Delaminasies en krake is nadelige verskynsels wat die kwaliteit van die finale produk in die vervaardiging van metaal byvoeg vervaardiging belemmer. Die doeltreffende gebruik van ander aanlyn moniteringstelsels wat hierdie vervormings en delaminasies tydens die vervaardigingsproses kan opspoor, word tans ontwikkel en in die praktyk geïmplementeer. In hierdie artikel word gasgedraagde akoestiese emissie gebruik om te wys dat krake/delaminasies wat tydens die vervaardigingsproses voorkom, opgespoor en van ander masjiengeraas onderskei kan word. Die pieke in die amplitude van die sein wat in die tyddomein uitgestuur word, kan gebruik word om die voorkoms van krake tydens die bouproses aan te dui. Die frekwensie-eienskappe van die sein kan ook duidelik die voorkoms van die makrokrake aandui en onderskei tussen die seine van die krake en die masjiengeraas.

Delaminations and cracks are detrimental phenomena that hinder the quality of the final product in metal additive manufacturing. The effective use of other online monitoring systems that can detect these deformations and delaminations during the manufacturing process is currently being developed and implemented in practice. In this paper, gas-borne acoustic emission is used to show that cracks/delaminations that occur during the metal laser powder bed fusion build process can be detected and distinguished from other machine noise. The peaks in the amplitude of the signal emitted in the time domain could be used to indicate the occurrence of cracks during the build process. The frequency characteristics of the signal could also clearly indicate the occurrence of the macro cracks and differentiate between the signals from the cracks and the machine noise.

Resumen: El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar cómo las tecnologías digitales implican la con-fusión de sujetos y objetos en el campo de las imágenes. Para ello se parte de la distinción realizada por Lucien Sfez entre comunicación representativa y expresiva, y cómo puede notarse una tendencia a su confusión en una forma que el autor llamó “tautismo”. La tesis sostenida es que ese tautismo -concepto considerado problemático- es en la actualidad una con-fusión de sujetos y objetos en el campo de las imágenes digitales. Así, se considera a las imágenes como terceros que median entre sujetos y objetos, generando continuidad entre ellos, pero sin confundirlos. Posteriormente, el cine expandido, el escaneo 3D, las imágenes de síntesis y la propia arquitectura discreta de las imágenes digitales son analizados y reunidos en la noción de simulacro. Se concluye que ninguna imagen puede existir en sí misma sin su conexión con sujetos y objetos, aunque la imagen digital tienda a ocultarlo

Abstract: The aim of this article is to analyze how digital technologies imply the confusion of subjects and objects in the field of images. It starts from the distinction made by Lucien Sfez between representative and expressive communication, and how there is a tendency towards their confusion in a form that the author called "tautism". The thesis argued is that this tautism -a concept which we consider problematic- is currently a con-fusion of subjects and objects in the field of digital images. Thus, images are considered as third parties that mediate between subjects and objects, generating continuity between them, but without confusing them. Subsequently, expanded cinema, 3D scanning, synthetic images, and the discrete architecture of digital images themselves are analyzed and gathered under the notion of simulation. It is concluded that no image can exist on its own without its connection to subjects and objects, although the digital image tends to conceal it

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é analisar como as tecnologias digitais implicam na con-fusão de sujeitos e objetos no campo das imagens. Para isso, partimos da distinção feita por Lucien Sfez entre comunicação representativa e expressiva, e como pode ser notada uma tendência à sua confusão de uma forma que o autor chamou de “tautismo”. A tese sustentada é que este tautismo - conceito considerado problemático - é atualmente uma confusão de sujeitos e objetos no campo das imagens digitais. Assim, as imagens são consideradas terceiros, que mediam entre sujeitos e objetos, gerando continuidade entre eles, mas sem confundi-los. Posteriormente, o cinema expandido, o escaneamento 3D, as imagens de síntese e a arquitetura discreta das imagens digitais são analisados e reunidos na noção de simulacro. Conclui-se que nenhuma imagem pode existir em si mesma sem sua conexão com sujeitos e objetos, embora a imagem digital tenha uma tendência a escondê-lo

