Abstract COVID-19 led to a reformulation of policies in the tourism sector, as the fall in international flows led to a renewed focus on domestic tourism. Argentina is an example of this phenomenon. During the pandemic, it promoted a local tourism agenda that had not been seen for decades. Foreign promotion and inbound (international) tourism, which used to play a leading role in the sector’s agenda, gave way to the strengthening of domestic tourism. This article analyzes the reformulation of the Argentine tourism agenda during the pandemic and its socio-territorial implications. For this purpose, we use policy analysis as a theoretical-methodological approach, particularly evaluation studies based on quantitative-qualitative methods. The three policies implemented (assistance to the national tourism sector, coordination and adaptation to the new normality, and stimulus to demand) are described and then linked to a context characterized by the lifting of restrictions and the progress of the vaccination process, features that drove tourism recovery rates from the second half of 2021. It is shown that, although in this reactivation there is evidence of a revival of domestic tourism, international tourism remains well below pre-pandemic levels. The text concludes with a series of reflections on the impact of the policies implemented in Argentina.

Resumen La covid-19 provocó una reformulación de las políticas en el sector turístico, pues ante la caída de los flujos internacionales se volvió a apostar por el turismo nacional. Argentina es un ejemplo de este fenómeno: durante la pandemia impulsó una agenda turística local como no sucedía desde hace décadas. La promoción externa y el turismo receptivo (internacional), que ocupaban un lugar protagónico en la agenda del sector, dejaron lugar al fortalecimiento del turismo doméstico. En este artículo se analiza la reformulación de la agenda turística argentina durante la pandemia y sus implicaciones socioterritoriales. Para ello, se utiliza como enfoque teórico-metodológico al análisis de políticas, particularmente los estudios de evaluación que parten de estrategias cuanti-cualitativas. Se describen las tres políticas implementadas (asistencia al sector turístico nacional, coordinación y adaptación a la nueva normalidad y estímulo a la demanda) para luego vincularlas a un contexto caracterizado por el levantamiento de las restricciones y por el avance del proceso de vacunación, rasgos que motorizaron los índices de recuperación turística a partir del segundo semestre de 2021. Se demuestra que, aunque en esta reactivación se evidencia el reimpulso del turismo doméstico, el internacional continúa muy por debajo de los niveles prepandémicos. El texto concluye con una serie de discusiones acerca del impacto de las políticas implementadas en Argentina.

BACKGROUND: The contact center industry is one of the world's fastest expanding, and it has become a vital basis for businesses communicating with clients, whether through information sharing (inbound) or telesales (outbound). The goal of a contact center is to handle existing and future client queries, product support, and regular transactions OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the article was to examine the effectiveness of ICT in improving service delivery at the public sector contact centre and to determine the non-technical and technical factors that influence the effectiveness of the contact centre service delivery METHODS: This article adopted a quantitative approach, using a survey questionnaire to solicit data from respondents. Convenience sampling method was deemed fit to sample contact centre agents and team leaders and managers in the contact centre of the Department of Home Affairs. Quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS RESULTS: Both the literature review and the empirical results revealed that the role of effective technology in service delivery has a significant influence on the quality-of-service results. The findings support the notion that many service failures are caused by a lack of technology training for employees CONCLUSION AND CONTRIBUTION: It is concluded that the use of technology in the contact centre has significantly altered how employees perform their roles and responsibilities CONTRIBUTION: The study found that training on new technological systems can help with service delivery

Abstract Food firms are an important part of Latin American economies, and they face an increasingly competitive context due to their customers’ demands. For this reason, the main objective of this study is to empirically verify how inbound open innovation and absorptive capacity have a positive influence on technological innovations in Peruvian food firms. A model was designed that shows the relationship between the constructs, and it is based on a sample of 111 food firms that participated in the third national innovation survey of the manufacturing industry and knowledge-intensive service firms carried out in 2018. The present study contributes to the literature in the following two ways: First, it contributes to the research of the food industry, which is an industry representative of low-tech intensity industries that lack research; second, it aims to deepen the knowledge about the positive influence of open innovation and absorptive capacity on food firms’ technological innovation capability. As a result, this study has empirically verified how the implementation of inbound open innovation and absorptive capacity improve the technological innovation capability of Peruvian food firms.

