Resumo No norte central do Chile, lagoas efêmeras constituem corpos de água isolados e pouco profundos, com um habitat favorável para a fauna adaptada as mudanças sazonais que as zonas úmidas estão sujeitas. Com relação a estes ecossistemas, sabe-se pouco sobre sua fauna, principalmente a de insetos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a riqueza, composição, estrutura e similaridade das comunidades de insetos que habitam as lagoas temporárias de Huentelauquén (29º S, Região de Coquimbo, Chile). Usando armadilhas de interceptação, se capturou um total de 10.762 indivíduos, pertencentes a 7 ordens, 27 famílias e 51 espécies. Coleoptera e Hymenoptera foram as ordens mais representativas, enquanto Neuroptera, Orthoptera e Plecoptera foram grupos pouco representativos. Os estimadores não paramétricos avaliados mostraram valores de riqueza superiores ao observados para todas as lagoas estudadas, e suas curvas de acumulação parecem indicar que o inventario da comunidade estudada está incompleto. A análise hierárquica e de ordenamento revelou agrupamentos de lagoas correspondentes a zona nordeste e sudeste de Huentelauquén. Preliminarmente encontramos uma correlação negativa entre a área de lagoas efêmeras e a riqueza (espécies) e abundância de insetos. É necessário realizar estudos adicionais (sobre outros grupos de artrópodes e em outras estações do ano) para melhor compreensão dos processos locais de extinção e colonização das espécies que habitam estes frágeis ambientes costeiros estudados.

Abstract In northern central Chile, ephemeral pools constitute shallow isolated water bodies with a favourable habitat for fauna adapted to seasonal changes. Based on the limited knowledge about the fauna—particularly insects—associated to these ecosystems, the objective of this study was to characterize the richness, composition, structure and similarity of the insect communities associated with ephemeral pools in Huentelauquén (29º S, Coquimbo Region, Chile). By using pitfall traps, 10,762 individuals were captured, represented by 7 orders, 27 families, and 51 species. Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were the best represented orders, with Neuroptera, Orthoptera and Plecoptera being poorly represented groups. The non-parametric estimators evaluated showed wealth values above those observed for all the studied pools, and their accumulation curves suggest the existence of an incomplete species inventory in the studied community. Additionally, the hierarchical and ordering analysis showed groupings of pools located in the northwest and southeast of Huentelauquén. Preliminarily we found a negative correlation between the area of the pools and the richness (species) and abundance of insects. Additional studies (on other arthropod groups and other seasons of the year) could provide a better understanding of the local processes of extinction and colonization of the species inhabiting these fragile coastal environments.

Abstract The honey bee Apis mellifera is a plant-pollinator that produces commercial products. It has female castes with workers performing tasks in the colonies and a queen, it has the longest lifespan, in charge of reproduction. This bee undergoes a population decline worldwide. Therefore, it is important to understand how aging affects the digestive tract of this insect. In the midgut, regenerative cells are organized in nests replacing the dead cells. This study verified the hypothesis that the number of regenerative cells decreases as A. mellifera queen ages. The midgut was evaluated in queens at the age of four days and eight, 11 and 25 months. The midgut of 11- and 25-month-old queens presented signs of epithelial disorganization in comparison with younger queens. The number of regenerative cell nests in the midgut decreases according to the age of the queen, but the number of cells per nest is similar. The decreased number of regenerative cell nests reveals a potential loss in the amount of these cells available for the renewal of the midgut epithelium. The absence of variations in the number of regenerative cells per nest according to the queen age indicates that these cells do not undergo proliferation before the differentiation.

RESUMEN Las hormigas son himenópteros muy diversos y de amplia distribución geográfica. Son insectos sociales y su comunicación se basa en señales químicas. Dentro del grupo de semioquímicos que regulan la búsqueda de alimentos están las feromonas de rastro en los caminos. El propósito de esta revisión es documentar las principales feromonas de seguimiento en los senderos que guían a las hormigas hacia las fuentes de alimentación. Se realizó una revisión sistemática basada en las directrices de la declaratoria PRISMA de las investigaciones encontradas en PubMed, Web of Science y Google Scholar de las feromonas de rastro. Se reportaron 26 compuestos químicos de 14 especies de hormigas, las principales fuentes de obtención fueron extractos de cuerpo completo, abdomen y glándulas. La detección de los semioquímicos fueron respuestas electrofisiológicas de los himenópteros y métodos cromatográficos, registrando compuestos orgánicos de cadena corta y larga (C05-C18). El estudio de compuestos químicos de rastro se ha realizado a un número reducido de especies, este tipo de investigaciones tiene gran potencial para el control de hormigas invasoras, ya que su distribución ha tenido repercusiones negativas en los ecosistemas y daños económicos para el hombre.

