ABSTRACT Crop rotation and straw return are important sustainable agricultural practices. However, their combined impact on the soil microbiota is poorly understood. Here, the effects of crop rotation and straw return on rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity, soil properties and soil microbial community was investigated in a Chinese southern paddy soil. There were six treatments, including rice-fallow (RF), rice-rape (Brassica campestris L.) rotation (RR), rice-edamame (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation (RE), RF with rice straw return (RFS), RR with rice and rape straw return (RRS), and RE with rice and edamame straw return (RES). The results showed that rice yields in RR and RE were increased by 6.28% and 6.93% relative to RF and straw return group increased by 3.03%-8.16% relative to the group without straw return. Rotation increased soil available P (AP) and RRS significantly increased soil organic matter (OM), total N (TN) and available K (AK) in comparison with RR. Rotation impacts soil microbial community in a stronger way than straw return. Rotation increased the bacterial species numbers and fungal Shannon index. Disease-suppressing bacteria were enriched and some fungal pathogen was decreased in rotation treatments. Straw return had no potential risk in increasing the microbial pathogens. Soil fertilities like AK and AP were closely correlated with bacterial alpha-diversity and rice yield. In conclusion, our research demonstrated that combined crop rotation and straw return is an optimum agricultural practice in increasing rice productivity and soil fertility. The impacts of crop rotation and straw return on the microbiota were distinct. These findings help us manage the crops and residues in southern China.

ABSTRACT Although static spiral separators are efficient in removing particles of varying shapes and densities, they often discard seeds of high physiological quality. This has led to the emergence of devices that enables rotation, thus allowing more precise control over separation of seed fractions. The objective of this work was to assess the physical and physiological quality of soybean seeds separated into qualified and discarded fractions by a rotary spiral separator. The device used for the tests operated at different rotation speeds, processing up to 1.2 Mg h-1. Twenty-seven 30 kg seed bags were used. Treatments consisted of two factors: rotation speeds (null, 5, and 10 rpm) and feed flow rates (0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 Mg h-1), with three replicates. Soybean seeds of the CZ 37B51 IPRO cultivar (2022-2023 crop season) with 13% moisture content were used. The null speed resulted in the highest seed discards (up to 40%), especially at the highest feed flow rate. A speed of 5 rpm also resulted in high discards. A speed of 10 rpm with feed flows of 0.3 and 0.6 Mg h-1 resulted in better performance, reducing discard and improving the fraction of qualified seeds, although it may compromise the quality of these seeds. A speed of 10 rpm reduced the discard of high-quality seeds, and a flow of 1.2 Mg h-1 was less efficient, resulting in a higher discard of high-quality seeds compared to lower flows. densities separator 12 1 2 1. h1. h1 h Twentyseven Twenty seven 3 factors null, (null 0.3, 03 0 (0.3 06 6 h1, , h-1) replicates B 37B5 20222023 2022 2023 (2022-202 season 13 40%, 40 40% 40%) rate 0. h- performance highquality (0. 37B 2022202 202 (2022-20 4 (0 202220 20 (2022-2 ( 20222 (2022- (2022 (202 (20 (2

RESUMO Embora os separadores espirais estáticos sejam eficientes na remoção de partículas de formas e densidades variadas, eles frequentemente descartam sementes de alta qualidade fisiológica. Isso levou ao surgimento de dispositivos que possibilitam a rotação, permitindo assim um controle mais preciso sobre a separação das frações de sementes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade física e fisiológica de sementes de soja separadas em frações qualificadas e descartadas por um separador espiral rotativo. O equipamento utilizado para os testes operou em diferentes velocidades de rotação, processando até 1,2 Mg h-1. Foram utilizados 27 sacos de 30 kg de sementes. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por dois fatores: velocidades de rotação (nula, 5 e 10 rpm) e fluxos de alimentação (0,3, 0,6 e 1,2 Mg h-1), com três repetições. Foram utilizadas sementes de soja da cultivar CZ 37B51 IPRO (safra 2022-2023) com 13% de umidade. A velocidade nula resultou nos maiores descartes de sementes (até 40%), especialmente na maior taxa de fluxo de alimentação. Uma velocidade de 5 rpm também resultou em grandes decartes. Uma velocidade de 10 rpm com fluxos de alimentação de 0,3 e 0,6 Mg h-1 resultou num melhor desempenho, reduzindo o descarte e melhorando a fração de sementes qualificadas, embora possa comprometer a qualidade destas sementes. A velocidade de 10 rpm reduziu o descarte de sementes de alta qualidade, e o fluxo de 1,2 Mg h-1 foi menos eficiente, resultando em maior descarte de sementes de alta qualidade em comparação com fluxos menores. variadas rotativo 12 1 2 1, h1. h1 h 1. 3 fatores nula, (nula 0,3, 03 0 (0,3 06 6 0, h1, , h-1) repetições B 37B5 safra 20222023 2022 2023 2022-2023 13 umidade 40%, 40 40% 40%) decartes h- desempenho eficiente menores (0, 37B 2022202 202 2022-202 4 (0 202220 20 2022-20 ( 20222 2022-2 2022-

