Abstract In this article we investigate neopaganism as a cultural imprint of contemporary Western societies. Closely related to the opposition to Christianity, neopaganism is configured as a philosophy that, consciously and radically, is reluctant to all types of dualism. In this order of ideas, God and the world become two different, separate and irreducible ontological levels. The main objective of the work is to demonstrate that neopaganism is another form of nihilism, through a qualitative approach typical of the human sciences, and will use both the hermeneutical phenomenological method and documentary analysis since it seeks to deepen the rupture with the popular religious traditions, to return to the old sacred conception of the world as a place full of gods, in which there are no more moral demands than those indicated by man as the center of this neopagan metaphysical and anthropological scheme. The main result obtained is the verification of the nihilism that the neopagan proposal contains in the religious, moral, anthropological and political order with a detailed characterization of the phenomenon and its relativistic consequences in Western thought.

Resumen En el presente artículo investigamos acerca del neopaganismo como una impronta cultural de las actuales sociedades occidentales. Relacionado estrechamente con la oposición al cristianismo, el neopaganismo se configura como una filosofía que, de manera consciente y radical, se muestra reacia a todo tipo de dualismo. En este orden de ideas, Dios y el mundo devienen dos niveles ontológicos distintos, separados e irreductibles. El objetivo principal del trabajo es el de demostrar que el neopaganismo constituye una forma de nihilismo, mediante un enfoque cualitativo propio de las ciencias humanas, y se servirá tanto del método fenomenológico hermenéutico como del análisis documental, puesto que busca profundizar en la ruptura con las tradiciones religiosas populares, para retornar a la vieja concepción sagrada del mundo como un lugar lleno de dioses, en el que no hay más exigencias morales que las que señale el hombre como centro de este esquema metafísico y antropológico neopagano. El principal resultado obtenido es la comprobación del nihilismo que encierra la propuesta neopagana en el orden religioso, moral, antropológico y político con una detallada caracterización del fenómeno y sus consecuencias relativistas en el pensamiento occidental.

Abstract: Although the work of Federico García Lorca has been widely studied, little has been said about the Poesía inédita de juventud. This article examines an important aspect of his early poetic production: the configuration of the forest in “La balada de Caperucita”. It hopes to show how this image is used to symbolize the young poet’s vision of human existence, one that is closely related to a particular interpretation of Christianity.

Resumen: Aunque la obra de Federico García Lorca ha sido muy estudiada, poco se ha dicho de la Poesía inédita de juventud. Por tal motivo, este texto examina un asunto relevante para la producción poética juvenil: la configuración del bosque en la “La balada de Caperucita”. Como veremos a lo largo del análisis, este espacio simbólico fue creado para ilustrar la visión de la existencia humana que el poeta manifiesta en sus primeros poemas y que está emparentada con una interpretación particular del cristianismo.

Resumen: Desde los orígenes del mensaje cristiano, la astrología fue vista como una amenaza por la creencia en el fatalismo astral que ponía en crisis no solamente la libertad humana sino también la fe en la Providencia divina. No obstante, el rechazo al influjo de los astros presentó diferentes matices tanto entre los Padres de la Iglesia como en las escuelas gnósticas. Los argumentos que se usaron contra la astrología provenían, en algunos casos, de la filosofía helénica precristiana y encontraban su principal apoyo en el rechazo al determinismo cósmico. El cristianismo agregó su reticencia a las prácticas adivinatorias de los astrólogos. El episodio evangélico de la estrella del Oriente fue el más estudiado para la elaboración de las diatribas cristianas más antiguas contra la astrología, destacándose entre ellas la de los valentinianos que están detrás del texto de los Extractos de Teódoto, recensionados por Clemente de Alejandría.

From the origins of the Christian message, astrology was seen as a threat because of the belief in astral fatalism, which threatened not only human freedom but also faith in divine Providence. However, the rejection of the influence of the stars had different nuances both among the Fathers of the Church and in the Gnostic schools. The arguments used against astrology came, in some cases, from pre-Christian Hellenic philosophy and found their main support in the rejection of cosmic determinism. Christianity added its reticence to the divinatory practices of astrologers. The Gospel episode of the star of the East was the most studied for the elaboration of the oldest Christian diatribes against astrology, among which the Valentinians who are behind the text of the Extracts of Theodotus, reviewed by Clement of Alexandria.

