ABSTRACT: This study analyzes the gender roles of female characters portrayed in Peruvian cinema, in comparison to the feminist approach taken in other regions of the world, with the aim of exposing their characteristic features. For this qualitative analysis, the first three films of Claudia Llosa Bueno have been taken as a sample: Madeinusa (2006), La teta asustada (2009) and Loxoro (2012) are taken as a sample. As a general result, it will be noted that there are particularities that are very specific to Peru, according to the customs, memories, bodies, voices and binaristic thoughts that will determine a differentiated representation of the female characters according to their entirely national construction.

RESUMEN: El presente estudio analiza los roles de género en los personajes femeninos que se representan en la cinematografía peruana, en comparación al abordaje feminista que se hace en otras regiones del mundo, con el objetivo de exponer sus rasgos característicos. Para este análisis cualitativo, se han tomado como muestra las tres primeras películas de Claudia Llosa Bueno: Madeinusa (2006), La teta asustada (2009) y Loxoro (2012). Como resultado general, se constatará que existen particularidades muy propias del Perú, según las costumbres, las memorias, los cuerpos, las voces y los pensamientos binaristas que van a determinar una representación diferenciada de los personajes femeninos en función de su construcción íntegramente nacional.

Abstract The article addresses the topic of executive functions and learning in university students. It is considered relevant at the present time, due to the diverse affectations that are perceived in the academic performance after the pandemic, problems to regulate their learning, the little capacity to look for relevant information and difficulties to abstract significant aspects of the data of interest are more and more evident. From here, the relevance of better understanding the role of executive functions in learning is raised, for which, we begin with several definitions that coincide in characterizing them as those that regulate, control, mediate the higher and more complex activities performed by the brain; they are located in the frontal cortex and have different rates of development throughout the life cycle, from childhood to young adulthood when they reach their full development. In addition to this, the components of executive functions are described, since they are varied depending on the authors and their relationship with learning. The approach is eminently neuropsychological, but there is a brief dialogue with the philosophy of Heidegger, Hume, and Locke. It concludes with several suggestions of possible activities that can be carried out to develop these functions in students.

Resumen El artículo aborda el tema de las funciones ejecutivas (FE) y el aprendizaje en estudiantes universitarios. Se considera relevante en el momento actual, debido a las diversas afectaciones que se perciben en el rendimiento académico luego de la pandemia, siendo cada vez más evidentes los problemas para regular el aprendizaje, la poca capacidad para buscar información relevante y las dificultades para abstraer aspectos significativos de los datos de interés. Desde aquí se plantea la relevancia de comprender mejor el papel de las FE en el aprendizaje, para lo cual, se inicia con varias definiciones que coinciden en caracterizarlas como aquellas que regulan, controlan y mediatizan las actividades superiores y más complejas que realiza el cerebro; se las ubica en el córtex frontal y tienen diversas tasas de desarrollo a lo largo del ciclo vital, desde la infancia hasta la adultez joven, en la que alcanzan su pleno desarrollo. Agregado a esto, se describen los componentes de las FE, puesto que son variados dependiendo de los autores y su relación con el aprendizaje. El enfoque es eminentemente neuropsicológico, pero se realiza un breve diálogo con la filosofía de Heidegger, Hume y Locke. Se concluye con varias sugerencias de posibles actividades que pueden llevarse a cabo para desarrollar estas funciones en los estudiantes.

Resumen El plástico en Ecuador representa el 11,43% de los residuos generados. La construcción al ser una industria con gran impacto en la economía ecuatoriana es el lugar idóneo para implementar un modelo de economía circular y apoyar a una solución utilizando este desecho. Se plantea a la madera plástica como material de bajo impacto para la construcción, por lo que es necesaria su caracterización. Es así que, mediante el uso de normativas ASTM D (6108, 6109, 638, 2344, 6111, 570 y 2240), se determinan las características físicas y mecánicas de dos tipos de madera plástica producida en Ecuador M1 (PET y cáscara de arroz) y M2 (Polipropileno). Los resultados indicaron que la madera plástica M1 tiene una mayor resistencia a la tracción y capacidad de absorción de agua gracias a las fibras naturales de refuerzo. Además, M1 presenta el módulo de elasticidad más alto, lo que le confiere una mayor rigidez y menor deformabilidad. Por otro lado, se observó que M2 presenta una sección transversal menos compacta y vacíos en su estructura, lo que resulta en mayores deformaciones. En general la madera plástica es ventajosa para la construcción porque tiene una baja probabilidad de ser atacada por xilófagos y tiene un gran potencial en el diseño de elementos de carga axial debido a su desempeño a compresión, tracción y flexión aceptable, limitándose a construcciones de baja altura por las altas deformaciones que presenta.