Abstract Additive manufacturing has evolved from a rapid prototyping technology to a technology with the ability to produce highly complex parts with superior mechanical properties than those obtained conventionally. The processing of metallic powders by means of a laser makes it possible to process any type of alloy and even metal matrix composites. The present work analyzes the tensile and compressive response of 316L stainless steel processed by laser-based powder bed fusion. The resulting microstructure was evaluated by optical microscopy. Regarding the mechanical properties, the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, percentage of elongation before breakage, compressive strength and microhardness were determined. The results show that the microstructure is constituted by stacked micro molten pools, within which cellular sub-grains are formed due to the high thermal gradient and solidification rate. The compressive strength (1511.88 ± 9.22 MPa) is higher than the tensile strength (634.80 ± 11.62 MPa). This difference is mainly associated with strain hardening and the presence of residual stresses. The initial microhardness was 206.24 ± 11.96 HV; after the compression test, the hardness increased by 23%.

Resumen La fabricación aditiva ha evolucionado desde una tecnología de prototipado rápido hasta una con la capacidad de producir piezas altamente complejas con propiedades mecánicas que superan las logradas de manera convencional. El procesamiento de polvos metálicos mediante tecnología láser permite el tratamiento de una amplia gama de aleaciones e incluso materiales compuestos. Este estudio analiza la respuesta a tracción y compresión del acero inoxidable 316L fusionado mediante fusión selectiva láser. La microestructura resultante fue analizada mediante microscopía óptica. En cuanto a las propiedades mecánicas, se determinaron la resistencia a la fluencia, la resistencia última a la tracción, el porcentaje de elongación antes de la fractura, la resistencia a la compresión y la microdureza. Los resultados muestran que la microestructura está compuesta por micropiletas fundidas apiladas, dentro de las cuales se generan subgranos celulares debido al alto gradiente térmico y la alta velocidad de solidificación. La resistencia a la compresión (1511.88 ± 9.22 MPa) es superior a la resistencia a tracción (634.80 ± 11.62 MPa). Esta diferencia está principalmente asociada con el endurecimiento por deformación y las tensiones residuales. La microdureza inicial fue de 206.24 ± 11.96 HV, y después de la prueba de compresión, la dureza aumentó en un 23 %.

IrO2 is a current state-of-the-art catalyst for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyser (PEMWE) applications due to its high stability during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, its activity needs to be significantly improved to justify the use of such a high-cost material. In this study, the activity of the IrO2 catalyst was improved by optimising and comparing two synthesis methods: the modified Adams fusion method (MAFM) and the molten salt method (MSM). Optimum OER performances of the IrO2 catalysts synthesised with the two synthesis methods were obtained at different temperatures. For the MAFM, a synthesis temperature of 350 °C produced the IrO2 catalyst with an overpotential of 279 mV and the highest OER stability of ~82 h at 10 mAcm-2. However, for the MSM, the lowest overpotential of 271 mV was observed for IrO2 synthesised at 350 °C, while the highest stability of ~75 h was obtained for the IrO2 synthesised at 500 °C. SIGNIFICANCE: IrO2 is still currently a state-of-the-art catalyst in PEMWE due to its high stability in the highly acidic and oxidising conditions of the OER. High-performance IrO2 catalysts were successfully produced via the MAFM and MSM. Both the MAFM and MSM are simple and easily scalable for high-volume production of metal oxide catalysts. This study showed that the physical/structural properties of the IrO2 catalysts can be tailored through synthesis methods and synthesis conditions to improve their OER performance.