Resumen Las empresas de alimentos son parte importante de las economías latinoamericanas, las cuales enfrentan un contexto cada vez más competitivo, por las exigencias de sus clientes. Por ello, esta investigación tiene como principal objetivo verificar empíricamente como la innovación abierta de entrada y la capacidad de absorción favorecen el desarrollo de innovaciones tecnológicas en las empresas peruanas de alimentos. Se ha diseñado un modelo que evidencia la relación entre los constructos, y contando con una muestra de 111 empresas de alimentos que ha participado en la tercera encuesta nacional de innovación de la industria de manufactura y empresas de servicios intensivas en conocimiento realizadas en el año 2018. El presente estudio contribuye a la literatura de dos maneras: en primer lugar, contribuye a la investigación de la industria de alimentos, que es una industria representativa de las industrias de baja intensidad tecnológica que ha sido poco estudiada; y, en segundo lugar, se quiere profundizar el conocimiento sobre como la innovación abierta de entrada y la capacidad de absorción influyen positivamente sobre la capacidad de innovación tecnológica de las empresas de alimentos. Se logró verificar empíricamente como la aplicación de la innovación abierta de entrada y la capacidad de absorción, mejoran la capacidad de innovación tecnológica de las empresas peruanas de alimentos.

Abstract Paper aims This paper studies a new Cross-Docking (CD) scheduling problem inspired by the trend of resource mutualization at CD operations where a company owning a CD platform can lease its docks to other companies. Originality This work pioneers the studies of the resource mutualization at CD operations solving at scheduling problem, where there is a set of requirements for leasing the loading and unloading docks for a period, and the company owning the docks can accept or decline each requirement. Considering that the availability of the docks is linked to scheduling the trucks at the company’s loading and unloading docks, the decision to accept the requirements must be made along with the decisions for scheduling the trucks. Research method To solve this problem, this work proposes a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulation. Main findings Using a commercial solver, the MILP formulation can optimally solve 65/128 instances based on a real operation. For the remaining instances, the MILP formulation obtains an average optimized gap of 8.95%. Implications for theory and practice The MILP formulation obtains acceptable results. Moreover, we found that all the instances accepted the requirements showing that it is economically interesting to lease docks.

ABSTRACT This study is in line with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to evaluate the post-Paris Agreement (COP21) through technological innovations and carbon pricing in a panel of 39 R&D economies from 1995 to 2018. The results show that sustainable technological innovations and smart applications of insurance and financial services help decrease GHG emissions in the lowest to highest quantile distribution. In contrast, air transportation freight, air freight pricing, and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows escalate GHG emissions due to unsustainable logistics activities, inefficient freight pricing, and dirty production, which confirmed the ‘pollution haven’ hypothesis across countries. The impact of air freight revenues has a differential impact on GHG emissions in the different quantiles’ distribution, as in the lowest quantiles (i.e., τ0.2 to τ0.4), air freight revenues increase GHG, whereas, at the highest quantiles’ distribution (i.e., τ0.9) emissions decrease. Thus, the viability of air freight revenues is further assessed using Panel Granger causality and panel innovation matrix. The results show the bidirectional causality between i) air freight pricing and GHG emissions, ii) air transportation freight (and freight pricing, freight revenues, FDI) and technology innovations, iii) FDI and air freight revenues, while there is a unidirectional causality running from i) insurance and financial services to GHG emissions, ii) GHG emissions to technological innovations and FDI inflows, and iii) air transportation freight to FDI inflows.

