RESUMEN El objetivo fue determinar la energía metabolizable aparente (EMAn) y digestibilidad íleal aparente (CDI) de aminoácidos en la harina de calamar gigante (Dosidicus gigas) (HCG), como alternativa proteica en dietas para pollos de engorda. Experimento 1: en la HCG se determinó la EMAn y el CDI de sus aminoácidos. A 96 pollos se les proporcionó dieta con 8 y 16% de HCG durante 21 días de edad. Experimento 2: 72 pollos fueron alimentados con 16 y 20% de HCG en la dieta, durante 42 días. Variables productivas, rendimiento de canal, color de piel y sabor fueron evaluados. Resultados: EMAn fue 3376.15 kcal/kg y CDI de los aminoácidos mayor a 68%, excepto histidina (21%) y cisteína (47%). Ganancia de peso y peso final se redujeron con 16% HCG (P < 0.05) respecto al testigo a los 21 días de edad, sin embargo, a los 42 días no se detectaron diferencias (P > 0.05) entre tratamientos con 16 y 20%, tanto en las variables productivas como en rendimiento de la canal y peso de pollos (P > 0.05). El sabor de la carne no se vio afectado por HCG (P > 0.05). Se concluye que la HCG es una fuente alterna de proteína en dietas para pollos de engorda.

ABSTRACT The objective was to determine apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids in giant squid (Dosidicus gigas) (GSM) meal, as a protein alternative in diets for broilers. Experiment 1: in GSM the AMEn and the AID of its amino acids were determined. Ninety-six chickens were fed a diet with 8 and 16% GSM for 21 days of age. Experiment 2: 72 chickens were fed with 16 and 20% GSM in the diet for 42 days. Productive parameters, carcass yield, skin color and flavor meat were evaluated. Results: AMEn was 3376.15 kcal/kg and AID of amino acids greater than 68%, except histidine (21%) and cysteine (47%). Weight gain and final weight were reduced with 16% GSM (P < 0.05) compared to the control at 21 days of age, however at 42 days no differences were detected (P > 0.05) between treatments with 16 and 20%, both in the productive parameters and in carcass yield and chicken weight (P > 0.05). The taste of the meat was not affected by GSM (P > 0.05). It is concluded that GSM is an alternate source of protein in diets for broilers.

Abstract Factors related to atherosclerotic plaques may indicate instability, such as ulcerations, intraplaque hemorrhages, lipid core, thin or irregular fibrous cap, and inflammation. The grayscale median (GSM) value is one of the most widespread methods of studying atherosclerotic plaques and it is therefore important to comprehensively standardize image post-processing. Post-processing was performed using Photoshop 23.1.1.202. Images were standardized by adjusting the grayscale histogram curves, setting the darkest point of the vascular lumen (blood) to zero and the distal adventitia to 190. Posterization and color mapping were performed. A methodology that presents the current state of the art in an accessible and illustrative way should contribute to the dissemination of GSM analysis. This article describes and illustrates the process step by step.

Resumo Fatores relativos à placa aterosclerótica podem indicar instabilidade como ulcerações, hemorragias intraplaca, núcleo lipídico, capa fibrosa delgada ou irregular e inflamação. A mediana de escala de cinza (GSM, de greyscale median) da placa é um dos métodos mais difundidos de estudo da placa aterosclerótica; nesse sentido, é importante criar uma padronização da pós-processamento de forma compreensível. O pós-processamento foi realizado no software Photoshop 23.1.1. A padronização da imagem foi alcançada com o ajuste de curvas do histograma de escalas de cinza definindo o ponto mais escuro do lúmen vascular (sangue) para zero e a adventícia distal para 190. A posterização e o remapeamento de cores foram realizados. Um método que apresenta o atual estado da arte da técnica de forma acessível e ilustrativa pode contribuir para disseminação da análise de GSM. Neste artigo, esse processo é demonstrado passo a passo.

