los equipos de bombeo representan el 35 % del consumo total de energía, y que en este caso se manipula una bomba de 53 kW de potencia que se utiliza 11 horas diarias. Para ello se investigaron características técnicas de la bomba y del sistema de tuberías, y se definió el punto de operación a 340 m3/h para una carga de 22,97 m, un rendimiento del 65,9 % y una potencia útil de 21,26 kW. Se determinó, con la utilización del flujómetro ultrasónico PCE-TDS 100, la magnitud de los salideros no deseados, los cuales generan una pérdida promedio de 9,9 % del agua bombeada; que representan un impacto energético de 21 133,5 kWh/año.

Abstract When implementing biofloc technology, aeration is one of the problems to obtain good productive results, therefore, the objective was to compare the efficiency of PVC pipe and diffuser hose, as an aeration system in crops with biofloc and two levels of protein. A completely randomized design with factorial arrangement was applied with four treatments with three replicates each, with the two aeration systems and with two levels of crude protein (CP) in the balanced feed in Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp productions, distributors of the following way, for treatment one (T1) PVC pipes and 28% PB were achieved; for T2, diffuser hose and 22% PB; for T3, diffuser hose and 28% PB; for T4, PVC pipe and 22% PB, produced with biofloc. The variables weight, height, feeding and the treatment factor significantly influence the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO, mg/l) in the afternoon. T1 is the one that behaves best in the afternoon and T3 in the morning, the treatment with the lowest sedimentation at 20 and 30 minutes in the Imhoff cone test was T4 and the highest sedimentation was T3. There was no significant difference in survival between treatments, protein levels did influence OD concentrations. The use of PVC pipe provides an increase in weight and DO concentration in relation to the diffuser hose system with 22% and 28% crude protein.

Resumen Al implementar la tecnología biofloc, la aireación es uno de los problemas para obtener buenos resultados productivos, por tanto, el objetivo fue comparar la eficiencia de la tubería PVC y manguera difusora, como sistema de aireación en cultivos con biofloc y dos niveles de proteína. Se aplicó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial con cuatro tratamientos, tres réplicas cada uno, con los dos sistemas de aireación y dos niveles de proteína bruta (PB) en el alimento balanceado en producciones de camarón Litopenaeus vannamei, distribuidos de la siguiente manera: para el tratamiento uno (T1) se utilizó tubería PVC y 28% de PB; para T2, manguera difusora y 22% de PB; para T3, manguera difusora y 28% de PB; para T4, tubería PVC y 22% de PB, todos producidos con biofloc. Las variables peso, talla, alimentación y el factor tratamiento influencian significativamente en la concentración de oxígeno disuelto (OD, mg/l) en la tarde, T1 es el que mejor se comportó en la tarde y T3 en la mañana. El tratamiento con menor sedimentación a los 20 y 30 minutos en la prueba de cono Imhoff fue T4 y el de mayor sedimentación fue el T3. No hubo diferencia significativa en la supervivencia entre tratamientos, los niveles de proteína sí influencian en las concentraciones del OD. El uso de tubería PVC aporta en el incremento de peso y de la concentración de OD en relación al sistema de manguera difusora con el 22% y 28% de proteína bruta.

Resumo Ao implementar a tecnologia de bioflocos, a aeração é um dos problemas para obter bons resultados produtivos, portanto, objetivou-se comparar a eficiência do tubo de PVC e da mangueira difusora, como sistema de aeração em lavouras com bioflocos e dois níveis de proteína. Foi aplicado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial com quatro tratamentos com três repetições cada, com os dois sistemas de aeração e com dois níveis de proteína bruta (PB) na ração balanceada em produções de camarão Litopenaeus vannamei, distribuidores da seguinte forma, para tratamento com tubo de PVC (T1) e PB de 28%; para T2, mangueira difusora e PB 22%; para T3, mangueira difusora e PB 28%; para T4, tubo de PVC e PB 22%, produzido com biofloco. As variáveis peso, altura, alimentação e o fator de tratamento influenciam significativamente na concentração de oxigênio dissolvido (OD, mg/l) no período da tarde, T1 é o que apresenta melhor desempenho no período da tarde e T3 no período da manhã, tratamento com menor sedimentação aos 20 e 30 minutos no teste do cone de Imhoff foi T4 e a maior sedimentação foi T3. Não houve diferença significativa na sobrevivência entre os tratamentos, os níveis de proteína influenciaram as concentrações de DO. A utilização de tubo de PVC proporciona um aumento de peso e concentração de OD em relação ao sistema de mangueiras difusoras com 22% e 28% de proteína bruta.

Abstract The formulation of diets from vegetable protein enriched with immunostimulants is a suitable feeding strategy for shrimp culture. This study evaluated a feed formulated with wheat (Tritium sativum) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) enriched with spirulina (Spirulina maxima) for shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei farming. A feed based on wheat and chickpea (2.5:1) containing 3% spirulina was developed and characterized by proximal chemical analysis. The experimental feed was evaluated along with a commercial feed in a five-week field bioassay to determine the growth, survival, and health status of the juvenile shrimp. In addition, water salinity (mg-L-1) was monitored as an environmental stability factor for shrimp cultures. The proximal chemical composition of the experimental feed contained 17.5 ±0.1% protein, 2.2 ±0.3% lipids and 68.0 ±0.3% carbohydrates. The specific growth rate (0.22 ±0.05 g-days-1) of the shrimp under experimental feed did not show statistical differences in comparison with the commercial feed (P> 0.05). Also, it was determined that the shrimp fed with experimental feed presented a biomass production (0.74 ±0.17 g), survival rate (>98%) (P <0.05) and health status better than shrimp fed with commercial feed. The influence of salinity on shrimp survival was rule out (P> 0.05). This study demonstrated that the experimental feed offers a suitable diet in benefit of the performance and health of the shrimp.

ABSTRACT This study determined the apparent digestibility for crude protein (ACPD) and essential aminoacids (AEAAD) of ingredients for Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing soy protein concentrate (SPC), corn gluten meal (CGM), poultry byproduct meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM), hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), spray-dried blood meal (DBM), tilapia byproduct meal (TBM), Brazilian marine fish meal (BFM), salmon byproduct meal (SLM), and krill meal (KRM). Digestibility was estimated using chromic oxide as a marker in a reference (REF) mixture. Shrimp of 6-8 g body weight were reared over three separate experimental stages lasting 29-30 days each. Shrimp survival exceeded 96% and was unaffected by test ingredient. The ACPD ranged from 66.7% for a diet containing DBM to 84.2% for the REF diet. Higher ACPD were observed for aquatic compared with plant and terrestrial animal byproducts. Aside from SPC (79.3%), ACPD for CGM was low at 47.5%. Among terrestrial animal byproducts, ACPD was higher for MBM compared with PBM, DBM, and HFM (71.2, 62.8, 48.6, and 45.9%, respectively). With the exception of BFM (59.7%), ACPD for all other aquatic proteins was high (KRM, 84.3%; TBM, 83.3%; SLM, 78.9%). Aquatic proteins have higher crude protein (CP) and essential aminoacid (EAA) digestibility for shrimp. Ingredients SLM, SPC, TBM, and KRM are preferable in feeds for the whiteleg shrimp since they carry a high CP and EAA content (>600 g kg−1) combined with ADC near or in excess of 80%.