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the efficiency of soybean seed distribution in the soil, which directly influences crop yield, using graphite as a solid lubricant, a common practice to improve seed dosing fluidity. The effect of sowing speed and seed chemical treatment on distribution in the furrow, final plant population, and yield was investigated. The experiment used Federer´s augmented block design with 10 treatments, five sowing speeds (4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 km h-1) and two seed treatments (with and without 4 g of graphite lubricant per kilogram of seeds). High sowing speeds increased uneven seed distribution, while graphite lubricant significantly improved plant spacing and crop yield. This study reinforces the importance of precise sowing speed adjustment and proper seed treatment to optimize soybean plant distribution in the field. Graphite lubricant proved to be effective at reducing spacing failures and increasing crop yield. These findings underscore the relevance of precision agriculture and the use of technology to ensure efficient and sustainable sowing operations. soil fluidity furrow population investigated Federers Federer s 1 4, (4 6 8 h1 h h-1 seeds. seeds . seeds) field operations ( h-

RESUMO Este estudo teve como foco avaliar a eficiência na distribuição de sementes de soja no solo, influenciando diretamente a produtividade da lavoura utilizando o grafite como lubrificante sólido, uma prática comum para melhorar a fluidez na dosagem de sementes. Foi investigada a interação entre a velocidade de semeadura e o tratamento químico das sementes na distribuição no sulco, na população final de plantas e na produtividade. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento de blocos aumentados de Federer, com 10 tratamentos, abrangendo cinco velocidades de semeadura (4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 km h-1) e dois tratamentos de sementes (com e sem adição de 4 g de lubrificante grafitado por quilograma de sementes). Verificou-se que altas velocidades de semeadura aumentam a irregularidade na distribuição das sementes, enquanto o uso de lubrificante grafitado melhorou significativamente o espaçamento aceitável das plantas e aumentou o rendimento da cultura. O estudo reforça a importância do ajuste preciso da velocidade de semeadura e do tratamento adequado das sementes para otimizar a distribuição das plantas de soja no campo. A utilização de lubrificante grafitado mostrou-se uma prática eficaz para reduzir falhas na distribuição das sementes e aumentar a produtividade da cultura. Esses resultados destacam a relevância de práticas agrícolas precisas e do uso de tecnologias para garantir uma operação de semeadura eficiente e sustentável. solo sólido sulco Federer 1 4, (4 6 8 h1 h h-1 . sementes) Verificouse Verificou se cultura campo mostrouse mostrou sustentável ( h-

ABSTRACT Adequate seed placement is essential for consistent crop emergence and initial growth. Pneumatic seed metering systems offer superior longitudinal seed distribution accuracy compared to traditional methods, yet certain factors can influence this precision. For instance, seed physical properties may be altered by phytosanitary treatments applied either on-farm or industrially. This study examined the effects of phytosanitary treatment type and graphite addition on soybean seed deposition using an electric-driven pneumatic feeder under simulated sowing conditions. Seed distribution was monitored with an optical sensor. Four treatment groups were established: untreated without graphite, untreated with graphite added, on-farm treated with graphite, and industrially treated with graphite. Parameters assessed included average spacing between seeds, coefficient of variation, precision index, multiple and failed spacings, and percentage of acceptable spacing. Results indicate that prior seed treatment does not significantly affect overall planting accuracy. However, seed spacing varied between the untreated and on-farm treated groups, with the latter demonstrating closer proximity to optimal values. Both on-farm and industrial treatments yielded more uniform seed deposition, as indicated by a lower coefficient of variation. Regardless of seed treatment, the pneumatic feeder consistently performed effectively. growth methods instance onfarm farm electricdriven electric driven conditions sensor established added seeds variation index spacings However values effectively

