RESUMO Empresas lidam com a crescente pressão de stakeholders diversos para divulgar não apenas suas práticas sustentáveis, mas também a sustentabilidade da sua cadeia de suprimentos (SCS). No entanto, a forma pela qual as pressões de stakeholders são moldadas no Sul Global – caracterizado por vazios institucionais (contratação, terceirização e frágil aplicação da legislação) – é um fenômeno que tem recebido menos atenção da literatura. O estudo mapeia quais pressões de stakeholders estão associadas à divulgação de relatórios de SCS analisando um painel de dados não balanceado de 220 relatórios de sustentabilidade corporativa de 2016 a 2018 por empresas brasileiras de capital aberto. Os resultados mostram que acionistas e credores orientados para o longo prazo, o porte da empresa e a adoção da estrutura do GRI estão associados a níveis mais altos de divulgação de relatórios de SCS, enquanto as pressões públicas e regulatórias não estão associadas da mesma forma, o que embasa a lógica de vazios institucionais. Na ausência de pressões regulatórias, fontes de financiamento de longo prazo e acesso a recursos parecem emergir em associação à divulgação de relatórios de SCS.

ABSTRACT Companies deal with increasing pressure from multiple stakeholders to report not only their sustainable practices, but also their extended supply chain sustainability (SCS). However, the literature has paid less attention to how stakeholder pressures are shaped in the Global South characterized by institutional voids related to contracting, outsourcing, and weak legislation enforcement. This study maps which stakeholder pressures are associated with SCS reporting analyzing an unbalanced panel data of 220 corporate sustainability reports from 2016 to 2018 by Brazilian listed companies. Results show that long-term oriented shareholders and creditors, company size, and adoption of GRI guidelines are all associated with higher levels of SCS reporting, while public and regulatory pressures are not, offering support to the institutional voids rationale. In the absence or weakness of regulatory pressures, long-term funding sources and access to resources seem to step-in as associated drivers of SCS reporting.

RESUMEN Las empresas se enfrentan a la creciente presión de los stakeholders para informar no solo sobre sus prácticas sostenibles, sino también sobre la sostenibilidad de su cadena de suministro (SCS). Sin embargo, la forma en que se configuran las presiones de stakeholders en el Sur Global, caracterizado por brechas institucionales (subcontratación y cumplimiento débil de la legislación), ha recibido menos atención en la literatura. Este estudio mapea qué presiones de stakeholders están asociadas con los informes de SCS mediante el análisis de un panel de datos desequilibrado de 220 informes de sostenibilidad corporativa de 2016 a 2018 de empresas brasileñas que cotizan en bolsa. Los resultados muestran que los accionistas y acreedores orientados a largo plazo, el tamaño de la empresa y la adopción de las pautas GRI están asociados con niveles más altos de divulgación de informes de SCS, mientras que las presiones públicas y regulatorias no lo están, lo que fundamenta la lógica de los vacíos institucionales. En ausencia de presiones regulatorias, las fuentes de financiamiento a largo plazo y el acceso a los recursos emergen en asociación con la divulgación de informes de SCS.

RESUMO Este estudo tem por objetivo responder a seguinte questão de pesquisa: Como a cultura nacional afeta a divulgação ambiental nas economias liberais? Vários estudos anteriores mostraram que as instituições formais, como as características do governo, o sistema financeiro do país, influenciam a divulgação ambiental. No entanto, ainda há uma lacuna na literatura sobre como as instituições informais (a cultura do país) podem influenciar o comportamento das empresas. Os resultados deste estudo proporcionam uma sólida compreensão da divulgação ambiental nas economias liberais. Nessas economias, é usual que as empresas estejam mais interessadas em divulgar informações financeiras e de governança. Assim, analisar a divulgação ambiental nessas empresas apresenta um ganho adicional para a literatura. Os gestores podem usar nossos achados para compreender como a cultura do país pode influenciar seus negócios. A adoção das diretrizes de divulgação da Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) e a presença de um comitê de sustentabilidade na empresa podem ajudar as empresas a obterem melhor desempenho ambiental. Examinamos o nível de divulgação ambiental de uma amostra com 1.037 empresas sediadas na Austrália, no Canadá, na Irlanda, na Nova Zelândia, no Reino Unido e nos Estados Unidos da América (EUA) no período 2015-2018. Para mensurar a cultura nacional, usamos as dimensões culturais propostas por Hofstede (1983): distância do poder, individualismo, masculinidade, aversão à incerteza, orientação de longo prazo e indulgência. Nossos indícios mostram que a distância do poder, o individualismo e a masculinidade têm efeito positivo na divulgação ambiental. Os resultados mostram que em culturas com menor aversão à incerteza, as empresas divulgam mais informações ambientais. Nossos achados também mostram que as empresas que procedem à divulgação ambiental segundo as diretrizes da GRI divulgam mais informações sobre sustentabilidade. Os resultados mostram que setores como energia, materiais e serviços de utilidade pública apresentam maior divulgação ambiental.