Abstract Plastic in Ecuador represents 11.43% of the waste generated. As the construction industry has a significant impact on the Ecuadorian economy, it is an ideal place to implement a circular economy model and support a solution using this waste. Plastic wood is proposed as a low-impact material for construction, so its characterization is necessary. In this work, the physical and mechanical characteristics of two types of plastic wood produced in Ecuador, M1 (PET and rice husk) and M2 (polypropylene), were determined using ASTM D regulations (6108, 6109, 638, 2344, 6111, 570, and 2240). The results indicated that plastic wood M1 has higher tensile strength and water absorption capacity due to its natural reinforcement fibers. Additionally, M1 has the highest modulus of elasticity, which gives it greater stiffness and lower deformability. On the other hand, it was observed that M2 has a less compact cross-section and voids in its structure, resulting in greater deformations. In general, plastic wood is advantageous for construction because it has a low probability of being attacked by wood-boring insects and has great potential in the design of axial load elements due to its acceptable performance under compression, tension, and bending, limited to low-rise constructions due to the high deformations it presents.

The article critically assesses the quality of the research of four articles published under the theme "Faith and the Natural Sciences" in the Journal of Humanities, 63(2):192-261. Lewis Vaughn's statement in his book The Power of Critical Thinking is taken as cue for assessing the articles. He wrote (Vaughn, 2005:3): "Critical thinking focuses not on what causes a belief, but whether it is worth believing. A belief is worth believing, or accepting, if we have good reasons to accept it." The conclusion of the authors already expressed in the first of the articles, namely that the Bible and the Christian religion support the results of modern science, is scrutinised critically in the current article. In the first section the issue of how researchers are able to distinguish between truth and falsity is discussed. The authors of the articles under discussion answered this question in terms of a scientific method consisting of the following steps: (1) observation, (2) questioning, (3) formulation of a hypothesis, (4) challenging the hypothesis, (5) formulation of a theory. However, they are of the opinion that research done by natural scientists differs from the kind of research done by researchers in the humanities, social sciences and religion. According to them the latter group may commence their research with presuppositions. Research in theology may serve as an example. According to their reasoning religious convictions are allowed to guide the research. They therefore distinguish between religious convictions and interpretations based on religious convictions respectively. Researchers in theology may critically assess the quality of the interpretations - but never the religious convictions themselves since this can lead to questioning of eternal religious truths. While I agree with their exposition of the scientific process as a method of discovering the truth about an aspect of the world in which we live, I argue against their conviction that research done in the humanities, social sciences and religion differs from that done in the natural sciences and that faith convictions are allowed to play a role in the research process. My argument is illustrated with reference to two examples - one from the natural sciences, and one from the human sciences. The example from the natural sciences focuses on astronomy and the paradigm shift brought about by Copernicus's (1774-1543) and Galileo Galilei's (1564-1642) investigations. Prior to their research findings astronomers were convinced that the earth is the centre of the universe and that the sun, moon and planets revolve around the earth. The abovementioned observations led to the discarding of the geocentric model of the universe. However, Copernicus's and Galileo's new hypothesis was not immediately accepted. It took time before the heliocentric model of the universe was accepted. This shift can also be called a shift in perspective. The different scholars looked at the same natural phenomena but saw different pictures. The identification of sources in the Pentateuch serves as an example of a similar process in the human sciences. Jean Astruc (1684-1766) believed that Moses was the author of the Pentateuch. However, his research of the book of Genesis revealed that Moses had used different names for God: Elohim and Yahweh. This led Astruc to formulate the hypothesis that Moses had used two older sources (E and J) to write the book of Genesis. He also identified a third source consisting of smaller fragments in Genesis. This was the beginning of the so-called four-sources hypothesis concerning the origin of the Pentateuch and resulted in the identification of the sources J, E, D, and P. Julius Wellhausen (1844-1918) used this hypothesis to argue that the priestly material (the laws, regulations and prescriptions) originated after the prophetic material. He discarded the old conviction that the priestly material originated during the early history of Israel. This also led to questioning of the conviction that Moses was the author of the Pentateuch. It would appear that the authors of the articles under consideration are totally oblivious of recent research findings, since they still refer to Moses as the author of Genesis. In the second section of the current article the relationship between truth and history is discussed. In the first sub-section of this part of the article the dawn of a historical consciousness in the Western world is considered. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) benefitted from such consciousness. He merged history with biology and argued that animal and plant species are not static, but that they do change over time. This led to his book The Origin of Species published in 1859 which the authors of the four articles erroneously referred to as the 18th century. The second sub-section of this part of the article discusses Thomas Kuhn's (1922-1996) identification of paradigms and paradigm shifts in the history of the natural sciences. It is subsequently argued that the history of biblical research reflects similar paradigms and paradigm shifts and concludes that there was a major paradigm shift towards the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. This shift entails a different look at the Bible. The Bible was no longer regarded as a special book containing the words of God. Rather, scholars became convinced that the Bible was entirely a human book. James Barr (1924-2006) eloquently formulated it as follows (1973:120): "If one wants to use the Word-of-God type of language, the proper term for the Bible would be Word of Israel, Word of some leading early Christians." The previous two sections of the current article identified the defects in the arguments entertained in the articles under discussion (June, 2023). The authors'assumption that research in the humanities and social sciences differs from scientific research is found to be problematical. Furthermore, they would appear to disregard the research history of the subjects they are comparing, since no mention is made of the paradigm shift in biblical studies. But that is not all, the authors also superimposed their convictions onto the text of the Bible as if such convictions were shared by people living in the ancient Near Eastern world. In the third section of the current article Genesis 1:1-2:4a and Genesis 2:4b-3:24 are properly analysed as etiological stories to drive home the nail that the research as reflected in said articles is unconvincing.