RESUMO A deposição adequada de sementes tem grande importância na uniformidade da emergência e no desenvolvimento inicial das culturas. Uma maior precisão na distribuição longitudinal de sementes é possível com mecanismos dosadores de sementes pneumáticos em relação aos convencionais, mas existem alguns aspectos que afetam essa precisão. Por exemplo, a qualidade física das sementes pode ser impactada pelo seu tratamento fitossanitário, que pode ser feito na propriedade ou na indústria. Nesse contexto, este estudo investigou o impacto do tipo de tratamento fitossanitário e do uso de grafite na deposição de sementes de soja por meio de dosador pneumático com acionamento elétrico em bancada estática, simulando a semeadura e monitorando a distribuição das sementes com sensor óptico. As sementes foram submetidas a quatro tratamentos distintos: sem grafite, sem tratamento com adição de grafite, tratamento on-farm com adição de grafite e tratamento industrial com adição de grafite. Foram estudados o espaçamento médio entre deposições, coeficiente de variação de semeadura, índice de precisão, espaçamentos múltiplos e falhas e percentual de espaçamento aceitável. Os resultados indicam que o espaçamento adequado no plantio não é significativamente impactado pelo método de tratamento prévio das sementes. O espaçamento entre sementes diferiu entre os tratamentos sem grafite e pelo tratamento on-farm, sendo este último mais próximo do ótimo e o tratamento sem grafite mais distante do espaçamento ideal. Um coeficiente de variação de semeadura mais baixo indica que a deposição uniforme foi alcançada com os procedimentos on-farm e industriais. Independentemente do tratamento de sementes, o dosador pneumático demonstrou eficácia. culturas convencionais exemplo indústria contexto estática óptico distintos onfarm on farm deposições aceitável onfarm, farm, ideal industriais eficácia

ABSTRACT Currently with a more demanding market, is necessary to produce better and high physiological quality cultivars of soybeans. In front of this new challenge, our objective was to evaluate the physiological quality of 11 soybean cultivars: CD201, SYN1263, SYN1279, BMX, UFLA1, CA115, CD215, CD202, Conquista, Savana, and BRS820 storage for 12 months. Evaluations were conducted through physiological like germination and vigor (accelerated aging and controlled deterioration) and isoenzymes analysis. The seeds were stored under controlled conditions at 10 °C and 10% relative humidity. It was assessed every four months (0, 4, 8, and 12). 200 seeds per treatment were used for each test, divided into 4 replications of 50 seeds. The number of normal plants was evaluated on the fifth and seventh days, expressed as a percentage value. Isoenzyme analysis of MDH, ADH, Esterase, and Catalase was made. The results were interpreted from the presence or absence of bands in the gel. An experimental design in randomized complete blocks, interpreting data using analysis of variance in a factorial scheme 11 x 4 (11 cultivars and 4 times of storage and averages compared by the test Scott-Knott 5% of probability and regression analysis. The statistical program used was Sisvar®. We found that cultivars Savana and Conquista showed low physiological quality, and the cultivars CD 215 and BMX showed high physiological quality during storage. market soybeans challenge 1 CD201 SYN1263 SYN SYN1279 UFLA1 UFLA CA115 CA CD215 CD202 BRS BRS82 accelerated deterioration C humidity 0, 0 (0 8 12. . 12) 20 5 days value MDH ADH Esterase made gel blocks (1 ScottKnott Scott Knott Sisvar Sisvar® 21 CD20 SYN126 SYN127 CA11 CD21 BRS8 ( 2 CD2 SYN12 CA1 SYN1

ABSTRACT The physiological quality of soya bean seeds is a determining factor in establishing the crop in the field. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the physiological quality of soya bean seeds produced by plants grown from seeds of different sizes in two crop seasons. The BS 2606 SOYTECH, NS 6700 IPRO, NA 5909 RR, BS IRGA 1642 IPRO and LANÇA 58i60 IPRO cultivars were used, sown in 2019/2020 and 2020/2021. The experimental design was of randomised blocks, with treatments comprising seeds from plants grown from seeds of three sieve sizes (5.5, 6.0 and 6.5 mm for cultivars BS2606, NS 6700 IPRO, NA 5909 RR, LANÇA; and 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0 mm for the BS IRGA 1642 IPRO cultivar). The following tests were conducted: germination, first germination count, shoot and root length, total seedling dry weight, seedling emergence, accelerated ageing and electrical conductivity. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, and the mean values were compared using Tukey’s test at 5% probability. The size classification of the soya bean seeds has no effect on the germination of the seeds that are produced. Higher seed vigour in the NA 5909 RR cultivar, determined by the seedling emergence test, and accelerated ageing in NS 6700 IPRO, were obtained from seeds produced by plants grown from seeds classified as a sieve size of 6.5 mm. For the other cultivars, the size classification of the seeds had no effect on the vigour of the produced seeds. field seasons 260 SOYTECH 670 590 164 i 58i6 used 20192020 2019 2020 2019/202 20202021 2021 2020/2021 blocks 5.5, 55 5 (5.5 60 6 0 6. 65 BS2606 70 7 7. cultivar. cultivar . cultivar) conducted count length weight conductivity variance Tukeys Tukey s probability 26 67 59 16 58i 2019202 201 202 2019/20 2020202 2020/202 5.5 (5. BS260 2 1 201920 20 2019/2 202020 2020/20 5. (5 BS26 20192 2019/ 20202 2020/2 ( BS2 2020/

