Abstract: Industrialized construction (IC) has experienced significant achievements in the development of innovative construction methods in response to the demands of the construction industry. In this context, building information modeling (BIM) integrates and manages data throughout prefabrication phases (design, bid, and procurement) within an IC project. However, manual tasks such as data transfer between BIM models and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems result in delays and errors due to the constant change of versions and large data flow between the involved parties. This research proposes the implementation of a novel method based on artificial intelligence (AI) to integrate the required information contained in elements in the BIM model with construction materials databases normally managed by ERP systems to procure and purchase materials in IC enterprises. Using a case study approach, this research presents a workflow with the proposed method whereas the results show that 81.57% of the elements were successfully identified, leading to a 63.47% reduction in the time compared to the manual assignment approach. Despite classifying a considerable percentage of the elements, it was identified that the implemented workflow depends on manual-dependent tasks during the design phase, such as modeling methodologies. This research contributes by providing new methods to improve IC projects and is expected to contribute to future research related to AI-based.

Resumen: La construcción industrializada (CI) ha experimentado logros significativos en el desarrollo de métodos de construcción innovadores en respuesta a las demandas de la industria de la construcción. En este contexto, building information modeling (BIM) integra y gestiona los datos a lo largo de las fases de prefabricación (diseño, licitación y adquisición) dentro de un proyecto de CI. Sin embargo, las tareas manuales, como la transferencia de datos entre los modelos BIM y los sistemas de planificación de recursos empresariales (ERP), resultan en retrasos y errores debido al cambio constante de versiones y al gran flujo de datos entre las partes involucradas. Esta investigación propone la implementación de un nuevo método basado en inteligencia artificial (IA) para integrar la información requerida contenida en los elementos del modelo BIM con las bases de datos de materiales de construcción que normalmente son gestionadas por los sistemas ERP para la adquisición y compra de materiales en empresas de CI. Utilizando este enfoque en el caso de estudio, esta investigación presenta un flujo de trabajo con el método propuesto, cuyos resultados muestran que el 81,57% de los elementos fueron identificados con éxito, lo que llevó a una reducción del 63,47% en el tiempo en comparación con el enfoque manual de asignación. A pesar de clasificar un porcentaje considerable de los elementos, se identificó que el flujo de trabajo implementado depende de tareas manuales durante la fase de diseño, como las metodologías de modelado. Esta investigación contribuye al proporcionar nuevos métodos para mejorar los proyectos de CI y se espera que contribuya a futuras investigaciones relacionadas con la inteligencia artificial.

ABSTRACT This study compares the use of Operation Research tools and the Odoo v.17 ERP System. Both tools are analyzed in terms of efficiency, flexibility and applicability in different productive contexts. The methodology used to implement each approach in a specific case study is described, the results obtained are presented and the benefits and limitations of each tool are discussed. The results show that both OR and Odoo offer significant benefits, and their applicability depends on needs and data availability. The conclusion highlights the complementary nature that both tools have in the productive context.

RESUMEN Este estudio compara el uso de herramientas de Investigación de Operaciones (IO) y el sistema ERP Odoo v.17 en la planificación de la producción. Ambas herramientas se analizan en términos de eficiencia, flexibilidad y aplicabilidad en distintos contextos productivos. Se describe la metodología utilizada para implementar cada enfoque en un caso de estudio específico, se presentan los resultados obtenidos y se discute sobre las bondades y limitaciones de cada herramienta. Los resultados muestran que tanto la IO como Odoo ofrecen beneficios significativos y que su aplicabilidad depende de las necesidades específicas de la organización y de la disponibilidad de datos. La conclusión destaca el carácter de complementariedad que en el contexto productivo poseen ambas herramientas.