ABSTRACT This text explores different socio-historical and theoretical contents that shape the current experiences of women who live in the territories of what is known today as the north of Chile. The objective is to contribute to the theoretical approach in the analysis of social and gender inequalities in a context marked by mining extractivism and the vulnerability of its inhabitants. From a gender perspective, we analyze extractivism in the area and its consequences beyond environmental issues. The main conclusion is that the intersection of the issues addressed requires complex analyses where they can converge to strengthen the fusion of issues with a denouncing and innovative perspective. sociohistorical socio historical Chile inhabitants perspective

RESUMEN El presente texto explora diversos contenidos sociohistóricos y teóricos que conforman las vivencias actuales de mujeres que habitan territorios de lo que hoy es conocido como el norte de Chile. El objetivo es contribuir a la aproximación teórica en el análisis de desigualdades sociales y de género, bajo un contexto marcado por el extractivismo minero y la vulnerabilidad de sus habitantes. Desde una perspectiva de género, se analiza el extractivismo en la zona y sus consecuencias más allá de lo medioambiental. Se concluye principalmente que la intersección de los temas abordados requiere de análisis complejos donde puedan converger para fortalecer la fusión de temas con perspectiva denunciante e innovadora. Chile género habitantes medioambiental innovadora

Cleaning and shaping of the root canal are profoundly affected by the complexity of root and canal morphology. Undiscovered roots or canals may lead to a reduced prognosis of a treated tooth as hidden causative organisms and their by-products can cause re-infection. Most maxillary first molars have three roots, namely mesio-buccal (MB), disto-buccal (DB) and palatal (P). They can be separate or fused, with incidences varying between populations. Anomalies have also been documented that include single-rooted, double-rooted, four and even five-rooted teeth. Additional roots are mostly in the form of additional palatal roots and are known as either a radix mesiolingualis (RML) or radix distolingualis (RDL). This paper is the first of two giving an overview, focused on micro-CT, of available literature on various aspects of the root and canal morphology of the maxillary first permanent molar. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of relevant aspects of the external root morphology in different populations. The content is supported by illustrative micro-CT images and case reports of rare morphological findings on maxillary first molars.

Abstract Introduction and objective: To demonstrate the value of the axial plane of the posterior complex, as a clue for the antenatal detection of synthelencephaly, a variant of holoprosencephaly. Method: All patients diagnosed with syntelencephaly evaluated since 2008 were included. In all cases, clinical, neurosonography (NSG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and genetic data were recorded. Results: Four cases were diagnosed in the second trimester and in all of them a genetic study and MRI were performed. Three had extra-CNS anomalies in their evolution and two of them chromosomal anomalies, one of them incompatible with extrauterine life. Neuroimaging findings described for this condition were detected by NSG, with an excellent correlation with MRI, whether the latter was performed in the fetal or postnatal period. Conclusion: The prenatal diagnosis of holoprosencephaly variants is difficult, considering the existence of a more limited medial fusion than in the classical forms. The present study demonstrates the usefulness of the posterior complex plane for the diagnostic suspicion of synthelencephaly.

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: Demostrar el valor del plano axial del complejo posterior, como apoyo a la detección antenatal de sintelencefalia, variante de holoprosencefalia. Método: Se incluyeron todas las pacientes con diagnóstico de sintelencefalia evaluadas desde el año 2008. En todos los casos se consignaron los datos clínicos, de neurosonografía (NSG), de resonancia magnética (RM) y genética. Resultados: Cuatro casos fueron diagnosticados en el segundo trimestre y en todos se realizó estudio genético y RM. Tres tuvieron en su evolución anomalías extra-SNC y dos de ellos alteraciones cromosómicas, una de ellas incompatible con la vida extrauterina. Lo hallazgos descritos en neuroimagen para esta afección fueron detectados en la NSG, con una excelente correlación con RM, ya fuera esta última realizada en periodo fetal o posnatal. Conclusión: El diagnóstico prenatal de variantes de holoprosencefalia es difícil, considerando la existencia de una fusión medial más acotada que en las formas clásicas. El presente estudio demuestra la utilidad del plano del complejo posterior para la sospecha diagnóstica de sintelencefalia.

