Resumo Introdução: O fígado gordo associado a disfunção metabólica (FGADM) é uma causa crescente de doença hepática crónica. Em 2020, o score Fibroscan-AST (FAST) foi validado internacionalmente como uma nova ferramenta capaz de identificar pacientes com esteatohepatite que beneficiam de terapêuticas adicionais, baseado nos achados da elastografia hepática transitória (EHT) e níveis séricos de aspartato aminotransferase (AST). Os autores procuraram identificar, em pacientes com FGADM, que fatores metabólicos predizem um score-FAST maior. Métodos: Estudo retrospetivo de pacientes com FGADM submetidos a EHT durante 2 anos consecutivos. Pacientes sem uma amostra de AST colhida nos 6 meses prévios à EHT foram excluídos. O score-FAST foi calculado, estratificando o risco do paciente como baixo (<0,35), moderado (0,35-0,67) ou alto (>0,67). Resultados: A amostra incluiu 117 pacientes, 53% do sexo feminino, com uma idade média de 53 anos. Em análise multivariada, pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) (p < 0,001), dislipidemia (p = 0,046) e hábitos tabágicos (p = 0,037) apresentaram valores de score-FAST significativamente maiores. Além disso, os pacientes diabéticos apresentaram não só valores de score-FAST significativamente maiores, como também foram mais frequente classificados como pertencendo ao grupo de alto risco, de acordo com os critérios deste score (OR = 9,2; 95%IC = 1,8-45,5; p = 0,007). Conclusões: Calculando o score-FAST, pacientes com FGADM e DMT2 apresentaram um risco significativamente maior. Esta ferramenta validada poderá ser utilizada para selecionar os pacientes com DMT2 e FGADM que poderão beneficiar de seguimento especializado.

Abstract Background: Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is an increasingly prevalent cause of chronic liver disease. In 2020, the FibroScan-AST (FAST) score was internationally validated as a new tool able to identify patients with steatohepatitis who benefit the most from further therapies, based on liver transient elastography (LTE) findings and serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST). We aimed to identify, in MAFLD patients, which metabolic features may predict a higher FAST score. Methods: Retrospective study of consecutive patients with MAFLD submitted to LTE for two consecutive years. Patients without an AST sample collected within 6 months of the LTE were excluded. FAST score was calculated, stratifying the patient’s risk as low (<0.35), medium (0.35-0.67), or high (>0.67). Results: The sample included 117 patients, 53.0% of the female gender, with a mean age of 53 years. On multivariate analysis, patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) (p < 0.001), dyslipidemia (p = 0.046), and smoking habits (p = 0.037) presented with significantly higher FAST score values. Furthermore, diabetic patients did not only present significantly higher FAST scores but were also more frequently assigned to the high-risk group according to FAST score criteria (OR = 9.2; 95% CI = 1.8-45.5; p = 0.007). Conclusions: Calculating the FAST score, patients with T2DM presented a significantly higher risk of having significant fibrosis and steatohepatitis. Physicians may rely on this validated instrument to more easily identify which patients with T2DM and MAFLD benefit the most from a specialized follow-up.

Resumen: Este trabajo analiza el proceso de handover en redes LTE (Long Term Evolution) en dos escenarios, detectando las características y el comportamiento de los parámetros RF (Radio Frequency) mediante modelos predictivos. Los dos escenarios recopilan datos de mediciones de los parámetros de RF, el primero en una zona urbana de la ciudad de Quito con la finalidad de analizar el comportamiento y establecer las características de una zona con handovers. El segundo escenario busca obtener un modelo predictivo de las zonas de handover fallidos; en este caso, se realizan recorridos en una zona rural de la ciudad de Quito y se analiza la falla de handovers con fallas en llamadas VoIP, ya que en este servicio es más notable la pérdida de conexión en LTE. Para la recolección de datos se utilizan herramientas de monitoreo instaladas en teléfonos celulares y para el análisis de datos y la obtención del modelo de Machine Learning se emplean R y RStudio. Los datos recopilados fueron limpiados y transformados para obtener un DataSet único por cada escenario, luego se dividió en un set de entrenamiento y test. El set de entrenamiento fue procesado mediante la técnica de árboles de decisión, que permitió obtener un modelo gráfico del comportamiento de los parámetros RF que generan handovers o handovers fallidos según el escenario. Finalmente, con el set de test se evaluaron los modelos definiendo matrices de confusión y se calculó el accuracy respectivo, teniendo 96.34 % en el escenario 1 y 95.5 % en el escenario 2.

