Resumen El IoT es tendencia tecnológica que hace posible sistemas inteligentes entre cosas conectadas. Su aplicación se encuentra en diferentes campos, uno de ellos es la agricultura, donde el uso de nuevas técnicas, como la hidroponía, está en auge. Es importante abordar esta área, porque la población mundial alcanzará un aproximado de 9600 millones de habitantes para el 2050, por ende, para satisfacer esta demanda se necesita que el ritmo industrial agrícola sea aún más rápido y preciso. Además, el aumento de la temperatura ambiente y los cambios climáticos por el calentamiento global también están afectando negativamente a la producción agraria. En esta investigación se presenta un sistema de monitoreo IoT escalable basado en la tecnología Sigfox con capacidades de predicción del 89,37 % a través de redes neuronales para aplicaciones agrícolas. Se proporciona una arquitectura efectiva de cuatro capas que consta de percepción, red, middleware y aplicación. Para la validación, el sistema fue construido, probado experimentalmente y validado mediante el monitoreo de la temperatura, humedad y control de la recirculación de nutrientes, en un sistema hidropónico de la ciudad de Loja en Ecuador, durante cinco meses. El sistema desarrollado es lo suficientemente inteligente para proporcionar la acción de control adecuada para el entorno hidropónico, en función de los múltiples parámetros de entrada recopilados, facilitando una gestión efectiva para los agricultores, por ende, mejorando su producción.

Abstract The IoT is a technological trend, it makes possible intelligent systems between connected things, its application is founded in different fields, one of them is agriculture, where the use of new techniques such as hydroponics are booming. It is important to address this area because the world population will reach approximately 9.6 billion inhabitants by 2050, therefore, to meet this demand, the agricultural industrial pace needs to be even faster and more precise. Moreover, the increase in ambient temperature and climate changes due to global warming are also negatively affecting agricultural production. In this research, a scalable IoT monitoring system based on Sigfox technology with 89.37% prediction capabilities through neural networks is presented for agricultural applications. An effective four-layer architecture consisting of perception, network, middleware, and application is provided. For validation, the system was built, experimentally tested and validated by monitoring temperature, humidity and nutrient recirculation control, in a hydroponic system in the city of Loja-Ecuador, for five months. The developed system is intelligent enough to provide the appropriate control action for the hydroponic environment, depending on the multiple input parameters collected, facilitating an effective management for farmers, thus improving their production.

Resumen Internet de las Cosas (IoT) es un término que ha ganado importancia esta última década, sus aplicaciones en la construcción de las ciudades inteligentes han llevado a plantear soluciones a problemas asociados a seguridad, energéticas, salud, turismo, movilidad, entre otras. Es en este contexto en donde la movilidad, y en particular la gestión del tráfico, juegan un papel importante ante un aumento de la población en las grandes ciudades. Para mejorar el transporte público, la seguridad vial y una creciente carga vial en las calles se requieren soluciones apoyadas en las tecnologías de la información y comunicación. El presente estudio busca contextualizar estas tecnologías a través del tiempo, los desarrollos tecnológicos que permiten dar el preámbulo a nuevas patentes, y las condiciones para generar tecnologías y su aplicación en la construcción de soluciones al tráfico.

Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) has gained importance in the last decade. Its applications in the design of smart cities have contributed to address problems of security, energy, health, tourism, mobility, among others. In terms of mobility -especially traffic management- they play an important role given the growth of large cities in order to improve public transport, road safety and road freight, based on ICT solutions. This study is based on the review of patents to contextualize the evolution of IoT over time, the technological developments, as well as the conditions for generating technologies and their application in building traffic solutions.

Abstract This work evaluates the feasibility of integrating lowcost Raspberry pi boards and ESP8266 microcontrollers with industrial equipment of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) in a decentralized network. These devices will be the nodes that participate in the exchange of data between the manufacturing floor and business services in a simple, reliable and economical way. The network nodes produce and consume data that is exchanged by an open-source protocol manager node called Node-RED. The protocol manager is a server with a Linux kernel on a RISC (Reduced instruction set computing) microprocessor. The sensors in the manufacturing nodes use SoC (System On Chip) microcontrollers and through the concept of Edge computing they acquire, process and send their data to the protocol manager. Thus, using the Iperf3, Wireshark and MTR tools, we will measure the performance of the communications link and the status of the participating nodes in their data production/consumption processes.