Resumen Introducción/Objetivo: esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar las competencias en Tecnología de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) exigidas por el mercado para los contadores en Brasil. Metodología: el procedimiento metodológico adoptado fue el análisis de contenido, que involucró la verificación de 300 ofertas de empleo para contadores, promovidas por empresas de todas las regiones de Brasil. Resultados: los resultados indican que, además de las competencias técnicas básicas como el conocimiento en sistemas de planificación de recursos empresariales (ERP, por sus siglas en inglés) y paquetes Microsoft, se requieren conocimientos relacionados con el uso de las TIC para mejorar la eficiencia y eficacia de la comunicación, el de bases de datos, el apoyo de las TIC en la toma de decisiones, la gestión de riesgos y la optimización de sistemas organizacionales. La relevancia de los hallazgos sobre la comunicación destaca al contador como el vínculo entre el equipo contable y otras áreas de la empresa. También se evidencian diferencias significativas en las competencias técnicas en TIC entre los diferentes niveles jerárquicos. Conclusiones: como principales contribuciones del estudio, se destaca la necesidad de promover la discusión sobre la actualización y el perfeccionamiento de las competencias en TIC en la formación de los profesionales de la contabilidad en Brasil. Además, se señala la importancia de que los profesionales de la contabilidad inviertan en la adquisición y desarrollo de estas competencias técnicas, con miras a alcanzar posiciones jerárquicas estratégicas y destacadas en las organizaciones.

Abstract Introduction/objective: This research aims to analyze the skills in information and communication technologies (ICT) required by the market for accountants in Brazil. Methodology: Content analysis was established as a methodological procedure, which involved checking 300 vacancies for accountants promoted by companies from all regions of Brazil. Results: The results indicate that, in addition to basic technical skills, such as knowledge of enterprise resource planning (ERP) and Microsoft packages, knowledge related to the use of ICT is required to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of communication, database analysis, the support of ICT in decision making, risk management and the optimization of organizational systems. The emphasis of the findings on communication highlights the accountant as a link between the accounting team and other areas of the company. The results also show that there are significant differences in ICT technical skills between hierarchical levels. Conclusions: Promoting the discussion of updating and improving ICT skills in the training of accounting professionals in Brazil is considered the main contribution of the study. Furthermore, there is a need for accounting professionals to invest in the acquisition and development of these technical skills in order to reach strategic and notable hierarchical positions in organizations.

Resumo Introdução/objetivo: esta pesquisa objetiva analisar as competências em tecnologias da informação e da comunicação (TIC) exigidas pelo mercado aos contadores no Brasil. Metodologia: estabeleceu-se como procedimento metodológico a análise de conteúdo, a qual envolveu a verificação de 300 ofertas de vagas para contador promovidas por empresas de todas as regiões do Brasil. Resultados: os resultados indicam que, além de competências técnicas básicas, tais como conhecimento em sistemas de gestão empresarial (ERP, em inglês) e pacotes Microsoft, são exigidos conhecimentos relacionados ao uso das TIC para aperfeiçoar a eficiência e a eficácia da comunicação, à análise de banco de dados, ao suporte das TIC nas tomadas de decisões, à gestão de riscos e à otimização de sistemas organizacionais. A ênfase dos achados acerca da comunicação ressalta o contador como elo entre a equipe contábil e as outras áreas da empresa. Os resultados também evidenciam que há diferenças significativas das competências técnicas das TIC entre os níveis hierárquicos. Conclusões: promover a discussão da atualização e do aprimoramento das competências em TIC na formação dos profissionais da contabilidade no Brasil é considerado como principal contributo do estudo. Além disso, constata-se a necessidade de os profissionais de contabilidade investirem na aquisição e no desenvolvimento dessas competências técnicas a fim de atingir posições hierárquicas estratégicas e destacáveis nas organizações.

Abstract: The primary objective of this research study is to assess the impact of technological tools on Chilean companies sales. The most recent data are obtained from the published survey “Acceso y Uso de Tecnología de Información y Comunicación en Empresas.” The variables that affect company sales are determined through a descriptive analysis and a linear regression model. The results show that increases in the variables of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) specialists, ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) software, social networks, broadband, websites, electronic devices, and Big Data generate higher sales for Chilean companies. ERP software and ICT have highest coefficient levels in the regression model. In conclusion, it is recommended that companies opt for the use of digital tools, specifically on ERP systems and in the hiring of specialized ICT personnel.

