Abstract (Introduction): Vinasse is generated as a residue in the production of ethanol by fermentation-distillation of molasses/sugar cane juice, at a rate of 13 L/L of ethanol. It is an acid liquid, brown in color, characterized by high mineralization and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values of up to 150 000 mg/L, being highly polluting. (Objective): The objective of this research was to evaluate a vinasse treatment process with hydrogen peroxide as a source of hydroxyl radicals at laboratory scale. (Methodology): The vinasse samples, from different distilleries in the province of Tucumán, were characterized following standardized techniques of Standard Methods. The oxidation tests were carried out with different peroxide/vinasses ratios, in a semi-batch reactor, under ambient conditions, measuring COD as an indicator parameter of the treatment. (Results): After 5 days, an 85 % decrease in COD and an increase in the Biodegradability Index were achieved. The kinetics of the oxidative reaction was first order with respect to COD, with an apparent rate constant of 0.3694 1/day. (Conclusions): Although the COD values allowed by local regulations (250 mg/L) were not reached, the proposed treatment is encouraging due to its simplicity, representing a potential option to the environmental challenge represented by vinaze in Latin America.

Resumen (Introducción): La vinaza se genera como residuo en la producción de etanol por fermentación-destilación de melazas/jugos de caña de azúcar, a razón de 13 L/L de etanol. Es un efluente líquido, ácido caracterizado por una elevada mineralización y valores de demanda química de oxígeno (DQO) de hasta 150 000 mg/L, siendo altamente contaminante. (Objetivo): Ealuar un proceso de tratamiento de vinazas con peróxido de hidrógeno, como fuente de radicales hidroxilos, en escala laboratorio. (Metodología): Las muestras de vinazas, de destilerías de la provincia de Tucumán, se caracterizaron según técnicas normalizadas de Standard Methods. Los ensayos de oxidación se realizaron con distintas relaciones de peróxido/vinaza, en un reactor semibatch, en condiciones ambientales, midiendo DQO como parámetro indicador del tratamiento. (Resultados): Al cabo de cinco días se logró una disminución de DQO del 85 % y un aumento del Índice de Biodegradabilidad. La cinética de la reacción oxidativa fue de primer orden respecto de DQO, con una constante aparente de velocidad de 0.3694 1/día. (Conclusiones): Si bien no se lograron los valores de DQO permitidos por la normativa local (250 mg/L), el tratamiento propuesto es alentador por su simpleza, representando una opción potencial al desafío ambiental que representan las vinazas en América Latina.

ABSTRACT Oil-derived compounds present in the soil can compromise plant growth and inhibit the development of the microbial population. These contaminants reduce soil porosity, hinder water absorption, and can disrupt plant metabolic processes. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of the presence of three hydrocarbons in the soil on the growth and development of forage species and on soil microbiological indicators. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using a randomized block design with four replications. Treatments were arranged in a 5×4 factorial, with the first factor consisting of the species evaluated (Pennisetum glaucum, Zea mays, Brachiaria ruziziensis, Panicum maximum and Sorghum bicolor) and the second factor corresponding to the presence of contaminants: benzene, toluene or xylene and soil without contaminants. The species were grown for 42 days. The tolerance of the species depended on the type of contaminant present in the soil. The total dry matter of P. glaucum was reduced by 26%, 10% and 32% for toluene, benzene and xylene, respectively. Z. mays had its growth reduced in the presence of toluene (13%) and benzene (21%). S. bicolor had its dry matter increased by 58% with xylene. B. ruziziensis and P. maximum were tolerant to all contaminants. The magnitude of the effects of contaminants on soil microbiological indicators depended on the species grown. The tolerance of plants and soil microbial community to contaminants depends on the forage species used and should be an important aspect when selecting plants to restore degraded areas. Oilderived Oil derived population porosity absorption processes replications 54 5 4 5× factorial Pennisetum days P 26 26% 10 32 respectively Z 13% 13 (13% 21%. 21 21% . (21%) S 58 B areas 2 1 3 (13 (21% (1 (21 ( (2