ABSTRACT Two segments of subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate occur at low angles based on seismic hypocenter locations, approaching nearly horizontal below ~100 km in depth. In contrast with most of the rest of the subduction zone, the two segments, beneath central Chile, and central and northern Peru, lack active volcanoes along the crest of the Andes and have more subdued topography to the east of the Andean crest. Each low-angle subduction segment occurs to the east of the intersection of inferred mantle hotspot traces on the Nazca plate with the Peru-Chile Trench: the Nazca ridge (at the southern part of the Peruvian segment), and the Juan Fernández island-seamount chain (offshore the Chilean segment). A third inferred trace, the Galápagos-Carnegie ridge, may be correlated with a zone on incipient low-angle subduction beneath Colombia. The importance of such hotspot traces in contributing to low-angle subduction beneath the Andes is strengthened by updated South American-Nazca plate reconstructions, including three oceanic hotspot traces, in comparison with a new isotopic date compilation of igneous rocks from the mountain range. The Juan Fernández hotspot trace, reconstructed from Pacific-hotspot models to the Nazca-Farallon plate, encountered the subduction zone offshore southern Peru ∼65 Ma, broadening arc volcanism to the east; the trace-trench intersection migrated gradually and then rapidly southward, widening the arc east to Bolivia and northern Argentina; it then stabilized about 13 Ma offshore central Chile, producing the contemporary low-angle Pampean segment. The Juan Fernández hotspot may also have been responsible for formation of the Manihiki Plateau on the Pacific plate much earlier, ~125 Ma. The Easter-Nazca hotspot trace intersected the subduction zone beneath Colombia before ~50 Ma and migrated southward beneath Ecuador beginning ~15 Ma, with progressive low-angle subduction implied by migrating volcanic cessation along the Andean crest to southern Peru. The Galápagos-Carnegie hotspot trace only recently encountered the subduction zone, apparently inducing a new low-angle segment and cessation of magmatism in Colombia. The reconstructions and magmatic history provided here strongly support a previously proposed genetic relationship of hotspot traces and low-angle subduction. Additionally, the reconstructions suggest remnants of older subducted traces in the asthenosphere may have sourced post-rift magmatism in eastern Brazil and Paraguay, which cannot be explained otherwise by simple hotspot mechanisms.

RESUMEN La placa de Nazca, en su encuentro con la placa Sudamericana, presenta dos segmentos de subducción de bajo ángulo, ubicados en Chile central y el norte y centro de Perú. A diferencia del resto de la zona de subducción, estos segmentos coinciden con sectores carentes de volcanismo activo y regiones topográficamente más deprimidas al este de la cordillera de los Andes. Ambos se ubican geográficamente al este de la intersección de las dorsales oceánicas con la fosa Perú-Chile: la dorsal de Nazca, que se subduce bajo Perú, y la dorsal de Juan Fernández, que hace bajo Chile. Una tercera dorsal, la dorsal de Galápagos-Carnegie, puede tentativamente correlacionarse con una zona de subducción de bajo ángulo en el sur de Colombia. La relación causal entre la subducción de estas dorsales oceánicas y zonas de subducción de bajo ángulo es reafirmada conforme aparecen nuevas reconstrucciones para las placas Nazca y Sudamericana, así como nuevas compilaciones de edades isotópicas para el volcanismo continental. Estos nuevos datos permiten también refinar la historia de migración de ambas dorsales con respecto a la fosa oceánica. La dorsal de Juan Fernández, por ejemplo, habría sido responsable a los ~125 Ma de la formación del plateau oceánico Manihiki en la placa Pacífico, mientras que entre los ~65 y los ~13 Ma habría migrado desde el sur de Perú hacia Chile central, y provocado un ensanchamiento transitorio del arco volcánico hacia el este. La dorsal de Nazca, en tanto, habría intersecado el margen continental colombiano previo a los ~50 Ma, para después, a los ~15 Ma, migrar hacia el sur, lo que produjo el cese momentáneo de la actividad volcánica hasta alcanzar el centro de Perú. Finalmente, se estima que la dorsal de Galápagos-Carnegie alcanzó hace poco tiempo la zona de subducción, y generó un nuevo segmento de subducción de bajo ángulo y un posible cese en la actividad magmática en Colombia. Las reconstrucciones tectónicas y magmáticas provistas en este estudio sugieren una correlación evidente entre la subducción de dorsales oceánicas como responsables de las zonas de subducción de bajo ángulo observadas en el margen continental sudamericano. Además, se sugiere que la fusión de remanentes de antiguas dorsales subducidas y transportadas hacia el este dentro de la astenosfera podrían haber sido la fuente de volcanismo geoquímicamente anómalo en Paraguay y el este de Brasil.