ABSTRACT This study aims to answer the following research question: How does national culture affect environmental disclosure in liberal economies? Several previous studies have shown that formal institutions, such as the characteristics of the government, the country's financial system, have an influence on environmental disclosure. However, there is still a gap in the literature on how informal institutions (the country's culture) can influence the behavior of companies. The results of this study provide a solid understanding of environmental disclosure in liberal economies. In these economies, it is common for companies to be more interested in disclosing financial and governance information. Thus, analyzing environmental disclosure in these companies presents an additional gain for the literature. Managers can use our findings to understand how the country's culture can influence their business. The adoption of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) disclosure guidelines and the presence of a sustainability committee in the company can help companies achieve better environmental performance. We examined the level of environmental disclosure for a sample of 1,037 companies based in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and United States of America (USA) for the period 2015-2018. To measure national culture, we used the proposed cultural dimensions by Hofstede (1983): distance to power, individualism, masculinity, aversion to uncertainty, long-term orientation, and indulgence. Our evidence shows that power distance, individualism, and masculinity have a positive effect on environmental disclosure. The results show that in cultures with less aversion to uncertainty, companies disclose more environmental information. Our findings also show us that companies that carry out an environmental disclosure following GRI guidelines disclose more sustainability information. The results show that sectors such as energy, materials, and utilities have greater environmental disclosure.

BACKGROUND: Since the release of the King III report in 2009, and the adoption of these principles in the Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE) listing requirements, there has been a surge in integrated reporting guidelines, including the release of the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) framework and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) sustainability reporting standards, with an updated code for corporate governance, King IV, subsequently being published. These introductions have simulated a growth in research on integrated reporting; however, the impact of these initiatives on the annual integrated report (AIR) composition or format has not been explored. AIM: The objective of this article is to examine, compare and contrast identified trends in the composition of published AIRs following the release of the aforementioned guidelines. SETTING: JSE-listed companies in the food and drug retail sector were analysed from 2009 to 2018. METHODS: The study applied both qualitative and quantitative content analysis techniques to analyse the composition of AIRs. RESULTS: The composition of AIRs of companies within the given sector and timespan has shifted, shown through a decrease in the number of pages containing annual financial statements and an increase in governance, strategy and sustainability information. Annual integrated reports have moved to explaining financial results with reference to full financial statements published online, with the other identified shifts coinciding closely with the release of integrated reporting developments. These results suggest that there has been an uptake in application of new reporting initiatives. CONTRIBUTION: The article revealed that new reporting guidelines had been applied, generating a change in the composition of AIRs over the years, contributing to the body of knowledge on the reporting of economic, environmental and social perspectives. CONCLUSION: A comprehensive foundational study has been created that has illustrated that AIRs have developed in relation to new reporting initiatives.

Abstract Social responsibility is a widely analyzed topic, both in the field of business, as well as in the academic field. In this regard, several South American organizations periodically develop sustainability balances using different methodologies. However, it is necessary that these reports be published and be available on the web for information from the connected groups and the community in general. Therefore, this article reviews the sustainability reports published in the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) by different organizations in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Descriptive, comparative, and explanatory analysis is applied, and documentary review is used to support the importance of the publication of social responsibility reports. The sectors of each country with the highest percentage of publications are determined and correlations, between the number of sustainability reports and the Gross Domestic Product of each country, are established. It is identified that the countries with the highest number of organizations that report in GRI are Peru, Brazil, Colombia and Argentina and the countries with the highest number of published reports are Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Argentina, and Chile.