RESUMO Compostos derivados de petróleo presentes no solo podem comprometer o crescimento das plantas e inibir o desenvolvimento da população microbiana. Esses contaminantes diminuem a porosidade do solo, dificultam a absorção de água e podem interromper processos metabólicos das plantas. Assim, nesta pesquisa buscou-se avaliar os efeitos da presença no solo de três hidrocarbonetos no solo sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento de espécies forrageiras e nos indicadores microbiológicos do solo. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em fatorial de 5×4, sendo o primeiro fator constituído pelas espécies avaliadas (Pennisetum glaucum, Zea mays, Brachiaria ruziziensis, Panicum maximum e Sorghum bicolor), e o segundo fator correspondendo a presença dos contaminantes: benzeno, tolueno ou xileno e solo sem contaminante. As espécies foram cultivadas por 42 dias. A tolerância das espécies dependeu do tipo de contaminante presente no solo. A massa seca total da P. glaucum foi reduzida em 26%, 10% e 32% para o tolueno, benzeno e xileno, respectivamente. Z. mays teve o crescimento reduzido na presença do tolueno (13%) e do benzeno (21%). S. bicolor teve sua matéria seca aumentada em 58% com o xileno. B. ruziziensis e P. maximum foram tolerantes para todos os contaminantes. A magnitude dos efeitos dos contaminantes nos indicadores microbiológicos do solo dependeu da espécie cultivada. A tolerância das plantas e da comunidade microbiana do solo aos contaminantes depende da espécie forrageira utilizada e deve ser aspecto importante para a seleção de plantas para recuperação de áreas degradadas. Assim buscouse buscou se casualizados repetições 54 5 4 5×4 Pennisetum bicolor, , bicolor) dias P 26 26% 10 32 respectivamente Z 13% 13 (13% 21%. 21 21% . (21%) S 58 B cultivada degradadas 5× 2 1 3 (13 (21% (1 (21 ( (2

Abstract Alternatives have been studied in order to minimize the major environmental impacts arising from the production of cement and steel. Alternatives include adopting composite cements with the incorporation of alternative materials, to reduce the need for cement in the mixtures. Therefore, this study worked on the viability of incorporating steel residues in the mechanical performance of mortar and durability, evaluating the partial and total replacement of Portland Cement (PC) by granulated blast furnace slag (EGAF) and residue from the Desulfurization process of flue gases (FGD). The results found show that the association of these residues in place of cement improved the mechanical performance of the mortars by around 40%. In addition to having a lower modulus of elasticity and lower absorption of water by capillarity, properties that significantly increase the durability of the matrices. The contaminant leaching results did not show any contaminants in harmful amounts. The studies presented demonstrate that the simultaneous use of FGD and EGAF to replace Portland cement were satisfactory, obtaining better mechanical and durability performances than the reference ones, enabling the use of these residues in the production of mortars with low cement content. materials mixtures Therefore PC (PC (EGAF FGD. . (FGD) 40 40% capillarity matrices amounts satisfactory ones content (FGD 4

Resumo Alternativas vêm sendo estudadas com o intuito de minimizar os grandes impactos ambientais provenientes da produção do cimento e aço. Inclusive, adotando cimentos compostos, com incorporação de materiais alternativos, diminuindo a necessidade de cimento nas misturas. Por conseguinte, este trabalho estudou a viabilidade de incorporação de resíduos siderúrgicos no desempenho mecânico e de durabilidade de argamassas, avaliando a substituição parcial e total do Cimento Portland por escória granulada de alto-forno moída (EGAF) e resíduo proveniente do processo de Dessulfurização de Gases de Combustão (FGD). Os resultados encontrados mostram que a associação desses resíduos em substituição ao cimento melhorou cerca de 40% o desempenho mecânico das argamassas. Além de apresentarem um menor módulo de elasticidade e menor absorção de água por capilaridade, propriedades que aumentam significantemente a durabilidade das matrizes. Os resultados de lixiviação de contaminantes não apresentaram nenhum contaminante em quantidade prejudicial. Os estudos apresentados demonstram que a utilização de FGD e EGAF simultâneos para substituir o Cimento Portland foram satisfatórios, obtendo desempenhos mecânicos e de durabilidade superiores aos de referência, viabilizando a utilização desses resíduos na produção de argamassas com baixo teor de cimento. aço Inclusive compostos alternativos misturas conseguinte altoforno alto forno (EGAF FGD. . (FGD) 40 capilaridade matrizes prejudicial satisfatórios referência (FGD 4