ABSTRACT ASTM Mar-M247 is one of the superalloys used to manufacture gas turbine blades in power stations. This paper studies the microstructure across welded joints of a turbine blade made of a high-strength material (Mar-M247 alloy) employing AWS ERNiCrMo-3 as a filler alloy. This process was carried out using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The dendritic and interdendritic structures were observed in the fusion zone. The results also showed the presence of epitaxial growth at the interface between the weld metal and the base alloy without solidification cracks. Al and Co concentrations gradually decrease towards the weld metal zone during the solidification process, while Cr content increases towards the fusion zone. Vickers hardness revealed that the hardness in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) is higher than that of the base metal and the weld metal zone, the average in the HAZ is 340HV, while in the base metal and the fusion zone is 322HV, 284HV respectively. Coarse grains in the HAZ were found with an agglomeration of carbides at the grain boundaries due to the input heat of the welding process.

Abstract We describe the toxicity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in two aquatic species: Danio rerio and Artemia salina. Fish were exposed to 25 mg L-1, 50 mg L-1, and 100 mg L-1 MWCNTs for 7 days. After exposure, the gills from D. rerio showed lamellar fusion and epithelial lifting in the secondary lamellae, and vasodilation in the primary lamellae. In the gills, heat shock protein 70 and Bax (pro apoptotic member) were stained more intensely in the treated groups than in the control group. The nauplii of A. salina were exposed to 25 µg L-1, 50 µg L-1, and 100 µg L-1 MWCNTs for 96 h. After exposure, the nauplii from the control group presented 20 % mortality, whereas the 25 µg mL-1, 50 µg mL-1, and 100 µg L-1 groups had 46.7 %, 70 %, and 100 % mortality, respectively. The nauplii exposed to 25 µg mL1 and 50 µg mL1 MWCNTs had black aggregates in the intestine because of the uptake of nanomaterials. In addition, the 25 µg mL-1 and 50 µg mL-1 MWCNT groups had black aggregates attached onto the body surface, appendages of the second pair, and mandibles.The results revealed the toxic effects of MWCNTs on the two aquatic organisms, and both species showed great potential for toxicological evaluation of MWCNTs in aquatic environments.

Historically, knowledge regarding congenital skeletal malformations in canines is poor. The Nomina Embryologica Veterinaria does not currently list any dysmorphia related to distal femoral fusion, and there is a significant absence of comprehensive descriptions of congenital defects in the veterinary literature. This paper reports on the radiographic and computed tomography (CT) characteristics of a skeletal abnormality in a seven-month-old crossbreed dog that presented for chronic right pelvic limb lameness as a result of secondary developmental patella luxation. Successful resolution of the lameness was achieved through concurrent surgical correction of the patella luxation and distal femoral cleft.