RESUMEN Este estudio está en línea con la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) para evaluar el Acuerdo post-París (COP21) a través de innovaciones tecnológicas y fijación de precios del carbono en un panel de 39 economías de I + D desde 1995 hasta 2018. Los resultados muestran que las innovaciones tecnológicas y las aplicaciones inteligentes de los servicios financieros y de seguros ayudan a reducir las emisiones de GEI en la distribución de cuantiles desde más bajos a más altos. Por el contrario, el transporte aéreo de mercancías, los precios del transporte aéreo y el flujo de inversión extranjera directa (IED) aumentan las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero debido a actividades logísticas no sostenibles, precios de transporte ineficientes y producción sucia, confirmando la hipótesis del ‘paraíso de contaminación’ en todos los países. Los ingresos por flete aéreo tienen un impacto diferencial en las emisiones de GEI en la distribución de cuantiles, ya que en los cuantiles más bajos (τ0.2 a τ0.4) los ingresos por flete aéreo aumentan emisiones de GEI, mientras que en los cuantiles más altos (τ0.9), las disminuyen. Por lo tanto, la viabilidad de los ingresos por transporte aéreo se evalúa a mayor profundidad utilizando la matriz de innovación de panel y causalidad de Panel Granger. Los resultados muestran causalidad bidireccional entre i) los precios del flete aéreo y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, ii) el flete del transporte aéreo (y el precio del flete, los ingresos por flete, la IED) y las innovaciones tecnológicas, iii) la IED y los ingresos del flete aéreo, mientras que existe una causalidad unidireccional desde i) seguros y servicios financieros a emisiones de GEI, ii) emisiones de GEI a innovaciones tecnológicas y flujos de IED, y iii) fletes de transporte aéreo a flujos de IED.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Green supply chain management (GSCM) integrates environmental thinking into supply chain management (SCM) processes. From a manufacturing firm's perspective, GSCM includes inbound GSCM, green manufacturing (GM) and outbound GSCM. Gm optimisation depends on integrating and optimising the 'green' processes upstream, within and downstream of the manufacturing firm. Previous research highlights the internal and external drivers firms use to implement GM practices, but also cautions against specific barriers that may hinder GM implementation. The purpose of the study was to examine internal and external drivers of and barriers to GM from a South African perspective DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A generic qualitative research design was used to collect data using semi-structured interviews with managers and/or owners from eight manufacturing firms. Four participants from multinational corporations (MNCs), and four participants from small or medium-sized enterprises (SME) were interviewed FINDINGS: The most prominent internal drivers of GM were a socio-cultural responsibility to be green, top management commitment, an economic benefit that may be gained and a positive corporate image resulting from GM practices. Customers and suppliers were the biggest external drivers, while financial constraints and technology were the biggest barriers. MNCs had more drivers of and barriers to GM implementation than SMEs did RECOMMENDATIONS/VALUE: Due to the varying nature of products, industries and countries, a generic list of drivers and barriers cannot be compiled for all firms. Therefore, firms need to be acutely aware of these characteristics to identify relevant GM drivers and barriers MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Top management should create a corporate culture to drive their GM practices from within the firm. They should emphasise their socio-cultural responsibility and the economic benefits of GM. In addition, managers should collaborate more with supply chain partners and be aware of other relevant external drivers. Financial constraints and technological barriers need to be overcome JEL CLASSIFICATION: N67; O14; Q56

ABSTRACT This article discusses the adoption of the Inbound Marketing approach by technology startups dedicated to providing B2B services. In order to develop this topic, a discussion regarding the concept of marketing, and its evolution over the years and how it is adaptable to different contexts, emphasizing the startup ecosystem is presented. Technological trends that affect or have an impact on marketing are developed, finding three trends: machine learning, artificial intelligence and big data. Second, authors address marketing from a digital context considering the Inbound Marketing approach, based on how it develops its process, advantages and the main tools it uses. Third, a discussion begins on how digital marketing is approached within the context of B2B startups and how Inbound Marketing represents an opportunity for this type of organization.

RESUMEN Este artículo discute la adopción del enfoque Inbound Marketing por parte de startups de tecnología dedicadas a proveer servicios B2B. Para poder desarrollar este tema, se parte de una discusión respecto al concepto del marketing y su evolución a lo largo de los años y como este es adaptable a distintos contextos, haciendo hincapié en el ecosistema startup. Asimismo, se desarrolla sobre tendencias tecnológicas que afectan o tienen repercusión en el marketing y la relación con los clientes. Es así que se distingue prioritariamente tres tendencias: machine learning, inteligencia artificial y big data. En segundo lugar, se aborda el marketing desde un contexto digital y con enfoque de Inbound Marketing, profundizando en este a partir de cómo se desarrolla su proceso, sus ventajas y las principales herramientas que utiliza. En tercer lugar, B2B y cómo el inbound marketing supone una oportunidad para este tipo de organizaciones se inicia una discusión sobre cómo se aborda el marketing digital dentro del contexto de startups.