ABSTRACT Ants are very diverse hymenopterans with a wide geographical distribution. They are social insects and their communication is based on chemical signals. Within the group of semiochemicals that regulate the search for foods are the trail pheromones on the roads. The purpose of this review is to document the main tracking pheromones on the trails that guide ants to feeding sources. A systematic review was carried out based on the guidelines of the PRISMA statement of research found in PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar of the pheromones trails. Reported 26 chemical compounds were reported in 14 species of ants, the main sources of obtaining were extracts of the whole body, abdomen and glands. The detection of the semiochemicals were electrophysiological responses of Hymenoptera and chromatographic methods, recording short and long-chain organic compounds (C05-C18). The study of trial chemical compounds has been carried out on a small number of species, this type of research has great potential for the control of invasive ants, since their distribution has had negative repercussions on ecosystems and economic damage to man.

Resumen En este trabajo se determina la entomofauna benéfica asociada a especies arbóreas en escenarios de la agricultura urbana de Pinar del Río, Cuba. Entre septiembre de 2019 y marzo de 2020, se realizó un inventario florístico de la biodiversidad arbórea y se recolectaron muestras de los biorreguladores. Se inventariaron 23 especies arbóreas y 65% de ellas estuvo representado por frutales. La mayor riqueza de especies se detectó en los órdenes Diptera, Mesostigmata, Hymenoptera y Araneae. Los biorreguladores con mayor frecuencia fueron Condylostylus sp., Ocyptamus costatus y Phytoseiulus sp.; mientras que, las especies arbóreas con mayor proporción de artrópodos asociados fueron Persea americana, Citrus limon, Morinda citrifolia y Psidium guajava. Los resultados corroboran la necesidad de fomentar estratos arbóreos como reservorio de biorreguladores y profundizar en la actividad de estos organismos benéficos como alternativa para el manejo de plagas.

Abstract This work determines the beneficial entomofauna associated with tree species in urban agriculture scenarios of Pinar del Río, Cuba. Between September 2019 and March 2020, a floristic inventory of tree biodiversity was conducted and samples of bioregulators were collected. Twenty-three tree species were inventoried and 65% of them were represented by fruit trees. The greatest species richness was detected in the orders Diptera, Mesostigmata, Hymenoptera and Araneae. The most frequent bioregulators were Condylostylus sp., Ocyptamus costatus and Phytoseiulus sp.; while the tree species with the highest proportion of associated arthropods were Persea americana, Citrus limon, Morinda citrifolia and Psidium guajava. The results corroborate the need to promote tree strata as a reservoir of bioregulators and deepen the activity of these beneficial organisms as an alternative for pest management.

ABSTRACT The almond (Prunus dulcis) is an economically important crop in Portugal and is in the process of expansion. The assessment of the diversity of arthropods existing in the almond tree canopy becomes essential to know the trophic relationships that are established within it. The aim of this work was to identify the main arthropods present in the almond tree canopy in different soil management systems and water conditions. The trial was carried out in two almond groves, in Corujas, Macedo de Cavaleiros: rainfed and irrigated. They were subdivided into two treatments: 1) mobilized soil and 2) spontaneous vegetation, each with 3 blocks and 5 replications. Modalities 1 and 2 were installed in May 2022. Samples were collected fortnightly, between July and September 2022, performing 6 taps/tree/modality, using the tapping technique, to assess the auxiliary fauna and 20 leaves/ tree to monitor Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae), Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Posteriorly, the individuals were counted and their identification was made at order and family level, for the auxiliary fauna and at species level for the pests. The most frequent orders were Hymenoptera (30%) and Araneae (18%). There were no significant differences in the number of arthropods between treatments in the two almond groves. With regard to pests, T. urticae and M. unicostata predominated in both orchards, with greater abundance in the irrigated grove.

RESUMO A amendoeira (Prunus dulcis) é uma cultura economicamente importante em Portugal e atualmente encontra-se em fase de expansão. A avaliação da diversidade de artrópodes existente na copa da amendoeira torna-se essencial para conhecer as relações tróficas que se estabelecem no seu interior. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os principais artrópodes presentes na copa das amendoeiras em diferentes sistemas de gestão do solo e condições hídricas. O ensaio foi conduzido em dois amendoais, em Corujas, Macedo de Cavaleiros: sequeiro e regadio. Eles foram subdivididos em dois tratamentos: 1) solo mobilizado e 2) vegetação espontânea, cada um com 3 blocos e 5 repetições. As modalidades 1 e 2 foram instaladas em maio de 2022. As amostras foram recolhidas quinzenalmente, entre julho e setembro de 2022, realizando-se 6 batidas/árvore/modalidade, na técnica das pancadas, para avaliar a fauna auxiliar e colhidas 20 folhas/árvore para monitorizar Monosteira unicostata (Hemiptera: Tingidae), Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae) e Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Posteriormente, contaram-se os indivíduos e a sua identificação foi feita ao nível de ordem e família para a fauna auxiliar e de espécie para as pragas. As ordens mais frequentes foram Hymenoptera (30%) e Araneae (18%). Não se verificaram diferenças significativas no número de artrópodes entre os tratamentos, nos dois amendoais. Quanto às pragas, predominaram T. urticae e M. unicostata nos dois amendoais, verificando-se maior abundância no amendoal de regadio.