Resumen Este trabajo evalúa la viabilidad de integrar en una red descentralizada las placas de bajo costo Raspberry pi, microcontroladores ESP8266 con equipos industriales de Controladores Lógicos Programables (PLC). Estos dispositivos serán los nodos que participan en el intercambio de datos entre el piso de manufactura y los servicios empresariales de manera simple, fiable y económica. Los nodos de la red producen y consumen datos que son intercambiados por un nodo gestor de protocolos open source llamado Node-RED. El gestor de protocolos es un servidor con núcleo de Linux sobre un microprocesador RISC (Reduced instruction set computing). Los sensores en los nodos de manufactura utilizan microcontroladores SoC (System On Chip) y mediante el concepto de Edge computing adquieren, procesan y envían sus datos al gestor de protocolos. Así, mediante la herramienta Iperf3, Wireshark y MTR, mediremos el rendimiento del enlace de comunicaciones y el estado que guardan los nodos participantes en sus procesos producción/consumo de datos.

Resumen El diseño de sistemas de monitoreo y/o control se basa en modelos matemáticos en el tiempo t, que implican ecuaciones diferenciales y transformadas de Laplace para su solución. Al asociar estos modelos con sistemas discretos y al usar microcontroladores o computadoras para digitalizar estos sistemas, se hace necesario el uso de la Transformada-z. Esta última requiere que se conozca el tiempo de muestreo utilizado, para que todos los modelos concuerden en sus resultados. El presente trabajo muestra un método práctico para determinar el tiempo de muestreo. Se utilizó el kit de desarrollo ESP-32-S2 y una red con una resistencia y un condensador. Mediante un programa en lenguaje C/C++ y un osciloscopio, se midió el tiempo de muestreo. Se realizaron experimentos para diferentes condiciones de operación del sistema de adquisición de datos, registrando el voltaje del condensador en respuesta a una alimentación escalón unitario. Los resultados reales se compararon gráficamente con los resultados en t, s y z, y se calculó el error entre la respuesta en t y los resultados prácticos. Esto demostró que el método propuesto genera una buena medida del tiempo de muestreo y que los resultados de los modelos en todos los planos concuerdan con los obtenidos en la práctica. Con esto, esperamos motivar a estudiantes y profesionales a aplicar las matemáticas en el diseño de sistemas digitales, fomentando el uso de herramientas de simulación que permitan el desarrollo de sistemas más rápidos y eficientes. Además, buscamos fortalecer trabajos relacionados con sistemas embebidos, sensores inteligentes, la Internet de las cosas y la industria 4.0.

Abstract The design of monitoring and/or control systems is based on mathematical models at time t, which involve differential equations and Laplace transforms for their solution. Associating these models with discrete systems and the use of microcontrollers or computers to digitize these systems involves the use of the z-transform, which requires knowledge of the sampling time used for all models to coincide in their results. The present work shows a practical method for determining the sampling time. The ESP-32-S2 development kit and a network with a resistor and a capacitor were used. Using a C/C++ language program and oscilloscope, the sampling time was measured. Experiments were performed for different operating conditions of the data acquisition system, recording the capacitor voltage in response to one unit step supply. The true results were compared graphically with the results in t,s and z and the error between the response in t and the practical results also was calculated. Demonstrating that the proposed method generates a good measure of the sampling time and that the model results in all planes coincide with those obtained in practice. Hoping to motivate students and professionals to apply mathematics in the design of digital systems. Encouraging the use of simulation tools that allow the development of faster and more efficient systems. Strengthening work related to embedded systems, intelligent sensors, internet of things and industry 4.0.