Resumen La responsabilidad social es un tema ampliamente analizado, tanto en el ámbito de la empresa como también en el campo académico. En esta línea, varias organizaciones sudamericanas desarrollan periódicamente balances de sostenibilidad utilizando diferentes metodologías. Sin embargo, es necesario que esos reportes sean publicados y estén disponibles en la web para información de los grupos vinculados y de la comunidad en general. Por tanto, en este artículo se realiza una revisión de los reportes de sostenibilidad publicados en Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) por diferentes organizaciones de Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay y Venezuela. Se aplica el análisis descriptivo, comparativo y explicativo, y se usa la revisión documental para sustentar la importancia que tiene la publicación de informes de responsabilidad social. Se determinan los sectores de cada país que mayor porcentaje de publicaciones realizan y se establecen correlaciones entre el número de reportes de sostenibilidad y el Producto Interno Bruto de cada país. Se identifica que los países con mayor número de organizaciones que reportan en GRI son Perú, Brasil, Colombia y Argentina, y los países con mayor número de reportes publicados son Brasil, Colombia, Perú, Argentina y Chile.

Abstract Since the first formal models in the seventies to its most recent versions, the value added statement (or in its case, the statement of income generated and distributed) has been associated, to some extent, with the notion of corporate responsibility. By displaying how business income is generated and how it is distributed among the relevant stakeholders, it has been tried to present the image of the organization as a coalition of interests, a "big family". After a period of decline, it seems to enjoy a new life thanks to the Global Reporting Initiative and legal rules from official bodies of the European Union. However, it seems appropriate to re-analyze what were the reasons for its initial boom and its later apparent forgetting in order to assess whether this kind of report is really necessary today, for what and for whom.

Resumen Desde los primeros modelos formales de los años setenta hasta sus más recientes versiones, el Estado de valor añadido (o en su caso, el Estado de rentas generadas y distribuidas) ha estado asociado, en cierta medida, a la noción de responsabilidad corporativa. Al mostrar cómo se genera la renta empresarial y cómo se distribuye entre los grupos de interés relevantes, se ha pretendido presentar la imagen de la organización como una coalición de intereses, una “gran familia”. Tras una época de declive, ahora comienza a gozar de una nueva vida gracias a la Global Reporting Initiative y las normas legales de los organismos oficiales de la Unión Europea. No obstante, parece oportuno volver a analizar cuáles fueron los motivos de su auge inicial y su aparente abandono al objeto de evaluar si realmente este tipo de informes es necesario hoy en día, para qué y para quién.

Abstract To bridge the gap in the sustainability marketing literature, this research aims to identify sustainability marketing strategies (SMS) in companies through their sustainability reports in Mexico. The empirical analysis used data from 47 firms from different sectors listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange (MSE) and from corporations published in the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) database. Through content analysis and cluster analysis, it was identified that enterprises are adopting SMS, addressing the stakeholders in their value chain: sourcing, production and distribution. However, most of them are at an adoption stage, focusing their efforts on implementing sustainability practices in their sourcing and production activities, leaving distribution as an area of opportunity. This research is based on companies from an emerging economy country, contributing direct data obtained from their published reports as an approach to the phenomenon of sustainability in marketing. Future studies could compare companies from developed and developing countries.