Abstract Cadmium (Cd) is a contaminant that causes significant damage to organisms. In plants, it results in growth delay, alters photosynthetic function, and affects nutrient concentrations. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Cd (0, 0,25, 0,50, and 1 µM) on chlorophyll content, structural damage to the root, and the absorption and translocation of nutrients (Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Fe, and Zn) in Phaseolus vulgaris var. Opus plants. An increase in chlorophyll a was observed at Cd concentrations of 0.25 and 1 µM. Chlorophyll b increased across all Cd treatments, while carotenoid content decreased in all treatments. The roots exhibited structural damage as Cd concentrations increased. For nutrients, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn in leaves, and K in stems, increased with higher Cd doses. Conversely, K in roots decreased with higher Cd concentrations, and Fe decreased compared to the control in all evaluated organs. Our results suggest that Cd stress at low concentrations stimulates chlorophyll synthesis and that varying Cd concentrations induce synergistic and antagonistic effects in different organs of P. vulgaris, leading to nutritional disorders. Given the global importance of this crop, studying the molecular mechanisms and membrane transporters in P. vulgaris roots exposed to Cd is crucial for enhancing its resistance to Cd.

Resumen El cadmio es un contaminante que causa daños a los organismos, en plantas provoca un retraso en el crecimiento, altera la función fotosintética y la concentración de nutrientes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la influencia del Cd (0, 0,25, 0,50 y 1 µM) en el contenido de clorofila, daño estructural a la raíz, y la absorción y translocación de nutrientes (Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Fe y Zn) en plantas de Phaseolus vulgaris var. Opus. Se observó un incremento en la clorofila a en concentraciones de 0,25 y 1 µM de Cd, la clorofila b aumentó en los tres tratamientos con Cd y el contenido de carotenoides disminuyó en todos los tratamientos. Las raíces mostraron daño estructural por el incremento del Cd. Con relación a los nutrientes, el Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn en hoja y el K en tallo aumentaron sus concentraciones al incrementar la dosis de Cd; contrariamente el K en raíz disminuyó al aumentar las concentraciones de Cd; para el caso del Fe disminuyó respecto al tratamiento control en todos los órganos evaluados. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el estrés por el Cd a bajas concentraciones estimula la síntesis de clorofila, además las diferentes concentraciones de este contaminante, provoca sinergismos y antagonismos en los diferentes órganos de P. vulgaris, lo que conlleva a desórdenes nutricionales. Al ser un cultivo de importancia mundial, investigar los mecanismos moleculares y transportadores de membrana en raíces de P. vulgaris expuestas al Cd, es importante para mejorar su resistencia al Cd.

RESUMEN: El BPA es un disruptor endocrino multifuncional con presencia ubicua en los ecosistemas acuáticos. La Meseta Central mexicana habitada por peces vivíparos endémicos, es una zona severamente impactada por la contaminación. Sin embargo, los esfuerzos por comprender los efectos del BPA en especies nativas como Goodea atripinnis son inexistentes. Este estudio se centró en proporcionar evidencia in vivo de alteraciones en los testículos de machos de G. atripinnis debido a la exposición aguda al BPA en concentraciones de prueba de 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L y 50 mg/L durante 96 h. La exposición a BPA 1 mg/L y 10 mg/L mostró degeneración y desorganización en el tejido germinal. Además, hubo una disminución notable de los espermatozoides dentro de los túbulos seminíferos de machos expuestos a 10 mg/L de BPA. En todos los tratamientos las células somáticas presentaron alteraciones por engrosamiento del tejido conectivo y aumento de las fibras de colágeno. Además, se produjo inflamación y sangrado en los testículos de machos expuestos a 1 y 10 mg/L de BPA. Las alteraciones en los testículos de G. atripinnis están relacionadas con la toxicidad del BPA, lo que puede provocar apoptosis en las células germinales aumentando el tejido conectivo. Finalmente, si bien los cambios producidos por el BPA se hicieron evidentes en la exposición aguda (96 h), sus efectos probablemente sean irreversibles, comprometiendo la reproducción de G. atripinnis.