Abstract: This work analyzes the handover process in LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks in two scenarios, detecting the features and behavior of RF (Radio Frequency) parameters by means of predictive models. The two scenarios collect measurement data of RF parameters, the first one in an urban area of Quito city, in order to analyze the behavior and establish the features of an area with handovers. The second scenario seeks to obtain a predictive model of the failed handover zones; in this case, we make tours in a rural area of Quito city and analyze the failure of handovers with failures in VoIP calls, since in this service the loss of connection in LTE is more noticeable. For data collection, monitoring tools installed in cell phones are used and for data analysis and obtaining the Machine Learning model, R and RStudio are used. The collected data were cleaned and transformed to obtain unique DataSet for each scenario, then divided into a training and test set. The training set was processed using the decision tree technique, which allowed obtaining a graphical model of the behavior of the RF parameters that generate handovers or failed handovers, according to the scenario. Finally, the models were evaluated with the test set by defining confusion matrices and calculating the respective accuracy, with 96.34 % in scenario 1 and 95.5 % in scenario 2.

Abstract Background Dental anesthetic management in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) recipients with cardiac channelopathies (CCh) can be challenging due to the potential risk of life-threatening arrhythmias and appropriate ICD therapies during procedural time. Objectives The present study assessed the hypothesis that the use of local dental anesthesia with 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine or without a vasoconstrictor can be safe in selected ICD and CCh patients, not resulting in life-threatening events (LTE). Methods Restorative dental treatment under local dental anesthesia was made in two sessions, with a wash-out period of 7 days (cross-over trial), conducting with a 28h - Holter monitoring, and 12-lead electrocardiography, digital sphygmomanometry, and anxiety scale assessments in 3 time periods. Statistical analysis carried out the paired Student’s t test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. In all cases, a significance level of 5% was adopted. All patients were in stable condition with no recent events before dental care. Results Twenty-four consecutive procedures were performed in 12 patients (9 women, 3 men) with CCh and ICD: 7 (58.3%) had long QT syndrome (LQTS), 4 (33.3%) Brugada syndrome (BrS), and 1 (8.3%) Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). Holter analysis showed no increased heart rate (HR) or sustained arrhythmias. Blood pressure (BP), electrocardiographic changes and anxiety measurement showed no statistically significant differences. No LTE occurred during dental treatment, regardless of the type of anesthesia. Conclusion Lidocaine administration, with or without epinephrine, can be safely used in selected CCh-ICD patients without LTE. These preliminary findings need to be confirmed in a larger population with ICD and CCh.

RESUMEN Las comunicaciones de misión crítica utilizadas a nivel mundial para la seguridad pública han estado basadas en soluciones de banda angosta, enmarcadas en los diferentes protocolos incluidos en Land Mobile Radio (LMR), como APCO 25, utilizado por la Policía Nacional. Si bien estas tecnologías han sido de gran importancia y cuentan con una madurez de implementación bastante consolidada para la transmisión confiable de voz, tienen limitantes para la transmisión de datos como imágenes y videos, por lo que se hace necesario el aprovechamiento de una tecnología como Long Term Evolution (LTE). Teniendo en cuenta esta necesidad, se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura científica-técnica, realizando un análisis del estado del arte de artículos seleccionados de varias bases de datos; asimismo, se determinaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión para el estudio, gracias a lo cual se logró identificar que hoy en día no se tiene la capacidad tecnológica para realizar un desarrollo de una red LTE para seguridad pública; con base en lo anterior, se identificó la necesidad de una implementación tecnológica que garantice la coexistencia de las dos redes LMR y LTE, aprovechando las bondades de cada una de ellas en una suma que incrementa las capacidades tecnológicas en el servicio de policía.