RESUMEN El cristianismo hegemónico, la mayoría católica y la presencia activa de pentecostales en el continente americano ha hecho pensar que solo existe una mirada acerca de las diversidades sexogenéricas en el cristianismo, presentándolo como una incompatibilidad espontánea y “natural”; no obstante, históricamente existe una serie de disidencias por muchísimas razones que proponen otras narrativas, entre ellas hay algunas que apuestan por la agencia espiritual de las personas de la diversidad sexual y de género. Teniendo en cuenta una perspectiva descriptiva se tomará en cuenta trabajos etnográficos desde la antropología y la teología para abordar narrativas cristianas, tanto la hegemónica como algunas disidentes para presentar otras formas de comprensión de lo cristiano y las disidencias sexogenéricas desde una propuesta teórica y práctica; para finalizar se propondrán alternativas de agencia espiritual como alternativa a la institucionalidad cristiana. hegemónico natural “natural” obstante género cristianas práctica cristiana “natural

ABSTRACT Hegemonic Christianity, the Catholic majority and the active presence of Pentecostals in the American continent have made us think that there is only one view about sex-gender diversity in Christianity, presenting it as a spontaneous and “natural” incompatibility; however, historically there is a series of dissidences for many reasons that propose other narratives, among them there are some that bet on the spiritual agency of people of sexual and gender diversity. Taking into account a descriptive perspective, ethnographic works from anthropology and theology will be taken into account to approach Christian narratives, both the hegemonic and some dissidents to present other ways of understanding Christianity and sex-gender dissidence from a theoretical and practical proposal; finally, alternatives of spiritual agency will be proposed as an alternative to Christian institutionality. sexgender sex natural “natural incompatibility however narratives perspective proposal finally institutionality

Resumo o artigo reflete, como ponto de partida, o retorno revestido de cientificidade de algumas ideias do passado, as quais em geral causam perplexidade aos cientistas e ordinariamente provocam inquietações religiosas, sobretudo entre os adeptos ao cristianismo. O texto conjectura essa situação como decorrência da polarização inadequada entre fé e ciência, relocando e justificando a relação como um embate específico entre duas racionalidades: a racionalidade teológica e a racionalidade científica, e não entre experiência subjetiva (fé) e racionalidade objetiva (ciência). Na perseguição desse itinerário, o texto retoma, à luz da literatura, a uma análise construída criticamente acerca das categorias subjacentes a discussão, a saber: Deus, religião, fé e ciência, numa tessitura que conduzirá a uma crítica implícita ao fazer teológico no decorrer do tempo e a necessidade de repensar a teologia na atualidade, senão em sua totalidade, ao menos no campo de estudo apresentado nesse texto. reflete partida passado religiosas cristianismo ciência racionalidades científica (fé ciência. . (ciência) itinerário retoma literatura discussão saber Deus religião atualidade totalidade (ciência

Abstract The article reflects, as a starting point, the scientific return of some ideas from the past, which in general cause perplexity to scientists and ordinarily provoke religious concerns, especially among adherents of Christianity. The text conjectures this situation as a result of the inadequate polarization between faith and science, relocating and justifying the relationship as a specific clash between two rationalities: theological and scientific rationality and not between subjective experience (faith) and objective rationality (science). In the pursuit of this itinerary, the text resumes, in the light of literature, an analysis critically constructed about the categories underlying the discussion, namely: God, religion, faith and science, in a fabric that will lead to an implicit criticism when doing theological in the course of time and the need to rethink theology today, if not in its entirety, at least in the field of study presented in this text. reflects point past concerns Christianity science rationalities (faith science. . (science) itinerary resumes literature discussion namely God religion today entirety (science