Resumen: El principal objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar el impacto que tienen las herramientas tecnológicas en las ventas de las empresas chilenas. Se analizan los datos más recientes publicados por la encuesta de “Acceso y Uso de Tecnología de Información y Comunicación en Empresas”. Se determinan las variables que afectan las ventas de las empresas mediante un análisis descriptivo y la realización de un modelo de regresión lineal. Los resultados muestran que aumentos en las variables de especialistas TIC (tecnologías de la información y la comunicación), software ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), redes sociales, banda ancha, sitios web, dispositivos electrónicos y Big Data generan aumentos en las ventas de las empresas chilenas. Los sistemas ERP y las TIC tienen los niveles más altos en los coeficientes de regresión obtenidos en el modelo. En conclusión, se recomienda que las empresas opten por el uso de herramientas digitales, específicamente en sistemas ERP y en la contratación de personal especializado en TIC.

ABSTRACT This research addresses the optimization of software development project management at Desoft, integrating Odoo as the main framework. Focusing on the intellectual and collaborative nature of software development, the study proposes a methodology that combines agile, traditional management tools, and effective operational strategies. Through the implementation and use of Odoo in development, it is possible to significantly improve coordination, efficiency, and quality in project delivery. The methodology developed provides a coherent set of principles, lifecycle elements, involved roles, artifacts, and technological tools, facilitating more adaptive project management aligned with Desoft's strategic objectives. The results of the study demonstrate how this approach leads to a significant improvement in project management effectiveness, thus offering valuable and applicable lessons to similar contexts in the software industry.

RESUMEN La presente investigación aborda la optimización de la gestión de proyectos de desarrollo de software en Desoft, integrando Odoo como marco de trabajo principal. Centrándose en la naturaleza intelectual y colaborativa del desarrollo de software. El estudio propone una metodología que combina herramientas de gestión ágil, tradicionales y estrategias operativas efectivas. A través de la implementación y utilización de Odoo en el desarrollo, se logra mejorar significativamente la coordinación, eficiencia y calidad en la entrega de proyectos. La metodología desarrollada proporciona un conjunto coherente de principios, elementos del ciclo de vida, roles involucrados, artefactos y herramientas tecnológicas, facilitando una gestión de proyectos más adaptativa y alineada con los objetivos estratégicos de Desoft. Los resultados del estudio demuestran cómo este enfoque conduce a una mejora notable en la eficacia de la gestión de proyectos, ofreciendo así lecciones valiosas y aplicables a contextos similares en la industria del software.

Resumo Fundamento A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) e a doença de Fabry (DF) são doenças herdadas geneticamente com características fenotípicas de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) que causam resultados cardíacos adversos. Objetivos Investigar as diferenças demográficas, clínicas, bioquímicas, eletrocardiográficas (ECG) e ecocardiográficas (ECO) entre CMH e DF. Métodos 60 pacientes com CMH e 40 pacientes com DF foram analisados retrospectivamente como uma subanálise do “estudo LVH-TR” após exclusão de pacientes com fibrilação atrial, ritmo de estimulação, bloqueios de ramo e bloqueios atrioventriculares (AV) de segundo e terceiro graus. O nível de significância foi aceito como <0,05. Resultados O sexo masculino (p=0,048) e a creatinina (p=0,010) são significativamente maiores a favor da DF; entretanto, infradesnivelamento do segmento ST (p=0,028), duração do QT (p=0,041), espessura do septo interventricular (SIVd) (p=0,003), espessura da parede posterior (PWd) (p=0,009), insuficiência mitral moderada a grave (IM) (p=0,013) e o índice de massa ventricular esquerda (IMVE) (p=0,041) são significativamente maiores a favor da CMH nas análises univariadas. Na análise multivariada, a significância estatística apenas permanece na creatinina (p=0,018) e na duração do intervalo QT (0,045). A DF foi positivamente correlacionada com a creatinina (rho=0,287, p=0,004) e a CMH foi positivamente correlacionada com o PWd (rho=0,306, p=0,002), IVSd (rho=0,395, p<0,001), IM moderada-grave (rho= 0,276, p<0,005), IMVE (rho=0,300, p=0,002), espessura relativa da parede (ERP) (rho=0,271, p=0,006), duração do QT (rho=0,213, p=0,034) e depressão do segmento ST (rho =0,222, p=0,026). Conclusão Características bioquímicas, ECG e ECO específicas podem auxiliar na diferenciação e no diagnóstico precoce da CMH e da DF.

