Resumo Surtos frequentes do vírus da gripe aviária H9N2 no Paquistão revelaram que esse subtipo se tornou endêmico na avicultura e, além das perdas econômicas, representa uma ameaça à saúde pública. O presente estudo descreve a caracterização molecular e as alterações patológicas em frangos de corte naturalmente infectados com a atual cepa H9N2 e sua dinâmica filogenômica. Neste estudo, amostras de tecidos (traqueia, pulmões, rim e intestino) de 100 lotes comerciais de frangos foram coletadas de julho de 2018 a agosto de 2019. As amostras foram submetidas à detecção molecular, filogenia e posterior exame patológico. O comprimento completo do gene HA foi amplificado com sucesso em cinco amostras. O sequenciamento de nucleotídeos revelou amostras positivas colocadas em um clado pertencente à sublinhagem B2 do genótipo G1 e categorizado como LPAIV com base na sequência de aminoácidos do gene da hemaglutinina (HA) no local de clivagem (PAKSSR/G). A análise genética do gene da HA revelou: nt = 80,5%-99,5%; aa = 83,8%-98,9% de homologia com cepas de H9N2 relatadas anteriormente no Paquistão e em países vizinhos (A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97). As lesões macroscópicas incluíram aerossaculite leve, hemorragias leves, congestão difusa e exsudato purulento na mucosa traqueal, cilindro fibrinonecrótico no lúmen da traqueia e congestão pulmonar leve. As alterações histopatológicas incluíram descamação de células epiteliais, infiltração de células inflamatórias na traqueia, infiltração de células mononucleares (MNCs), congestão pulmonar e exsudato no lúmen dos parabrônquios, congestão peritubular nos rins com degeneração das células epiteliais tubulares, alterações degenerativas nas células epiteliais das vilosidades intestinais e hiperplasia de células caliciformes. A análise imunoistoquímica confirmou a presença do antígeno AIVH9N2 na traqueia, nos pulmões, no rim e no intestino. A microscopia eletrônica revelou alterações ultraestruturais na traqueia, incluindo cílios degenerados, inchaço mitocondrial e retículo endoplasmático aumentado. Com base em todas as análises, o presente estudo revelou a distribuição do vírus H9N2 do genótipo G1 em Punjab, Paquistão, com patogenicidade de leve a moderada.