RESUMO C. S. Lewis (1898-1963) foi um dos principais pensadores cristãos do século passado. Autor prolífico, escreveu sobre muitos temas, dentre os quais destacam-se a crítica literária, a teoria da educação, a literatura de fantasia e a exposiçao teológica. O presente artigo pretende verificar a questão de como Lewis entendia o lugar das religiões na experiência da salvação. No cristianismo a soteriologia, entendida como reflexão sobre a experiência da salvação, tem sido ao longo dos séculos identificada com a posição exclusivista, que nega a todas as demais tradições religiosas qualquer possibilidade de valor salvífico. A partir da segunda metade do século XX outras compreensões têm surgido. Uma delas, o inclusivismo, entende que, em Cristo, não cristãos podem ter a experiência da salvação. A hipótese que se pretende demonstrar no artigo é que Lewis defendia a perspectiva inclusivista. C S 18981963 1898 1963 (1898-1963 passado prolífico temas destacamse destacam literária educação teológica salvação soteriologia exclusivista salvífico surgido delas inclusivismo Cristo inclusivista 1898196 189 196 (1898-196 189819 18 19 (1898-19 18981 1 (1898-1 (1898- (1898 (189 (18 (1 (

ABSTRACT C. S. Lewis (1898-1963) was one of the main Christian thinkers of the last century. A prolific author, he wrote on many topics, including literary criticism, educational theory, fantasy literature, and theological exposition. This article aims to verify how Lewis understood the place of religions in the experience of salvation. In Christianity, soteriology, understood as a reflection on the experience of salvation, has been identified over the centuries with the exclusivist position, which denies all other religious traditions any possibility of salvific value. From the second half of the 20th century onwards, other understandings have emerged. One of them, inclusivism, understands that, in Christ, non-Christians can have the experience of salvation. The hypothesis intended to be demonstrated in the article is that Lewis defended the inclusivist perspective. C S 18981963 1898 1963 (1898-1963 author topics criticism theory literature exposition salvation Christianity soteriology position value th onwards emerged them inclusivism Christ nonChristians non Christians perspective 1898196 189 196 (1898-196 189819 18 19 (1898-19 18981 1 (1898-1 (1898- (1898 (189 (18 (1 (

Resumo Experiências místicas são comuns no cristianismo entre lideranças que fundaram igrejas ou movimentos com perspectivas teológicas inovadoras à tradição. Esses fenômenos têm ocorrido com pessoas, até então, consideradas pecadoras ou excluídas da salvação por expressarem identidade de gênero e sexualidade LGBTIA+ e que, por algumas vezes, foram consideradas com transtornos psíquicos por apresentarem-se divergentes da cis-heteronormatividade, na qual se assenta a moral religiosa conservadora. Por intermédio de entrevistas online no período da pandemia de COVID-19 com nomes destacados desse ambiente, herético ao olhar canônico, discute-se como o estigma social e o sofrimento mental lhes impingidos ganharam novos sentidos ao se transformarem em marca simbólica de eleitas por Deus a uma vida ungida de aceitação e protagonismo em suas comunidades religiosas. Analisa-se, ainda, como suas práticas de releitura bíblica e ritos religiosos ganharam espaços e se disseminaram com as redes sociais, com uso intensificado a partir da crise sanitária da época. tradição pessoas então LGBTIA vezes apresentaremse apresentarem cisheteronormatividade, cisheteronormatividade cis heteronormatividade, heteronormatividade cis-heteronormatividade conservadora COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 ambiente canônico discutese discute religiosas Analisase, Analisase Analisa se, Analisa-se ainda sociais época COVID1 1 COVID-

Abstract Mystical experiences are common in Christianity, among leaders who founded churches or movements with theological perspectives that are innovative to the tradition. These phenomena have occurred with people, until then, considered sinners or excluded from salvation for expressing LGBTIA+ gender identity and sexuality and who, at times, were considered to have psychological disorders because they differ from the cis-heteronormativity, on which the conservative religious morality. Through online interviews during the COVID-19 pandemic with prominent names of this area, heretical from the canonical view, it is discussed how the social stigma and mental suffering imposed on them gained new meanings by becoming a symbolic mark of those “chosen by God” to a life anointed with acceptance and protagonism in their religious communities. It also analyzes how their practices of biblical re-reading and religious rites gained space and spread through social networks, with intensified use following the health crisis at that period. Christianity tradition people then LGBTIA times cisheteronormativity, cisheteronormativity cis heteronormativity, heteronormativity cis-heteronormativity morality COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 area view chosen God communities rereading re reading networks period COVID1 1 COVID-