Abstract Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and Fabry disease (FD) are genetically inherited diseases with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) phenotype characteristics that cause adverse cardiac outcomes. Objectives To investigate the demographic, clinical, biochemical, electrocardiographic (ECG), and echocardiographic (ECHO) differences between HCM and FD. Methods 60 HCM and 40 FD patients were analyzed retrospectively as a subanalysis of the ‘LVH-TR study’ after excluding patients with atrial fibrillation, pace rhythm, bundle branch blocks, and second and third-degree atrioventricular (AV) blocks. The significance level was accepted as <0.05. Results Male gender (p=0.048) and creatinine (p=0.010) are significantly higher in favor of FD; however, ST depression (p=0.028), QT duration (p=0.041), interventricular septum thickness (IVSd) (p=0.003), posterior wall thickness (PWd) (p=0.009), moderate-severe mitral regurgitation (MR) (p=0.013), and LV mass index (LVMI) (p=0.041) are significantly higher in favor of HCM in the univariate analyses. In multivariate analysis, statistical significance only continues in creatinine (p=0.018) and QT duration (0.045). FD was positively correlated with creatinine (rho=0.287, p=0.004) and HCM was positively correlated with PWd (rho=0.306, p=0.002), IVSd (rho=0.395, p<0.001), moderate-severe MR (rho=0.276, p<0.005), LVMI (rho=0.300, p=0.002), relative wall thickness (RWT) (rho=0.271, p=0.006), QT duration (rho=0.213, p=0.034) and ST depression (rho=0.222, p=0.026). Conclusion Specific biochemical, ECG, and ECHO characteristics can aid in the differentiation and early diagnosis of HCM and FD.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Firms rely on information systems (IS) to improve information sharing and visibility, cut costs, and boost productivity. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are being used as important strategic tools in this direction, providing competitive advantages and resulting in increased operational efficiencies. However, ERP implementation failure rates remain high because of ineffective risk management to limit supply chain disruptions during implementation. The objective of supply chain risk management (SCRM) is to enable firms to remain sustainable in the face of major disruptions. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the role of SCRM capabilities associated with ERP implementation to limit supply chain disruptions during ERP operations. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A generic qualitative research design was used to collect primary data through semi-structured interviews with fourteen ERP providers and clients in South Africa. Thematic analysis was utilised to evaluate the data. FINDINGS: The study determined that SCRM capabilities can assist firms in returning to superior operations after ERP implementation. Furthermore, the findings shed light on the specific SCRM processes used during ERP implementation, as well as identifying areas for improvement. RECOMMENDATIONS/VALUE: This study equips ERP providers and ERP clients with valuable insight into understanding the capabilities of SCRM in ERP implementation. MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Along with leveraging the SCRM capabilities identified, managers are advised to use formal and external assessment tools, implement a formal SCRM process, increase efforts to involve supply chain partners during ERP implementation and selection, and finally, incorporate a change management division to reduce disruption during ERP implementation JEL CLASSIFICATION: L14.