Resumen Para reducir la brecha en la literatura de marketing de sostenibilidad, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo identificar las estrategias de marketing de sostenibilidad (MS) en las empresas que reportan sus informes de sostenibilidad en México. El análisis empírico utilizó datos de 47 empresas de varios sectores que cotizan en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (BMV) y compañías publicadas en la base de datos del Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). Mediante el análisis de contenido y el análisis de conglomerados se identificó que las compañías, atendiendo a los stakeholders de su cadena de valor: suministro, producción y distribución, están adoptando estrategias de marketing de sostenibilidad (MS). Sin embargo, la mayoría de ellas están en una etapa de adopción, enfocando sus esfuerzos en implementar prácticas de sostenibilidad en sus actividades de suministro y producción dejando la distribución como un área de oportunidad. Esta investigación se basa en empresas de un país de economía emergente, contribuye como una aproximación al fenómeno de sostenibilidad en marketing con datos directos obtenidos de sus informes publicados. Estudios futuros podrían comparar entre empresas con países desarrollados y en desarrollo.

Resumo Objetivo Este trabalho examina algumas características organizacionais de empresas que enviam sinais de responsabilidade social corporativa (RSC). Avalia cinco determinantes: atuação em um setor altamente poluente, concentração da estrutura acionária, reputação corporativa, lucratividade e tamanho. Referencial teórico Esta pesquisa empírica foi estudada tendo-se como base teórica a teoria da sinalização e a teoria neoinstitucional. Metodologia Ao utilizar uma metodologia combinada que analisa os resultados de análises comparativas qualitativas, bem como os resultados de um modelo de regressão logística binária, e contando com uma amostra de 95 empresas, revelam-se alguns aspectos importantes sobre o perfil das empresas que enviam sinais de RSC para sociedade. Resultados Empresas maiores ou mais lucrativas, que atuam em um setor altamente poluente, têm uma estrutura acionária não concentrada e com uma reputação corporativa positiva tendem a estar mais dispostas a enviar sinais de RSC. Além disso, a reputação corporativa positiva é uma característica organizacional fundamental para o envio de sinais de RSC. Implicações práticas e sociais da pesquisa Visto que o envio de sinais de RSC é uma ferramenta poderosa para legitimar as ações de RSC da empresa, um melhor entendimento sobre esse fato ajuda os gestores e as agências de regulamentação a saberem quais são as características organizacionais que as empresas têm interesse em sinalizar. Contribuições A principal contribuição deste estudo é avançar o conhecimento sobre o perfil das empresas que decidem enviar sinais de RSC para a sociedade. Os resultados são especialmente valiosos porque se argumenta que existem características organizacionais complementares específicas quando a empresa decide enviar sinais de RSC.

Abstract Purpose This work examines some of the organizational characteristics of companies that send CSR signals. It evaluates five determinants: operating in a highly polluting sector, concentration of ownership structure, corporate reputation, profitability, and size. Theoretical framework This empirical research draws upon Signaling Theory and Neo-Institutional Theory. Design/methodology/approach By using a combined methodology that analyzes the results of a qualitative comparative analysis and the results of a binary logistic regression model, covering a sample of 95 companies, this study reveals some important aspects of the profile of companies that send CSR signals to society. Findings Larger or more profitable companies that operate in a highly polluting sector, have a non-concentrated ownership structure, and have a positive corporate reputation, tend to be more willing to send CSR signals. Furthermore, a positive corporate reputation is a key organizational characteristic for sending CSR signals. Practical & social implications of the research Since sending CSR signals is a powerful tool for legitimizing a company’s CSR actions, a better understanding about this helps managers and regulators to know the organizational characteristics of companies interested in signaling. Originality/value This study’s main contribution is to advance the knowledge on the profile of companies that decide to send CSR signals to society. The findings are especially valuable because it is argued that there are specific complementary organizational characteristics when the company decides to send CSR signals.

RESUMO Este estudo analisa a qualidade das divulgações de saúde e segurança no trabalho (SST) e as suas determinantes, tendo como amostra os relatórios de 101 empresas da União Europeia (UE) integrantes da base de dados oficial da Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), para o ano de 2018. A análise de conteúdo permitiu a construção do índice de qualidade das divulgações de SST das empresas, posteriormente utilizado como variável dependente dos modelos ANOVA de um fator e de regressão linear múltipla. Concluiu-se que a qualidade das divulgações de SST é, em média, de 12 pontos em 30, sendo significativamente influenciada por três determinantes: a região da Europa, a certificação no sistema de gestão de SST e a detenção de garantia externa nos relatórios. Verificou-se a maior qualidade na região do Norte da Europa, seguindo-se a do Sul da Europa, em face à da Europa Central e Oriental e à Europa Ocidental.