ABSTRACT Mission-critical communications used worldwide for public safety have been based on narrow band solutions, framed in the different protocols included in Land Mobile Radio (LMR), such as APCO 25, used by the National Police. Although these technologies have been of great importance and have a fairly consolidated implementation maturity for reliable voice transmission, they have limitations for the transmission of data such as images and videos, making it necessary to take advantage of technology such as Long Term Evolution (LTE). In view of this need, it was carried out a technical scientific literature review, verifying the state of the art in several databases; likewise inclusion and exclusion criteria were determined for the study, thanks to which it was possible to identify that today there is no technological capacity to develope a LTE network for public safety; based on the above the need for a technological implementation that guarantees the coexistence of the two LMR and LTE neworks was identified , taking advantage of the benefits of each one of them in a sum that increases the technological capabilities in the police service.

RESUMO As comunicações de missão crítica utilizadas a nível mundial para a segurança pública têm-sido baseadas em soluções de banda estreita, enquadradas nos diferentes protocolos incluídos na Land Mobile Radio (LMR), tais como o APCO 25, utilizado pela Polícia Nacional. Embora estas tecnologias têm-sido de grande importância e tenham uma maturidade de implementação bastante consolidada para uma transmissão de voz fiável, têm limitações para a transmissão de dados como imagens e vídeos, pelo que faz-se necessário tirar partido de uma tecnologia como a Long Term Evolution (LTE). Tendo em conta esta necessidade, realizou-se uma revisão da literatura científico-técnica, analisando o estado da arte de artigos seleccionados de várias bases de dados; foram também determinados critérios de inclusão e exclusão para o estudo, graças aos quais foi possível identificar que hoje em dia não existe capacidade tecnológica para realizar um desenvolvimento de uma rede LTE para a segurança pública; Com base no acima exposto, foi identificada a necessidade de uma implementação tecnológica que garanta a coexistência das duas redes LMR e LTE, aproveitando os benefícios de cada uma delas numa soma que aumente as capacidades tecnológicas no serviço de polícia.

Abstract It is known that access to mobile telecommunications, and through them to the Internet, can provide greater social well-being. Likewise, within the telecommunications sector there was a growing demand in the use and access to services. This generates the need for mobile operators to expand and increase the capacity of their telecommunications networks. In order to achieve this, it is important to analyze the strategies for increasing the capacity and coverage of the mobile infrastructure of the main mobile operators. A longitudinal analysis of the node density by geographic area was carried out at the municipal level. Likewise, the four main mobile operators with a network in Mexico were analyzed using crowdsourced data. Also, the data was filtered by LTE technology and a correspondence was made between the nodes and the frequency bands used by each operator. The operators' network capacity increase strategies and the percentage of use of the frequency bands assigned to each operator were analyzed. As a result, the main mobile network operators in Mexico have followed a similar coverage strategy. Likewise, in the analyzed data, a positive correlation was not found between node densification and the technological characteristics of the frequency bands. It is suggested to invest in new infrastructure for the deployment of new technologies, and to promote mobile coverage in rural areas. Finally, it is suggested to facilitate the leasing of bands on various frequencies that allow operators to take advantage of their technological characteristics; through costs that are aligned with the international market.

Resumen Se sabe que el acceso a las telecomunicaciones móviles -y, a través de ellas, al Internet- puede brindar mayor bienestar social. En este sentido, recientemente, dentro del sector de las telecomunicaciones se registró una demanda creciente en el uso y acceso a los servicios. Lo anterior genera la necesidad de que los operadores móviles expandan y aumenten la capacidad de sus redes de telecomunicaciones. Para lograrlo, es importante analizar las estrategias de aumento de capacidad y de cobertura de la infraestructura móvil de los principales operadores móviles. En este estudio, se realizó un análisis longitudinal de la densidad de los nodos por área geográfica a nivel municipal. También se analizaron los cuatro principales operadores móviles con red en México, a partir de datos colaborativos (crowdsourced data). Los datos se filtraron por tecnología LTE y se realizó una correspondencia entre los nodos y las bandas de frecuencia utilizadas por cada operador. Se analizaron las estrategias de aumento de capacidad de la red de los operadores y el porcentaje de uso de las bandas de frecuencia que cada operador tiene asignadas. Como resultado, se obtuvo que los principales operadores móviles con red en México han seguido una estrategia de cobertura similar. En los datos analizados no se encontró una correlación positiva entre la densidad de nodos y las características tecnológicas de las bandas de frecuencia. Se sugiere invertir en infraestructura nueva para el despliegue de nuevas tecnologías, y fomentar la cobertura móvil en zonas rurales. Por último, se recomienda facilitar a los operadores la arrendación de bandas en diversas frecuencias que permitan aprovechar las características tecnológicas de las mismas, mediante costos alineados al mercado internacional.