Abstract: This study presents the design of a face mask detector that uses a camera, controlled by Raspberry PI with Python, which generates alerts when detecting people not properly wearing face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. The system uses a security camera and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) wireless communication. The face mask detector equipped with artificial intelligence is implemented in the "La Joya" building at the Salesian Polytechnic University (Ecuador). The learning model is developed in stages. The results show that at stage 20, the accuracy and the test accuracy of the model reaches one. Similarly, data loss achieves zero at stage 20. It is concluded that the face mask detection system successfully monitors a specific area, improving the safety of students attending classes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Resumen: En este estudio se presenta el diseño de un detector de mascarilla por medio de una cámara controlada por un Raspberry PI con Python que genera alertas en caso de detectar a personas que no usen correctamente la mascarilla durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Se utiliza una cámara de seguridad y comunicación inalámbrica a través de GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication). El detector con inteligencia artificial se implementa en el edificio “La Joya” de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (Ecuador). El aprendizaje del modelo se realiza por épocas. Los resultados muestran que en la época 20, la precisión y prueba de exactitud del modelo llegan a 1. De igual forma, la pérdida (Loss) de datos llega en la época 20 a tener una pérdida de datos de 0. Se concluye que el sistema de detección de mascarilla permite monitorear un área determinada, proporcionando un mejor cuidado de los estudiantes durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

Abstract Introduction: IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an immune-mediated condition associated with fibroinflammatory lesions that can occur in almost any anatomical site. Histopathological examination is essential when suspected to diagnose it to exclude malignancy and other diseases. The objective of this study was to describe the histological findings of the minor salivary gland biopsy (GSL) in patients diagnosed with IgG4-RD, and subsequently to correlate these findings with the histology and immunohistochemistry of the major salivary gland (GSM). Materials and methods: retrospective, observational and descriptive study on a cohort of 40 patients diagnosed with RD-IgG4. Twenty-six patients diagnosed with IgG4-RD who presented SLG biopsies were included. Results: the 73% of the samples presented a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and 11% of them fibrosis with a non-storiform pattern. In no case was obliterative arteritis or any form of phlebitis found. When comparing the findings of the GSM biopsies, there was no statistical significance. Sixty-five percent of the patients presented extraglandular involvement; the pancreato-hepato-biliary system and the adenopathies were the most affected. Conclusions: incisional biopsy of the submandibular gland would be more useful and appropriate than LSG for a definitive diagnosis of IgG4-RD.

Resumen Introducción: la enfermedad relacionada con IgG4 (ER-IgG4) es una afección inmunomediada, asociada con lesiones fibroinflamatorias que pueden ocurrir en casi cualquier órgano. Ante su sospecha clínica es fundamental realizar el examen histopatológico para excluir malignidad y otras enfermedades. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue describir los hallazgos histológicos de la biopsia de glándulas salivales labiales (GSL) en pacientes con diagnóstico de ER-IgG4 y, posteriormente, comparar estos hallazgos con la histología e inmunohistoquímica de la glándula salival mayor (GSM). Materiales y métodos: estudio retrospectivo, observacional y descriptivo sobre una cohorte de 40 pacientes con diagnóstico de ER-IgG4. Se incluyeron 26 pacientes con diagnóstico de ER-IgG4 que presentaron biopsias de GSL. Resultados: el 73% de la muestra tuvo un infiltrado linfoplasmocitario y el 11%, fibrosis con patrón no estoriforme. En ningún caso se halló arteritis obliterativa ni ninguna forma de flebitis. Al realizar la comparación con los hallazgos de las biopsias de GSM, no hubo significancia estadística. El 65% de los pacientes manifestó compromiso extraglandular y fueron los sistemas pancreato-hepato-biliar y las adenopatías los más afectados. Conclusiones: la biopsia incisional de glándula submandibular sería más útil y apropiada que la biopsia de GSL para un diagnóstico definitivo de ER-IgG4.

Abstract: Currently, conventional agriculture has been modified by new quality and quantity requirements and also by changes in climatic factors. In this context, it is necessary to implement emerging technologies that help to optimize natural and economic resources. One of the technological alternatives for the agricultural sector is the implementation of automated greenhouses using the Internet of things concept. One of the difficulties in implementing automated greenhouses is the technical difficulty and cost associated with building these new approaches. This work presents an internet of things architecture to monitor the variables involved within a greenhouse, using wireless connection and internet communication to publish the collected data. The system evaluation was conducted using a mesh covered greenhouse and demonstrated that it is possible to develop low-cost architectures that can connect to the cloud via WiFi or GSM / GPRS technology to upload data to a web server. This information is the input for new approaches that enable the automatic management of greenhouses.