In hierdie artikel word die kwaliteit beoordeel van die navorsing wat in die vier artikels, gepubliseer onder die tema "Geloof en Wetenskap" in die Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe, 63(2):192-261 tot uitdrukking kom. As vertrekpunt dien die oortuiging dat alle standpunte en menings rasioneel en krities beoordeel moet word om die feitelikheid, oftewel waarheidsgehalte daarvan te bepaal. In die ondersoek word die wetenskaplike navorsingsproses in ag geneem en die standpunt verdedig dat natuurwetenskaplike en geesteswetenskaplike navorsing nie wesenlik van mekaar verskil nie. Dit wys die standpunt van die navorsers af dat geesteswetenskaplike navorsing vanuit bepaalde geloofsvoorveronderstellings gedoen mag word. Daar word verder geargumenteer dat waarheid en geskiedenis ten nouste met mekaar saamhang, want wat in een eeu waar mag wees, kan in 'n volgende eeu as onwaar bewys word; daarom is 'n historiese bewussyn van die allergrootste belang. Die gebrek aan 'n sodanige bewussyn kan navorsers duur te staan kom, omdat hulle uitsprake kan maak en standpunte kan inneem wat histories nie korrek is nie. Die navorsers van die onderhawige artikels se poging om te bewys dat Genesis 1-3 met die moderne natuurwetenskaplike resultate versoen kan word, is onoortuigend, omdat hulle nie die historiese en kulturele kontekste van dáárdie verhale in ag neem nie. Voorts lees die navorsers hul oortuigings in die tekste in en laat sodoende die Bybel buikspreek.

This article aims to analyze the comic book “Darwin: no Brasil”. The magazine in question is a comic approach that aims to show children and teenagers some ideas about the naturalist and his journey in 19th century Brazil. In the work analyzed, the serious figure takes on a different version of most materials, with a profusion of colors printed on paper with a higher quality than that of comic books. It is not easily found on magazine stands, but rather in physical and virtual bookstores. For the analysis of the magazine, some pages were investigated with the purpose of indicating how the comic artist uses visual resources in combination with verbal language, and how they complement each other, contributing to the propagation of the scientific message. The results indicated the complexity of disseminating scientific knowledge in a compact verbal-visual format. As a strategy to communicate the naturalist's journey to readers, the author created a narrative with a visual and linguistic nature in the comics. The attempt to present scientific questions in comics fulfilled the purpose of conveying part of Darwin's story in Brazil, explored emotions, but did not provoke reflections, possibly given the author's intentions in discussing the issues of slavery and Darwin's view of society Brazilian at the time. However, the reflections presented should not be seen as a rejection of the work “Darwin in Brazil”, but as a precaution for those who make the material available to children and adolescents.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a revista em quadrinhos “Darwin: no Brasil”. A revista em questão é uma abordagem em quadrinhos que pretende mostrar às crianças e adolescentes algumas ideias do naturalista e sua jornada no Brasil do século XIX. Na obra analisada, a figura sisuda ganha uma versão diferente da maioria dos materiais, com uma profusão de cores impressas em papéis com qualidade superior à dos gibis. Não é encontrada com facilidade nas bancas de revistas, mas sim em livrarias físicas e virtuais. Para a análise da revista, algumas páginas foram investigadas com o propósito de indicar como o quadrinista utiliza os recursos visuais em combinação com a linguagem verbal, e como eles se complementam contribuindo para a propagação da mensagem científica. Os resultados indicaram a complexidade de divulgar o conhecimento científico em um formato verbovisual compacto. Como estratégia para comunicar a viagem do naturalista aos leitores, o autor criou uma narrativa com natureza visual e linguística nos quadrinhos. O intento de apresentar questões científicas em quadrinhos cumpriu o propósito de veicular parte da história de Darwin no Brasil, explorou as emoções, mas não provocou reflexões, possivelmente dado as intenções do autor em discutir as questões da escravidão e o olhar de Darwin para a sociedade brasileira da época. Contudo, as reflexões apresentadas não devem ser vistas como uma rejeição à obra “Darwin no Brasil”, mas como uma precaução para aqueles disponibilizam o material para as crianças e adolescentes.