Abstract This study examined the effects of low-intensity eccentric exercise training performed before high-intensity eccentric exercise on muscle damage markers, oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. Twenty-two rats were divided into 3 groups; control (CON; n = 6), high-intensity eccentric exercise (HE; n = 8) and low-intensity eccentric exercise training plus high-intensity eccentric exercise (LET + HE; n = 8). Rats in the HE group performed HE at once. Rats in the LET + HE group performed LET and then HE protocol was applied. Blood and vastus intermedius muscle samples were taken 24 hours after the last exercise session for analyses of muscle damage, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense markers. Muscle damage markers were higher in the HE group than the CON (137%-488%) and the LET + HE groups (82%-110%) (P < 0.05). Oxidative stress marker was higher in the HE group than the CON (65%) and the LET + HE (50%) groups (P < 0.05). Antioxidant defense markers were higher in the LTE + HE group than the HE group (39%-51%) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, low-intensity eccentric exercise training performed before high-intensity eccentric exercise conferred a protective effect against muscle damage by reducing oxidative stress and increasing antioxidant defense.

Resumen Contexto: El tráfico de datos móviles generado por los servicios de video aumenta a diario. Para enfrentar dicha situación, los proveedores de servicios de telecomunicaciones deben conocer el comportamiento del tráfico de video y así ajustar los recursos de la red que permitan satisfacer y mantener los niveles de calidad requeridos por los usuarios. Los estudios de caracterización de tráfico en redes 4G para el servicio Live Video Streaming (LVS) son escasos y los disponibles son obtenidos a partir de escenarios de simulación en los cuales no se consideran las condiciones reales de funcionamiento de este tipo de redes. Método: Este trabajo se centra en encontrar un modelado que caracterice el tráfico a partir de las funciones de densidad de probabilidad del servicio LVS bajo la técnica de streaming adaptativo DASH en redes LTE. Las trazas analizadas para realizar el estudio del modelado fueron adquiridas en escenarios reales de emulación considerando las condiciones de funcionamiento frecuentemente presentadas en la prestación real del servicio, para lo cual se definieron cinco escenarios de prueba. Resultados: Se presenta la descripción, a partir de la parametrización de algunas funciones de densidad de probabilidad encontradas, de diferentes modelos de tráfico del servicio bajo estudio y para cada uno de los escenarios de prueba preestablecidos en una red 4G-LTE. Conclusiones: A partir de los resultados, se concluye que el modelo de tráfico depende de las condiciones de cada escenario y que no existe un modelo único que describa el comportamiento general del servicio LVS bajo la técnica de streaming adaptativo DASH en una la red LTE emulada.

Abstract Context: Mobile data traffic generated by video services increases daily. To address this situation, telecommunication service providers must know the behavior of video traffic and thus adjust network resources to meet and maintain the quality levels required by users. Traffic characterization studies in 4G networks for Live Video Streaming (LVS) services are scarce, and those available are obtained from simulation scenarios in which the real operating conditions of these types of networks are not considered. Method: This work focuses on finding a model that characterizes traffic from the probability density functions of LVS services under the adaptive streaming DASH technique in LTE networks. The traces analyzed to carry out the modeling study were acquired in real emulation scenarios considering the operating conditions frequently presented in the actual provision of the service, for which five test scenarios were defined. Results: Based on the parameterization of a number of probability density functions found, a description of different traffic models of the service under study is presented, as well as for each of the pre-established test scenarios in a 4G-LTE network. Conclusions: From the results, it is concluded that the traffic model depends on the conditions of each scenario, and that there is no single model that describes the general behavior of LVS services under the adaptive streaming DASH technique in an emulated LTE network.