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the quality of occupational health and safety (OHS) disclosures and their determinants, taking as a sample the reports of 101 European Union (EU) companies included in the official database of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) for the year 2018. Content analysis served to build the quality index regarding the companies’ OHS disclosures. The index was then used as a dependent variable in one-way ANOVA and multiple linear regression models. We found that the quality of OHS disclosures is, on average, 12 points out of 30, which is significantly influenced by three determinants: the region of Europe, certification of the OHS management system, and external assurance of the reports. There is higher quality in Northern Europe, followed by Southern Europe, compared to Central and Eastern Europe, and Western Europe.

RESUMEN Este estudio analiza la calidad de las divulgaciones de seguridad y salud en el trabajo (SST) y sus determinantes, utilizando como muestra los informes de 101 empresas de la Unión Europea incluidos en la base de datos oficial de la Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) para el año 2018. El análisis de contenido permitió la construcción del índice de calidad de las divulgaciones de SST de las empresas, utilizado posteriormente como variable dependiente del ANOVA de un factor y de los modelos de regresión lineal múltiple. Se ha concluido que la calidad de las divulgaciones SST es, en promedio, de 12 puntos sobre 30 y que está influenciada significativamente por tres determinantes: la región europea, la certificación en el sistema de gestión de SST y la tenencia de una garantía externa en los informes. Se ha registrado una calidad más alta en el Norte de Europa, seguida por el Sur de Europa, en comparación con Europa Central y Oriental y Europa Occidental.

Resumo No contexto de diversidade experimentado pela sociedade contemporânea e dada a presença de grupos minoritários nas organizações, especialmente a população LGBTI, destaca-se a iniciativa denominada Padrões de Conduta para Empresas (Standards of Conduct for Business), da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). O objetivo deste artigo é verificar como e em que medida as empresas que aderiram à referida iniciativa internacional estão divulgando informações referentes aos Padrões de Conduta da ONU. Para tanto, foi analisada a divulgação social de 28 empresas com sede no Brasil que aderiam a essa iniciativa, fixando, como hipótese, que as empresas signatárias dos padrões de conduta têm um alto nível de divulgação das informações sobre práticas implantadas voltadas para a inclusão da população LGBTI. Observou-se que o nível dessa divulgação das empresas estudadas foi, em média, de 22% do total de informações a serem divulgadas e que as empresas que utilizam as diretrizes da Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) em seus relatórios de sustentabilidade apresentaram maior nível de divulgação, assim como as sociedades anônimas e as empresas pertencentes ao setor bancário. Trata-se de trabalho seminal que contribui para a comunidade científica ao discutir o tema no contexto de divulgação voluntária de ações de Responsabilidade Social Corporativa (RSC).

Abstract In the context of diversity experienced by contemporary society and given the presence of minority groups in organizations, especially the LGBTI population, the initiative called Standards of Conduct for Business, of the United Nations (UN), stands out. The purpose of this article is to verify how and to what extent companies that have joined the said international initiative are disseminating information regarding the UN Standards of Conduct. To this end, the social disclosure of 28 companies based in Brazil that joined the initiative was analyzed, establishing, as a hypothesis, that the signatory companies to the standards of conduct have a high level of disclosure of information on practices implemented aimed at inclusion of LGBTI population. It was observed that the level of this disclosure of the studied companies was, on average, 22% and that the companies that use the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines in their sustainability reports presented a higher level of disclosure, as well as the limited companies and the companies belonging the banking sector. This is a seminal work that contributes to the scientific community when discussing the topic in the context of voluntary disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility actions.