Abstract Cardiovascular diseases such as Acute Myocardial Infarction are one of the 3 leading causes of death worldwide, according to WHO data. Similarly, cardiac arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation, are very common diseases at present. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the means of cardiac diagnosis that is used in a standardized way worldwide. Machine learning models are very helpful in classification and prediction problems. Applied to the field of health, artificial neural networks (ANN) and convolutional neural networks (CNN) together with tree-based models such as XGBoost, are of vital help in the prevention and control of heart diseases. The objective of the present study is to compare and evaluate the learning based on the ANN, CNN and XGBoost algorithms using the Physionet MIT-BIH and PTB ECG databases, which provide ECGs classified with Arrhythmias and Acute Myocardial Infarctions, respectively. The learning times and the percentage of Accuracy of the 3 algorithms on the 2 databases are compared separately, and finally the data are crossed to compare the validity and safety of the prediction.

Resumen Las enfermedades cardiovasculares, como el infarto agudo de miocardio, son una de las tres principales causas de muerte en el mundo según datos de la OMS. De forma similar, las arritmias cardíacas¸ como la fibrilación auricular, son enfermedades muy comunes en la actualidad. El electrocardiograma (ECG) es el medio de diagnóstico cardíaco que se utiliza de forma estandarizada en todo el mundo. Los modelos de aprendizaje automático son muy útiles en problemas de clasificación y predicción. Aplicadas al campo de la salud, las redes neuronales artificiales (ANN) y las redes neuronales convolucionales (CNN) en conjunto con modelos basados en árboles como XGBoost, son de vital ayuda en la prevención y control de enfermedades del corazón. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo comparar y evaluar el aprendizaje basado en los algoritmos ANN, CNN y XGBoost mediante el uso de las bases de datos de ECG Physionet MITBIH y PTB, que proporcionan ECG clasificados con arritmias e infartos agudos de miocardio, respectivamente. Se comparan por separado los tiempos de aprendizaje y el porcentaje de exactitud de los tres algoritmos en las dos bases de datos, y finalmente se cruzan los datos para comparar la validez y seguridad de la predicción.

Abstract The conservation of Protected Areas (PAs) in the Galapagos Islands has reached several acknowledgments: Natural Heritage of Humanity, Biosphere Reserve, Marine Sanctuary, Ramsar Site, etc. One of the reasons to achieve this recognition is the availability of scientific knowledge generated by important institutions such as the Charles Darwin Foundation (CDF). This knowledge helps to provide the local environmental authority (GNPD, Galapagos National Park Directorate) with scientific evidence for decision-making. Nonetheless, there is the challenge of offering greater accessibility to information and evaluating the advances toward the Sustainability Development Objectives (SDOs). At the same time and according to current trends, scientific research which is based on collaborative, providing transparency of all the phases included in research builds the concept of open science, demonstrating the main idea behind information management. This article intends to present the first steps to open science that our institution is working on. We present a CDF projects visualizer and the provision of a geoportal with data from the Plan Galapagos 2030 in collaboration with the Government Council of the Galapagos Special Regime. Secondly, we will develop an assessment of the impact of the opening of these datasets and its visualizers. That is to say, we will analyze the qualities and observations perceived by the community, regarding the disposition of the published visualizer and geoportal; which will also allow for the identification of identifying the main challenges and uncertainties towards the growth and implementation of open science for CDF's scientific production.

Resumen La conservación de las AAPP del Archipiélago de Galápagos ha alcanzado un sinnúmero de reconocimientos: Patrimonio Natural de la Humanidad, Reserva de la Biosfera, Santuario Marino, Sitio Ramsar, etc. Esto gracias a, entre otras actividades, al conocimiento técnico/científico generado a partir de instituciones como la Fundación Charles Darwin (FCD). Este conocimiento provee a la autoridad ambiental local (DPNG, Dirección del Parque Nacional Galápagos) de evidencia científica para la toma de decisiones en el manejo de la Reserva Marina y del Parque Nacional. De acuerdo a las tendencias actuales, existe el reto de tener una mayor accesibilidad a la información, específicamente a la investigación científica de la FCD. El concepto de ciencia abierta que se pretende implementar se basa en el trabajo colaborativo y datos FAIR, siendo este el ideal de hacia donde la gestión de la información apunta. Este artículo pretende presentar los inicios hacia la ciencia abierta por parte de la FCD. Un visualizador de los proyectos científicos institucionales y un geoportal de datos sobre el Plan de Desarrollo Sustentable y Ordenamiento Territorial del Régimen Especial de Galápagos (Plan Galápagos 2030); han sido los primeros pasos concretos para poner a disposición el libre acceso a la información. En segundo lugar, se realizará una evaluación del impacto de la apertura de esta información: es decir se analizarán las percepciones de los visualizadores publicados; lo que permitirá identificar los retos hacia la implantación de la ciencia abierta para la producción científica de la FCD.