BACKGROUND: With about 55% of operating costs in manufacturing organisations coming from costs of supply chains, coupled with a 6% increase in supply chain costs incurred by a manufacturing organisation during the financial year 2021-2022, supply chain managers need to ascertain factors contributing to high supply operating cost and ascertain suitable strategies to lower supply chain management cost. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to unveil the factors and the solutions to poor supply chain quality in a steel product manufacturing organisation. METHOD: A qualitative approach conducted via an interview guide was used in this study. Perceptions of key supply chain stakeholders within a steel product manufacturing organisation formed the basis of the exploring factors contributing to poor supply chain quality and the solutions thereof. The Pareto chart was created to ascertain the critical factors that contribute to poor supply chain quality. RESULTS: The study revealed that inventory stock-out, management decisions, process deviations, longer lead times, suppliers and unreliable enterprise resource planning (ERP) system issues contributed to poor supply chain quality CONCLUSION: Supply chain managers should make use of strategies such as safety and consignment stock policy, just-in-time (JIT) system, supplier evaluation exercise for supplier selection, localisation of the sourcing of raw materials, customised ERP systems, job rotation and dashboards, with a view to improve visibility and efficiency of supply chain processes. CONTRIBUTION: The study serves as a knowledge advisor to supply chain managers, on the critical factors contributing to poor supply chain quality, and the solutions thereof.

Resumo Ciatostomíneos são o maior grupo de parasitos de equinos, controlados com ivermectina (IVM). Este estudo teve o objetivo de realizar um teste com quatro doses de IVM, em 28 potros Puro-Sangue Inglês. Os estrôngilos eram resistentes a IVM (200 µg/kg). A contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) foi realizada após tratamento (pt), para determinar o período de reaparecimento de ovos (PRO) após duas e cinco semanas (s2pt e s5pt). A OPG foi >1000 para todos os grupos. Observou-se 100% de redução na OPG na s2pt para todas as concentrações de IVM. A OPG na s5pt revelou < 83% de redução. Este estudo relata uma redução considerável do PRO utilizando a dose de bula, e as doses de 300 e 400 μg/kg (dobro da dose) de IVM contra ciatostomíneos em equinos. O protocolo permitiu observar a redução da postura de ovos na s2pt com IVM, falhando na garantia da extensão de proteção da droga. O reaparecimento da OPG significa que a infecção não foi eliminada. Foi levantada a possibilidade de restringir o uso de IVM, quando o medicamento atingir menos de 80% de redução da OPG na s5pt.

Abstract Cyathostomins are the largest group of parasites in horses that can be controlled by ivermectin (IVM). This study aimed to run a four-dose titration trial of IVM in 28 naturally infected Thoroughbred yearlings. The local Strongyle population had been recorded to be resistant to IVM (200 µg/kg). The parasite fecal egg count (FEC) was performed to investigate the egg reappearance period (ERP) of two and five weeks (w2pt and w5pt) after IVM treatment. FEC was > 1000 on day zero for all groups. Although 100% FEC reduction was reported at w2pt for all concentrations, the FEC at w5pt revealed < 83% efficacy. This study reports the reduction of ERP using the label dose as well as 300, and 400 µg/kg (double dose) of IVM. The protocol allowed IVM to significantly suppress FEC w2pt although not eliminating adult worms, failing to guarantee an extension of its protection period over 8 weeks. Moreover, the FEC at w5pt possibly means the infection was not cleared, and worms reestablished egg laying. We raised the possibility of withdrawing IVM of control programs when the drug has less than 80% FEC reduction at w5pt.

Using the National Youth Development Agency (NYDA) as a case study, this paper considers the challenges of implementing enterprise resource planning (ERP). Data was collected from management and employees using both qualitative and quantitative research techniques. The study established challenges beyond the technical issues, these included: misalignment of the system to the organisation processes, product quality and unavailability of the system's helpdesk, lack of top management support, and lack of pilot testing, insufficient end-user training, resistance to change management, lack of processes integration, poor technology planning and security and risk matters. Furthermore, the management process that resonates on knowledge transfer, knowledge management, and change management poses a complex challenge in the implementation of ERP. The study recommends the alignment of the user environment, effective change management, and knowledge strategies that are essential to drive ERP. It is also recommended to close the gap between what ERP offers and what end users want and can do. Categories · Information systems ~ Information systems applications, Enterprise information systems, Enterprise resource planning