Resumen: El acceso a los recursos y las oportunidades es una medida que, en materia de igualdad de género, deben tener hombres y mujeres. En el siguiente estudio cuantitativo, se realizó una caracterización de la población docente en el nivel de formación y contratación en dos universidades públicas del departamento de Norte de Santander, al igual que tendencias de la contratación a nivel nacional donde se evidencia, diferencias de género al acceso del mercado laboral en educación superior, nivel de formación, tasa de participación de ocupación por actividad económica y evidencias en las brechas de género en la contratación docente a nivel nacional. Se evidenció una desigualdad de género en el acceso a labores de tipo, las cuales se profundizan con el tiempo y la pandemia actual de covid-19.

Abstract: Access to resources and opportunities is a measure that, in terms of gender equality, must have men and women. In the following quantitative study, a characterization of the teaching population was carried out at the level of training and hiring in two public universities in the department of Norte de Santander, as well as hiring trends at the national level where it is evident, gender differences at access to the labor market in higher education, level of training, employment participation rate by economic activity and evidence of gender gaps in teacher recruitment at the national level. A gender inequality was evidenced in access to type work, which deepens with time and the current covid-19 pandemic.

Resumen Introducción. Las organizaciones de América Latina, han aumentado notablemente la divulgación de información sobre Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE). Objetivo. Responder a la pregunta: ¿Cuál ha sido la evolución en la divulgación de la RSE en América Latina? Materiales y métodos. La divulgación voluntaria de memorias bajo las directrices de la Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) durante el período 2006-2015, es el marco a través del cual se presenta una visión sobre el avance alcanzado en la divulgación de información sobre RSE en América Latina. El análisis de los datos se realiza mediante una metodología descriptiva, las tendencias se identifican en el informe, se compara la propiedad, el tamaño y los sectores productivos. Resultados. Durante el período de estudio, se presenta un crecimiento promedio en la divulgación de memorias del 35 % anual y se percibe una concentración en los sectores financiero, energético y alimentario. Conclusiones. El incremento mostrado en la divulgación de memorias de sostenibilidad, confirma que las organizaciones responden a la incorporación de la RSE como parte de las políticas de gestión, las grandes empresas y los tres sectores señalados participan en mayor número. Pese a ello, la adopción del estándar GRI como modelo de reporte es heterogénea entre los diferentes países, lo cual sugiere la existencia de diferencias en el desarrollo de la responsabilidad social de las organizaciones.

Abstract Introduction. Organizations in Latin America have notably increased the dissemination of information on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Objectives. Answer the question: What has been the evolution in the dissemination of CSR in Latin America? Materials and methods. The voluntary disclosure of reports under the guidelines of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) during the period 2006-2015, is the framework through which a vision is presented on the progress achieved in the disclosure of information on CSR in Latin America. Data analysis is carried out using a descriptive methodology, trends are identified in the report, ownership, size and productive sectors are compared. Results. During the study period, there is an average growth in the disclosure of reports of 35% per year and a concentration is perceived in the financial, energy and food sectors. Conclusion. The increase shown in the dissemination of sustainability reports confirms that organizations respond to the incorporation of CSR as part of management policies, large companies and the three sectors mentioned participate in greater numbers. Despite this, the adoption of the GRI standard as a reporting model is heterogeneous among the different countries, which suggests the existence of differences in the development of the social responsibility of organizations.

Resumo Introdução. As organizações da América Latina aumentaram notavelmente a divulgação de informações sobre Responsabilidade Social Corporativa (RSC). Objetivos. Responda a pergunta: ¿Qual tem sido a evolução da disseminação da RSE na América Latina? Materiais e métodos. A divulgação voluntária de relatórios, segundo as diretrizes da Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), durante o período 2006-2015, é o arcabouço por meio do qual se apresenta uma visão sobre os avanços alcançados na divulgação de informações sobre RSE na América Latina. A análise dos dados é realizada por meio de uma metodologia descritiva, as tendências são identificadas no relatório, a propriedade, o porte e os setores produtivos são comparados. Resultados. No período do estudo, verifica-se um crescimento médio na divulgação de relatórios de 35% ao ano e percebe-se uma concentração nos setores financeiro, de energia e de alimentação. Conclusões. O aumento verificado na divulgação de relatórios de sustentabilidade confirma que as organizações respondem à incorporação da RSE como parte das políticas de gestão, as grandes empresas e os três setores mencionados participam em maior número. Apesar disso, a adoção do padrão GRI como modelo de relato é heterogênea entre os diferentes países, o que sugere a existência de diferenças no desenvolvimento da responsabilidade social das organizações.