This mathematical model forms machine cells, optimises the costs of unassigned machines and components, and designs the shop floor cell layout to have minimal movement of materials. The complete similarity measure algorithm forms machine cells and part families in a refined form. Later, exceptional elements are eliminated in the optimisation model by using machine duplication and sub-contracting of parts. Then the shop floor layout is designed to have optimised material movements between and within cells. An evaluation of the cell formation algorithm' performance is done on the benchmark problems of various batch sizes to reveal the process's capability compared with other similar methods. The data of machining times are acquired and tabulated in a part incidence matrix, which is used as input for the algorithm. The results from the linear programming optimisation model are that costs are saved, machines are duplicated, parts are sub-contracted, and there are inter- and intra-cellular movements. Finally, the output of the inbound facility design is the floor layout, which has machine cell clusters within the optimised floor area.

Hierdie artikel bied 'n wiskundige model aan wat masjien selle skep, die onkostes van nie-toegewysde masjiene en komponente optimeer, en die aanlegvloer uitleg te ontwerp sodat daar minimale beweging van materiaal is. Die volledige eendersheidsmaatstaf algoritme skep masjien selle en onderdeelfamilies in 'n verfynde formaat. Daarna word uitsonderlike elemente van die optimeringsmodel verwyder deur die gebruik van duplikasie en sametrekking van onderdele. Daarna word die aanleg se vloeruitleg ontwerp om minimale beweging van materiaal tussen en binne-in die selle te hê. Die sel skeppingsalgoritme se vertoning word evalueer teen maatstafprobleme van verskeie lot groottes om die proses se vermoë te vergelyk met ander, soortgelyke metodes. Die data van masjineertye word verkry en getabuleer in n matriks wat gebruik word as inset vir die algoritme. Die resultate van die lineêre programmering optimeringsmodel is kostes wat gestoor word, masjiene wat gedupliseer word, onderdele wat saamgetrek word tesame met die inter- en intrasellulêre bewegings. Laastens word die aanleg se vloeruitleg bepaal wat masjien sel groeperings binne die geoptimeerde vloer area plaas.

Abstract Latin American manufacturing firms must develop innovations to be competitive. For this reason, this research has two objectives: first, to analyze how connections with customers, suppliers, competitors, and research institutes are related to absorptive capacity, and, second, to demonstrate the existing relationship between absorptive capacity and technological innovation. A theoretical model was developed to show the relationship among the variables. The structural equation modelling was applied through AMOS software to a sample of 1,098 Peruvian manufacturing firms that participated in the second national innovation survey carried out in 2015. This study contributes to the literature on how firms relate with collaboration networks to improve their innovation capacity. In this way, firms obtain knowledge by applying the inbound open innovation approach. This knowledge is processed through each firm’s absorptive capacity and will improve its innovation capacity. Low or medium-low tech manufacturing firms that make investments in machinery, hardware, and software are more able to carry out product and process innovations. Product innovations allow firms to maintain or increase their position in the market and have more satisfied customers, while process innovations reduce their operating costs and make them more efficient.

Resumen Las empresas manufactureras latinoamericanas deben desarrollar innovaciones para ser competitivas. Por ello, esta investigación tiene dos objetivos: primero, analizar cómo se relacionan las conexiones con clientes, proveedores, competidores e institutos de investigación con la capacidad de absorción, y, segundo, demostrar la relación existente entre la capacidad de absorción y la innovación tecnológica. Se desarrolló un modelo teórico para mostrar la relación entre las variables, a las cuales se les aplicó el método de ecuaciones estructurales, utilizando el software AMOS, a una muestra de 1098 empresas manufactureras peruanas que participaron en la segunda encuesta nacional de innovación realizada en 2015. Este estudio contribuye a la literatura sobre cómo las empresas se relacionan con las redes de colaboración para mejorar la capacidad de innovación, de esta manera obtienen conocimiento aplicando el enfoque de innovación abierta entrante, este conocimiento procesado a través de la capacidad de absorción de la empresa mejorará su capacidad de innovación. Las empresas manufactureras de intensidad tecnológica baja o media-baja realizan inversiones en maquinaria, hardware y software y tienen más capacidad para realizar innovaciones de productos y procesos. Las innovaciones en producto permiten a las empresas mantener o incrementar su posición en el mercado o tener clientes más satisfechos, al tiempo que realizan innovaciones en los procesos para reducir sus costos operativos o ser más eficientes.