Darwin's 18th century theory of evolution was an elegant, sensible, and logical explanation of observed data. It was embraced by the scientific community of the time since it offered an alternative to the creation narrative in the Bible. Proponents of the theory were convinced that the origin and multitude of life on earth could be fully explained by evolution and natural selection. Over time, the theory of evolution acquired normative status, which led to the totality of human knowledge being interpreted through a filter of random chance. Opponents of this materialistic view were in many cases branded as fringe figures. Subsequently, however, science and technology have developed dramatically, and new observations have led to a growing number of questions that cannot be explained by an unguided, random process. In this article (the first in a series of four on this topic), a few examples of such contemporary observations are presented. These include: • Origin of the universe Seminal work by scholars such as Slipher, Hubble, Lemaïtre, Einstein and others indicate that the universe came into being at a specific moment. This was contrary to the idea of a perpetual universe, as believed by e.g., classical Greek scholars. The implication ofa moment of creation is that there must have been a "cause of creation" (Creator) that is not bounded by, or subject to, matter, energy, space, or time, because none of these existed before the moment of creation. • Fine-tuning of the universe Since the 1950's, numerous scientific discoveries indicate that life depends on a highly unlikely combination of forces, characteristics, and balances in the universe, such as e.g., fundamental forces that have exactly the right magnitudes, contingent properties that exhibit exactly the right characteristics, as well as the initial configuration of matter and energy perfectly tuned to allow for anything to exist. These life-permitting properties of the universe fall within highly improbable, precise boundaries, commonly referred to as "anthropic contingencies" by materialist scientists. If any one of these properties were changed even in an infinitesimal way, the life-promoting conditions, found in the universe would not exist. Not only is the observed simultaneous, conditional accuracy highly improbable, but there appears to be no conceivable physical cause (reason) or philosophical necessity why these parameters exhibit the particular values they do. Contrary to scientists with a materialistic worldview, who attribute the fine-tuning to a happy accident (a random accident of physics), a growing number of scientists and philosophers conclude that the universe was designed with great care by a Creator who transcends time, matter, space, and energy in order to have achieved the fine-tuning of conditions before the moment of creation. • Age of the universe The age of the universe extends from the time of the Big Bang, which is currently calculated to have occurred 13.8 billion years ago (±0.020 billion years), according to the Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ACDM) model. Contemporary empirical evidence indicates that the universe consists of approximately 68% dark energy, 27% dark matter and only 5% matter. This means that although the ACDM theory has a thorough scientific basis, it still represents imperfect knowledge of only approximately 5% of everything that exists. • Origin of the earth The conditions necessary for the earth to form have been determined before the moment of creation. A literal understanding of the narrative in Genesis is problematic since the sun and the moon were only created on day four. To summarily interpret the first 3 "days" of creation as 24-hour days is therefore without any justification, because the heavenly bodies that are responsible for 24-hour days as we know them, did not yet exist. From this it can be deduced that a 24-hour-a-day interpretation of the days of creation, is at most a human construct and that the repeated use of the words, "and there was evening, and there was morning", should rather be seen as a delimitation of events. • Age of the earth Pre-scientific thinking about the age of the earth was dominated by a fundamentalist, biblical paradigm. This included calculating the age of the earth according to generations given in the Bible, which resulted in general consensus that the earth was created on "the entrance of the night preceding the 23rd day of October [...] the year before Christ 4004". Geological and paleontological evidence however made it clear that well over 6,000 years must have passed in the formation of the earth. This empirical evidence was ultimately the cause of the literal understanding of Genesis' six days of creation being openly questioned. Immanent scientists such as Newton (1687), Hutton (1788) and Lyell (1830-1833) took a uniformitarian paradigm as point of departure in their calculations about the age of the earth. Contemporary evidence indicates that the earth's age is approximately 4,6 billion years. • Origin and age of life The origin and age of humankind has been central in debates about evolution since the publication of the theory almost 200 years ago. Currently, however, sources of information such as genetics and genetically based studies (e.g., Ontogeny, Phylogeny and Evolutionary Biology) have, together with developments in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis since the early 1970's, substantially added to the knowledge obtained from the fossil record. A vast volume of data must have been generated to account for the multitude of life observed (including humankind). The visible range and depth of information, as well as the survival rate within the time available, make "coincidence" as a method of gathering the information, logically impossible. Only one out of every hundred species that could mutate survived, which means that to obtain the correct DNA information the mutation rate would have had to be 99% higher, or the period 99% longer than observed in natural science. The only plausible origin of such information is an intelligent designer. In conclusion, the central theoretical premise of this article series is that contemporary observations in all disciplines of natural science are best explained by the existence and involvement of God in creation. Academic integrity requires that scholars depart from a normative materialistic interpretation of empirical data (i.e., the a-priori exclusion of any metaphysical interpretations), which is currently still widely adhered to. The authors 'point of departure is a Reformed³ understanding of reality. The four articles all have the same structure, namely a problem statement, a natural science discussion, an exploration of what information the Bible offers on the various topics, closed by a conclusion. The article series is supposed to provide a broad, critical overview of the topic of normative materialism in the natural sciences and no new research results per se are presented. However, the insights reached in the respective conclusions are unique, and the authors are of the opinion that they contribute to the existing knowledge about the relationship between faith and science.