Abstract Peruvian companies with significant sustainability impact have a significant development in their environmental information. Based on this, this research aims to analyze the level of disclosure of environmental performance information according to the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and circular economy (CE) practices. Similarly, determine its relationship with the size and business sector for those companies that published their sustainability report, and analyze the results within the framework of legitimacy and institutional theories. A quantitative investigation was carried out by means of a content analysis of the sustainability reports to determine the indices of the level of disclosure of said information, description and relationship of the variables indicated. This level of environmental disclosure is not met in all aspects of GRI. In fact, the results indicated greater compliance in the dissemination of environmental waste management, water, transport and regulatory compliance indicators, an institutional influence by type of business activity was observed. On the other hand, CE practices also did not show a high degree of disclosure, while input consumption reduction and waste management practices showed greater disclosure. The business sector presented a relationship with the level of environmental information, however, neither the size nor the sector of the companies were related to the CE information.

Resumen Las empresas peruanas con importante impacto de sostenibilidad presentan un significativo desarrollo en su información ambiental. En función de esto, esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el nivel de divulgación de información de desempeño ambiental de acuerdo con la Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) y las prácticas de economía circular (EC). De igual forma, determinar su relación con el tamaño y sector empresarial para aquellas empresas que publicaron su reporte de sostenibilidad, y analizar los resultados en el contexto de las teorías de legitimidad e institucional. Se realizó una investigación cuantitativa mediante un análisis de contenido de los reportes de sostenibilidad para determinar los índices del nivel de divulgación de dicha información, descripción y relación de las variables señaladas. Este nivel de divulgación de información ambiental no se cumple en todos los aspectos de la GRI. De hecho, los resultados señalaron un mayor cumplimiento de divulgación de indicadores de gestión ambiental de residuos, agua, transporte y cumplimiento regulatorio, se observó una influencia institucional por tipo de actividad empresarial. Por otro lado, las prácticas de EC tampoco presentaron un alto grado de divulgación, mientras que las prácticas de reducción de consumo de insumos y gestión de residuos mostraron mayor revelación. El sector empresarial presentó relación con el nivel de información ambiental, sin embargo, ni el tamaño ni el sector de las empresas se relacionaron con la información de EC.

BACKGROUND: There is growing literature promoting corporate governance mechanisms as important elements that could mitigate the inconclusive findings within the corporate social performance and firm profitability research. A key theoretical assumption within the extant literature that provides support for this proposition is that corporate social performance and firm profitability are organisational outcomes in the presence of good corporate governance. AIM: Firstly, the aim is to re-investigate voluntary social performance disclosure (SPD) and long-term profitability association from the perspective of international standards, using the Global Reporting Initiative G3.1 guidelines. Secondly, to examine the joint moderating effect of board independence and managerial ownership (MO) on the voluntary SPD and profitability nexus. SETTING: The South Africa institutional setting, where recent corporate governance regimes require firms to voluntarily make corporate governance related disclosures on both shareholder-and stakeholder-related information is used as the study context METHOD: Utilising manually extracted data of listed firms, over the period 2010 to 2015, the generalised least square regression and seemingly unrelated regression (with a 1-year lag as the main independent variable) are used to examine the stated hypotheses RESULTS: We found a positive association between voluntary SPD and long-term profitability. We also found that the presence of non-executive directors positively moderates the association between voluntary SPD and long-term profitability. Thirdly, the proportion of MO significantly positively moderates the association between voluntary SPD and long-term profitability. Lastly, the complementary role of the presence of non-executive directors and the proportion of MO significantly positively moderates the association between voluntary SPD and long-term profitability. CONCLUSION: This study finds support for scholarly theoretical arguments that organisational outcomes are largely possible in the presence of good corporate governance, which has a long-term implication for firms' shareholder wealth maximisation. This study contributes to the ongoing research examining the notion of substitutive versus complementary effects of governance mechanisms, and a growing research literature on corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure from the perspective of international standardisation. This study therefore makes far-reaching contributions to the corporate governance and social responsibility literature in an African context.