Abstract: This text discusses, as other authors have already done for the pre-Hispanic case, that the so-called Andean confession, as well as the sins that were tried to be extirpated, had a strong political correlation linked to the stability of the Inca state and was a source of information of the social discontent of subordinate groups. The colonial confession, on the other hand, is interpreted as part of the process of confessionalization of modern states and of the reformed Christian churches, as well as the Catholic one, which sought to homogenize behavior and have greater social control, where the sacrament of confession played a key role. In the Andean case, it is analyzed within a process of struggle against Andean religious practices that were interpreted by the Church as influenced by the devil. In this process there was coordination between the Modern State and the Post-Tridentine Church (16th-17th centuries). These efforts in the colonial period resulted in a massive process of evangelization, without eliminating the Andinization of Christianity, as various authors have demonstrated (Abercrombie, 2006; Penry, 2019; Castro, 2024). The information found in the Codpa Confessions Register of 1785 reflects these processes of social control, where this sacrament acquired a central role in colonial times.

Resumen: Este texto discute, como ya lo han hecho otros autores para el caso prehispánico, que la llamada confesión andina, así como los pecados que se intentaban extirpar, tenían un fuerte correlato político vinculado con la estabilidad del Estado incaico y era una fuente de información del descontento social de los grupos subalternos. La confesión colonial, por otra parte, se interpreta como parte del proceso de confesionalización de los estados modernos y de las iglesias cristianas reformadas, así como la católica, que buscaban homogeneizar las conductas y tener un mayor control social, donde el sacramento de la confesión jugó un rol clave. En el caso andino, se analiza dentro de un proceso de lucha contra las prácticas religiosas andinas que fueron interpretadas por la Iglesia como influencia del demonio. En este proceso existía una coordinación entre el Estado moderno y la Iglesia postridentina (s. XVI-XVII). Estos esfuerzos en el período colonial redundaron en un masivo proceso de evangelización, sin que se eliminara del todo la andinización del cristianismo, como lo han demostrado diversos autores (Abercrombie, 2006; Penry, 2019; Castro, 2024). La información que se encuentra en el Padrón de Confesiones de Codpa de 1785 es un reflejo de estos procesos de control social, donde ese sacramento adquirió en tiempos coloniales un papel central.

Abstract This paper explores the perverse way that pseudomystics attempt to theologically justify their sexual activity. It begins with a historical overview of Gnostic sexual practices and discusses the discursive ambiguity between the exoteric and the esoteric. The work of Javier Garrido, OFM (canonically condemned as a “pseudomystic”) serves as a case study, with analysis of textual ambiguities in light of the investigations into abuses committed by the Dominican Philippe brothers and Jean Vanier. The article identifies three areas of overlap between Garrido’s work and non-Christian ideas that divinize sexual impulses. The conclusion calls for discernment and prudence in the use of marital imagery in mystical language as well as for clear sexual morals.

Resumen Este trabajo profundiza en la legitimación teológica perversa que el falso místico hace de sus actos sexuales. Con tal propósito, se hace una introducción histórica a las prácticas sexuales de carácter gnóstico y se considera el juego discursivo ambiguo entre lo exotérico y esotérico. Como ejemplo, se analizan algunas ambigüedades textuales en la obra de Javier Garrido OFM (condenado canónicamente por “falso misticismo”), a la luz de la investigación sobre los abusos sexuales de los hermanos Philippe OP y Jean Vanier. Asimismo, se exploran tres coincidencias con ideas ajenas al cristianismo que divinizan la pulsión sexual. Y se concluye apelando al discernimiento y la prudencia sobre el lenguaje místico-esponsal, y a la claridad en la moral sexual.