Globally, refugee-hosting states are required to have a higher education (HE) policy that incorporates refugees, in order to raise refugees' HE access to 15% by 2030. This paper explores the influence of HE policy formulation and implementation on refugee access and resilience among South Sudanese from the Bidi Bidi settlement in Uganda. The study adopted a qualitative approach, an exploratory case study design, and an advocacy world view. The researcher collected data from 27 participants - 12 undergraduates from two private Ugandan universities, 13 government and non-governmental organization (NGO) officials, two officials from public and private universities - all involved in refugee education. Additionally, the researcher obtained data through a literature review, in-depth interviews with key informants and students, and a focus group discussion. The findings reveal that in principle, HE policy formulation in Uganda is incorporated in the development of the Education Response Plan (ERP) for refugees and host communities, through a multi-stakeholder approach. However, neither students nor higher education institutions (HEIs) were part of the ERP formulation process. The HE policy formulation process in Uganda traverses a value chain with intersecting complexities. These include: supra-state and national policy, refugee demographics, preferences for basic education and emergency interventions, negative perceptions of HE returns, hostility and refugee exclusion, and students' personal challenges. Relatedly, support for refugees is largely provided by HEIs and NGOs, using silo, independent guidelines. Ultimately, the findings indicate that the HE policy formulation and implementation do not address the intersecting complexities adequately, with implications for student access and resilience. This study identifies areas that could inform HE policy formulation and implementation, and enhance refugee access and resilience, especially in light of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees' (UNHCR) 15by30 Roadmap.

Resumen Introducción: La metodología del coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) se utiliza para estimar la evapotranspiración real. El coeficiente de cultivo basal (Kcb) representa la línea base potencial del valor de Kc, y su relación con índices de vegetación calculados con información espectral es la más usada para su estimación. Objetivo: Estimar el Kcb del maíz forrajero a nivel parcela utilizando información de radiométrica, espacialmente exhaustiva y temporalmente dinámica. Metodología: Se calcularon los índices espectrales NDVI y SAVI en dos parcelas de estudio. Se determinaron los Kcb mediante nueve algoritmos: seis en función del NDVI y tres del SAVI. Se evaluó su precisión al compararlo con el Kcb reportado en el Manual FAO-56. Resultados: Los valores de Kcb estimados variaron de 0.13 a 1.12. De manera general, estos sobre estimaron los valores de la FAO en la etapa inicial y los subestimaron en la etapa final. Los algoritmos mejor evaluados fueron el de Campos KcbNDVI, que presentó un error relativo promedio (ERP) de 11.6 % en todo el ciclo vegetativo en la Parcela 1, y el de Argolo KcbNDVI en la Parcela 2, con un ERP de 8.3 %. Limitaciones del estudio: Se debe probar la metodología en condiciones no estándar, especialmente las que puedan provocar estrés en el cultivo o con contenido de humedad alto en la capa superficial del suelo. Originalidad: Se mostró la viabilidad para estimar el Kcb del maíz forrajero a nivel parcelario mediante métodos no invasivos, de forma dinámica, en un sitio específico y seguimiento en tiempo cuasi real al desarrollo del cultivo. Conclusiones: La metodología resultó plausible para estimar el Kcb del maíz forrajero debido a su precisión, practicidad y disponibilidad de información para grandes extensiones de cultivos.

Abstract Introduction: The crop coefficient (Kc) methodology is used to estimate actual evapotranspiration. The basal crop coefficient (Kcb) represents the potential baseline of the Kc value, and its relationship with vegetation indices calculated with spectral information is the most widely used for its estimation. Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the Kcb of forage maize at plot level using spatially exhaustive and temporally dynamic radiometric information. Methodology: NDVI and SAVI spectral indices were estimated in two study plots. Kcb was determined using nine algorithms: six based on NDVI and three based on SAVI. Their accuracy was evaluated by comparing it with the Kcb reported in the FAO-56 Manual. Accuracy was evaluated by comparing it with the Kcb reported in the FAO-56 Manual. Results: The estimated Kcb values ranged from 0.13 to 1.12. They overestimated the FAO values at the initial stage and underestimated them at the final stage. The best evaluated algorithms were Campos KcbNDVI, showing an average relative error (ARE) of 11.6 % in the whole vegetative cycle in Plot 1, and Argolo KcbNDVI in Plot 2, with an ARE of 8.3 %. Limitations of the study: This methodology should be tested under non-standard conditions, especially those that may stress the crop or with high moisture content in the topsoil. Originality: The study showed that it is possible to estimate the Kcb of forage maize at plot level by non-invasive methods, dynamically, in a specific site and with quasi-real time monitoring of crop development. Conclusions: This methodology was found to be suitable for estimating the Kcb of forage maize due to its accuracy, practicality and availability of information for large extensions of crops.