Abstract Frequent outbreaks of avian influenza H9N2 virus in Pakistan revealed that this subtype has become endemic in the poultry industry and, besides economic losses, poses a threat to public health. The present study describes the molecular characterization and pathological alterations in naturally infected broiler chickens with the current H9N2 field strain and their phylogenomic dynamics. In this study, tissue samples (trachea, lung, kidney and intestine) from 100 commercial chicken flocks were collected from July 2018 to August 2019. Samples were subjected to molecular detection, phylogeny and subsequent pathological examination. The complete length of the HA gene was successfully amplified in five samples. Nucleotide sequencing revealed positive samples placed in a clade belonging to the B2 sub-lineage of the G1 genotype and categorized as LPAIV based on the amino acid sequence of the HA gene at the cleavage site (PAKSSR/G). Genetic analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed nt: 80.5%-99.5%; aa: 83.8%-98.9% homology to H9N2 strains reported previously from Pakistan, neighbouring countries, and (A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97). Gross lesions include a slight airsacculitis, mild hemorrhages, diffuse congestion and purulent exudate in tracheal mucosa, fibrinonecrotic cast in the trachea lumen and mild pulmonary congestion. Histopathological alterations include sloughing of epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the trachea, mononuclear cells (MNCs) infiltration, pulmonary congestion and exudate in the lumen of parabronchi, peritubular congestion in the kidneys with degeneration of tubular epithelial cells and degenerative changes in the intestinal villi epithelial cells and goblet cell hyperplasia. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the presence of AIVH9N2 antigen in the trachea, lungs, kidney and intestine. Electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes in the trachea, including degenerated cilia, mitochondrial swelling and enlarged endoplasmic reticulum. Based on all essential analysis, the present study revealed the distribution of the H9N2 virus of G1 genotype in Punjab, Pakistan, with mild to moderate pathogenicity.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar en cerdos ferales la presencia de Salmonella spp (Spp), el virus del síndrome reproductivo y respiratorio porcino (VPRRS), circovirus porcino tipo 2 (PCV2), virus de influenza porcina (VIP), virus de diarrea epidémica porcina (VDEP), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) y Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App). Las muestras se obtuvieron de cerdos en los estados de Chihuahua y Durango, México. Las pruebas analizadas para los animales de Chihuahua fueron hisopado nasal para VIP, hisopado rectal para Spp y VDEP, suero para VPRRS y PCV2, pulmón, hígado y linfonodos para Spp, VIP, VPRRS y PCV2, así como suero para pruebas serológicas. De los animales del estado de Durango se recolectó hisopado nasal para VIP, hisopado rectal para Spp y VDEP, y suero para PCV2 para estudios moleculares y serológicos. Los resultados moleculares en ambos estados mostraron muestras positivas para PCV2, 73.3 % en Chihuahua y 91.3 % para Durango, de igual forma se obtuvieron dos muestras positivas para Spp en el estado de Chihuahua (13.3 %) y una en Durango (6.6 %), para VIP hubo dos positivas (8.7 %) en Durango. Para VPRRS y VDEP, las muestras fueron negativas en ambos estados. Los resultados serológicos en cerdos de los dos estados mostraron positividad para PCV2, Spp y App. Las muestras fueron negativas para VPRRS, VDEP y Mhyo en ambos estados. Es importante remarcar la detección molecular y serológica de cerdos ferales positivos a diversos agentes infecciosos importantes en la producción porcina con repercusiones zoosanitarias en la salud pública, que implica una relevancia epidemiológica de estos animales en el contexto de “una salud”.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate in feral pigs the presence of Salmonella spp (Spp), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App). The samples were obtained from pigs in the states of Chihuahua and Durango, Mexico. The tests analyzed for the animals from Chihuahua were nasal swabs for SIV, rectal swabs for Spp and PEDV, serum for PRRSV and PCV2, lung, liver, and lymph nodes for Spp, SIV, PRRSV, and PCV2, as well as serum for serological tests. From animals in the state of Durango, the following was collected: nasal swabs for SIV, rectal swabs for Spp and PEDV, and serum for PCV2 for molecular and serological studies. The molecular results in both states showed samples positive for PCV2, 73.3 % in Chihuahua and 91.3 % in Durango; likewise, two positive samples were obtained for Spp in the state of Chihuahua (13.3 %) and one in Durango (6.6 %), for SIV there were two positive (8.7 %) in Durango. For PRRSV and PEDV, samples were negative in both states. Serological results in pigs from the two states showed positivity for PCV2, Spp, and App. Samples were negative for PRRSV, PEDV, and Mhyo in both states. It is important to highlight the molecular and serological detection of feral pigs positive for various infectious agents important in pig production with zoosanitary repercussions on public health, which implies an epidemiological relevance of these animals in the context of “one health”.

Resumen Introducción: La Asociación para el Cuidado de la Diabetes en Argentina - CUI.D.AR, realizó una encuesta online, diseñada para recabar conocimientos y apre ciaciones de las personas con diabetes mellitus y su entorno cercano sobre el virus Influenza y los riesgos potenciales asociados con la infección, y explorar el nivel de confianza en las vacunas en general y en la vacuna antigripal en particular. Métodos: Entre el 30 de septiembre y el 15 de noviem bre de 2021, un total de 1425 participantes completaron el cuestionario de forma anónima y voluntaria. La población que respondió la encuesta incluyó personas con distinto tipo de diabetes (n = 822), familiares, cuidadores y/o con tactos cercanos (n = 603), principalmente residentes en diferentes áreas geográficas del país y de diversas edades. Resultados: El 85% de los participantes, en conjunto, consideraba que el virus Influenza y la gripe son un ries go para la salud de las personas con diabetes. El 72% de los participantes refirió que la persona con diabetes se había aplicado la vacuna anualmente, incluso durante la pandemia de COVID-19. El nivel expresado de confianza en las vacunas fue elevado. Los participantes asigna ron un rol importante a los profesionales de la salud en la indicación de la vacuna antigripal y expresaron la necesidad de mayor información en los medios de comunicación sobre las vacunas. Discusión: La presente encuesta aporta datos obte nidos en el contexto de la vida real que podrían contri buir a optimizar la inmunización de las personas con diabetes.