SUMMARY: BPA is a multifunctional endocrine disruptor with ubiquitous presence in aquatic ecosystems. The Mexican Central Plateau is an area severely impacted by pollution, inhabited by endemic viviparous fish. However, efforts to understand the effects of BPA on native species such as Goodea atripinnis are non-existent. This study focused on providing in vivo evidence of alterations in the testes of G. atripinnis males due to acute exposure to BPA at test concentrations of 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L, and 50 mg/L for 96 h. BPA exposition 1 mg/L and 10 mg/L showed degeneration and disorganization in germinal tissue. Furthermore, there was a notable decrease in sperm within the seminiferous tubules of males exposed to 10 mg/L of BPA. In all treatments, somatic cells had alterations by connective tissue thickening and an increase in collagen fibers. Additionally, inflammation and bleeding occurred in the testes of males exposed to 1 and 10 mg/L BPA. The alterations in the testes of G. atripinnis are related to BPA toxicity, which can lead to apoptosis in germ cells increasing connective tissue. Finally, even though the changes produced by BPA became evident in acute exposure (96 h), its effects are probably irreversible, compromising the reproduction of G. atripinnis.

ABSTRACT Plastic transformation enterprises are of great importance due to their impact on others belonging to strategic sectors. However, the high consumption of electrical energy in the processing of these materials contributes negatively to the environment. The objective of this research is to determine the indirect emissions of greenhouse gases based on carbon dioxide, from the fixed consumption of energy in a plastics factory in the province of Holguín, Cuba. The methods used were the techniques for recording and processing data, direct observation, work with groups of experts and surveys, as well as documents analysis. A procedure based on the Tangram Technology methodology was designed to determine the amount of equivalent carbon dioxide that is emitted into the atmosphere. The study was carried out in the period between 2020 and 2022. The main results include the following: energy management at the Holguín Plastics Factory was improved based on the identification of energy saving opportunities in administrative areas, departments and attached premises, implementing an action plan that allowed a decrease in the pollutant load to the atmosphere in the analyzed stage.

RESUMEN Las fábricas de transformación de plásticos poseen gran importancia por su incidencia en otras pertenecientes a sectores estratégicos. Sin embargo, el alto consumo de energía eléctrica en el procesamiento de estos materiales, contribuye negativamente al medio ambiente. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar las emisiones indirectas de gases de efecto invernadero en base al dióxido de carbono, a partir del consumo fijo de energía en una fábrica de plásticos de la provincia de Holguín, Cuba. Los métodos utilizados fueron las técnicas para registro y procesamiento de datos, la observación directa, el trabajo con grupos de expertos y encuestas, así como el análisis de documentos. Se diseñó un procedimiento basado en la metodología de Tangram Technology, para determinar la cantidad de dióxido de carbono equivalente que se emite a la atmósfera. El estudio se realizó en el periodo comprendido entre el 2020 al 2022. Como principales resultados, destacan los siguientes: se logró mejorar la gestión energética en la Fábrica Plásticos Holguín a partir de la identificación de oportunidades de ahorro de energía en las áreas administrativas, departamentos y locales anexos, implementando un plan de acción que permitió una disminución de la carga contaminante a la atmósfera en la etapa analizada.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nowadays the pollutants produced in water exceed the capabilities of its decontamination mechanisms. It is necessary to evaluate the wastewater belonging to the Central Refinería Ecuador (Sugar Refinery Ecuador). Objective: To evaluate the quality of the wastewater from the Central Refinería Ecuador (Sugar Refinery Ecuador) for its possible use in agricultural irrigation. Materials and Methods: The quality of the wastewater was evaluated through physical, chemical and microbiological tests. Results and Discussion: The main physical, chemical and microbiological results evaluated at two points in time were: temperature 46.6 and 43.6 ºC, electrical conductivity 2 359 and 1 366 µS cm-1, sedimentable solids 8 and 3.50 mL L-1. pH 5.8 and 6.3 pH units, total phosphorus 5 and 3.75 mg L-1, total nitrogen 4.20 and 6.45 mg L-1, chemical oxygen demand 1 832 and 1 742 mg L-1, biochemical oxygen demand 1 671 and 1 451 mg L-1, fats and oils 296.90 and 30.90 mg L-1; cadmium 0.06 and 0.16 mg L-1, total chromium 0.10 and 0.20 mg L-1, copper 1.19 and 1.80 mg L-1, lead 0.43 and 0.55 mg L-1, zinc 1.37 and 2.33 mg L-1, total coliforms 8 800 000 and 160 000 mg L-1 and fecal coliforms 8 800 000 and 1 070 000 mg L-1. Conclusions: The effluent does not comply with the discharge requirements of NC 27, (2012) and is classified of poor quality to be used for sugarcane irrigation according to NC 855, (2011).