Abstract: The co-existence of external referencing pricing (ERP) and reimbursement policy is common in many countries. Thus, this research examines whether or not the imposition of ERP is socially desirable in the presence of reimbursement policy. For direct sales channel, we find that the home social welfare is worse-off with ERP if the home copayment rate is too high. Our main results are robust under indirect sales channel. Moreover, the home social welfare under the pharmacypurchasing-price (PPP) ERP is larger than that under the ex-factory-price (EFP) ERP if the home copayment rate is high enough. Finally, the profit of brand-name firm under indirect sales channel is higher than that under direct sales channel if the home copayment rate is too high.

Resumen: Precios referenciales externos (ERP) y políticas de reembolso coexisten en muchos países. Este documento evalúa si ERP son socialmente deseables en presencia de políticas de reembolso. Para el canal de venta directa, encontramos que el bienestar social del hogar está peor con ERP si la tasa de copago de la vivienda es demasiado alta. Nuestros principales resultados son robustos bajo el canal de ventas indirectas. Además, el bienestar social bajo el precio de compra de farmacia (PPP) es mayor que el del ERP de precio de fábrica (EFP) si la tasa de copago es lo suficientemente alta. Finalmente, el beneficio de la empresa de marca en el canal de ventas indirectas es mayor que el del canal de ventas directas si la tasa de copago es demasiado alta.

Zusammenfassung Zweisprachige und mehrsprachige Menschen stoßen in ihren verschiedenen Sprachen häufig auf Wörter, die einige linguistische Aspekte gemeinsam haben. Dazu gehören interlingualen Homographen, d.h. Wörter, die sich in zwei unterschiedlichen Sprachen durch genau dieselbe Orthographie auszeichnen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde anhand einer semantischen Beurteilungsaufgabe in Englisch mit ERP-Aufzeichnung untersucht, wie mehrsprachige Personen (Sprecher des brasilianischen Portugiesisch, des Englischen und des Deutschen) im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe von brasilianischen Portugiesisch-Englisch-Zweisprachigen auf die Bedeutung von interlingualen Homographen zugreifen, die zu ihrer dominanten und nicht-dominanten Fremdsprache gehören. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass mehrsprachige Personen im Vergleich zu den Kontrollstimuli (keine Homographen) langsamer auf die interlingualen Homographen Englisch-Deutsch reagierten. Die Ergebnisse zeigten auch, dass, wenn die interlingualen Homographen semantisch mit ihren Zielen in der Nicht-Zielsprache verwandt waren, signifikant mehr Fehler und eine höhere RT auftraten als in nicht verwandten Bedingungen. Darüber hinaus zeigten nur die Bilingualen den typischen N400-Effekt für nicht verwandte Bedingungen, was darauf hindeutet, dass die Koaktivierung der Nicht-Zielsprache durch interlinguale Homographen diese ERP in der mehrsprachigen Gruppe modulierte. Unsere Ergebnisse stützen das Bilingual Interactive Activation plus Modell und legen nahe, dass die Literaturergebnisse zur Interferenz zwischen Erst- und Zweitsprache auch für die Zweit- und Drittsprache gelten. Wörter haben dh d h d.h auszeichnen ERPAufzeichnung Aufzeichnung untersucht Sprecher Portugiesisch Deutschen PortugiesischEnglischZweisprachigen Zweisprachigen zugreifen nichtdominanten keine EnglischDeutsch Deutsch reagierten NichtZielsprache Nicht Zielsprache waren Bedingungen N400Effekt NEffekt N400 Effekt N hindeutet modulierte nahe Erst Zweit gelten N40 N4