Abstract Introduction: The Asociación para el Cuidado de la Diabetes en Argentina - CUI.D.AR, carried out an online survey specifically designed to collect the knowledge and perceptions people who suffered from diabetes mellitus and their close contacts had on the Influenza virus and the potential risks associated with the infection. The survey also explored the confidence level in vaccines in general and in anti-influenza vaccines in particular. Methods: Between September 30th and November 15th 2021, 1425 participants anonymously and voluntarily completed the questionnaire. The survey respondents included people with different types of diabetes (n=822), their relatives, carers and close contacts (n=603). They were of diverse ages, most of whom lived in different geographical areas of the country. Results: Overall, 85% of the participants considered that the Influenza virus and the disease represent a risk for people with diabetes. Seventy-two percent of the participants expressed that the person with diabetes had received their annual immunization, even during the COVID-19 pandemic. The referred level of confidence in vaccines was high. The participants assigned an important role to health professionals in vaccines prescription and expressed the need for more information about vaccines in the media. Discussion: The present survey contributes real-world data that could help optimize diabetic people’s immunization.

Resumen: En este artículo se analiza y compara la Iniciativa Conjunta México y Estados Unidos para Combatir la Pandemia de COVID-19, con respecto al Plan de América del Norte para la Influenza Animal y Pandémica, y su aporte para promover una frontera segura en el contexto de la pospandemia, con base en un enfoque de gobernanza. La metodología se fundamenta en un análisis de la Iniciativa Conjunta y del Plan, al igual que de las órdenes emitidas bajo las secciones 362 y 365 de la Ley de Servicio de Salud Pública del gobierno de Estados Unidos. Además, se analiza un modelo de gobernanza para promover una mejor gestión transfronteriza de la pandemia, hacia una frontera segura. Entre las conclusiones, se plantean las siguientes: el Plan consideró una gobernanza eficaz, que contribuyó a reducir la pandemia H1N1, lo cual no sucedió con la Iniciativa Conjunta, en el caso de la pandemia COVID-19. Aunque se cerró la frontera estadounidense a los residentes mexicanos con visa de Estados Unidos durante 18 meses (20 de marzo de 2020 a 7 de noviembre de 2021), con un criterio de seguridad nacional, no disminuyeron los contagios y fallecimientos en la frontera México-Estados Unidos, a causa de un déficit de gobernanza.

Abstract: From a governance approach, this article analyzes and compares the United States-Mexico Joint Initiative to Combat the COVID-19 Pandemic, with respect to the North American Plan for Animal and Pandemic Influenza, and its contribution to promoting a secure border in the context of post-pandemic. The methodology is based on an analysis of the Joint Initiative and the North American Plan for Animal and Pandemic Influenza, as well as the orders issued under sections 362 and 365 of the United States government's Public Health Service Act. In addition, a governance model to promote better cross-border management of the pandemic toward a secure border is analyzed. Among the conclusions, the following are stated: the Plan considered effective governance that had an impact on the reduction of the H1N1 pandemic, which did not happen with the Joint Initiative in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the US border was closed to Mexican residents with a United States visa, for 18 months (March 20, 2020 to November 7, 2021), with a national security criterion, the number of infections and deaths on the United States-Mexico border did not decrease, due to a governance deficit.

Resumo: Este artigo analisa e compara a Iniciativa Conjunta Estados Unidos-México para Combater a Pandemia de COVID-19, no que diz respeito ao Plano Norte-Americano de Influenza Animal e Pandêmica, e sua contribuição para a promoção de uma fronteira segura no contexto da pós-pandemia, com base em uma abordagem de governança. A metodologia baseia-se na análise da Iniciativa Conjunta e do Plano, bem como nas ordens emitidas sob as seções 362 e 365 da Lei do Serviço de Saúde Pública do Governo dos Estados Unidos. Além disso, é analisado um modelo de governação para promover uma melhor gestão transfronteiriça da pandemia, rumo a uma fronteira segura. Entre as conclusões, propõem-se: o Plano considerou uma governança efetiva, que contribuiu para a redução da pandemia de H1N1, o que não ocorreu com a Iniciativa Conjunta, no caso da pandemia de COVID-19. Embora a fronteira com os EUA tenha sido fechada para residentes mexicanos com vistos americanos por 18 meses (20 de março de 2020 a 7 de novembro de 2021), com base em critérios de segurança nacional, as infecções e mortes na fronteira México-México não diminuíram. de um déficit de governança.