Darwin se evolusieteorie wat in die 18e eeu gepubliseer is, was 'n elegante, sinvolle en logiese verklaring van waangenome data. Hierdie teorie is deur die destydse wetenskaplike gemeenskap aangegryp, omdat dit vir die eerste keer 'n alternatief gebied het vir die skeppingsverhaal in die Bybel. Voorstanders van die teorie was oortuig daarvan dat die ontstaan en verskeidenheid van lewe op aarde volledig deur evolusie en natuurlike seleksie verklaar kon word. Die evolusieteorie het mettertyd normatiewe status verwerf, wat daartoe gelei het dat die totaliteit van die menslike kennis deur 'n filter van ewekansige toeval geïnterpreteer is. Teenstanders van hierdie materialistiese praktyk is in baie gevalle gebrandmerk as randfigure. Sedertdien het die natuurwetenskap en die tegnologie egter dramaties ontwikkel en nuwe waarnemings op die makro-, sowel as op die mikrovlak, het gelei tot 'n groeiende aantal vrae wat nie deur 'n onbegeleide, willekeurige meganisme verklaar kan word nie. In hierdie artikel (die eerste van vier artikels oor hierdie onderwerp) word enkele voor-beelde van sodanige empiriese gegewens voorgehou. Die sentrale teoretiese uitgangspunt is dat kontemporêre waarnemings in alle dissiplines van die natuurwetenskap, die beste verklaar word deur die bestaan en betrokkenheid van God in die skepping. Akademiese integriteit verg dat daar afgewyk moet word van 'n normatiewe materialisme (wat by voorbaat enige metafisiese interpretasies uitsluit), wat tans nog wyd aangehang word. Die outeurs se vertrekpunt is 'n Reformatoriese4 verstaan van die werklikheid. Die vier artikels het almal dieselfde struktuur, naamlik 'n probleemstelling, 'n natuurwetenskaplike bespreking, 'n verkenning oor watter inligting die Bybel oor die verskillende onderwerpe aanbied, afgesluit deur 'n gevolgtrekking. Die artikelreeks is veronderstel om 'n breë, kritiese beskouing van die onderwerp van normatiewe materialisme in die natuurwetenskap te verskaf en geen nuwe navorsingsresultateper se word aangebied nie. Die insigte waartoe gekom word in die onderskeie gevolgtrekkings is egter wel uniek en die outeurs is van mening dat dit 'n bydrae lewer tot die bestaande kennis oor die verband tussen geloof en wetenskap.