Abstract: Within the framework of this “Domain in Care” Seminar we assume part of the research we carry out about the epistemic and theological controversies that arise from nineteenth-century scientific activity about nature, humanity and spirituality of the inhabitants of Land of Fire. To this day, the interpretations and ideas of Fitz Roy and Darwin about the Fuegian peoples have been understood in a quite controversial way and based on stereotypes about what was considered scientific and theological in the Western Christian world, and especially in debates. between creationists and evolutionists in the British debate. Indeed, in the positions of both men there are epistemological and theological issues that have not been sufficiently explained in each and every one of their nuances and that are still present in our time. In their respective points of view linked to the history of science of the 18th and 19th centuries there are assumptions and ideas that have prevailed about science and faith that, reinterpreted, would allow us to overcome the dichotomies linked to naturalism and humanism that show the advances of British science of the time and attempts to advance a global and homogeneous understanding of the set of processes of Life on the planet. Following the perspective of the history of science, we will highlight the main strengths of the assumptions of the controversy between experimental natural science and the Anglican Christianity of English society at the time, to show its interest for current debates on control and care.

Resumen: Hasta el día de hoy las interpretaciones e ideas de Fitz Roy y Darwin acerca de los pueblos fueguinos han sido entendidas de un modo bastante polémico y a partir de estereotipos acerca de lo que se ha considerado científico y teológico en el mundo cristiano occidental, y que se expresa especialmente en los debates entre creacionistas y evolucionista como se conoció luego en el debate británico. En efecto, en las posturas de estos hombres de ciencia se encuentran cuestiones epistemológicas y teológicas que no han sido suficientemente explicitadas en todos y cada uno de sus matices y que prosiguen aún presentes en nuestra época. En sus respectivos puntos de vista ligado a la historia de la ciencia del siglo XVIII y XIX hay supuestos e ideas que han prevalecido acerca de la ciencia y de la fe que reinterpretadas permitirían superar las dicotomías ligadas al naturalismo y humanismo que muestra los avances de la ciencia británica de la época e intenta avanzar en una comprensión global y homogénea del conjunto de procesos de la Vida en el planeta. Siguiendo la perspectiva de la historia de la ciencia destacaremos los principales puntos fuertes de los presupuestos de la polémica entre la ciencia natural experimental, y el cristianismo anglicano de la sociedad inglesa de la época, para mostrar su interés para los debates actuales sobre control y cuidado.

Resumo Que David Viñas, na Argentina, e Carlos Heitor Cony, no Brasil, são reconhecidos como precursores da recepção do existencialismo sartreano, não resta dúvida. Ao passo, contudo, em que Un dios cotidiano é comumente lembrado pela crítica, Informação ao crucificado é por ela esquecido. Nos romances, entretanto, são diversas as proximidades, como um espaço narrativo comum —o seminário—; uma desconfiança compartilhada sobre o Cristianismo; temas que se coadunam em imagens da violência. O texto busca, então, comparar as obras, mostrando o que guardam da recepção do existencialismo na América, ao mesmo tempo em que aponta tanto aos limites do movimento francês quanto às possibilidades de ruptura em sua recepção na Argentina e no Brasil.

Abstract That David Viñas, in Argentina, and Carlos Heitor Cony, in Brazil, both writers, are recognized as precursors of the reception of Sartrean Existentialism, there is no doubt. While, however, Un Dios Cotidianois commonly remembered by critics, at the same time Informação ao Crucificado is forgotten by them. In these novels there are however several proximities, such as a common narrative space —the seminar—; a shared distrust of Christianity; issues that share in images of violence. This paper looks for to compare both books, showing what they keep from the reception of Existentialism in America, at the same time that it points both books to the limits of the French movement and to the possibilities of rupture in its reception in Argentina and Brazil.