Abstract Objectives: In this pilot, prospective, randomized, double-blind study, the authors compared the efficacy of oxytocin with promestriene in improving vaginal atrophy of Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM). Methods: A total of 51 postmenopausal women with symptoms of GSM were evaluated. They were randomized into two groups: oxytocin (25 patients) and promestriene (26 patients) and were evaluated before and after 90 days of treatment; the evaluation was based on the domains of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) (lubrication, satisfaction, and pain during sexual intercourse), clinical visual examination, and vaginal wall thickness. Results: After the use of the medications, both groups showed significant improvement in the three evaluated FSFI domains (p < 0.05) and there was no significant difference between the groups (p > 0.05). On clinical examination, the medications improved all the evaluated parameters but without statistical significance (p > 0.05). The evaluation of the thickness of the vaginal epithelium showed that both treatments led to increase in the vaginal epithelium (p < 0.05); however, the efficacy of promestriene was higher than that of oxytocin (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Both medications were effective, however, studies with larger samples and longer follow-ups are needed to confirm the clinical applicability.

SUMMARY: Considering that the submandibular gland (SMG) of postnatal mice performs active cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation which are regulated by proto-oncogene products in cancerous cells, the expression and localization of a proto-oncogene product HER (human epidermal growth factor receptor)-2 was examined in SMG of postnatal mice. In Western blot analysis, the expression for HER-2 was high until pre-puberty, and it decreased from puberty to young adult stages with male SMG more dominant. In immunohistochemistry, the immunoreactivity was positive in acinar and ductal cells of newborn SMG with distinct localization at the intercellular apposition sites. The immunoreactivity in acinar cells progressively decreased to negligible levels by pre-pubertal stage, while it remained positive in most ductal cells throughout the postnatal time-course. The immunoreactivity in cells of terminal tubules and intercalated ducts, both of which have a high potential to produce cells, were seen at levels similar to those of more proximal ducts, while the immunoreactivity in ductal basal cells was significantly high, but the granular convoluted tubule cells were seen at negligible levels in male and at faint levels in female. In immuno-electron microscopy of excretory ducts, the immunoreactivity was dominantly localized on the basal infolding membranes as well as vesicles and vacuoles of various sizes, but rarely in Golgi apparatus and mitochondria. The immunoreactivity without association to any membranous structures were also seen, though not numerous. The relation of expression levels of HER-2 in various portions of normal SMG to those in their cancerous ones is briefly discussed.

RESUMEN: Considerando que la glándula submandibular (GSM) de ratones postnatales realiza la proliferación celular activa, apoptosis y diferenciación que están reguladas por productos protooncogénicos en células cancerosas, la expresión y localización de un producto protooncogénico HER (receptor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico humano) - 2 se examinó en GSM de estos ratones. En el análisis de Western blot, la expresión de HER-2 fue alta hasta la prepubertad, y disminuyó desde la pubertad hasta las etapas de adultos jóvenes con GSM macho más dominante. En inmunohistoquímica, la inmunorreactividad fue positiva en las células acinares y ductales de GSM de recién nacido con una localización distinta en los sitios de aposición intercelular. La inmunorreactividad en las células acinares disminuyó progresivamente a niveles insignificantes en la etapa prepuberal, mientras que permaneció positiva en la mayoría de las células ductales durante el transcurso del tiempo posnatal. La inmunorreactividad en las células de los túbulos terminales y los conductos intercalados, los cuales tienen un alto potencial para producir células, se obser- vó a niveles similares a los de los conductos más proximales, mientras que la inmunorreactividad en las células basales ductales fue significativamente alta, pero en el túbulo contorneado granular las células se observaron en niveles insignificantes en los machos y en niveles débiles en las hembras. En la microscopía inmunoelectrónica de los conductos excretores, la inmunorreactividad se localizó de manera predominante en las membranas de pliegues basales, así como en vesículas y vacuolas de varios tamaños, pero raramente en el aparato de Golgi y en las mitocondrias. También se observó la inmunorreactividad sin asociación a ninguna estructura membranosa, aunque no numerosa. Se discute brevemente la relación de los niveles de expresión de HER-2 en varias porciones de GSM normal con aquellos en sus cancerosos.