ABSTRACT Salinity is an abiotic factor that impairs the growth and physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of plants. Among plants, soybeans are an important crop worldwide, so managing abiotic factors is essential to mitigate plant damage. However, biostimulants, such as melatonin, are being employed to alleviate the stress caused by these factors. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the growth, photosynthetic pigments, and water relations of soybean plants subjected to salinity levels and exogenous melatonin application. The research was conducted in experimental area belonging to the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region, Mossoró, RN, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, arranged in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme (three salinity levels in the irrigation water - 0.50, 3.00, and 5.00 dS m-1 and three melatonin concentrations - 0, 0.5, and 1 mM) with three replications. At 47 days after planting, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, root length, chlorophyll content (a, b, and total), relative water content, leaf moisture, and electrolyte leakage were evaluated. Soybean plants tolerated the effects of salinity on growth aspects, photosynthetic pigments, and water relations up to 3.00 dS m-1, regardless of melatonin concentration. Exogenous application of melatonin mitigated the effects of salt stress on chlorophyll b and relative water content at salinity level of 5.00 dS m-1 and concentration of 1 mM. physiological biochemical worldwide damage However biostimulants Therefore pigments SemiArid Semi Arid Region Mossoró RN Brazil blocks 050 0 50 0.50 300 00 500 5 5.0 m1 m m- 05 0.5 mM replications 4 planting height diameter leaves length a, (a total, total , total) moisture evaluated aspects 3.0 m1, 1, 30 5. 0. 3.

RESUMO A salinidade é um fator abiótico que prejudica o crescimento e os mecanismos fisiológicos, bioquímicos e moleculares das plantas. Entre as plantas, a soja é uma cultura importante mundialmente, portanto, o manejo de fatores abióticos é essencial para mitigar os danos às plantas. No entanto, bioestimulantes, como a melatonina, estão sendo usados para aliviar o estresse causado por esses fatores. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento, os pigmentos fotossintéticos e as relações hídricas de plantas de soja aplicadas a níveis de salinidade e aplicação exógena de melatonina. A pesquisa foi realizada em área experimental pertencente à Universidade Federal Rural do SemiÁrido, Mossoró, RN, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, arranjados em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 (três níveis de salinidade na água de irrigação - 0.50, 3.00 e 5.00 dS m-1 e três concentrações de melatonina - 0, 0.5 e 1 mM), com três repetições. Aos 47 dias após o plantio, foram avaliados a altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, comprimento radicular, teor de clorofila (a, b e total), conteúdo relativo de água, umidade foliar e extravasamento de eletrólitos. As plantas de soja toleraram os efeitos da salinidade nos aspectos de crescimento, nos pigmentos fotossintéticos e nas relações hídricas até 3,00 dS m-1, independentemente da concentração de melatonina. A aplicação exógena de melatonina mitigou os efeitos do estresse salino na clorofila b e no conteúdo relativo de água, no nível de salinidade de 5.00 dS m-1 e concentração de 1 mM. fisiológicos mundialmente portanto entanto bioestimulantes Portanto SemiÁrido Mossoró RN Brasil casualizados 050 0 50 0.50 300 00 3.0 500 5 5.0 m1 m m- 05 0. mM, mM , mM) repetições 4 plantio planta caule folhas radicular a, (a total, total total) eletrólitos 3,0 m1, 1, 30 3. 5. 3,

ABSTRACT During the germination process, seeds are susceptible to abiotic and biotic stresses, such as attacks by pests and pathogens. In this context, chemical treatment of seeds can promote physiological and morphological changes in seeds and seedlings, in addition to protecting seeds. Two experiments were conducted with the following objectives: (I) assess the effect of soybean seed water content on seedling emergence under different water availability conditions; (II) assess the effect of chemical treatment of soybean seeds on seedling emergence under water stress conditions. In the first experiment, seeds of four cultivars had their water content adjusted to 8, 11, and 14% and were sown in soil under four water potential levels (-0.01; -0.02; -0.10 and -0.40 MPa). In the second experiment, seeds of the same cultivars were treated using metalaxyl, fludioxonil and thiamethoxam, and untreated seeds were used as controls. Sowing was carried out in soil under four water potentials, and seed quality parameters were evaluated in both experiments. The data subjected to analysis of variance, and the means were compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability level. There is no restriction on sowing soybean seeds with water content between 8 and 14% when the soil is under full water availability. Under conditions of soil water restriction, it is recommended to use seeds with water content between 11 and 14%. Under water deficit conditions, treated soybean seeds show better membrane maintenance and superior performance in seedling emergence. process stresses pathogens context seedlings objectives I (I II (II experiment 14 0.01 001 0 01 (-0.01 0.02 002 02 -0.02 0.10 010 10 -0.1 0.40 040 40 -0.4 MPa. MPa . MPa) metalaxyl thiamethoxam controls potentials variance 5 level 1 0.0 00 (-0.0 -0.0 0.1 -0. 0.4 04 4 0. (-0. -0 (-0 - (- (