RESUMEN En la Antigüedad tardía, los viajeros sufrían innumerables dificultades a la hora de emprender un viaje. Los caminos estaban llenos de problemas y es en este escenario donde numerosos clérigos cruzaron la Península Ibérica y Francia, ya fueses para asistir a los concilios para discutir diferentes aspectos del dogma o para llegar a nuevos centros monásticos, todo después del Concilio de Nicea. Gracias a los relatos detallados de las hagiografías, podemos dar forma a la relación entre el hombre y Dios en situaciones críticas durante un viaje. tardía viaje Francia monásticos Nicea hagiografías

ABSTRACT In Late Antiquity, travellers suffered countless difficulties when setting out on a journey. The roads were full of problems and in this scenario numerous clerics crossed the Iberian Peninsula and France either to attend the councils to discuss different aspects of dogma or to reach new monastic centers, all after the Council of Nicaea. Thanks to the detailed accounts of the hagiographies, we can give shape to the relationship between man and God in critical situations during a journey.1 Antiquity journey centers Nicaea hagiographies journey1 1

RESUMO A narrativa das tentações de Jesus constitui um princípio fundamental das doutrinas cristãs, elucidando a provação de Jesus no deserto, onde o diabo o seduziu gravemente para que explorasse o seu estatuto divino de filho de Deus, cumprindo as expectativas messiânicas do seu povo para fins egoístas. Desde os primórdios do cristianismo, esta narrativa tem sido objeto de interpretações teológicas, cujas lições continuam a ser relevantes para o cristianismo atual, à luz da paixão excessiva e desregrada pela riqueza, fama e poder que caracteriza a sociedade contemporânea. Utilizando um método narrativo-descritivo e analítico, o estudo examina criticamente a narrativa da tentação no contexto das suas exigências existenciais e implicações para o cristianismo atual. Destaca as provações morais quotidianas dos seres humanos e apresenta a disposição de Jesus nas provações como um modelo para a resolução de desafios éticos e a obediência a Deus. cristãs deserto Deus egoístas teológicas atual riqueza contemporânea narrativodescritivo narrativo descritivo analítico

ABSTRACT Jesus’temptations narrative constitutes a foundational tenet within the Christian doctrines, elucidating Jesus’ ordeal in the wilderness, where the devil gravely enticed him to exploit his divine status as the son of God in fulfilling the messianic expectations of his people for self-serving purposes. From earliest Christianity, this narrative has been a subject of theological interpretations, whose lessons still hold relevance to today’s Christianity in the light of the excessive and unruly passion for wealth, fame and power that characterized contemporary society. Using a narrative-descriptive and analytical method, the study critically examines the temptation narrative in the context of its existential demands and implications for today’s Christianity. It highlights the humans’ daily moral trials and presents Jesus’ disposition in the trials as a model for resolutions of ethical challenges and obedience to God. Jesustemptations Jesus temptations doctrines wilderness selfserving self serving purposes interpretations todays today s wealth society narrativedescriptive descriptive method humans

RESUMEN La ornamentación arquitectónica de las iglesias del pueblo de Juli en Chucuito (siglos XVII y XVIII), que incluye elementos naturales locales, contó con la comitencia de la orden de la Compañía de Jesús, cuyas concepciones doctrinales se vincularon con el probabilismo. Dicha doctrina consiste en una filosofía moral que incidió en los principios de flexibilidad para la introducción del cristianismo y donde la naturaleza jugó un rol articulador clave. El presente artículo analiza los principios probabilistas junto con el interés de la orden en el mundo natural y su implicancia en el mundo andino. Se considera que la presencia de elementos naturales en portadas de acceso a espacios religiosos cristianos, en un contexto donde la naturaleza poseía un estatuto ontológico común a los seres humanos, necesitó de un margen de flexibilidad que concuerda con las concepciones doctrinales jesuíticas.

ABSTRACT The architectural ornamentation of the churches of the Juli´s town in Chucuito (17th and 18th centuries), which includes local natural elements, was commissioned by the order of the Company of Jesus, whose doctrinal conceptions were linked to probabilism, a moral philosophy that influenced the principles of flexibility for the introduction of Christianity and where nature played a key articulating role. We will analyze probabilistic principles along with the order’s interest in the natural world and its implication in the Andean world. We consider that the presence of natural elements on access portals to Christian religious spaces, in a context where nature had an ontological status common to human beings, required a margin of flexibility that agrees with Jesuit doctrinal conceptions.