Resumen Las avispas parasitoides Clistopyga misionensis Bordera & Sääksjärvi e Hymenoepimecis pucallpina Pádua & Sääksjärvi fueron descritas recientemente y solo se conocen de Perú y Argentina. Para ambas especies, los machos siguen siendo desconocidos. Aquí proporcionamos el primer registro de H. pucallpina para Brasil, Mato Grosso, y el macho se describe e ilustra por primera vez. También proporcionamos un nuevo registro de distribución de C. misionensis para Brasil, Minas Gerais. Se proporciona un mapa de distribución e imágenes.

Abstract The parasitoid wasps Clistopyga misionensis Bordera & Sääksjärvi and Hymenoepimecis pucallpina Pádua & Sääksjärvi were described recently and were known only from Peru and Argentina, respectively. The males of both species remain unknown. Here, we provide the first record of H. pucallpina for Brazil, Mato Grosso, and its male is described and illustrated for the first time. We also provide a new distribution record of C. misionensi for Brazil, Minas Gerais. A distribution map and images are provided.

Resumen Antecedentes: La distancia geográfica promueve la variación fenotípica al facilitar la distancia ambiental, limitar el flujo genético y exponer las plantas a diferentes polinizadores. Por lo tanto, comprender cómo cambia la morfología de las plantas geográficamente mejora nuestra comprensión de los impulsores de la diversificación morfológica. Preguntas: 1) ¿Cómo afectan la ubicación geográfica y los factores abióticos a la morfología floral entre las poblaciones? 2) ¿Existe un patrón geográfico de variación floral? y 3) ¿Cómo variaciones de temperatura anual y precipitación afectan a la morfología de las flores dentro de las poblaciones? Especies de estudio: Penstemon albidus, P. fruticosus, P. glandulosus, P. speciosus y P. whippleanus. Sitio y años de estudio: EEUU continental, veranos de 2017 - 2018. Métodos: Seleccionamos 57 poblaciones y 496 individuos para medir diez rasgos florales. Las variables bioclimáticas se extrajeron de WorldClim y NOAA. Los datos se analizaron con modelos lineales, regresión de mínimos cuadrados parciales, test de Mantel y análisis de correlación canónica. Resultados: Las variables geográficas explicaron una porción significativa de la variación morfológica en dos especies, mientras que, en otras, la morfología de las flores no varió a pesar de grandes distancias geográficas. La precipitación media anual fue la variable más importante que influyó en la morfología de las flores de P. glandulosus. Conclusiones: La distancia geográfica facilita el aislamiento por distancia y por fenología, así como las diferencias abióticas entre poblaciones; sin embargo, otros factores, como los polinizadores, podrían mantener las poblaciones morfológicamente homogéneas a pesar de la gran distancia geográfica.

Abstract Background: Geographic distance promotes phenotypic variation by facilitating environmental distance, limiting gene flow, and exposing plants to different pollen vectors. Therefore, understanding how plant morphology changes across a geographic range improves our understanding of the drivers of morphological diversification both on a macro- and micro-evolutionary scale. Questions: 1) How do geographic location and abiotic factors affect flower morphology between populations? 2) Is there a geographic pattern of flower morphology variation? and 3) How does yearly variation in temperature and precipitation affect flower morphology within populations? Studied species: Penstemon albidus, P. fruticosus, P. glandulosus, P. speciosus, and P. whippleanus Study site and dates: The continental USA, summers of 2017 and 2018 Methods: Fifty-seven populations and 496 individuals were selected at random to measure ten floral traits. Bioclimatic variables were extracted from the WorldClim database and NOAA. Linear models, partial least squares regression, Mantel tests and canonical correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: Geographic variables alone explained a significant portion of the variation in flower morphology in two species, while in others, flower morphology did not vary despite large geographic distances. Penstemon albidus and P. whippleanus flowers increase in size from south-north, while P. glandulosus and P. speciosus exhibited an east-west increasing trend. Additionally, mean annual precipitation was the most important variable influencing P. glandulosus flower morphology. Conclusions: Geographic distance facilitates isolation-by-distance and isolation-by-phenology as well as abiotic differences between populations; however, other factors such as pollinators might be keeping populations morphologically homogeneous despite large geographic distance.