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of soyabean and pumpkin seeds methanolic extract against oral microbiome. Material and Methods: An in vitro study compared the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of soyabean and pumpkin seed along with 0.2% chlorhexidine (positive control) by Agar well diffusion method against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus and Candida albicans. Suitable dilutions of each seed extract determined Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Qualitative phytochemical analysis and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was done to determine the phytochemical components. Results: Both the methanolic extracts showed the highest zone of inhibition, 26±0.31 mm and 24±0.82 mm, followed by 22±0.87 mm and 21±0.55 mm against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pyogenes, respectively. The zone of inhibition was higher at concentrations in both extracts, which was not statistically significant (p>0.05). MIC values fluctuated from 1.56 to 4.5 mg/ml and 3.5 to 5.0 mg/ml for soyabean and pumpkin seed extract, respectively. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, tannins, and flavonoids. Conclusion: Both extracts were effective against S. mutans and S. pyogenes and contain compounds with therapeutic potential. Objective microbiome Methods 02 0 2 0.2 positive control aureus albicans (MIC MBC. MBC . (MBC) TLC (TLC components Results 26031 26 31 26±0.3 24082 24 82 24±0.8 22087 22 87 22±0.8 21055 21 55 21±0.5 respectively p>0.05. p005 p p>0.05 05 (p>0.05) 156 1 56 1.5 45 4 5 4. mgml mg ml 35 3 3. 50 5. alkaloids glycosides terpenoids tannins flavonoids Conclusion S potential 0. (MBC 2603 26±0. 2408 8 24±0. 2208 22±0. 2105 21±0. p00 p>0.0 (p>0.05 15 1. 260 26±0 240 24±0 220 22±0 210 21±0 p0 p>0. (p>0.0 26± 24± 22± 21± p>0 (p>0. p> (p>0 (p> (p

Abstract Introduction. The main control measure for brown spot (BS) caused by Septoria glycines is through the application of foliar fungicide. However, the management of the disease could be accomplished through cultural and genetic practices. Objective. To analyze the evolution of BS in soybean under different production systems. Materials and methods. This study was conducted for two consecutive years (2020 and 2022), in Pergamino, Buenos Aires, using the soybean cultivar DM46i20. The management variables studied were cover crops (CC), rotations (Rt), and timing of foliar fungicide application (MAFF). The evaluated pathometric variable was the area under the progress curve of plant height with symptoms (ABCPAPS), and the quantitative physiology variable was grain yield (R) in kg/ha. Results. Agronomic management practices had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on R and ABCPAPS. CC and MAFF were independent variables and showed a significant response (p<0.0001) on R. On the other hand, there was a significant triple interaction (p<0.0001) among CC, Rt, and MAFF for ABCPAPS, and therefore, the data were explained based on this relationship. Conclusions. The implementation of cover crops, crop rotations, and foliar fungicide significantly reduced (p≤0.05) the evolution of BS in soybean cultivation. There was a significant negative correlation (p≤0.05) between soybean yield and the area under the progress curve of the plant height with BS symptoms.

Resumen Introducción. La principal medida de control de la mancha marrón (MM) causada por Septoria glycines, se realiza mediante la aplicación de fungicida foliar, sin embargo, el manejo de la enfermedad podría realizarse con prácticas de manejo cultural y genético. Objetivo. Analizar la evolución de la MM de la soja en diferentes sistemas de producción. Materiales y métodos. Este estudio se llevó a cabo durante dos años consecutivos (2020 y 2022), en la localidad de Pergamino, Buenos Aires, sobre un cultivar de soja DM46i20. Las variables de manejo fueron cultivos de cobertura (CC), rotaciones (Rt), momento de aplicación del fungicida foliar (MAFF). La variable patométrica evaluada fue el área bajo la curva de progreso de la altura de la planta con síntomas (ABCPAPS) y como variable cuantitativa fisiología sobre el cultivo el rendimiento (R) en granos en kg/ha. Resultados. Las prácticas de manejo agronómico tuvieron un efecto significativo (p≤0,05) sobre el R y el ABCPAPS. Las variables CC y MAFF fueron independientes y presentaron una repuesta significativa (p<0,0001) sobre el R. En cambio, hubo una triple interacción significativa (p<0,0001) entre los CC, las Rt y el MAFF para el ABCPAPS y, por lo tanto, los datos fueron explicados con base en esta relación. Conclusiones. La implementación de cultivos de cobertura, de rotaciones de cultivo y de fungicida foliar, redujeron significativamente (p≤0,05) la evolución de la MM en el cultivo de soja. Hubo una correlación negativa y significativa (p≤0,05) entre el rendimiento en soja y el área bajo la curva de progreso de la altura de la planta con síntomas de la MM.