Abstract Pozner, R.; F. Cápula, G. Couso & G. Blanco. 2023. The historical building of Instituto de Botánica Darwinion in San Isidro: the silent message of Dr. Cristóbal M. Hicken’s legacy. Darwiniana, nueva serie 11(1): 180-245. The Instituto de Botánica Darwinion (CONICET and ANCEFyN) was founded by the end of 1910 in the San Martín district by Cristóbal María Hicken as his private botanical research laboratory. Its name honors Charles Darwin for his brilliant theory of biological evolution. In 1924, Cristóbal M. Hicken made public his desire to bequeath the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion to the National State, a fact that only materialized in 1934. But in the early ‘30s, he decided to move the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion to a new building located in the San Isidro district, built especially to contain the institute and also his retirement home. After 87 years of existence and five building extensions, the historic building of the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion of San Isidro maintains its integrity and attracts the attention of both the public and architecture and design professionals. Based on the study of building characteristics and the thought of Cristóbal M. Hicken, the main objective of this work is to evaluate whether the external and internal structure of the historic Darwinion building in San Isidro, together with the ornamentation and distribution of original functions of each room, respond only to an aesthetic and functional design or if, in addition, they have a symbolic meaning, a vision of the world, a silent message for those who want (and know how) to understand. With this central purpose as a guide, we carried out a multidisciplinary investigation to reconstruct Cristóbal M. Hicken’s vision in the design of the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion of San Isidro. We started from the analysis of the original building in the San Martín district in search of any possible design background, to then focus the attention entirely on the building in San Isidro. Plans, public documents, correspondence, historical photographs, academic and dissemination articles of the time, pre-Hispanic South American ethnographic information, Argentine historical information between 1860 and 1930, and interviews with relatives and historians were studied. In short, the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion in San Isidro was created as a museum and a laboratory plus a home. The design of the museum agrees with the concept of “temple of Botany” manifested by Cristóbal M. Hicken himself, and whose first sign is observed in the etymology of the name of the institute. Its ornamentation is eclectic, since it combines symbols of Andean pre-Hispanic cultures with symbols of Western civilization, and it is structured according to each room (portal, front rooms, herbarium, library) and orientation (towards the street or towards the inner garden). This ornamentation works like a discourse in symbolic key with multiple messages for the visitor: it reflects an original, foundational, and ancient Argentine identity, which in turn communicates that the Darwinion is a place where a silent and fertile unveiling of the knowledge, of the secrets of evolution, takes place protected from evils and misfortunes by Nature itself. The design plan of the institute, the portal, the access terrace, and the internal garden convey desirable masonic values through the symbolic language, typical and traditional of Freemasonry. Likewise, we show evidence of Dr. Cristóbal M. Hicken’s great interest in Andean pre-Hispanic cultures, of his refined knowledge of Greco-Roman mythology, his belonging to Argentine Freemasonry and consequent ability to symbolic language, and his knowledge of construction, cosmology, and analytic geometry. For these reasons, and considering his participation in the supervision of the building work declared by the newspapers of his time, the probable direct intervention of Cristóbal M. Hicken is proposed both in the design of the building of the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion of San Isidro, as well as in the design of its ornamentation. In addition, evidence is provided of the possible intervention of Arturo Prins and Fernando de Estrada in the project of the building.

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Resumen Las avispas parasitoides Clistopyga misionensis Bordera & Sääksjärvi e Hymenoepimecis pucallpina Pádua & Sääksjärvi fueron descritas recientemente y solo se conocen de Perú y Argentina. Para ambas especies, los machos siguen siendo desconocidos. Aquí proporcionamos el primer registro de H. pucallpina para Brasil, Mato Grosso, y el macho se describe e ilustra por primera vez. También proporcionamos un nuevo registro de distribución de C. misionensis para Brasil, Minas Gerais. Se proporciona un mapa de distribución e imágenes.

Abstract The parasitoid wasps Clistopyga misionensis Bordera & Sääksjärvi and Hymenoepimecis pucallpina Pádua & Sääksjärvi were described recently and were known only from Peru and Argentina, respectively. The males of both species remain unknown. Here, we provide the first record of H. pucallpina for Brazil, Mato Grosso, and its male is described and illustrated for the first time. We also provide a new distribution record of C. misionensi for Brazil, Minas Gerais. A distribution map and images are provided.

RESUMEN En la actualidad es una necesidad primordial que los profesores de los distintos niveles educativos cuenten con competencias digitales docentes y que estas sean puestas en práctica en su labor pedagógica en la actual educación híbrida. El objetivo del estudio es identificar y analizar el nivel de las competencias digitales de los docentes. En la metodología se realizó una revisión sistemática de diferentes artículos científicos publicados en Scopus, SciELO, EBSCO, Redalyc y Dialnet, basado al tema de competencias digitales docentes, quedando finalmente seleccionados 11 artículos para su análisis. Como conclusiones importantes resaltan que la mayoría de investigadores utilizan el modelo MCDD para evaluar las competencias digitales de profesores, las edades con mejores resultados son de 22 a 45 años. Además de las 5 áreas de las CDD las que destacan son la búsqueda de información, navegación, manejo de contenido digital y las que peores resultados obtienen son la seguridad digital y la creación de contenido.

RESUMO Atualmente, há uma necessidade essencial de que os professores de diferentes níveis educacionais tenham competências de ensino digital e as coloquem em prática em seu trabalho pedagógico na educação híbrida de hoje. O objetivo do estudo é identificar e analisar o nível das competências digitais dos professores. A metodologia envolveu uma revisão sistemática de diferentes artigos científicos publicados na Scopus, SciELO, EBSCO, Redalyc e Dialnet, com base no tópico das competências digitais dos professores, sendo que 11 artigos foram finalmente selecionados para análise. Como conclusões importantes, eles destacam que a maioria dos pesquisadores utiliza o modelo MCDD para avaliar as competências digitais dos professores, sendo que as idades com melhores resultados são de 22 a 45 anos. Além das 5 áreas do CDD, as que mais se destacam são busca de informações, navegação, gerenciamento de conteúdo digital e as que apresentam os piores resultados são segurança digital e criação de conteúdo.