Resumo O projeto de sistemas de monitoramento e/ou controle é baseado em modelos matemáticos no tempo t, que envolvem equações diferenciais e transformadas de Laplace para sua solução. Ao associar esses modelos a sistemas discretos e ao usar microcontroladores ou computadores para digitalizar esses sistemas, o uso da Z-Transform torna-se necessário. Este último exige que o tempo de amostragem utilizado seja conhecido, para que todos os modelos concordem em seus resultados. O presente trabalho mostra um método prático para determinar o tempo de amostragem. Foi utilizado o kit de desenvolvimento ESP-32-S2 e uma rede com um resistor e um capacitor. Usando um programa em linguagem C/C++ e um osciloscópio, o tempo de amostragem foi medido. Experimentos foram realizados para diferentes condições de operação do sistema de aquisição de dados, registrando a tensão do capacitor em resposta a uma alimentação em degrau unitário. Os resultados reais foram comparados graficamente com os resultados em t, s e z, e o erro entre a resposta t e os resultados práticos foi calculado. Isso demonstrou que o método proposto gera uma boa medida do tempo de amostragem e que os resultados dos modelos em todos os planos concordam com os obtidos na prática. Com isso, esperamos motivar estudantes e profissionais a aplicar a matemática no projeto de sistemas digitais, promovendo o uso de ferramentas de simulação que permitam o desenvolvimento de sistemas mais rápidos e eficientes. Além disso, buscamos fortalecer trabalhos relacionados a sistemas embarcados, sensores inteligentes, internet das coisas e indústria 4.0.

Abstract: The notable changes in climate behavior, ranging from temperature oscillations towards extreme values to the absence of rainfall over long periods of time, are diminishing natural water sources such as rivers, streams, and even underground water deposits. Consequently, these changes have resulted in damages to agricultural production, leading to a decrease in output and subsequent impact on the economy through increased prices. In more extreme cases, this can result in scarcity, ultimately affecting the population's quality of life. Therefore, it is important to monitor agricultural crops in real-time to optimize the use of available resources. To achieve these goals, the Internet of Things (IoT) has proven to be a valuable tool, thanks to advancements such as the reduction in size and price of integrated circuits, the emergence of embedded systems or motes with specific functionalities that include sensors, reduced power consumption enabling battery usage with longer durations, and simplified Wi-Fi communication that provides unlimited access to extensive geographic areas using simple devices. These devices not only enable Wi-Fi communication but also have integrated sensor capabilities. In this work, we present our system for real-time soil condition monitoring using IoT technology.

Resumen: Los notorios cambios en el comportamiento climático que van desde oscilaciones hacia valores extremos de temperatura hasta la ausencia de lluvias en largos periodos de tiempo, disminuyendo las fuentes naturales de agua como ríos y arroyos e incluso los depósitos subterráneos de agua, con los consiguientes daños que esto produce en todo lo concerniente a la producción agrícola trae como consecuencia, la disminución en la producción de los mismos con el consiguiente impacto en la economía por el aumento de los precios y en un caso más extremo la escases de los mismos, impactando en la calidad de vida de la población. Por ello es importante realizar un monitoreo en tiempo real de las condiciones en que se encuentran los cultivos agrícolas a fin de optimizar el uso de los recursos disponibles. A fin de llegar a estos objetivos el Internet de las Cosas (IoT) se ha demostrados como una herramienta muy útil debido, entre otras cosas, a la disminución del tamaño y precio de los circuitos integrados, aparición de circuitos empotrados o motas que permiten el diseño con una funcionalidad específica que incluyen sensores, reducción del consumo de potencia permitiendo la utilización de baterías, los cuales van apareciendo con mayor duración, la simplificación de las comunicación wifi que permite en la actualidad el acceso ilimitado a amplias zonas geográficas con dispositivos muy simples que no solo permite la comunicación Wifi sino también tienen integrada la posibilidad de medir variables mediante sensores. En este trabajo presentamos nuestro sistema mediante el cual se puede realizar el monitoreo de las condiciones de suelo en tiempo real utilizando tecnología IoT.