Abstract A good wireless network design depends on technical and financial viability and a number of other criteria that must be met. Following the emergence of new technologies and services, such as 5G transmission and the reuse of frequencies, new work is being carried out to ensure a better design for a particular area. This study examines a discrete radio propagation model which employs the K nearest neighbors classifier. The model takes into account the different characteristics of the environment. This article presents a case study for the optimum positioning of base stations in Federal University of Pará (Belém – Brazil), representing a typical Amazon environment. The mentioned scenario is heterogeneous, presenting edifications and considerable forest area. Measurement campaigns were conducted in three different frequencies for the design features of the model: 521 MHz (Brazilian digital TV system), 2100 MHz (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), and 2600 MHz (Long Term Evolution). A study of the fading phenomenon in these frequencies was carried out to generalize the frequencies of application for the propagation loss model. When this model was ready, tests (computing simulations) were conducted in two scenarios to optimize the positioning of the radio base stations being studied.

Abstract: The present study presents the design of a monitoring system that shows climate conditions in a plantain crop by generating alerts of climate variables detected outside the optimal production range. Most plantain crops are controlled by a manual operator, which raises operational costs. The monitoring system uses electronic sensors and wireless communication technologies (XBee and GSM) using an embedded Arduino system. This is interpreted in the QT Creator software by interacting with a database developed in MySQL. The system is composed of two field stations where climate variables reading sensors are located. A monitoring station for supervision is located outside the agricultural area. It is concluded that the monitoring system presented here allows the user to monitor plantain crops remotely and to have access to a history of climate records and out-of-range values that permit avoiding crop production losses.

Resumen: En este artículo se presenta el diseño de un sistema de monitoreo que muestra las condiciones climáticas en un cultivo de plátano con la generación de alertas en caso de detectar variables climáticas fuera del rango óptimo de producción. La mayoría de los cultivos de plátano son controlados por un operador manual, elevando costos de operación. Se utilizan sensores electrónicos y tecnología inalámbrica de comunicación (XBee y GSM) utilizando un sistema embebido Arduino e interpretado en el software Qt Creator con interacción a una base de datos desarrollada en MySQL. El sistema está compuesto por dos estaciones de campo donde se encuentran los sensores para lectura de las variables climáticas y una estación de monitoreo para supervisión fuera de la zona agrícola. Se concluye que el sistema de monitoreo presentado permite supervisar el cultivo de plátano vía remota, teniendo acceso a un historial de registros del clima y valores fuera de rango, lo que posibilita evitar pérdidas de producción agrícola.

ABSTRACT The giant squid Dosidicus gigas has a great potential to elaborate human consumption products and balanced food due to its high protein content. The objective of this work was to inelude 10 and 20 % of giant squid meal (GSM) as a protein source in diets for laying hens. One hundred thirty-five Bovans White hens were distributed as follows: control (T), 10 % (T1), and 20 % (T2), in a 6-week trial. The Productive variables measured were the physical quality of the egg, crude protein, amino acid profile, and sensory evaluation (taste), Raw GSM protein (77.76 %), amino acids (g aa/100 protein): methionine + cysteine (3.76), lysine (10.16), isoleucine (4.26), leucine (6.56), phenylalanine (4.56) and tryptophan (2.0). The Productive variables measured were (P < 0.05) in posture (%); egg weight (g); food conversion (kg: kg) and egg mass (bird/day/g), and without difference (P > 0.05) consumption (bird/day/g); physical quality of the egg with differences (P < 0.05) in egg weight (g), albumin height (mm) and Haugh units (UH). In egg raw protein and amino acid differences (P < 0.05), Sensory evaluation (P > 0.05), rating the 3 treatments in 4 “likes”. According to the results, it is concluded that giant squid flour not exceeding 10 % can be an alternative as a source of protein for feeding posture hens.