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as estratégias de inovação aberta e suas implicações sobre a apropriabilidade e desempenho inovativo em Serviços Empresariais Intensivos em Conhecimento (KIBS) atuantes no mercado brasileiro. A pesquisa utilizou o método survey, com recorte transversal. O instrumento de coleta foi um questionário aplicado em 345 empresas que prestam serviços de Tecnologia da Informação e Consultorias em Gestão Empresarial. A análise de agrupamentos foi a principal técnica empregada para análise dos dados. Os resultados demonstraram que as empresas KIBS que têm uma pequena diferença entre os fluxos de entrada e saída acabam utilizando mais os mecanismos de apropriação, além de adotarem a estratégia de revelação seletiva mais intensamente. Conclui-se que as empresas KIBS brasileiras adotam com maior intensidade fluxos de conhecimento de fora para dentro (inbound) e que as empresas denominadas neste trabalho como “neutras” apresentaram maior apropriabilidade e desempenho inovativo que as “externalizadoras”, “internalizadoras” ou “muito internalizadoras”.

ABSTRACT This paper analyzes open innovation strategies and their implications on appropriability and performance in Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS) firms which operate in the Brazilian market. This is cross-sectional research relying on the survey method. Data was collected through a questionnaire applied to 345 firms that provide Information Technology (IT) and Business Management Consulting services. Cluster analysis was the main technique employed for data analysis. The results showed that KIBS firms, whose inbound and outbound flows difference is small, eventually use appropriation mechanisms to a greater extent and adopt the selective revealing strategy more intensely. It is concluded that Brazilian KIBS firms adopt inbound knowledge flows more intensely, and that firms herein labelled as “neutral” presented greater appropriation and innovation performance than “externalizing”, “internalizing” or “very internalizing” firms.

Resumen La actividad turística costarricense se ha convertido en uno de los principales productos de exportación y en una estrategia de desarrollo sostenible, dada su estrecha relación con los espacios ambientales existentes y en razón a las características de los territorios en los que se prestan estos servicios. El turismo se considera uno de los sectores económicos más vulnerables a la variación del clima, pues muchos destinos dependen de las condiciones ecológicas -por ejemplo, el turismo de sol y playa o de recursos ambientales- como las zonas protectoras o parques nacionales. En este contexto, el artículo busca evidenciar elementos de mejora ambiental que contribuyan a la sustentabilidad actual y futura de los servicios de turismo receptor, con el conocimiento de que la política de adaptación para enfrentar el cambio climático no tiene acciones explícitas orientadas al sector turismo. La investigación muestra que es necesaria la formulación de política pública explícita dirigida a la adaptación y mitigación del sector turismo, y no solo para los espacios naturales que explotan los servicios ecosistémicos ofrecidos por la biodiversidad que posee el país. Además, desde el punto de vista de la economía circular, se han dado importantes avances en algunos indicadores relacionados con la conservación, la resiliencia, el uso y el consumo del recurso hídrico, alianzas público-privadas, redes de apoyo y otros que favorecen la sostenibilidad de comunidades y territorios. Esto evidencia la importancia estratégica del sector para enfrentar el cambio climático y la necesaria incorporación de acciones más robustas en este objetivo.