ABSTRACT Currently, it is an essential need for teachers at different educational levels to have digital teaching skills and to put them into practice in their pedagogical work in today's hybrid education. The objective of the study is to identify and analyze the level of digital competencies of teachers. The methodology included a systematic review of different scientific articles published in Scopus, SciELO, EBSCO, Redalyc and Dialnet, based on the topic of teachers' digital competencies, and 11 articles were finally selected for analysis. As important conclusions they highlight that most researchers use the MCDD model to assess the digital competencies of teachers, the ages with the best results are from 22 to 45 years old. In addition to the 5 areas of the CDD, those that stand out are information search, navigation, digital content management, and those with the worst results are digital security and content creation.

Abstract Apple (Malus Demestica cv. Cortland) is a perishable fruit due to its high moisture content. In this study, apple sticks were dried to increase their shelf life. Osmotic dehydration was used as pretreatment followed by microwave-assisted hot air drying (MAHD) at different temperatures (45 ºC, 55 ºC, 65 ºC) and microwave power densities (0, 0.5, 1 W/g). Optimum process parameters were estimated by the central composite design of response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that the temperature and power density had a significant effect on response variables. Optimum conditions of moisture content (9.54%), time (100 minutes) and change in color (7.54) were found at 65 ºC and 1 W/g microwave power density (MWPD). Then the samples dried at optimum conditions were stored at ambient temperature and analyzed for color, moisture content, texture and total fungal count at regular intervals for 75 days. The results showed a non-significant change in color and fungal counts from 10.45 to 10.73 and from 0.45 to 0.69 log cfu/g respectively, and a significant decrease in moisture content from 10.11% to 5.69% was observed from 0 to 75 days. While increasing firmness resulted in increased force and energy to the breaking point and micrographs of electron microscope showed shrinkage in cell structure along with storage. The brittleness of apple sticks increased significantly during storage but remained acceptable till the end of 75 storage days.

The aim of this contribution is to reflect on the relation between religion and morality. An overview of the different theories of the origin of morality is provided. According to Blanchard, there are four traditional ways in which the origin of morality can be explained: (1) origin from nature, (2) origin from ourselves, (3) origin from culture and (4) origin from an objective moral law. The last instance creates the possibility for religion to be identified as the origin of morality. In reflecting on the relation between religion and morality one realises that the question that needs to be discussed is whether religion is indeed the provider of morality or not. It is also necessary to determine if religion is the guarantor for morality. The aim of this contribution is to reflect on the relation between religion and morality. An overview of the different theories of the origin of morality is provided. In reflecting on the relation between religion and morality one realises that the question that needs to be discussed is whether religion is indeed the provider of morality or not. It is also necessary to determine if religion is the guarantor for morality. What happens in a secularised society? Is it still possible for morality to exist in a secularised society? It is clear from an understanding of secularisation as differentiation - the separation of spheres - religion and morality can be separated and can exist independently in a secularised society. The influence of the evolution theory by Charles Darwin led to a new way of understanding the nature of morality. Some reflection on the influence of evolution on morality is presented here. One prominent recommendation resulting from this investigation is to emphasise that religion can provide the morals for morality. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: This contribution reflects the intersection of anthropology, philosophy, religion studies and ethics. The discussion is based on a philosophical reflection on the relation between religion and morality

Has Darwinian science made natural theology obsolete, as many Christian scholars now believe? In this article, the author assumes that natural theology does not take place in a religious vacuum but instead borrows its sense of god from this or that specific faith tradition. Its task is not to arrive at an understanding of the divine mystery different from that of systematic or doctrinal theology. As the author shall argue here, however, the empirical grounding essential to natural theology must be considerably more comprehensive and more profound than that provided by the natural sciences, mainly because the latter usually leave out any mention of the most striking of all natural phenomena - the human mind and its mysterious operations. The author maintains that an exclusively Darwinian narrative cannot fully explain why your mind is restless for truth or why you should trust your mind. The point of natural theology is to ask whether nature as a whole is intelligible apart from the reality of God. The author's point is that an empirical survey of nature that restricts itself to following the modern scientific method's habitual exclusion of thought from its survey of nature cannot succeed in making nature intelligible. CONTRIBUTION: This article argues that evolutionary explanations alone are not enough to account for all that is happening in human understanding and knowing. In the light of evolutionary biology, we must note that even human intelligence, which formerly seemed to elevate our species to a perch above nature, now appears to be an unexceptional product of chance, deep time and natural selection. 'Thought', the name we may give to the most splendid of all evolutionary outcomes, is taken to be a product of impersonal natural selection and so also are our moral instincts