Abstract Bilinguals and multilinguals commonly encounter words in their multiple languages which share some linguistic aspects. Among those are interlingual homographs, or words that have the exact same orthography in two different languages. The current study examined, through a semantic judgment task in English with ERP recording, how multilinguals (speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, English and German) accessed the meanings of interlingual homographs that belonged to their dominant and non-dominant foreign languages compared to a control group of Brazilian Portuguese-English bilinguals. The findings demonstrated that multilinguals were slower to respond to the English-German interlingual homographs as compared to control stimuli (no homographs). The results also demonstrated that, when the interlingual homographs were semantically related to their targets in the non-target language, there were significantly more errors and a higher RT than in unrelated conditions. Additionally, only the bilinguals presented the typical N400 effect for unrelated conditions, suggesting that the co-activation of the non-target language due to interlingual homographs modulated this ERP in the multilingual group. Our results provide support for the Bilingual Interactive Activation plus model and suggest that literature findings on interference between first and second languages also hold for second and third languages. aspects examined recording speakers Portuguese German nondominant non PortugueseEnglish EnglishGerman no homographs. . homographs) nontarget target conditions Additionally N N40 coactivation co activation N4

Abstract Background Cognitive event-related potentials (ERPs) allow for lateralization of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) to estimate the reserve of memory in the contralateral non-epileptogenic hemisphere, and to investigate the prognosis of temporal lobe seizure control in unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Objective To define the accuracy of cognitive evoked anterior mesial temporal lobe (AMTL-N400) and P600 potentials in detecting the epileptogenic zone in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and second, to evaluate the possibility of using them as markers of cognitive outcome. Methods The systematic review using Medline/PubMed, Embase, and Lilacs database was conducted in September 2021. Only articles published in English from 1985 to June 2021 were included. We searched for studies with: (1) depth intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings analysis of rhinal and hippocampal activity (2) correlations between ERP results obtained in the mesial temporal regions (AMTL-N400 and P600) and the epileptogenic zone. Results Six out of the seven studies included in this review defined the laterality of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) during presurgical investigation using ERPs. One study showed that the contralateral AMTL-N400 predicts seizure control. Another study found correlation between the amplitudes of the right AMTL-N400 and postoperative memory performance. Conclusions There is evidence that the reduced amplitude of the AMTL-N400 has high accuracy in identifying the epileptogenic zone, as it does in estimating the extent of seizure control and memory impairment in postoperative patients.

Resumo Antecedentes Potenciais relacionados a eventos (PREs) cognitivos permitem a lateralização da zona epileptogênica (ZE), estimar a reserva de memória no hemisfério contralateral não-epileptogênico, e estimar o prognóstico pós-operatório em pacientes com epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT) unilateral quanto ao controle de crises. Objetivo Definir a acurácia dos potenciais evocados cognitivos do lobo temporal mesial anterior (LTMA-N400) e P600 na detecção da zona epileptogênica na epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT), além de avaliar a possibilidade de usá-los como marcadores de desfecho cognitivo. Métodos A revisão sistemática foi realizada em setembro de 2021 usando as bases de dados Medline/PubMed, Embase e Lilacs. Apenas artigos publicados em inglês no período entre 1985 e junho de 2021 foram incluídos. Buscamos estudos com: (1) análises dos registros de electroencefalografia intracraniana (EEGi) da atividade rinal e hipocampal (2) correlações entre os resultados de PREs obtidos nas regiões temporais mesiais (AMTL-N400 e P600) e a zona epileptogênica. Resultados Seis dos sete estudos incluídos nesta revisão definiram a lateralidade da zona epileptogênica (ZE) durante a investigação pré-cirúrgica usando PREs. Um estudo mostrou que o AMTL-N400 contralateral prediz o controle das crises. Outro estudo encontrou correlação entre as amplitudes do AMTL-N400 direito e o desempenho da memória pós-operatória. Conclusões Há evidências de que a amplitude reduzida do AMTL-N400 tem alta precisão na identificação da zona epileptogênica, assim como na estimativa do prognóstico quanto ao controle de crises a longo prazo e prejuízo da memória em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia ressectiva.