RESUMEN Introducción: Hoy en día los contaminantes producidos en el agua superan las capacidades de sus mecanismos de descontaminación. Siendo necesario evaluar las aguas residuales pertenecientes al Central Refinería Ecuador. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad del agua residual del Central Refinería Ecuador, para su posible aprovechamiento en riego agrícola. Materiales y Métodos: La calidad del agua residual se evaluó mediante ensayos físicos, químicos y microbiológicos. Resultados y Discusión: Los principales resultados físico, químicos y microbiológicos evaluados en dos momentos fueron: temperatura 46,6 y 43,6 ºC, conductividad eléctrica 2 359 y 1 366 µS cm-1, sólidos sedimentables 8 y 3,50 mL L-1. pH 5,80 y 6,30 unidades de pH, fósforo total 5 y 3,75 mg L-1, nitrógeno total 4,20 y 6,45 mg L-1, demanda química de oxígeno 1 832 y 1 742 mg L-1, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno 1 671 y 1 451 mg L-1, grasas y aceites 296,9 y 30,9 mg L-1; cadmio 0,06 y 0,16 mg L-1, cromo total 0,10 y 0,20 mg L-1, cobre 1,19 y 1,80 mg L-1, plomo 0,43 y 0,55 mg L-1, zinc 1,37 y 2,33 mg L-1, coliformes totales 8 800 000 y 1 60 000 mg L-1 y coliformes fecales 8 800 000 y 1 070 000 mg L-1. Conclusiones: El efluente no cumple con los requisitos de vertimiento de la NC 27, (2012)y es clasificada de mala calidad para ser aprovechada en el riego de la caña de azúcar según NC 855, (2011).

Abstract This paper examines the heterogeneity in the environmental field, specifically in the emission of the main of the greenhouse gases, CO2, within the 3 countries composing the North American region. On the one hand, the United States is a large emitter of CO2 (19% of global emissions accumulated in 1990-2020), only surpassed by China as of 2005. On the other hand, Canada and Mexico are relatively small emitters on a global scale (1.8% and 1.4% of global emissions accumulated in 1990-2020, respectively), but with large economic and technological differences. Under these conditions, the objective of this research is to find differences and similarities between the three countries regarding CO2 emissions trends and their driving structural factors: scale, technological and composition effects, based on annual data from 2001 to 2014. With a structural decomposition analysis, we found that, in general, the scale effect was polluting and dominating in the period, while the technological effect was anti-polluting, in addition to a small and ambivalent composition effect (positive in some years and negative in others). It is concluded that there is a process of convergence in the intensity of emissions per GDP value and with respect to the three mentioned effects. It is also concluded that the characteristics of the three effects in Mexico were like those of the United States, while Canada approached along the analysis period.