El documento presenta la planificación y simulación de redes de telecomunicaciones móviles UMTS y LTE mediante el uso de tecnología Small Cell en entornos heterogéneos para proponer soluciones a operadores de incursión real en escenarios de Cochabamba para lograr eficiencia en el uso de recursos de radio frecuencia un estado de alta carga de tráfico de voz y datos, y de esta manera lograr mejores utilidades. La metodología se basa en un desarrollo analítico, diseño e implementación que tiene lugar en primera instancia en la recolección de información. En los siguientes pasos, se identificaron los requisitos del proyecto, se compararon las especificaciones técnicas de los proveedores y se diseñaron las redes con tecnología Small Cell. Se procedió a realizar una etapa de simulación y finalmente un paso de validación. Se concluyó que el proyecto es factible donde se cumplen requisitos de levantamiento territorial, servicios de voz y datos, cobertura de ambientes indoor u outdoor, mejora en gestión de usuarios de movilidad y transporte, y mejoramiento en desempeño de parámetros RSCP, RSRP, RSRQ, relación señal a ruido, capacidad de usuarios, soluciones específicas y beneficios económicos en escenarios de despliegue.

The document presents the planning and simulation of UMTS and LTE mobile telecommunications network by the use of Small Cells technology in heterogeneous environments solutions for real foray operators in Cochabamba to achieve efficiency in resource usage in a state of high traffic load of voice and data, and therefore achieve better utilities. The methodology is based on analytical development, planning, and simulation which take place in the first instance with the collection of information. In the following steps, the project requirements were identified, a vendor technical specifications comparison was made, and the Small Cell networks were designed by radio access network planning, cell distribution and dimensioning, transportation cadasters definition, technical equipment parametrization, and frequency plan determination. Finally a procedure of simulation for coverage predictions and design validation was made. It is concluded that the project is feasible and complies with technical requirements for land survey, services demand on voice and data, coverage for indoor or outdoor environments, mobility and transport users, parameters performance on RSCP, RSRP, RSRQ signal-to-noise ratio, capacity of users, specific scenario solutions and economic benefits on deployments.

Resumen La limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico (LET) es toda acción que implique suspender o no iniciar tratamientos o medidas terapéuticas en pacientes que no se beneficiarán clínicamente. En Latinoamérica, las investigaciones realizadas dejan en evidencia la falta de familiarización y discordancia que hay alrededor del tema y sus prácticas. El presente estudio buscó objetivizar el conocimiento en LET del personal de salud de una institución de Medellín, a partir de una encuesta autoaplicada que permitió el desarrollo de un estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal, con muestreo no probabilístico. Dentro de los resultados se encontró que el 56,5 % de los encuestados refirió conocer el concepto, y el 90 % manifestó aplicarlo. Sin embargo, había discordancias dentro de los conceptos clave de la definición y el ejercicio.

Abstract Limitation of therapeutic effort (LTE) is any action that involves suspending or not initiating medical treatment or therapeutic measures in patients who will not receive any clinical benefit. In Latin America, some research has proven a lack of familiarization and disagreement with the subject and its practices. The present study tried to objectify the knowledge of LTE of healthcare personnel at an institute in Medellín using a self-administered survey that allowed conducting a cross-sectional descriptive study with non-probabilistic sampling. Within the results, 56.5 % of respondents understood the concept of LTE, and 90 % applied it actively. However, there were discrepancies regarding the core concepts of the definition and practice.

Resumo A limitação de esforço terapêutico (LET) é toda ação que implique suspender ou não iniciar tratamentos ou medidas terapêuticas em pacientes que não se beneficiarão clinicamente. Na América Latina, as pesquisas realizadas evidenciam a falta de familiarização e a discordância que há ao redor do tema e suas práticas. O presente estudo procurou objetivar o conhecimento em LET da equipe de saúde de uma instituição de Medellín, utilizando um questionário auto aplicado que permitiu o desenvolvimento de um estudo descritivo de tipo transversal, com amostragem não probabilística. Dentro dos resultados constatou-se que 56,5 % dos pesquisados disseram conhecer o conceito, e 90 % manifestaram aplicá-lo. No entanto, havia discordâncias dentro dos conceitos chave da definição e da prática.