RESUMEN El calamar gigante Dosidicus gigas presenta un potencial para elaborar productos para consumo humano y alimentos balanceados por su alto contenido de proteína. El objetivo de este trabajo fue incluir 10 y 20 % de harina de calamar gigante (HCG) como fuente de proteína en dietas para gallinas ponedoras. Ciento treinta y cinco gallinas Bovans White se distribuyeron en testigo (T), 10 % (TI) y 20 % (T2) en ensayo de 6 semanas. Se midieron variables productivas, calidad física del huevo, proteína cruda, perfil de aminoácidos y evaluación sensorial (sabor). Proteína cruda en HCG (77.76 %), aminoácidos (g aa/100 de proteína): metionina+cisteína (3.76), lisina (10.16), isoleusina (4.26), leucina (6.56), fenilalanina (4.56) y triptófano (2.0). Variables productivas (P < 0.05) en postura (%); peso del huevo (g); conversión alimentaria (kg:kg) y masa de huevo (ave/día/g), y sin diferencia (P > 0.05) consumo (ave/día/g). Calidad física del huevo con diferencias (P < 0.05) en peso de huevo (g); altura de albúmina (mm) y unidades Haugh (UH). En huevo proteína cruda y aminoácidos diferencias (P < 0.05). Evaluación sensorial (P > 0.05), calificando los 3 tratamientos en 4 “gusta”. Se concluye que la harina de calamar gigante puede ser una alternativa como fuente de proteína para la alimentación de gallinas de postura no mayor al 10 %.

Resumen Contexto: El modelado y predicción del uso del espectro por parte de los PU es un aspecto importante para reducir la interferencia entre los SU y PU, y mejorar el desempeño de la decisión espectral. Lo anterior requiere de información espectral pasada, que permita al algoritmo modelar el comportamiento del PU. Objetivo: Determinar el valor óptimo de muestras pasadas y tiempo de recálculo de criterios de decisión para los algoritmos de toma de decisiones en redes de radio cognitiva. Metodología: Se realizan varios experimentos de simulación a partir del algoritmo FFAHP, en dos diferentes enfoques, tiempo real y mejor esfuerzo, con tráfico alto y bajo, en la banda de frecuencia GSM. Se realiza un análisis estadístico de los datos obtenidos, variando los parámetros de time range, mientras criteria time permanece constante, y viceversa. Resultados: Para tráfico alto es suficiente con tomar 1800 muestras anteriores para calcular el valor inicial de los parámetros y actualizarlos cada 10 minutos (1800). Si el tráfico es bajo es suficiente con tomar 5400 muestras anteriores para calcular el valor inicial de los parámetros y actualizarlos cada 10 minutos (1800). Conclusiones: No es necesario un número elevado de muestras anteriores para determinar el valor inicial de los parámetros de decisión para obtener un buen desempeño de la tasa de handoff, así como tampoco lo es para la actualización de los mismos, para un tráfico correspondiente a la banda de frecuencia GSM. Financiamiento: El presente trabajo es un resultado de un proyecto de investigación financiado por el Centro de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Científico de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas.

Abstract Context: The modeling and prediction of spectrum usage by PUs is an important aspect in reducing interference between SUs and Pus, and for improving overall spectral decision-performance. This process requires past spectral information that might allow the algorithm to model the behavior of the PU. Objective: To determine the optimal value of past samples and recalculation time of decision criteria for the decision-making algorithms in cognitive radio networks. Methodology: Several simulation experiments were carried out using the FFAHP algorithm. Two different approaches were used (real time, and better effort), with high and low traffic, in the GSM frequency band. A statistical analysis of the data obtained is performed, varying the time range parameters while the time criteria remained constant, and vice versa. Results: In high traffic conditions, it is enough to take 1800 previous samples to calculate the initial value of the parameters and update them every 10 minutes (1800). Whereas, in low traffic conditions, 5400 previous samples are needed in order to calculate the initial value of parameters and update them every 10 minutes (1800). Conclusions: A high number of previous samples is not necessary to determine the initial value of the decision parameters in order to obtain a good performance of the handoff rate, nor is it necessary to update those parameters to obtain traffic corresponding to the band of GSM frequency. Funding: The present work is a result of a research project financed by the Center of Research and Scientific Development of the District University Francisco José de Caldas.