Résumé L'activité touristique du Costa Rica est devenue l'un des principaux produits d'exportation du pays et une stratégie de développement durable du fait de sa relation étroite et privilégiée avec l’environnement et en raison des caractéristiques des territoires dans lesquels sont offerts ces services. Le tourisme est l'un des secteurs économiques les plus vulnérables aux variations climatiques dans la mesure où de nombreuses destinations dépendent de conditions environnementales optimales - le tourisme de détente, à la mer ou à la montagne, le tourisme vert, les espaces protégés, les parcs nationaux. Cet article révèle l’importance des éléments nécessaires à une prise de conscience environnementale contribuant à la durabilité et protection de l’environnement de la part des opérateurs touristiques récepteurs, dans la mesure où les politiques d'adaptation au changement climatique n’incluent pas d'actions explicites pour le secteur touristique. Cette investigation révèle également la nécessité de création de politiques publiques globales, nationales et explicites visant à faire évoluer le secteur touristique vers une plus grande protection de l’environnement, des écosystémes et de la biodiversité du Costa Rica. Par ailleurs, en ce qui concerne l'économie circulaire, nous constatons que des avancées importantes ont eu lieu en terme de conservation, de résilience, d'utilisation et de consommation des ressources hydriques, de partenariats public-privé favorisant la durabilité des communautés et des territoires. Cette prise de conscience montre l'importance stratégique du secteur du tourisme face au changement climatique et à la nécessaire mise en place d'actions percutantes pour atteindre ces objectifs.

Abstract The tourism activity in Costa Rica has become one of the principal export products and a sustainable development strategy, given its close relationship with the existing environmental spaces and because of the characteristics of the territories where these services are provided. Tourism is one of the most vulnerable economic sectors to climate variation, since many destinations depend on ecological conditions - for example, sun and beach tourism or the environmental resources of a tourist destination - such as protective areas or national parks. In this context, this article seeks to highlight elements of environmental improvement that contribute to the current and future sustainability of inbound tourism services, bearing in mind that the adaptation policy to address climate change does not have explicit actions aimed at the tourism sector. The research shows it is necessary to formulate explicit public policy aimed at the adaptation and mitigation in the tourism sector, and not only for natural areas that exploit the ecosystem services offered by the biodiversity of the country. In addition, from the point of view of the circular economy, important advances have been made in some indicators related to conservation, resilience, use and consumption of water resources, public-private alliances, support networks, and others that favor the sustainability of communities and territories. This shows the strategic importance of the sector in confronting climate change and the need to incorporate more robust actions in this aim.

Resumo A atividade turística da Costa Rica tornou-se um dos principais produtos de exportação e uma estratégia de desenvolvimento sustentável, por sua estreita relação com os espaços ambientais existentes e pelas características dos territórios onde esses serviços são prestados. O turismo é considerado um dos setores econômicos mais vulneráveis à variação climática, pois muitos destinos dependem de condições ecológicas - por exemplo, turismo de sol e praia ou recursos ambientais - como zonas de proteção ou parques nacionais. Nesse contexto, o artigo busca mostrar elementos de melhoria ambiental que contribuem para a sustentabilidade atual e futura dos serviços de turismo receptivo, com o conhecimento de que a política de adaptação para enfrentar as mudanças climáticas não possui ações explícitas voltadas para o setor turístico. A pesquisa mostra que é necessário formular uma política pública explícita voltada para a adaptação e mitigação do setor turístico, e não apenas para os espaços naturais que exploram os serviços ecossistêmicos oferecidos pela biodiversidade que tem o país. Além disso, do ponto de vista da economia circular, tem havido avanços importantes em alguns indicadores relacionados à conservação, resiliência, uso e consumo de recursos hídricos, parcerias público-privadas, redes de apoio e outros que favorecem a sustentabilidade de comunidades e territórios. Isso mostra a importância estratégica do setor para enfrentar as mudanças climáticas e a necessária incorporação de ações mais robustas nesse objetivo.

O impacto do trabalho em call-center em várias dimensões físicas e psicológicas do indivíduo tem sido alvo de diversos estudos; no entanto, pouca investigação tem comparado os tipos de serviços neste contexto de trabalho. Assim, este estudo, além de fazer uma análise das características do trabalho, das principais fontes de stresse do compromisso com a organização neste tipo de contexto, comparou os serviços inbound e outbound em função de tais dimensões. No total, participaram 274 operadores de call-center, 191 do serviço inbound e 83 do serviço outbound. Na recolha de dados foi usado um protocolo de investigação constituído por diversas escalas, em formato papel e online. Verificou-se que participantes do grupo inbound percecionam uma maior variedade de competências no seu trabalho e níveis superiores de stress relacionados com problemas familiares do que os participantes do grupo outbound. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em relação ao compromisso com a organização.