Abstract The current trend is to connect everything to network to be monitored and controlled remotely through own concept IoT technologies. One of the problems is to connect the devices to a network, using technologies with sufficient coverage and capacity, so this article shows the development of a mobile gateway for IoT applications under the Android platform evaluated in 4G mobile networks. The IoT mobile gateway sends the data collected from sensors by selecting the MQTT and HTTP protocols, to IoT platforms on the Internet. The architecture is composed of temperature, luminosity and pressure sensors that are integrated into a sensor node which function is for data collection, processing and then via Bluetooth is sent to an Android smartphone where an application that performs the mobile gateway function is running, here data network are sent through the 4G LTE network to the IoT platforms of Ubidots and Watson IoT. Subsequently, tests were carried out with various metrics such as latency, energy consumption and connection costs. It concludes that IoT mobile gateway has better performance under MQTT protocol compared to HTTP.

Resumen La tendencia actual es interconectar cualquier dispositivo para ser monitoreado y controlado de manera remota por medio de tecnologías propias del concepto de IoT. Uno de los problemas es conectar los dispositivos a una red mediante tecnologías con suficiente cobertura y capacidad, por lo que en el presente artículo se muestra el desarrollo de un gateway móvil para aplicaciones IoT bajo la plataforma Android, evaluado en redes móviles de 4G. El gateway móvil IoT envía los datos recolectados de sensores mediante la selección de los protocolos MQTT y HTTP, hacia plataformas IoT en Internet. La arquitectura se compone de sensores de temperatura, luminosidad y presión que se integran en un nodo sensor, cuya función es la obtención de los datos, procesamiento y luego, mediante Bluetooth, se envía a un smartphone Android, donde se ejecuta una aplicación que hace la función gateway móvil. Aquí se realiza el entramado de datos que son enviados mediante la red 4G LTE hacia las plataformas IoT de Ubidots y Watson IoT. Posteriormente se realizaron pruebas con varias métricas como latencia, demanda de corriente y costos de conexión. Se concluye que el gateway móvil IoT tiene un mejor rendimiento bajo el protocolo MQTT, en comparación con HTTP.

Abstract In this work, a compact ultra-wide-band microstrip antenna loaded with C-shaped parasitic elements, for Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial (DVB-T) and LTE 450 / 700 signal reception, is designed and presented. The proposed antenna is named “HI Monopole”, and its geometry has been designed to be simple, lightweight, and compact. Fabrication process is inexpensive and suitable for electronic gadgets. The HI Monopole operates with ultra-wide bandwidth characteristics, encompassing Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial (DVB-T) standard (470-890 MHz), LTE-450 and LTE-700 bands. This feature has been accomplished by inserting an indent in its ground plane, adjusting dimensions of the feeding line, and adding two C-shaped parasite elements onto the region posterior to the antenna's main radiating element. It was verified via electromagnetic measuring that this device is capable of covering the 429-1022 MHz range. Hence, its total bandwidth is 593 MHz. The superior and inferior cutoff frequencies have been defined using the -10 dB return loss reference level. Therefore, the proposed antenna can be employed for receiving DTV and LTE signals broadcasted in any country, independently of its adopted standard.

Resumen La Universidad Santo Tomás actualmente no cuenta con toda la infraestructura de telecomunicaciones que permita a sus estudiantes realizar prácticas de laboratorio en el área de la telefonía móvil. Por lo anterior, este trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad la implementación de una estación base de telefonía móvil celular (TMC), GSM 2G y el desarrollo de un sistema de recepción de señales LTE 4G, todo esto mediante el uso de radio definido porsoftwarey herramientas desoftwarelibre. La implementación de la estación base genera y gestiona el recurso inalámbrico emitido por ella misma, con el fin de aprovisionar servicios de mensajería de texto corto y llamada de voz. Por otra parte, el sistema de recepción de señales LTE 4G fue desarrollado en elsoftwareGNURadio, lo que permite replicar de una forma didáctica y educativa, todo el proceso de generación y recepción de servicios básicos de telecomunicaciones móviles.

Abstract Santo Tomás University does not currently have the entire telecommunications infrastructure that allows its students to perform laboratory practices in the area of mobile telephony. Therefore, this research work has the purpose of implementing a mobile cellular telephone base (TMC), GSM 2G and the development of a LTE 4G signal reception system, all this through the use ofsoftware-defined radio and freesoftwaretools. The implementation of the base station generates and manages the wireless resource issued by it, in order to provide short text messaging services and voice call. On the other hand, the LTE 4G signal reception system was developed in the GNURadiosoftware, which allows replicating a didactic and educational form of the whole process of generation and reception of basic mobile telecommunications services.