ABSTRACT IoT (Internet of Things) is known to be an example of a set of many services provided by wave of technological innovations. The various applications of IoT are too many and contribute to an integration with the cyber world and the physical world. Taking this into account, the use of these technologies has been proposed as an alternative to IT government and what have been the benefits of these IOT applications in various sectors. For this reason, the objective of rescuing the different applications that currently exist for iot and identifying the benefits they have and using them as an alternative for use in IT government has been considered in this article. Likewise, it was considered to pose as research questions: What are the different IOT applications as alternatives for IT governance? What are the positive impacts of using iot? This purpose was achieved by reviewing various technological publications in databases such as Scielo, Redalyc, Ieee Explore, Springer Link, Proquest and World Scientific. As conclusions of the article, it has resulted that 20% of the references obtained from the implementation of IOT is carried out in Colombia by Latin America, in addition, as a conclusion, it shows that the implementation of IoT grows exponentially, due to its constant evolution in these recent years and thus allowing to reduce the costs in the processes; as an impact on the management of resources, as well as showing us that 27% of the references mention that they are technologies used in the business environment, evidencing the number of applications that exist and are in use in various sectors as well as the trends they currently have. as obtained by researching health, safety, transportation, agriculture and education in its integration.

RESUMEN Se sabe que IoT (Internet de las cosas) es un ejemplo de un conjunto de muchos servicios que provee ola de innovaciones tecnológicas. Las diversas aplicaciones de IoT son demasiadas y colaboran a una integración con el mundo cibernético y el mundo físico. Teniendo en cuenta ello se ha planteado el uso de estas tecnologías como alternativa al gobierno TI y cuáles han sido los beneficios de estas aplicaciones IOT en diversos sectores. Por ello se ha considerado en este artículo el objetivo de rescatar las diferentes aplicaciones que existen de IOT en la actualidad e identificar los beneficios que tienen y usarlos como alternativa de uso en el gobierno TI. Así mismo, se consideró plantear como pregunta general de investigación: ¿Las tecnologías IOT son de beneficio para el gobierno TI? Y como preguntas específicas: ¿Cuáles son las diferentes aplicaciones IOT como alternativas para gobierno TI? ¿Cuáles son los impactos positivos del uso de IOT? Este propósito se logró con la revisión de diversas publicaciones tecnológicas en bases de datos como Scielo, Redalyc, Ieee Explore, Springer Link, Proquest y World Scientific. Como conclusiones del artículo ha dado como resultado que el 20% de las referencias obtenidas de implementación de IOT se realiza en Colombia por parte de Latinoamérica, además como conclusión arroja que la implementación de IoT crece de una manera exponencial, por su constante evolución en estos últimos años y permitiendo así reducir los costos en los procesos; como impacto en la gestión de los recursos así como nos arroja que un 27% de las referencias mencionan que son tecnologías usadas en el ámbito empresarial, evidenciándose la cantidad de aplicaciones que existen y están en uso en diversos sectores como también las tendencias que tienen actualmente como se obtuvo al investigar en salud, seguridad, transporte, agricultura y educación en su integración.

Resumen Las redes inalámbricas de área amplia de bajo consumo energético son una tecnología clave para el desarrollo del Internet de las Cosas (IoT por sus siglas en inglés). Como todo sistema de comunicaciones inalámbricas, requiere que durante el diseño se inspeccione el lugar donde se desplegará la red para determinar las ubicaciones donde la señal es débil. Sigfox es una red con acceso inalámbrico que brinda el servicio de conectividad para Internet de las Cosas. Cuando los nodos sensores están ubicados dentro de edificios, el nivel de la señal recibida puede variar, debido a obstrucciones internas e interferencias, por lo que es necesario disponer de sistemas que tomen en cuenta las características técnicas de la red Sigfox, para medir los niveles de intensidad de la señal e identificar las ubicaciones donde no existe señal. El sistema obtiene información de los niveles de señal con el fin de identificar las ubicaciones en las cuales los nodos no tienen conectividad con la red y encontrar soluciones a este problema antes de implementar la red. La implementación del sistema utiliza nodos Sipy programados con Pymark y la nube de Sigfox, mientras que el desarrollo de la aplicación utiliza API y APIREST en el entorno de desarrollo de Visual Studio.

Abstract Low-energy wireless wide-area networks are a key technology for the development of the Internet of Things. Like any wireless communications system, it requires that during the design the place where the network will be deployed be inspected to determine the locations where the signal is weak. Sigfox is a network with wireless access that provides the connectivity service for the Internet of Things. When the sensor nodes are located inside buildings, the level of the received signal can vary, due to internal obstructions and interference, so it is necessary to have systems that take into account the technical characteristics of the Sigfox network, to measure the levels. signal strength inside buildings and identify locations where there is no signal. The implemented system allows obtaining information on the signal levels inside the buildings in order to identify the locations in which the nodes do not have connectivity with the network and find solutions to this problem before implementing the network. The system implementation uses Sipy nodes programmed with Pymark and the Sigfox cloud, while the application development uses API and APIREST in the Visual Studio development environment.