The impact of call-center work on various physical and psychological dimensions of the individual has been subject of several studies; however, research comparing the types of services in this work context is scarce. Thus, in this study, besides analysing the characteristics of the work, the main sources of stress and the organizational commitment in this type of context, also compared the inbound and outbound services according to such dimensions. In total, 274 call-center operators participated, 191 of the inbound service and 83 of the outbound service. In the data collection the protocol used consisted in several scales, in paper format and online. It was found that participants in the inbound group perceive a greater variety of skills in their work and higher levels of stress related to family problems than the participants of the outbound group. No significant differences were found relatively to the commitment to the organization.

Abstract In this paper, we analyze the relationship between Mexico’s real GDP and international tourism by means of an ARDL model estimated with quarterly series for the period 1993Q1 - 2017Q3. The results indicate the existence of a long-run relationship, and provide statistical evidence that international tourism has a positive effect on the GDP; although the GDP is inelastic to the changes in tourist arrivals.

Resumen En este documento se analiza la relación que tienen el PIB real de México y el turismo internacional a través de un modelo ARDL estimado con series trimestrales para el periodo 1993Q1 - 2017Q3. Los resultados señalan la existencia de una relación de largo plazo, y dan evidencia estadística de que el efecto del turismo sobre el PIB es positivo, pero también de que el PIB mexicano es inelástico ante las variaciones en la llegada de turistas internacionales.

Resumo Este texto traz uma síntese da atividade turística no Brasil, apresentando e analisando estatísticas sob a perspectiva econômica. Para tanto, são reunidos dados das principais fontes oficiais disponíveis, bem como informações sobre o turismo produzidas pela Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (FIPE). Inicialmente são apresentadas análises sobre o mercado mundial de turismo. Em seguida, é discutida a realidade do turismo internacional receptivo do Brasil, incluindo relações entre renda, preços, taxa de câmbio e turismo. Três análises sobre o turismo no Brasil são destacadas: a importância do turismo doméstico, as oportunidades existentes no turismo receptivo internacional e os impactos do turismo na distribuição regional de renda. Por fim, o texto apresenta algumas recomendações para o turismo no Brasil.

Abstract This paper provides a summary of tourism activity in Brazil, presenting and analyzing statistics from an economic perspective. To this end, data are collected from the main official sources available, as well as from tourism surveys conducted by the Institute of Economic Research Foundation (FIPE). The first section presents an analysis of the global tourism market. Next, the paper discusses Brazil's inbound tourism, including the effects of income, prices, and exchange rate. Three analyzes of tourism in Brazil are highlighted: the importance of domestic tourism, the opportunities of inbound tourism, and the impacts of tourism on regional income distribution. Finally, the paper presents some recommendations for tourism in Brazil.

Resumen Este artículo resume la actividad turística en Brasil, presentando y analizando estadísticas desde una perspectiva económica. Con este fin, se recopilan datos de las principales fuentes oficiales disponibles, así como información sobre turismo producida por el Instituto Fundação de Pesquisas Econômicas (FIPE). Inicialmente, se presentan análisis sobre el mercado turístico mundial. A continuación, se discute la realidad del turismo internacional receptivo de Brasil, incluidas las relaciones entre ingresos, precios, tipo de cambio y turismo. Se destacan tres análisis sobre el turismo en Brasil: la importancia del turismo interno, las oportunidades existentes en el turismo receptivo internacional y los impactos del turismo en la distribución regional del ingreso. Finalmente, el texto presenta algunas recomendaciones para el turismo en Brasil.

Abstract Paper aims the purpose of this study is to analyze how Open Innovation (OI) activities occur in Product Development Processes (PDP) and in the design of new products. Originality the study is based on a self-developed and conducted survey, applied to engineers and managers working in departments involving product development and innovation among the Brazilian automakers. Research method the method adopted is that of a questionnaire-based survey. Results are analyzed through a principal component analysis, followed by ordinary least squares regressions, in order to test the hypotheses proposed. Main findings results suggest that inbound practices were more present than outbound practices, with a strong presence of the supplier in the design process (and not so much of a user-centered approach). Correlation between an organizational culture that favors OI and adoption to newer PDP methods and tools indicate that adopting newer product development methodologies and technologies could lead to a more “open” design process. Implications for theory and practice the research provides an overview of open innovation within the Brazilian automakers, and reports what could be opportunities for the automotive industry to head towards.