BACKGROUND: Fusional vergence amplitude is the amount of convergence and divergence that can be induced before fusion is lost and fusional vergence amplitude controls heterophoria AIM: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between near heterophoria, near fusional vergence (NFV), and near point of convergence (NPC SETTING: Al-Neelain Eye Hospital Khartoum, Sudan METHODS: A hospital-based prospective study from February to October 2019, included 230 patients with age range of 15-30 years and mean age and standard deviation of 19.46 ± 3.33 years. The alternate cover test with prism was used to measure near heterophoria and a prism bar was used to measure quantity of fusional vergence. All measurements were taken at near heterophoria (0.33 m). Then the associations between near heterophoria, NFV and NPC were assessed RESULTS: The most common heterophoria at near among the participants was exophoria: 200 (87.0%). Reported complaints of asthenopia were commonly found among these exophoric patients: 106 (86.9%) (P = 0.735). Positive fusional vergence (PFV) to the break point varied according to the forms of heterophoria (P = 0.003). Esophoria had a higher PFV to break point than exophoria (30.83 ± 8.79Δ compared to 25.59 ± 10.07Δ). Negative fusional vergence at the break and recovery points were higher among those with exophoria and lower in esophoria (P ˃ 0.05). The NPC differed by the type of heterophoria (P = 0.01), with exophoria and slightly receded NPC (8.38 cm ± 3.33 cm) than for participants with esophoria (6.77 cm ± 1.52 cm CONCLUSIONS: Exophoria was the most common type of near heterophoria, with asthenopia being the most reported complaint. Esophoria was found to be strongly associated with high PFV. Exophoria, on the contrary, is related to significant high NFV at the blur, beak, and recovery point. The NPC differed significantly by the type of near heterophoria, with exophoria having more receded NPC compared to those with esophoria CONTRIBUTION: This study provides information on the commonest type of near heterophorias among a sample of Sudanese adolescents and young adults, namely exophoria. Near point of convergence and NFV at break and recovery points were significantly different according to forms of near heterophoria

ORIENTATION: When an organisation fails to innovate, it becomes obsolete, and the mining industry is a laggard in the adoption of change. RESEARCH PURPOSE: Intrapreneurs are independent strategic partners within an organisation who aim to exploit existing opportunities by leveraging on available resources. Conversely, dynamic capabilities are essential in understanding the firm's activities. Innovation as an outcome of intrapreneurship through reconfiguration needs exploration. Dynamic capabilities as drivers of intrapreneurship within the mining industry need to be studied. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Expanding on the key role played by intrapreneurs in propelling innovation is key. The study builds on existing knowledge by closing the gap on how intrapreneurs innovate by identifying the competencies of an organisation and reconfiguring them for continuous improvement. Reconfiguration takes priority as it becomes the driver of innovation. RESEARCH DESIGN APPROACH AND METHOD: Qualitative research method using interviews and observations was employed to collect data. There were 43 interviews from intrapreneurs. The data obtained were analysed using the Atlas.ti software. The article follows a qualitative research method where data was collected through interviews and observations. MAIN FINDINGS: There is an interconnection between intrapreneurship and dynamic capabilities through continuous reconfiguration propagated by innovation. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Successful innovation can be achieved by identifying an organisation's internal capabilities, which the intrapreneurs will reconfigure to help position themselves. Additionally, this study is imperative to the mining industry in highlighting the importance of innovation, as it is characterised as a laggard to change. CONTRIBUTION/VALUE-ADD: The dynamic capabilities as drivers of innovation and the unique fusion of the reconfiguration pillar in achieving competitive advantage spearheaded by intrapreneurs is important.

Abstract Public health systems have to evaluate how the use of traditional and complementary medicine can improve the population's health, mainly in developing countries. This research was carried out in the Salta city and the objectives were: 1) to know the plants used in urban herbal medicine; 2) inquire about the reasons for the consumption of medicinal plants, ailments, conditions and therapeutic practices; 3) know the cultural importance of plants through the Relative Importance Indices (RI), the Consensus Factor among informants (FCI) and the origin of the linked knowledge; 4) describe the plant acquisition spaces; 5) to know the perception of health personnel of formal medicine concerning the use of medicinal plants in the domestic environment and 6) to compare the diseases treated with herbal medicine and those with formal medicine. The quality-quantitative methodology of classical ethnobotany was implemented. Thirty-five participants residing in five neighborhoods were interviewed, and focus groups were held with health staff from three health centres located in the northern sector of the city linked to the neighborhoods mentioned above. The wealth of urban herbalism amounts to 120 medicinal taxa belonging to 110 genera and 52 botanical families; 63% are non-native plants and the most represented families were Asteraceae and Lamiaceae. The inhabitants of Salta have hybrid and dynamic botanical knowledge. The hybridization processes detected were fusion, recombination, new developments in innovative products and circulation of species. Three hundred thirteen medicinal uses were recorded for 63 types of conditions and ailments involving 13 body systems. The influential presence of complementary alternative medicines and the media in the dissemination of medicinal plants and derived products is noted. Among health staff, a great heterogeneity of feelings and knowledge was noted, highlighting the recognition of the use of plants by the related population; the lack of quantifiable scientific evidence on the benefits of its practice; the fear of adverse effects and the absence of formal knowledge about phytotherapy. Phytotherapy research must be deepened, and the processes of diversification and resignification of knowledge and practices about medicinal plants must be evaluated.