Resumen: En este artículo se mide el impacto demográfico de la influenza de 1918 a partir del análisis de las actas de defunción del Registro Civil en Uruapan, además de la mortalidad causada por epidemias, endemias y la violencia, así como en los años de régimen “normal”. Asimismo, se diferencia el impacto por grupos de edad y sexo. La influenza se manifestó entre los años 1918 y 1920 en diferentes oleadas. El periodo de 1909 a 1923 mostró brotes epidémicos de enfermedades que adquirieron un carácter endémico, como la viruela y el tifo, así como la presencia de otros padecimientos contagiosos como el sarampión y el paludismo. Otro factor de mortandad fue la violencia que se desató a partir del inicio de la revolución mexicana reflejado en el aumento de homicidios.

Abstract: The demographic impact of the 1918 flu pandemic is measured by analyzing the death certificates of the Civil Registry in Uruapan, together with the number of lives claimed by epidemics, endemics, and violence. Death rates during normal periods are also examined, with the impact being disaggregated by age group and sex. Several waves of flu took place between 1918 and 1920. The period between 1909 and 1923 saw epidemic outbreaks of diseases that became endemic, such as smallpox and typhus, as well as other contagious diseases such as measles and malaria. Another factor contributing to the death rate was the violence that erupted following the onset of the Mexican Revolution, reflected in the increase in homicides.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: The infection by the Influenza virus is considered a public health problem, causing severe illness and death, above all, in high-risk population. The vaccination against Influenza has proved to be effective in protecting patients and health professionals from nosocomial infections and in reducing absenteeism due to illness. Pityriasis Lichenoides represent a group of inflammatory skin diseases with a variable clinical spectrum. Cases of Pityriasis Lichenoides related to vaccination are rare, therefore, this work represents an opportunity to report about this syndrome, whilst contributing to the identification and clarification of one of the possible adverse effects of vaccination against Influenza. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report a case of 59-years-old health professional man, who attended an Occupational Medicine consultation due to the arising of a three days evolution erythematous papules on the trunk, abdomen and upper limbs, associated with pruritus, after carrying out Influenza vaccine (Influvac Tetra(), as part of the seasonal flu vaccination program at the Occupational Health Service. The diagnosis of Pityriasis Lichenoides induced by the Influenza vaccine was considered due to the clinical and histopathological data. DISCUSSION: Amongst the general literature, there are few reported cases of Pityriasis Lichenoides in connection with Influenza vaccination. The most frequently associated vaccines are the anti-measles, anti-mumps, and anti-rubella, and only one case is reported with direct link to the vaccine against Influenza. The article has the particularity of focusing on a case over a health professional which carries a greater risk of exposure to the virus, resulting from professional activity. Nevertheless, is a chronic patient (diabetic) and at a higher risk of serious illness/complications. CONCLUSIONS: Despite being a rare syndrome, we emphasize the right for a correct recognition, diagnosis and approach to this disease. Furthermore, the adherence to Influenza vaccination is strongly linked to the fear of adverse effects, which makes it crucial to train professionals involved in Influenza vaccination for correct counseling and follow-up in the vaccination process.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A infeção pelo vírus Influenza constitui um problema de saúde pública, causadora de doença grave e morte, sobretudo nas populações de risco elevado. A vacinação contra Influenza, tem se mostrado eficaz na proteção dos doentes e dos profissionais de saúde, das infeções nosocomiais e na redução do absentismo por doença. As Pitiríases Liquenoides representam um grupo doenças inflamatórias da pele com um espectro clínico variável. São raros os casos descritos na literatura científica de Pitiríase Liquenoide em associação com a vacinação, constituindo este trabalho uma oportunidade de reportar esta rara identidade, contribuindo paralelamente para o registo e clarificação de um dos possíveis efeitos adversos da vacinação contra Influenza. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Descreve-se o caso de um homem, 59 anos, profissional de saúde, que recorre à consulta de Medicina do Trabalho pelo aparecimento de pápulas eritematosas no tronco, abdómen e membros superiores associado a prurido com cerca de três dias de evolução, após a realização de vacina contra vírus Influenza (Influvac Tetra(), no âmbito do programa de vacinação sazonal contra a gripe no Serviço de Saúde Ocupacional. O diagnóstico de Pitiríase Liquenoide induzido pela vacina da gripe foi estabelecido, tendo em conta os dados clínicos e histopatológicos. DISCUSSÃO: Na literatura, existem poucos casos relatados de Pitiríase Liquenoide em associação com a vacinação. O tipo de vacina mais frequentemente associada é a vacina anti-sarampo, anti-parotidite e anti-rubéola, sendo que apenas foi encontrado um caso descrito relativamente à vacina contra Influenza. Neste relato, existe a particularidade de se tratar de um profissional de saúde e, por isso, com maior risco de exposição ao vírus decorrente da atividade profissional. Paralelamente, acrescenta-se o facto de se tratar de um doente crónico (diabético) e com maior risco de doença grave/complicações. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar de rara, enfatizamos a necessidade de um correto reconhecimento, diagnóstico e abordagem desta patologia. Acrescenta-se que adesão à vacinação Influenza está fortemente ligada ao receio de efeitos adversos pelo que se torna fundamental capacitar os profissionais envolvidos na vacinação contra Influenza para um correto aconselhamento e acompanhamento no processo de vacinação.