Abstract Paper aims This study proposes, applies, and discusses a model based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method with the objective of assessing the issue of materiality of sustainability reports in the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) model of civil construction companies. Originality The published literature contains few studies that propose quantitative models for the assessment of materiality for sustainability reports. To address this data gap, the present research suggests new paths. Research method After the hierarchical structure of the model had been developed, specialists were asked to prioritize the criteria and sub-criteria in their orders of preference. Their decisions were collected through a questionnaire and the responses were included in the model using the individual aggregation of priorities method applied to the AHP. Main findings It was concluded that there is scope for improving the quality of sustainability reports, as there are companies that fail to disclose relevant topics according to the judgment of the specialists consulted in this study. Implications for theory and practice The AHP method with absolute measurement proved to be an efficient model, mainly because it allows for weighting of criteria and sub-criteria, demonstrating that it is useful for comparing the materiality of company reports.

Resumo: Considerando o importante papel desempenhado pelas grandes instituições bancárias em prol do desenvolvimento sustentável, especialmente devido ao porte e à capilaridade dessas organizações, objetiva-se neste artigo comparar indicadores de sustentabilidade (econômicos, ambientais e sociais) divulgados em relatórios de algumas dessas instituições que atuam no mercado brasileiro. Os quatro bancos selecionados para esta pesquisa são aqueles que publicaram os seus relatórios de sustentabilidade no padrão da Global Reporting Initiative para 2017 e que compunham a carteira do Índice de Sustentabilidade Empresarial, promovido pela “Brasil, Bolsa e Balcão”, em 2018. São eles: Banco do Brasil; Bradesco; Itaú; e Santander. Para a consecução da pesquisa foi utilizado o método Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) com o uso de ratings. Após a elaboração da estrutura hierárquica do problema, foi requerido que especialistas, pesquisadores da área de sustentabilidade, ponderassem o grau de relevância dos indicadores analisados nesta pesquisa. Construiu-se então um ranking dos bancos selecionados em relação ao desempenho de sustentabilidade, a partir dos pesos conferidos a cada indicador e dos dados disponíveis nos relatórios de sustentabilidade de cada instituição investigada. A ordem obtida no ranking foi a seguinte: Itaú; Santander; Bradesco; e Banco do Brasil. Conclui-se que os dados apontados neste trabalho mostram que há, no setor bancário, espaço para evolução em relação à sustentabilidade, principalmente na questão social. O método AHP com ratings se mostrou eficiente, especialmente por possibilitar ponderações dos critérios e subcritérios de avaliação, o que comprova sua utilidade na comparação de empresas no que concerne aos seus desempenhos de sustentabilidade.

Abstract: Large banking institutions play an important role in sustainable development, especially owing to their size and capillarity. Therefore, the objective of this study is to compare sustainability indicators (economic, environmental, and social) published in the reports of some of these institutions that operate in the Brazilian market. The four banks selected for this study were the ones that published their sustainability reports in the 2017 Global Reporting Initiative standard, and that comprised the portfolio of the Corporate Sustainability Index, promoted by “Brasil, Bolsa e Balcão,” in 2018. These banks were Banco do Brasil, Bradesco, Itaú, and Santander. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with the use of ratings was used to carry out the research. After elaborating on the hierarchical structure of the problem, specialists, who were researchers in the field of sustainability, were required to weigh the degree of relevance of each of the indicators analyzed in this study. A ranking of the selected banks was then obtained in relation to their sustainability performances, which was based on the weights given to each indicator and the data available in the sustainability reports of each institution investigated. The banks were ranked in the following order: Itaú, Santander, Bradesco, and Banco do Brasil. The results of this study showed that there is room for evolution in relation to sustainability, mainly in the social department, in the banking sector. The AHP method with the use of ratings proved to be efficient, especially because it allowed for the weighing of the evaluation criteria and sub-criteria; this proved the usefulness of the method in comparing companies with regard to their sustainability performance.