Resumen La Universidad Santo Tomás actualmente no cuenta con toda la infraestructura de telecomunicaciones que permita a sus estudiantes realizar prácticas de laboratorio en el área de la telefonía móvil. Por lo anterior, este trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad la implementación de una estación base de telefonía móvil celular (TMC), GSM 2G y el desarrollo de un sistema de recepción de señales LTE 4G, todo esto mediante el uso de radio definido porsoftwarey herramientas desoftwarelibre. La implementación de la estación base genera y gestiona el recurso inalámbrico emitido por ella misma, con el fin de aprovisionar servicios de mensajería de texto corto y llamada de voz. Por otra parte, el sistema de recepción de señales LTE 4G fue desarrollado en elsoftwareGNURadio, lo que permite replicar de una forma didáctica y educativa, todo el proceso de generación y recepción de servicios básicos de telecomunicaciones móviles.

Abstract Santo Tomás University does not currently have the entire telecommunications infrastructure that allows its students to perform laboratory practices in the area of mobile telephony. Therefore, this research work has the purpose of implementing a mobile cellular telephone base (TMC), GSM 2G and the development of a LTE 4G signal reception system, all this through the use ofsoftware-defined radio and freesoftwaretools. The implementation of the base station generates and manages the wireless resource issued by it, in order to provide short text messaging services and voice call. On the other hand, the LTE 4G signal reception system was developed in the GNURadiosoftware, which allows replicating a didactic and educational form of the whole process of generation and reception of basic mobile telecommunications services.

Resumen La radio cognitiva es una tecnología que hace un uso eficiente del espectro y permite a los usuarios secundarios utilizar las oportunidades espectrales de las bandas licenciadas, pero sin interferir con las comunicaciones de los usuarios primarios. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar y comparar el desempeño de dos algoritmos de toma de decisiones multicriterio: Topsis y Vikor, con diferentes niveles de colaboración entre usuarios secundarios. Los dos algoritmos se evalúan y comparar con respecto al retardo durante una transmisión de información de 9 MB. La comparación se realizó bajo cuatro escenarios distintos, de acuerdo con la clase de servicio y el nivel de tráfico, para la banda de frecuencia GSM. De acuerdo con los resultados alcanzados el algoritmo Topsis tiene un mejor desempeño en los diferentes escenarios y niveles de colaboración.

Abstract Cognitive radio is a technology that makes efficient use of the spectrum allowing secondary users to use the spectral opportunities of the licensed bands, but without interfering with the communications of the primary users. The objective of this article is to analyze and compare the performance of two multicriteria decision making algorithms: Topsis and Vikor, with different levels of collaboration between secondary users. The two algorithms are evaluated and compared at the delay level during an information transmission of 9 MB. The comparison is made under four different scenarios, according to the class of service and the level of traffic, for the GSM frequency band. According to the results achieved, the Topsis algorithm has a better performance in different scenarios and collaboration levels.

Resumo O rádio cognitivo é uma tecnologia que faz uso eficiente do espectro, permitindo que usuários secundários usem as oportunidades espectrais das bandas licenciadas, mas sem interferir nas comunicações dos usuários principais. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar e comparar o desempenho de dois algoritmos multicritério de tomada de decisão: Topsis e Vikor com diferentes níveis de colaboração entre usuários secundários. Os dois algoritmos são avaliados e comparados no nível de atraso durante uma transmissão de informação de 9 MB. A comparação é feita em quatro cenários diferentes, de acordo com a classe de serviço e o nível de tráfego, para a faixa de freqüência GSM. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o algoritmo Topsis possui um melhor desempenho em diferentes cenários e níveis de colaboração.

Resumo Introdução: O gliossarcoma (GSM) do sistema nervoso central (SNC) é uma neoplasia primária rara, caracterizada pela presença de componentes gliais e sarcomatosos. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo é descrever os aspectos clínicos e de neuroimagem de três casos com este diagnóstico e correlacioná-los com os achados patológicos. Também foi realizada uma breve revisão da literatura relevante. Métodos: Três pacientes foram avaliados por ressonância magnética (RM), e biópsias confirmaram o diagnóstico de GSM primário, sem radioterapia prévia. Resultados: Foram analisadas as sequências convencionais (T1, T1 após injeção de contraste, T2, FLAIR-fluid attenuation inversion recovery, SWI, DWI/mapa ADC) e as sequências avançadas (espectroscopia de prótons 1H e perfusão), observando-se aspecto necrótico e irregular da lesão, edema/infiltração peritumoral, isointensidade do componente sólido em T2, associada a realce irregular e periférico pelo meio de contraste, pico de lípides e de lactato e aumento dos níveis de colina e creatina na espectroscopia de prótons, aumento do volume sanguíneo cerebral relativo (rCBV) na perfusão, multifocalidade e “drop” mestástase em um dos casos. Conclusão: O presente estudo descreve características do GSM, discutindo as informações na literatura científica, ilustrando algumas particularidades desses tumores.