Resumen Este artículo examina la heterogeneidad, en el ámbito ambiental, de los 3 países que componen la región de Norteamérica, específicamente en la emisión de CO2, el principal gas efecto invernadero. Por un lado, Estados Unidos es un gran emisor de CO2 (19% de las emisiones globales acumuladas en 1990-2020), solamente superado por China a partir de 2005. Por otro lado, Canadá y México son emisores relativamente pequeños a escala global (respectivamente 1.8% y 1.4% de las emisiones globales acumuladas en 1990-2020), pero con grandes diferencias económicas y tecnológicas. En estas condiciones, el objetivo de la investigación es encontrar diferencias y similitudes entre los tres países respecto de las tendencias de emisiones de CO2 y sus factores estructurales conductores: los efectos escala, tecnológico y composición, con base en datos anuales de 2001 a 2014. Con un análisis de descomposición estructural, se encontró que, en general, el efecto escala fue contaminante y dominó en el periodo, mientras que el efecto tecnológico resultó anticontaminante, además de un efecto composición pequeño y ambivalente (positivo en unos años y negativo en otros). Se concluye que hay un proceso de convergencia en la intensidad de emisiones por valor del PIB y respecto de los tres efectos mencionados. También se concluye que las características de los tres efectos en México fueron parecidas a las de Estados Unidos, a las cuales Canadá se aproximó durante el periodo de análisis.

Abstract Mexico’s cheese artisanal production is similar or higher than industrial production, approximately 100 L cow’s milk are used to made 10 Kg of cheese and 90 L of whey, that could be considered like an environmentally harmful by product because it has a high content of organic matter that promotes the growth and development of Enterococcus. In this study, Enterococcus strains were identified in whey from four locations of Puebla. Bacterial gram positive were isolated, furthermore their metabolism shown negative catalase, growth at different temperature (10, 40 and 45 °C), pH values (9.2 and 9.6) and NaCl concentrations (4 and 6.5%). Endpoint PCR tests were made to confirm detection of Enterococcus faecium (19 strains) and Enterococcus faecalis (six strains) in whey from three locations, these results suggest that a better sanitary control of whey is necessary to avoid the proliferation of potentially pathogenic microorganisms.

Resumen La producción de queso artesanal en México iguala o supera a la producción formal, aproximadamente por cada 100 L de leche de bovino se obtienen 10 kg de queso y 90 L de lactosuero, este residuo es considerado como contaminante por su alta carga orgánica que además favorece el desarrollo de Enterococcus. En este trabajo se identificaron Enterococcus en muestras de lactosuero de cuatro localidades en Puebla. Se aislaron bacterias Gram positivas, catalasas negativas, con capacidad para crecer a diferentes temperaturas (10, 40 y 45 °C), valores de pH (9.2 y 9.6), y concentración de NaCl (4 y 6.5%). Se hicieron pruebas de PCR de punto final para confirmar la detección de Enterococcus faecium (19 cepas) y Enterococcus faecalis (seis cepas) en lactosuero de tres localidades, estos resultados sugieren que es necesario una mejor vigilancia sanitaria del lactosuero, para evitar la proliferación de microorganismos potencialmente patógenos.

Resumen En el presente artículo aborda la modelación de las concentraciones de Dióxido de Azufre (SO2) emitidas por dos industrias ubicadas en la ciudad Santiago de Cali. Estas industrias emplean distintos tipos de combustible en sus calderas: la caldera 1 utiliza Fuel Oil y la caldera 2 utiliza Diésel. Con el objetivo de evaluar y comparar el comportamiento de las concentraciones de SO2, se propone la sustitución de estos combustibles por Gas natural. Mediante el uso de Aermod View se realizó la modelación de la dispersión de este contaminante y se obtuvo que para un tiempo de exposición de una hora la concentración máxima SO2 proveniente de las calderas con Fuel Oil y Diésel fue de 1440.32 µg/m3. Para un tiempo de exposición de 24 horas se alcanzó una concentración de SO2 de 178.56 µg/m3. Estos niveles, exceden los límites establecidos en la resolución 2254 de 2017, donde el valor máximo permisible para una hora es 100 µg/m3 y para 24 horas es 50 µg/m3. En contraste al usar Gas natural como combustible se observa que las concentraciones son considerablemente más bajas. Para un tiempo de exposición de una hora la máxima concentración es de 0.74 µg/m3 y para un tiempo de exposición de 24 horas, de 0.04 µg/m3. Estos resultados cumplen con la normatividad vigente. Se puede concluir que el Gas natural se presenta como una alternativa más favorable, generando concentraciones significativamente menores de SO2. Este cambio en el tipo de combustible no solo favorecerá el cumplimiento de las normativas ambientales, sino que también contribuirá de manera efectiva a la reducción de la concentración de SO2 en el aire.