Abstract Introduction. Paraguay is the sixth largest producer and third largest exporter of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in the world and this crop is the most important socio-economic crop in the country. However, its productivity can be adversely affected by diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. In addition, phytosanitary information on soybean cultivation in Paraguay is limited. Objective. To understand farmers’ perceptions of the main soybean diseases and their management. Materials and methods. Between April and May 2022, a questionnaire in Google Forms format with open and closed-ended multiple-choice questions, was applied to 45 soybean producers aged between 30 and 50 years, who cultivate in areas between 200 to 1000 ha in the departments of Alto Paraná, Itapúa, and Caaguazú in Paraguay. Results. Among the respondents, 56% considered Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) as the most significant phytosanitary problem associated with soybean cultivation, followed by late-season diseases (LSD) such as brown spot (Septoria glycines) and frogeye leaf spot (Cercospora kikuchii). Respondents indicated taht they use three to four fungicide applications as a disease control measure, with their choice based on the type of product formulation. A majority of respondents noted that both the cost and frequency of applications increased over time. Additionally, 53% mentioned that biological fungicides are a viable alternative for integrated disease management. Conclusion. The responses obtained in this research allowed obtaining the perception of disease management tactics of soybean producers in Paraguay, underscoring the significance of Asian soybean rust and late-season diseases. However, there is a need for further research that can explore all aspects of pathogen management.

Resumen Introducción. Paraguay es el sexto productor y tercer exportador mundial de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), este cultivo es el de mayor importancia socioeconómica en el país. Sin embargo, su productividad puede verse afectada por enfermedades causadas por hongos fitopatógenos. Además, la información fitosanitaria sobre el cultivo de soja en Paraguay es limitada. Objetivo. Comprender la percepción de agricultores sobre las principales enfermedades de la soja y su manejo. Materiales y Métodos. Entre abril y mayo de 2022, se aplicó un cuestionario en formato de formularios de Google con preguntas abiertas y cerradas de selección múltiple a 45 productores de soja de entre 30 y 50 años, quienes cultivan en superficies de entre 200 y 1000 ha en los departamentos de Alto Paraná, Itapúa y Caaguazú en Paraguay. Resultados. El 56 % de los encuestados consideró que el mayor problema fitosanitario asociado al cultivo es la roya asiática de la soja (RAS) (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), seguida por las enfermedades de final de ciclo (EFC), como la mancha marrón (Septoria glycines) y mancha ojo de rana (Cercospora kikuchii). Los entrevistados indicaron que utilizan de tres a cuatro aplicaciones de fungicidas como medida de control de enfermedades, su elección fue basada en el tipo de formulación de los productos. En su mayoría, los entrevistados señalaron que el costo y la cantidad de aplicaciones aumentó con el transcurso del tiempo. El 53 % mencionó que los fungicidas biológicos son una buena alternativa para el manejo integrado de enfermedades. Conclusión. Las respuestas obtenidas en esta investigación permitieron obtener la percepción de las tácticas de manejo de enfermedades de los productores de soja en Paraguay, lo que resaltó la importancia de la RAS y las EFC. No obstante, resulta necesario que se realicen más investigaciones que puedan explorar todos los aspectos del manejo de los patógenos.

Abstract Currently, food products, such as oil, are displayed at high lighting intensities and sometimes at temperatures above 20 °C, factors that can accelerate oxidative rancidity, such as degradation of oil quality. This is the reason why a PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) control system was implemented that allowed quality tests to be carried out on the oil stored in different temperature conditions (13 °C to 27 °C). During these tests, the transfer function of the system and the controller, was found using the automatic tuning of the control box. This improved the precision and continuous voltage for illumination (from 155 lux to 1145 lux) by varying the intensity of the LEDs. For the experimental design, the central composite design (CCD) was used, resulting in 13 treatments. After 30 days, the quality of the oil was evaluated (acidity index and peroxide index), and the oxidative stability index was determined using the Rancimat method. It was found that temperature and lighting have a significant effect on the quality and oxidative stability of the oil (p < 0.05), achieving the storage condition with greater stability at 300 lux of lighting and 15 °C temperature.