Abstract Background: Vaccination during pregnancy has proven to be a safe and effective measure that protects pregnant woman and the fetus against immuno-preventable diseases. Aim: To determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of pregnant women regarding vaccination in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at public health care institutions in the 19 municipalities of Casanare, Colombia, from January to March 2022. Data were collected using a documented measurement instrument that included 22 items grouped into four sections: sociodemographic data, knowledge, attitudes and practices about vaccination. Results: The mean knowledge score was 5.9 (SD: 1.9) of a maximun of 10; 93.7% believed that vaccination was really necessary during pregnancy. Factors associated with adequate level of knowledge included age group 26-30 years (OR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.21-4.25; p = 0.011), being in the third trimester of pregnancy (OR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.12-5.01; p = 0.024) and having basic, intermediate or higher education (OR: 10.45; 95% CI: 2.37-46.03; p = 0.002). Conclusions: It is essential to strengthen information, education and communication strategies to promote safe vaccination during pregnancy.

Resumen Introducción: La vacunación durante el embarazo ha demostrado ser una medida segura y efectiva que protege a la mujer gestante y al feto contra enfermedades inmunoprevenibles. Objetivo: Determinar los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de mujeres gestantes respecto a la vacunación en el marco de la pandemia por el virus SARS-CoV-2. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal realizado en Instituciones Prestadoras de Servicios de Salud Públicas de los 19 municipios de Casanare, Colombia, entre enero y marzo de 2022. Los datos se recolectaron mediante un instrumento de medición documentado que incluyó 22 ítems agrupados en cuatro secciones: datos sociodemográficos, conocimiento, actitudes y prácticas sobre vacunación. Resultados: La media de puntuación de conocimientos fue 5,9 (DE 1,9) de un máximo de 10. El 93,7% cree que la vacunación es realmente necesaria durante el embarazo. Los factores asociados al nivel adecuado de conocimiento incluyeron el grupo de edad entre 26-30 años (OR: 2,27; IC 95%: 1,21-4,25; p = 0,011), estar en el tercer trimestre de embarazo (OR: 2,37; IC 95%: 1,12-5,01; p = 0,024) y contar con un nivel educativo básico, medio o superior (OR: 10,45; IC 95%: 2,37-46,03; p = 0,002). Conclusión: Es esencial fortalecer las estrategias de información, educación y comunicación, para promover la vacunación segura durante el embarazo.

Abstract Since the second half of 2022, an increase in influenza cases in migratory birds has been reported in Latin America. Influenza A and B viruses are the main agents associated with seasonal epidemic influenza in humans. Influenza A viruses circulate not only in humans but also in animals, including migratory birds. The exchange of genomic RNA segments among two viruses increases the diversity of circulating subtypes and may even facilitate the generation of potentially pandemic viral progeny. The zoonotic nature of influenza A virus can generate infections in humans with animal-origin viruses. Avian-origin influenza A virus has caused transmissions in humans, including severe cases and deaths, with influenza A H5N1 being the most prominent. It is important to take preventive and control measures in case of an increase in influenza cases in migratory birds to prevent possible pandemics in Chile and the world.