Abstract: The growing demand for data through mobile networks and the search for more efficient services by users have led to new techniques that increase spectral efficiency. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is one of the techniques being evaluated within the 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project). It provides services to multiple users through potential multiplexing. This research evaluates the performance of NOMA in LTE (Long Term Evolution) systems through physical layer simulations in relation to conventional orthogonal multiple access technologies TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) and FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing). The profits obtained will be compared with those published in the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) 3.0 bibliography. The results show that NOMA is better than TDM when a low rate is used in the mobile receiver. An average rate in the fixed receiver showed gains of 3.35dB and 0.25dB, respectively.

Resumen: La creciente demanda de datos a través de las redes móviles y la búsqueda de servicios más eficientes por parte de los usuarios han inducido a la generación de nuevas técnicas que incrementen la eficiencia espectral. El acceso múltiple no-ortogonal (NOMA) es una de las técnicas que están siendo evaluadas dentro del 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project), esta proporciona servicios a múltiples usuarios mediante multiplexación en potencia. Esta investigación evalúa el rendimiento de NOMA en sistemas LTE (Long Term Evolution) mediante simulaciones de capa física, en relación con las tecnologías de acceso múltiple ortogonales convencionales TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) y FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing). Se compararán, además, las ganancias obtenidas, con las publicadas en la bibliografía de Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) 3.0. Los resultados demuestran que NOMA es mejor que TDM en los casos que se utilice una tasa baja en el receptor móvil y una tasa media en el receptor fijo, demostrando ganancias de 3.35dB y 0.25dB, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT Background: Terminal patients and their relatives must know their real situation, and be treated according to the principle of autonomy, to establish therapeutic objectives adapted each one, according to their needs and decisions. The objective of this study is to identify the sufficient existence of records in the Medical Histories of terminal patients, which indicate their situation, such as the information given to the patients, or the LET, No-RCP or Z.51.5 codes, and the statistical relation they have with the sociodemographic and clinical variables. Methods: Cross-sectional study in a third-level hospital, with patients admitted between January and December 2017, who died with terminal illness criteria. Data were collected from the medical records, and, fundamentally, from the nursing clinical notes. The statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS program, version 22. Results: Participants were 140 people, 54.3% men, of 78.51 (SD=13.5) of middle age. People up to 70 years of age received less information (Odds ratio (OR): 0.077, 95% Confidence interval (CI): 0.015-0.390) and lower sedation (OR: 0.366, 95% CI: 0.149-0.899). Proceeding from city reduced the probability of receiving information (OR: 0.202; IC95%: 0.058-0.705). Presenting dyspnea reduced LTE (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.20-093), No CPR (0.29, 95% CI: 0.12-0.68) and sedation (OR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.12-060). Fatigue increased the probability of being Non-CPR (OR: 2.77, 95% CI: 1.166-6.627) and of receiving sedation (OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.065-6.331). Conclusions: Efforts to empower the patient in the decision of their process and the management of the information of their diagnosis and prognosis are still lacking. A greater and better clinical records facilitates knowing how actions are developed, allowing to identify and implement ethical and responsible interventions.

RESUMEN Fundamentos: Los/las pacientes en estado terminal y sus familiares deben conocer su situación y ser tratados según el principio de autonomía, para establecer así objetivos terapéuticos adaptados a cada uno/a de acuerdo a sus necesidades y decisiones. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la existencia de registros en las historias clínicas de pacientes terminales que señalen su situación, como la información ofrecida, los códigos de limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico (LET), la no reanimación cardiopulmonar (No-RCP) o Z.51.5, y la relación con las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en un hospital de tercer nivel, con pacientes ingresados entre enero y diciembre de 2017, que fallecieron con criterios de enfermedad terminal. Se recogieron los datos de las historias clínicas y, fundamentalmente, de las notas clínicas de enfermería. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS, versión 22. Resultados: Participaron 140 personas, 54,3% de hombres, de 78,51 años (Desviación estándar -DS-=13,5) de edad media. Las personas menores de 70 años recibieron menos información (Odds Ratio -OR-: 0,077; Intervalo de Confianza -IC- 95%: 0,015-0,390) y menor sedación (OR: 0,366; IC 95%: 0,149-0,899). Proceder de ciudad redujo la probabilidad de recibir información (OR: 0,202; IC 95%: 0,058-0,705). Presentar disnea redujo la LET (OR: 0,44; IC 95%: 0,20-093), el No RCP (0,29; IC 95%: 0,12-0,68) y la sedación (OR:0,27; IC 95%: 0,12-060). La fatiga aumentó la probabilidad de ser No RCP (OR: 2,77; IC 95%: 1,163-6,627) y de recibir sedación (OR:2,6; IC 95%: 1,065-6,331). Conclusiones: Los esfuerzos por empoderar al paciente en la toma de decisiones son todavía escasos. Un mayor y mejor registro facilita conocer cómo se desarrollan las actuaciones, permitiendo identificar y poner en marcha intervenciones éticas y responsables.