Resumen Actualmente, los productos alimenticios, como el aceite, se exhiben a elevadas intensidades de iluminación y en ocasiones a temperaturas por encima de los 20 °C, factores que pueden acelerar la rancidez oxidativa, como la degradación de la calidad del aceite. Esta es la razón por la cual se implementó un sistema de control PID (Proporcional-Integral-Derivativo) que permitió realizar pruebas de calidad del aceite almacenado en diferentes condiciones de temperatura (13 °C a 27 °C). Durante esas pruebas, se halló la función de transferencia del sistema y el controlador, utilizando la sintonía automática de la caja de control. Esto mejoró la precisión y el voltaje continuo para la iluminación (de 155 lux a 1145 lux), variando la intensidad de los LED. Para el diseño experimental, se utilizó el diseño central compuesto (DCC), lo que resultó en trece tratamientos. A los treinta días, se evaluó la calidad del aceite (índice de acidez e índice de peróxidos), y se determinó el índice de estabilidad oxidativa mediante el método Rancimat. Se encontró que la temperatura y la iluminación presentan un efecto significativo sobre la calidad y la estabilidad oxidativa del aceite (p < 0.05), logrando la condición de almacenamiento con mayor estabilidad a 300 lux de iluminación y 15 °C de temperatura.

Resumo Actuamente, os produtos alimenticios, como o óleo, são exibidos em elevadas intensidades de iluminação e em ocasiões em temperaturas por acima dos 20 °C, fatores que podem acelerar o ranço oxidativo, como a degradação da qualidade do óleo. Este é o motivo pelo qual implementou-se um sistema de controle PID (Proporcional-Integral-Derivativo) que permitiu realizar provas de qualidade do óleo almacenado em diferentes condições de temperatura (13 °C até 27 °C). Durante essas provas, encontrou-se a função de transferência do sistema e o controlador, utilizando a sintonia automática da caixa de controle. Isso melhorou a precisão e a tensão contínuo para a iluminação (de 155 lux até 1145 lux), variando a intensidad dos LED. Para o desenho experimental, utilizou-se o disenho central composto (DCC), o que resultou em treze tratamentos. Aos trinta días, avaliou-se a qualidade do óleo (índice de acidez e índice de peróxidos), e determinou-se o índice de estabilidade oxidativa mediante o método Rancimat. Encontrou-se que la temperatura e a iluminação apresentam um efeto significativo sobre a qualidade e a estabilidade oxidativa do óleo (p < 0.05), conseguindo a condição de almacenamento com maior estabilidade, em 300 lux de iluminação e 15 °C de temperatura.

ABSTRACT Lowland rice in Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil, is grown as a sole crop, which has aggravated problems with weeds. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of weed management systems in soybean crops to decrease weed infestation in lowland rice production areas, using pre- and post-emergence herbicides. The experiment was conducted in Turvo, SC, from August 2021 to April 2022. A randomized block design with four replications was used, in a 6 × 5 factorial arrangement. The factors consisted of six pre-emergence herbicides treatments (S-metolachlor, diclosulam, sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + diuron, pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, and a control without herbicide), and five post-emergence herbicide treatments: control without herbicide, glyphosate at two rates (930 and 1,550 g a.e. ha-1), applied alone or in combination with clethodim. The herbicide sulfentrazone caused persistent phytotoxicity and resulted in the lowest soybean grain yield. The herbicide S-metolachlor was ineffective in controlling weed species, except barnyard grass, even when combined with post-emergence application. The poor control of these weed species does not result in significant interference, causing no significant decreases in grain yield of soybean crops grown in floodplain soils. The use of S-metolachlor, diclosulam, and pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, combined with post-emergence application of glyphosate (930 g a.e. ha-1), resulted in highly effective control of barnyard grass, inhibiting weed seed production. Only the combination of glyphosate (1,550 g a.e. ha-1) with clethodim can suppress barnyard grass seed production without using pre-emergence herbicides. SC , (SC) Brazil crop weeds context areas pre postemergence post emergence Turvo 202 2022 used arrangement preemergence Smetolachlor, Smetolachlor S metolachlor, metolachlor (S-metolachlor diclosulam diuron flumioxazin herbicide) 930 (93 1550 1 550 1,55 ae e a.e ha1, ha1 ha interference soils (1,55 ha-1 (SC 20 93 (9 155 55 1,5 (1,5 ha- 2 9 ( 15 1, (1, (1