Abstract We propose and experimentally investigate two distinct power-over-Fiber (PoF) approaches, aiming to remotely power Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensing systems for Industry 4.0 environments. The first proof-of-concept is focused on demonstrating a 1-W optical power transmission through a 50-m-fiber-optic link for powering an Arduino Uno, a temperature sensor (DS1820B), and a 433-MHz transceiver (FS1000A). The designed PoF link is able to provide up to 280 mW with power transmission efficiency (PTE) of 28.9%. The second implementation is based on a 100-m PoF link capable of transmitting over 0.6-W optical power and delivering 140-mW electrical power with PTE of 23%. In this scheme, an Arduino Pro Mini, another temperature sensor (LM35), and a 2.4-GHz transceiver (nRF24L01+) are employed. A voltage stability analysis enables to demonstrate that our PoF system is capable of delivering stable output voltage at 8.5 V and 5 V, with only 0.6% and 0.2% voltage fluctuations. In addition, an industrial oven is employed to evaluate the sensor performance considering temperature measurements from both sensing systems. The obtained results demonstrate that PoF might be considered as a potential technology to optically-power IoT wireless sensing systems for Industry 4.0 scenarios.

Currently, the smart cities, smart vehicles, and smart gadgets will improve the way of living standard. Cloud connectivity of IoT sensed devices will capture real-time data in the cloud which helps to improve the system performance and quick response to queries. Electric Vehicle battery health diagnosis plays an important role in the proper functioning of the battery management system, guarantees safety, and warranty claim. Society 5.0 develops with the advancement in the road, infrastructure, better connectivity, transportation, and options available to purchase. Battery health cannot be measured directly. There are internal and external factors that affect battery health such as State of Charge, model parameters, charging/discharging method, temperature, Depth of Discharge, C-rate, battery chemistry, form factor, thermal management, and load change effect. Battery degrades due to both calendar ageing and cyclic ageing. Artificial Intelligence plays a significant role in Battery management system due to the nonlinear behavior of lithium-ion battery. Prediction of battery health accurately and in due time will reduce the risk of recklessness. Timely maintenance will reduce the risk of fatal accidents. This paper presents different batteries analysis under different discharge voltage and capacity conditions. Different machine learning algorithms such as Neural Network, Modified Support Vector Machine (M-SVM) and Linear Regression are used to predict state of health. The proposed M-SVM performs well with less error for all four-battery discharge data.

In this work, iron ore tailing (IOT) was used for the production of two different materials: sodium silicate and geopolymers. Initially, reactions of IOT with NaOH were carried out by hydrothermal reaction in autoclave at 200 °C (1:1.5 and 1:2.5 SiO2:NaOH molar ratio) and reaction times of 4 and 8 h. X-ray fluorescence by dispersive energy (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Mössbauer spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and titrations showed that IOT:NaOH ratios of 1:2.5 and reaction time 8 h completely dissolved the quartz from the IOT, obtaining a solid fraction consisting mainly of hematite and an aqueous phase of sodium silicate, which showed contents of ca. 23% SiO2 and 19% Na2O. This sodium silicate obtained was then combined with IOT (25 and 50 wt.%) to produce geopolimeric material with excellent physico-chemical properties, fast curing time and very good compressive strength results, which ranged from 41 to 58 MPa and many potential applications.