Abstract A survey and characterization of entomogenous galls and their associated fauna were carried out in six remnants of Caatinga in the Northern Depressão Sertaneja, in the states of Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará. We identified 41 gall morphotypes in 24 plant species, belonging to 12 botanical families. Fabaceae had 29.2% (n = 12) of the total number of gall morphotypes found. Leaves (61%) and stems (25%) were the most attacked organs. Most morphotypes are glabrous (75.6%), while only 24.4% exhibit trichomes. Most galls were induced by insects of the Cecidomyiidae family. The associated fauna comprised successors, cecidophages, tenants, and parasitoids. Sucessors were found in four morphotypes of galls and included spiders and four orders of insects: Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera (Formicidae). The tenants were represented by Tanaostigmoides (Tanaostigmatidae). The parasitoids, found in 18 morphotypes (43.9%), were represented by six families of Hymenoptera. We recorded the occurrence of new types of galls in 12 species of host plants. These gall records are new references for the Northern Depressão Sertaneja in the studied states.

Resumo Realizou-se um levantamento e caracterização de galhas entomógenas e sua fauna associada em seis remanescentes de Caatinga presentes na Depressão Sertaneja Setentrional nos estados da Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte e Ceará. Identificamos 41 morfotipos de galhas em 24 espécies de plantas, pertencentes a 12 famílias botânicas. Fabaceae abrigou 29,2% (n = 12) do total de morfotipos de galhas encontrados. As folhas (61%) e os caules (25%) foram os órgãos mais atacados. A maioria dos morfotipos é glabra (75,6%), enquanto apenas 24,4% exibiram tricomas. As galhas, em sua maioria, foram induzidas por insetos da família Cecidomyiidae. A fauna associada compreendeu sucessores, fungívoros, inquilinos e parasitoides. Os primeiros foram encontrados em quatro morfotipos de galhas, estando representados por aranhas e quatro ordens de insetos: Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera e Hymenoptera (Formicidae). Os inquilinos foram representados por Tanaostigmoides Ashmead, 1896 (Tanaostigmatidae). Já os parasitoides, encontrados em 18 morfotipos de galhas (43,9%), foram representados por seis famílias de Hymenoptera. Registramos a ocorrência de novos tipos de galhas em 12 espécies de plantas hospedeiras. Os registros de galhas também são novas referências para a Depressão Sertaneja Setentrional nos estados estudados.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the diet and trophic niche breadth of an insectivorous bat very common in an urban environment in southern Brazil. To analyze the feeding habit of Molossus rufus, it was necessary to collect fecal samples in urban colonies in the city of Maringá, State of Paraná. Samplings occurred from November 2018 to September 2019, including rainy and dry seasons. The fragments found in the samples were identified up to the level of order or family whenever possible. Percentage of volume and frequency of occurrence, Feeding Index (IAi%), PERMANOVA, and trophic niche breadth were used. Thus, a total of 140 samples were obtained, 92 for the rainy season and 48 for the dry season. In terms of percentage of volume, the diet consisted mainly of Hymenoptera (46.9%) in the rainy season and Coleoptera (39.2%) in the dry season. The results for standardized trophic niche breadth were Ba = 0.36 for the rainy season and Ba = 0.37 in the dry season, indicating a low food diversity. In conclusion, there was a food preference on the part of M. rufus according to the season evaluated, with Hymenoptera and Coleoptera being the most relevant dietary items.

Abstract Endogenous virus elements (EVEs) are viral-derived sequences integrated into their host genomes. EVEs of the Jingchuvirales order were detected in a wide range of insect genomes covering several distantly related families. Moreover, Jingchuvirales-derived glycoproteins were recently associated by our group with the origin of a putative new retrovirus based on a glycoprotein captured by a mosquito retrotransposon. But, except for mosquitoes, there is a lack of a more detailed understanding of the endogenization mechanism, timing, and frequency per Jingchuvirales viral lineages. Here we screened Jingchuvirales glycoprotein-derived EVEs (Jg-EVEs) in eukaryotic genomes. We found six distinct endogenization events of Jg-EVEs, that belong to two out of five known Jingchuvirales families (Chuviridae and Natareviridae). For seven arthropod families bearing Jg-EVEs there is no register of bona fide circulating chuvirus infection. Hence, our results show that Jingchuvirales viruses infected or still infect these host families. Although we found abundant evidence of LTR-Gypsy retrotransposons fragments associated with the glycoprotein in Hymenoptera and other insect orders, our results show that the widespread distribution of Jingchuvirales glycoproteins in extant Arhtropods is a result of multiple ancient endogenization events and that these virus fossils are being vertically inherited in Arthropods genomes for millions of years.