ABSTRACT Background: Terminal patients and their relatives must know their real situation, and be treated according to the principle of autonomy, to establish therapeutic objectives adapted each one, according to their needs and decisions. The objective of this study is to identify the sufficient existence of records in the Medical Histories of terminal patients, which indicate their situation, such as the information given to the patients, or the LET, No-RCP or Z.51.5 codes, and the statistical relation they have with the sociodemographic and clinical variables. Methods: Cross-sectional study in a third-level hospital, with patients admitted between January and December 2017, who died with terminal illness criteria. Data were collected from the medical records, and, fundamentally, from the nursing clinical notes. The statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS program, version 22. Results: Participants were 140 people, 54.3% men, of 78.51 (SD=13.5) of middle age. People up to 70 years of age received less information (Odds ratio (OR): 0.077, 95% Confidence interval (CI): 0.015-0.390) and lower sedation (OR: 0.366, 95% CI: 0.149-0.899). Proceeding from city reduced the probability of receiving information (OR: 0.202; IC95%: 0.058-0.705). Presenting dyspnea reduced LTE (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.20-093), No CPR (0.29, 95% CI: 0.12-0.68) and sedation (OR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.12-060). Fatigue increased the probability of being Non-CPR (OR: 2.77, 95% CI: 1.166-6.627) and of receiving sedation (OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.065-6.331). Conclusions: Efforts to empower the patient in the decision of their process and the management of the information of their diagnosis and prognosis are still lacking. A greater and better clinical records facilitates knowing how actions are developed, allowing to identify and implement ethical and responsible interventions.

RESUMEN Fundamentos: Los/las pacientes en estado terminal y sus familiares deben conocer su situación y ser tratados según el principio de autonomía, para establecer así objetivos terapéuticos adaptados a cada uno/a de acuerdo a sus necesidades y decisiones. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la existencia de registros en las historias clínicas de pacientes terminales que señalen su situación, como la información ofrecida, los códigos de limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico (LET), la no reanimación cardiopulmonar (No-RCP) o Z.51.5, y la relación con las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en un hospital de tercer nivel, con pacientes ingresados entre enero y diciembre de 2017, que fallecieron con criterios de enfermedad terminal. Se recogieron los datos de las historias clínicas y, fundamentalmente, de las notas clínicas de enfermería. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS, versión 22. Resultados: Participaron 140 personas, 54,3% de hombres, de 78,51 años (Desviación estándar -DS-=13,5) de edad media. Las personas menores de 70 años recibieron menos información (Odds Ratio -OR-: 0,077; Intervalo de Confianza -IC- 95%: 0,015-0,390) y menor sedación (OR: 0,366; IC 95%: 0,149-0,899). Proceder de ciudad redujo la probabilidad de recibir información (OR: 0,202; IC 95%: 0,058-0,705). Presentar disnea redujo la LET (OR: 0,44; IC 95%: 0,20-093), el No RCP (0,29; IC 95%: 0,12-0,68) y la sedación (OR:0,27; IC 95%: 0,12-060). La fatiga aumentó la probabilidad de ser No RCP (OR: 2,77; IC 95%: 1,163-6,627) y de recibir sedación (OR:2,6; IC 95%: 1,065-6,331). Conclusiones: Los esfuerzos por empoderar al paciente en la toma de decisiones son todavía escasos. Un mayor y mejor registro facilita conocer cómo se desarrollan las actuaciones, permitiendo identificar y poner en marcha intervenciones éticas y responsables.