ABSTRACT This work presents the design and prototyping of two 1U standard CubeSats for the First Brazilian MCTI Satellite Olympiad, launching one in a stratospheric helium-filled balloon. The nanosatellites were designed for two missions: Internet of Things connectivity in remote areas based on CubeSat (IoSat) and low-orbit harmful gamma radiation mapping (LOHGRM). The IoSat mission aimed to provide server connectivity for a remote sensor network. The LOHGRM CubeSat was designed for sensing and mapping gamma radiation power levels in the satellite’s orbit to construct a heat map to study the gamma radiation effect on the equipment. The prototype’s performance was evaluated based on physical, mechanical, magnetic, thermal, and transmission characterization, with satisfactory results under test conditions. The LOHGRM mission test was carried out on the ground as proof of concept without flying while a stratospheric balloon launched the IoSat prototype. Due to restrictions imposed by the competition, the IoSat nanosatellite only captured and registered altitude, pressure, and temperature data without testing the communication payload. Instead, this data was sent to the ground station through the competition communication system and stored in a memory card to assess its operation during the flying. The satellite’s maximum altitude was 22.6 km, operating under –23.5 °C.

resumo: Neste trabalho, os autores exploram o uso do rejeito de barragem de minério de ferro (RBMF), de uma barragem de rejeitos, como material precursor reciclado na produção de um compósito através da tecnologia de ativação alcalina. Dois compósitos diferentes foram avaliados: espécimes de pastas feitas usando somente RBMF e ativador alcalino, e espécimes de argamassa usando o mesmo aglomerante e areia como agregado miúdo. Três tempos de moagem diferentes foram aplicados para ativar o RBMF; uma solução de NaOH foi empregada como ativador alcalino com três concentrações molares (8, 10 e 12 mol/l); e cura térmica de 100ºC por 7 dias. Esses parâmetros iniciais foram obtidos através do procedimento experimental Endurecimento-Mini-Teste (EMC). As propriedades físico-mecânicas dos compósitos foram determinadas e os resultados mostraram uma resistência a compressão de até 110,0 MPa, que é compatível com concreto de cimento Portland de alto desempenho e cimentos álcali-ativados feitos a partir de precursores bem estabelecidos reportados na literatura usando cura térmica.

abstract: In this work, the authors explore the use of iron ore tailings (IOT) from a tailings dam as a recycled precursor material in producing a composite through alkali-activation technology. Two different composite types were evaluated: paste specimens made using only IOT and an alkaline activator, and mortar specimens using the same binder and quartz sand as fine aggregate. Three different grinding times were applied to activate the IOT; a NaOH solution was used as the alkaline activator with three molar concentrations (8, 10, and 12 mol/l); and, thermal curing of 100°C for 7 days was applied. These parameters were obtained by a hard-mini-test (HMT) experimental procedure. The physico-mechanical properties of the composites were obtained, and the results showed a compressive strength up to 110.0 MPa, which is like high-performance Portland cement concretes and alkali-activated cements derived from well-established precursors reported in the literature using thermal cure.

PURPOSE: This study examines the variations on Technology Adoption Factors, including the cultural aspects in both developing and developed countries for Internet of Things, as the Technology Adoption Factors are not common across the globe Although much research has focused on the technical aspects of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, attention is still required regarding IoT applications, features, use cases, and behavioural aspects in the context of the consumption and perception of IoT services. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: In this research, an empirical study is undertaken to identify the factors that influence the adoption of IoT services, using a model based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology FINDINGS/RESULTS: A survey of 800 users was administered in the United States of America (USA) and India. Reliability Tests, Validity Tests and exploratory factor analysis were performed to find the presence of common method variance across both countries. The findings reveal the significance of several independent variables on the adoption of IoT services, namely perceived security risks, perceived trust, social influence, facilitating conditions, and performance expectancy PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: This research provides evidence that cultural aspects, social influence and facilitating conditions play a significant role. Illustrations of Airtel, Reliance Jio promotions in India and data-driven decision making from mayors of the USA included ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The research reveals the variation in IoT adoption factors between India and the USA. There are unique variations involved per country that need to be considered for the effective adoption of IoT