Abstract Background: Central nervous system (CNS) gliosarcoma (GSM) is a rare primary neoplasm characterized by the presence of glial and sarcomatous components. Objective: In this report, we describe the clinical and neuroimaging aspects of three cases of GSM and correlate these aspects with pathological findings. We also provide a brief review of relevant literature. Methods: Three patients were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and biopsies confirmed the diagnosis of primary GSM, without previous radiotherapy. Results: The analysis of conventional sequences (T1, T1 after contrast injection, T2, Fluid attenuation inversion recovery, SWI and DWI/ADC map) and advanced (proton 1H MR spectroscopy and perfusion) revealed an irregular, necrotic aspect of the lesion, peritumoral edema/infiltration and isointensity of the solid component on a T2-weighted image. These features were associated with irregular and peripheral contrast enhancement, lipid and lactate peaks, increased choline and creatine levels in proton spectroscopy, increased relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in perfusion, multifocality and drop metastasis in one of the cases. Conclusion: These findings are discussed in relation to the general characteristics of GSM reported in the literature.

Resumo Contexto O edema de membros inferiores (MMII) possui causas de origem sistêmicas e locais. Uma inovação é a utilização de um software de caracterização tecidual para diferenciação da origem do edema em imagens de ultrassom. Objetivos Determinar os parâmetros do uso de software na imagem ultrassonográfica para diferenciação de edema de origem venosa e/ou linfática em MMII. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal do tipo quantitativo analítico com amostragem não probabilística por conveniência. Os instrumentos de coleta foram: anamnese, exame físico, exame de ultrassom e análise do software de caracterização tecidual por imagem ultrassonográfica por meio da quantificação da ecogenicidade e da mediana da escala de cinza (GSM). Resultados A amostra foi composta por 42 MMII de edema venoso, 35 de edema linfático, 14 de edema misto e 11 controle. Quanto à distribuição dos pixels nos intervalos de ecogenicidade, o grupo com edema venoso apresentou 88,31% entre o intervalo hipoecogênico IV ao ecogênico III; o grupo com edema linfático, 71,73% entre o intervalo hipoecogênico II ao ecogênico I; grupo com edema misto, 76,17% entre o intervalo hipoecogênico III ao ecogênico II; e o grupo controle, 84,87% entre o intervalo ecogênico II ao hiperecogênico I. A média e o desvio-padrão da GSM apresentaram diferença estatística entre os grupos. Conclusão O software CATUS permitiu a diferenciação do tipo de edema de MMII, facilitando o diagnóstico do tipo de edema e, consequentemente, a escolha da melhor opção terapêutica.

Abstract Background Lower limb edema has both systemic and local causes. Using software to differentiate the origin of edema in ultrasound images is an innovation. Objective To determine the parameters for using software to differentiate edema of venous and/or lymphatic origin in ultrasound images of the lower limbs. Method This is a cross-sectional, quantitative, analytical study with non-probabilistic sampling by convenience. Data were collected by patient interview, physical examination, ultrasound examination, and analysis of software for tissue characterization in ultrasound image by means of quantification of echogenicity and Gray Scale Median (GSM). Results The sample comprised 42 lower limbs with venous edema, 35 with lymphatic edema, 14 with mixed edema, and 11 control limbs. The distributions of pixels in echogenicity intervals by group was as follows. In the venous edema group, 88.31% were distributed from hypoechogenic interval IV to echogenic interval III; in the lymphatic edema group 71.73% were from hypoechogenic interval II to echogenic interval I; in the mixed edema group 76.17% were from hypoechogenic interval III to echogenic interval II; and in the control group 84.87% were distributed from echogenic interval II to hyperechogenic interval I. Mean and standard deviation of GSM values showed statistical differences between groups. Conclusion The CATUS software enabled differentiation of the type of lower limb edema, facilitating diagnosis of edema type and, consequently, choice of the best therapeutic option.