Resumen Desde la segunda mitad de 2022 se ha reportado un aumento de casos de influenza en aves migratorias en Latinoamérica. Los virus influenza A y B son los principales agentes asociados a influenza estacional epidémica en humanos. Los virus influenza A circulan no solo en humanos sino también en animales, incluyendo aves migratorias. El intercambio de segmentos de ARN genómico entre dos virus del mismo tipo aumenta la diversidad de los subtipos circulantes e incluso puede facilitar la generación de progenie viral potencialmente pandémica. La naturaleza zoonótica del virus influenza A puede generar infecciones en humanos con virus de origen animal. El virus influenza A de origen aviar ha ocasionado transmisiones en humanos, incluyendo casos graves y muertes, siendo la influenza A H5N1 la más destacada. Es importante tomar medidas de prevención y control en caso de aumento de casos de influenza en aves migratorias para prevenir posibles pandemias en Chile y el mundo.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN Los modelos matemáticos de la transmisión de enfermedades infecciosas permiten estudiar distintos mecanismos que afectan su comportamiento temporal. Este trabajo analizó el efecto sobre la dinámica de la influenza y el virus sincitial respiratorio (VSR) de la disminución de la transmisibilidad debida a las medidas de cuidado adoptadas para reducir la circulación de COVID-19. MÉTODOS Se empleó un modelo determinista tipo SIRS (susceptible-infectado-recuperado-susceptible) con modulación estacional para representar la influenza y el VSR, en ambos casos con inmunidad de corta duración y ciclo anual. Los cambios en la transmisibilidad de la enfermedad se modelaron reduciéndola durante dos años y planteando distintos escenarios. RESULTADOS En el modelo planteado, la reducción en la transmisibilidad genera cambios que se sostienen en los años siguientes: eventos epidémicos muy pronunciados con alargamiento del intervalo interbrote. Este efecto resulta dominante respecto del comportamiento estacional. El escenario de una reducción inicial de la transmisibilidad del 40% resulta compatible con el comportamiento de influenza y VSR reportados actualmente para Argentina. DISCUSIÓN El modelo general propuesto, en condiciones de disminución transitoria en la transmisibilidad, exhibe una epidemiología compatible con la observada recientemente en Argentina para ambas enfermedades e ilustra el modelado como herramienta útil en la comprensión de efectos no intuitivos.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Mathematical models of infectious diseases transmission allow to study different mechanisms which affect their temporal behavior. This work analyzed the impact of the decrease in transmissibility, as a result of measures of personal care adopted to reduce circulation of COVID-19, on the dynamics of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). METHODS A deterministic SIRS (susceptible-infected-recovered-susceptible) model with seasonal modulation was used to represent two diseases with short-term immunity and annual cycle: influenza and RSV. Changes in disease transmissibility were modeled by reducing it for two years and analyzing different scenarios. RESULTS In the proposed model, transmissibility reduction brings changes which sustain in the following years: very pronounced epidemic events with lengthening of the inter-outbreak interval. This effect prevails over the seasonal behavior. The scenario of 40% initial reduction in transmissibility is compatible with the behavior of influenza and RSV currently reported in Argentina. DISCUSSION The general model proposed here, under conditions of temporary reduced transmissibility, shows an epidemiology compatible with recently reported data of influenza and RSV in Argentina. This result illustrates modeling as a useful tool to understand non-intuitive effects.

Resumen En una época como la nuestra, agobiada por una pandemia que parece no tener fin, resulta de particular importancia acercarse al estudio histórico de las enfermedades, epidemias y pandemias que afectan los diversos órdenes de vida de las sociedades. Aunque la pandemia de influenza de 1918 ha sido objeto de estudio de diferentes disciplinas, no se ha prestado mucha atención a la manera en que los periódicos informaron sobre el desarrollo de la enfermedad; es decir, de qué manera se difundieron las noticias del acontecimiento. Así, el objetivo de este artículo es mostrar, a través del análisis de los artículos publicados en El Informador, diario editado en Guadalajara (Jalisco), qué tipo de información se publicaba, la manera en la que las autoridades de Jalisco enfrentaron la problemática sanitaria y qué estrategias utilizaron, qué resultados obtuvieron, cómo reaccionó la población ante la situación sanitaria y cuál fue su impacto en el territorio jalisciense. Pese a los límites de la fuente periodística en cuanto a datos concretos sobre la morbilidad y mortalidad de la epidemia, constituye una ventana privilegiada para observar las actividades emprendidas por las autoridades estatales, municipales y sanitarias, así como las reacciones de la sociedad respecto a la problemática que se vivía.