Resumen El uso de sistemas fotovoltaicos (FV) para la generación de electricidad está en constante crecimiento en Brasil. Con la reducción del precio de los módulos FV y la implementación del sistema de compensación de energía eléctrica por parte del distribuidor de energía, el consumidor está invirtiendo en microgeneración FV para reducir la factura de energía. El objetivo del presente artículo es desarrollar un sistema embebido en el contexto de Internet de las cosas (IoT). Tener un sistema de monitoreo IoT aplicado a un sistema FV conectado a la red en una institución educativa ayuda a enseñar conceptos tanto de IoT como de generación FV. El sistema se basa en la placa de desarrollo ESP32 para la adquisición de tensión y corriente continua generada por un sistema FV de 1,35 kWp conectado a la red e instalado en el IFCE. Esta propuesta ofrece una solución educativa de bajo costo, con código abierto y hardware programable, que envían los datos a una base de datos en la nube, lo que permite el acceso remoto desde cualquier parte del mundo. Posteriormente, con una metodología de análisis de datos fue posible validar los valores medidos con el inversor instalado con un error inferior al 1 % para la tensión y la corriente adquiridas durante un día. Con este resultado se concluye que el sistema IoT diseñado puede ser utilizado para la medición en sistemas FV.

Abstract The use of photovoltaic (PV) systems for electricity generation is constantly growing in Brazil. With the reduction in the price of PV modules and the implementation of the electric power compensation system by the power distributor, the consumer is investing in PV microgeneration to reduce the electricity bill. This article aims to develop an embedded system in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT). Having an IoT monitoring system applied to a grid-connected PV system in an educational institution helps teach concepts such as IoT and PV generation. The system is based on the ESP32 development board for acquiring DC voltage and current generated by a 1.35 kWp PV system connected to the grid and installed at the IFCE. This proposal offers a low-cost educational solution using open source and programmable hardware, which sends the data to a database in the cloud, enabling remote access worldwide. Then, using the data analysis methodology, it was possible to validate the values measured with the inverter installed with an error below 1

Resumen Debido al creciente desarrollo tecnológico de los sistemas embebidos y el internet de las cosas (IoT), los dispositivos basados en microcontroladores se aplican cada vez más en diversas áreas del conocimiento. En este contexto, las plataformas y productos educativos online se consideran laboratorios virtuales remotos, ya que los estudiantes pueden acceder a los dispositivos físicos en cualquier lugar siempre que dispongan de un sistema informático conectado a internet. En este sentido, este trabajo describe el diseño y desarrollo de una plataforma con cuatro productos educativos en línea para la enseñanza de microcontroladores e IoT. Estos productos educativos están basados en software de código abierto, lo que permite su distribución gratuita en línea y el acceso a ellos desde un servidor en la nube. El enfoque de código abierto y multiplataforma (Linux, Windows® y Mac OSX) permite una mayor interacción y accesibilidad del usuario. Los productos educativos en línea hacen posible la programación del firmware del microcontrolador ESP32 de forma remota a través de OTA (Over the Air) y de sistemas embebidos Linux basados en Raspberry Pi (Rpi), permitiendo aplicaciones virtuales de laboratorio de microcontroladores. Además, los productos educativos en línea permiten manipular los pines vía internet a través de la interfaz gráfica de los microcontroladores ESP32 y ESP8266, así como del Rpi. Como resultado, se probó la plataforma en línea propuesta, ejecutándola en un servidor en la nube, y se validaron los cuatro productos educativos de aprendizaje a distancia y la aplicación real de microcontroladores e IoT, que se encuentran operativos, tal como fueron diseñados.

Abstract Due to the increasing technological development in embedded systems and the Internet of Things (IoT), devices based on microcontrollers are being increasingly applied in various areas of knowledge. In this context, online educational platforms and products are considered virtual remote laboratories, because students can access the physical devices anywhere as long as they have a computer system connected to the internet. In this sense, this work describes the design and development of a platform with four online educational products for teaching microcontrollers and IoT. These educational products are based on open-source software, which enables their free online distribution and the access to them from a cloud server. The open-source and multiplatform (Linux, Windows®, and Mac OSX) approach enables a greater user interaction and accessibility. The online educational products make possible the remote programming of the ESP32 microcontroller firmware via OTA (over the air) and Linux embedded systems based on Raspberry Pi (Rpi), enabling virtual microcontroller laboratory applications. In addition, the online educational products enable the manipulation of GPIO pins via the Internet through the graphical interface of the ESP32 and ESP8266 microcontrollers and the Rpi. As a result, the proposed online platform was tested, running it on a cloud server, and the four-distance learning educational products and the actual microcontroller and IoT application have been validated, and are operating as designed.