Resumen Los sistemas públicos de salud tienen que evaluar cómo el uso de la medicina tradicional y complementaria puede mejorar la salud de la población, principalmente en países en vía de desarrollo. Esta investigación se llevó a cabo en la ciudad de Salta y los objetivos fueron: 1) conocer las plantas utilizadas en medicina herbolaria urbana; 2) indagar acerca de las razones del consumo de las plantas medicinales, las dolencias, las afecciones y las prácticas terapéuticas; 3) conocer la importancia cultural de las plantas mediante los Índices de Importancia Relativa (IR), el Factor de Consenso entre los informantes (FCI) y el origen del conocimiento vinculado; 4) describir los espacios de adquisición de las plantas; 5) conocer la percepción del personal de la salud de la medicina formal en relación al uso de plantas medicinales en el ámbito doméstico y 6) comparar las enfermedades tratadas con la medicina herbolaria y aquellas con la medicina formal. Se implementó la metodología cuali-cuantitativa de la etnobotánica clásica. Se entrevistaron a 35 participantes residentes en cinco barrios y se realizaron grupos focales con el personal de salud de tres centros de salud ubicados en el sector norte de la ciudad vinculados a los barrios mencionados. La riqueza de la herbolaria urbana asciende a 120 taxones medicinales pertenecientes a 110 géneros y 52 familias botánicas; el 63% son plantas no nativas y las familias más representadas fueron Asteraceae y Lamiaceae. Los pobladores salteños poseen un conocimiento botánico híbrido y dinámico. Los procesos de hibridación detectados fueron fusión, recombinación, nuevos desarrollos en productos innovadores y circulación de especies. Se registraron 313 usos medicinales de 63 tipos de afecciones y dolencias que involucran a 13 sistemas corporales. Se advierte la presencia influyente de las medicinas alternativas complementarias y los medios de comunicación en la difusión de plantas medicinales y productos derivados. Entre el personal de salud se advirtió una gran heterogeneidad de sentires y saberes, destacándose el reconocimiento del uso de plantas por parte de la población vinculada; la falta de evidencia científica cuantificable sobre los beneficios de su práctica; el temor a los efectos adversos y la ausencia de conocimiento formal sobre la fitoterapia. Las investigaciones sobre fitoterapia se deben profundizar y estudiar los procesos de diversificación y resignificación de los saberes y prácticas sobre plantas medicinales.

Abstract Cognitive Fusion is related to psychological problems, such as anxiety and depression, and is assessed through the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ). Aim: to confirm the unidimensional structure of the CFQ, its internal consistency reliability, and convergent and divergent validity in a sample of Ecuadorian college students. Method: instrumental design using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to estimate convergent and divergent validity of the CFQ. Participants: 356 college students (59.1% women) aged between 18 and 58 years (M = 25.52, SD = 7.51) from several universities in Ecuador (43.9% public institutions). Results: the unidimensional structure of the CFQ is confirmed, through adequate fit indices. Its reliability is excellent (ω = .954) and, regarding convergent and divergent validity, it correlates positively with Experiential Avoidance (AAQ-II) and negatively with Satisfaction with Life (SWLS). Conclusion: The Psychometric properties of the CFQ are adequate for its application in Ecuadorian college students.