Abstract In a time like ours, overwhelmed by a pandemic that seems to have no end, it is particularly important to approach the historical study of diseases, epidemics, and pandemics that affect various orders of life in societies. Although the 1918 influenza pandemic has been studied by different disciplines, not much attention has been paid to how newspapers reported the development of the disease; that is, how the news regarding the event were being disseminated. Thus, the objective of this article is to show, through the analysis of the articles published in El Informador, a newspaper published in Guadalajara (Jalisco), what type of information was published, the way in which the Jalisco authorities faced the health problem and what strategies they used, what results they obtained, how the population reacted to the health situation and what was its impact on the Jalisco territory. Despite the limits of the journalistic source in terms of specific data on the morbidity and mortality of the epidemic, it constitutes a privileged window to observe the activities undertaken by the state, municipal, and health authorities, as well as the reactions of society regarding the problem they were experiencing.

Resumen: La influenza aumenta sustancialmente el riesgo de desencadenar síndromes coronarios agudos e insuficiencia cardiaca. La vacunación contra la influenza disminuye estos riesgos y disminuye la aparición de complicaciones. Se recomienda la vacunación de toda la población, especialmente las personas con riesgo o con enfermedad cardiovascular establecida.

Abstract: Influenza substantially increases the risk of triggering acute coronary syndromes and heart failure. Vaccination against influenza decreases these risks and diminishes the occurrence of complications. Vaccination of the entire population is recommended, especially for people at risk or with established cardiovascular disease.

Resumen Se ofrece una perspectiva de las epidemias y pandemias en México en tres periodos: fines del siglo XVIII y siglos XX y XXI, con el fin de analizar cómo las autoridades sanitarias y gubernamentales abordaron estos problemas, así como los desafíos que han representado. Se consultaron fuentes históricas documentales y, en los casos actuales, la participación en ellos. Se combinó metodología epidemiológica e histórica social. La presencia de las epidemias en México es una constante, lo cual evidencia la necesidad de actualizar el sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica, de estar preparados para enfrentar una epidemia y de elaborar un plan de contingencia.

Abstract A perspective of epidemics and pandemics in Mexico is offered, focusing on three time periods, namely, end of the 18th century, the 20th century, and the 21st century, in order to analyze how they were approached by health and government authorities, as well as the challenges they have represented. Historical documentary sources were consulted and, in current cases, participation in them was analyzed. Epidemiological and social historical methodologies were combined. The presence of epidemics in Mexico is a constant on its evolution, which highlights the need for the epidemiological surveillance system to be updated, the importance of being prepared to face an epidemic and to develop a contingency plan.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Genome sequencing has been proved to be an excellent tool to monitor the molecular epidemiology of the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, i.e., coronavirus disease 2019. Some reports of infected, vaccinated individuals have aroused great interest because they are primarily being infected with circulating variants of concern. To investigate the cases of infected, vaccinated individuals in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, we performed genomic monitoring to estimate the magnitude of the different variants of concern in these cases. METHODS: Nasopharyngeal swabs from infected (symptomatic and asymptomatic), vaccinated or unvaccinated individuals (n=29), and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold value (Ct values) of ≤30 were subjected to viral sequencing using nanopore technology. RESULTS: Our analysis revealed that the Omicron variant was found in 99% of cases and the Delta variant was found in only one case. Infected, fully vaccinated patients have a favorable clinical prognosis; however, within the community, they become viral carriers with the aggravating factor of viral dissemination of variants of concern not neutralized by the currently available vaccines. CONCLUSION: It is important to acknowledge the limitations of these vaccines and to develop new vaccines to emergent variants of concern, as is the case of influenza vaccine; going through new doses of the same coronavirus vaccines is “more of the same.”