RESUMO O arroz irrigado em Santa Catarina é cultivado em monocultivo, o que tem agravado os problemas com plantas daninhas. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas na cultura da soja sobre a redução da infestação de plantas daninhas em uma área de produção de arroz irrigado, utilizando para isso herbicidas em pré e/ou pós-emergência da soja. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Turvo - SC no período de agosto de 2021 a abril de 2022. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com tratamentos organizados em esquema fatorial 6 × 5, com quatro repetições. O fator A constou de seis tratamentos aplicados em pré-emergência, os herbicidas utilizados foram: S-metolachlor, diclosulam, sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + diuron, pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, além de uma testemunha sem herbicida. Já o fator B constou de cinco tratamentos aplicados em pós-emergência: testemunha sem herbicida, gyphosate em duas doses (930 e 1550 g e.a. ha-1), aplicadas de forma isoladas ou em associação com clethodim. O herbicida S-metolachlor foi ineficiente para o controle de outras plantas daninhas, mesmo quando combinado com a aplicação em pós-emergência. O controle deficiente destas espécies não resulta em significativa interferência, não causando decréscimo na produtividade de grãos da soja, em ambientes de terras baixas. O uso dos herbicidas S-metolachlor, diclosulam e pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, combinados com a aplicação em pós-emergência de glyphosate (930 g e.a. ha-1) resultou em controle eficiente de capim-arroz e inibiu a produção de sementes. Apenas a associação de glyphosate (1550 g e.a. ha-1) com clethodim suprimiu a produção de sementes de capim-arroz, sem a aplicação de herbicidas em pré-emergência. monocultivo modo eou pósemergência pós emergência 202 2022 Utilizouse Utilizou se 5 repetições préemergência, préemergência emergência, pré-emergência foram Smetolachlor, Smetolachlor S metolachlor, metolachlor diuron flumioxazin 930 (93 155 ea e.a ha1, ha1 ha 1 , pósemergência. emergência. interferência baixas ha-1 capimarroz capim (155 capimarroz, arroz, préemergência. 20 93 (9 15 ha- (15 2 9 ( (1

ABSTRACT Drought stress is a major limiting factor for soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) growth and yield in arid and semi-arid regions. This study investigates the N content in different organs and the yield impact of two drought-tolerant soybean cultivars, Hei Nong44 and Hei Nong65, under varying drought intensities and re-watering at different growth stages. The results indicate that the effect of drought stress on N content varies with growth stage and organ. During the seedling and flowering stages, the ammoniacal N content in leaves and petioles of both cultivars generally decreased, with a reduction of 16.04%-21.95% during seedling stage and 6.46%-23.52% during flowering stage under severe drought (S), while it increased in stems. The nitrate N content in leaves peaked under moderate drought during the seedling stage and under severe drought during the flowering stage, increasing by 20.00% and 16.21%, 15.71% and 55.56% for ‘Hei Nong44’ and ‘Hei Nong65’, respectively, while it decreased in stems. During the pod-filling stage, ammoniacal N content increased in leaves and stems, with an increase of 20.99%-60.13% under S, while it showed a rising-then-falling trend in pods. Nitrate N content had the highest increase in leaves and stems, rising by 67.02%-69.31% under S, while it decreased in petioles with increasing drought severity. After re-watering, both cultivars showed some recovery in N content. Yield reduction was more significant during the flowering and pod-filling stages, decreasing by 17.45%-32.66% and 21.47%-35.63%, respectively.

ABSTRACT Climatic conditions cause variation in the availability and nutritional quality of forages; therefore, the use of corn (Zea mays L.) silage has been proposed. However, this crop has a low protein concentration, so the combination with legumes can improve this characteristic. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of silage in different proportions of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and corn forage grown in a subtropical region. In Tamaulipas, Mexico, six treatments were evaluated: Soybean 100% (S100), corn 100% (C100), and soybean-corn proportions (80%-20%: S80C20; 60%-40%: S60C40; 40%-60%: S40C60, and 20%-80%: S20C80). The variables that were evaluated were: Density, pH, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), starch, crude fat, net energy for lactation (NEL), net energy for weight gain (NEG), and metabolizable energy (ME) and mineral content. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with three replicates per treatment. Treatment S100 showed the highest values (p < 0.05) in CP, ADF, crude fat, NEL, and NEG. The C100 had the highest values (p < 0.05) in starch and NFC, and the lowest pH value (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the S40C60, S60C40, S20C80 combinations showed the highest values (p < 0.05) of TDN, ENL, and ENG. In the case of the combinations, the one with the best values was S40C60. In this regard, the mean values were: CP 143 g kg-1; NEL 1.43 Mcal kg-1; and pH 3.9. According to these values, it is classified as a silage of good nutritional quality, and we recommend its use in subtropical climates.