Abstract This article deals with modeling sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations emitted by two industries in Santiago de Cali. These industries use different fuel types in their boilers: Boiler 1 uses Fuel Oil, and Boiler 2 uses Diesel. To evaluate and compare the behavior of SO2 concentrations, the substitution of these fuels by natural gas is proposed. Using Aermod View, this pollutant's dispersion was modeled and obtained that the maximum SO2 concentration from the boilers with Fuel Oil and Diesel was 1440.32 µg/m3 for an exposure time of one hour. For a 24-hour exposure time, the SO2 concentration reached 178.56 µg/m3. These levels exceed the limits established in resolution 2254 of 2017, where the maximum permissible value for one hour is 100 µg/m3, and for 24 hours is 50 µg/m3. In contrast, when using Natural Gas as fuel, it is observed that the concentrations are considerably lower. The maximum concentration is 0.74 µg/m3 for a one-hour exposure time, and for a 24-hour exposure time, 0.04 µg/m3. These results comply with current regulations. It can be concluded that natural gas is a more favorable alternative, generating significantly lower SO2 concentrations. This change in the fuel type will favor compliance with environmental regulations and effectively contribute to reducing SO2 concentration in the air.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the relationship between agricultural methane and nitrous oxide emissions as a function of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and its quadratic term in 26 Latin American and Caribbean countries (1990-2019). It also considers the stock of foreign investment to test the polluting paradise hypothesis, agricultural land (AL), and, additionally, methane for nitrous function. The study comprised unit root and cointegration tests. Coefficients were estimated using fully modified least squares (FMOLS), correlated common effects (CCE), and augmented mean group (AMG). Results by FMOLS show statistical evidence of an environmental Kuznets curve in the set of countries for methane and support the polluting paradise hypothesis. However, results from CCE and AMG show the opposite. For nitrous oxide, FMOLS support a U-shaped curve. The above supports a joint environmental policy for both gases, where al is a key element. The previous results must be corroborated with other methods and the studies extended to other countries over time.

Resumen Este trabajo analiza la relación de emisiones agrícolas de metano y óxido nitroso en función del producto interno bruto per cápita y su término cuadrático en 26 países latinoamericanos y del Caribe (1990-2019); considera también el stock de inversión extranjera para probar hipótesis del paraíso contaminante, la superficie agrícola (SA) y el metano para la función de óxido nitroso. El estudio comprendió pruebas de raíz unitaria y cointegración. La estimación de coeficientes se realizó por mínimos cuadrados completamente modificados (FMOLS), efectos comunes correlacionados (CCE) y grupo medio aumentado (AMG). Los resultados por FMOLS muestran evidencia de una probable curva ambiental de Kuznets en el conjunto de países para metano, además sustentan un paraíso contaminante. Los resultados por CCE y AMG indican lo contrario. Para óxido nitroso los resultados de FMOLS apoyan una curva en U. Lo anterior sostiene una política ambiental conjunta de ambos gases, donde la SA es un elemento clave. Los resultados anteriores se tienen que corroborar con otros métodos y extender los estudios a otros países en el tiempo.

Abstract This study assessed a green synthesis method for iron nanoparticles (Fe(NPs)), using Eucalyptus grandis leaf extract, to reduce waste generation and diminish the use of conventional chemical inputs, such as Sodium Borohydride (NaBH4), without significant losses in catalytic activity. Various volumetric ratios of plant extract and NaBH4 were tested to understand how this variation would affect the morphological, structural, and catalytic power of the material. In the conducted analyses, a reduction in the crystallinity of Fe(NPs) was observed for proportions above 25% of the extract. However, the particle size remained stable among different syntheses, with iron ions showing improved dispersion for proportions of 40% and 50% of the extract. Regarding stabilization, characteristic bands of aromatic compounds, alcohols, ethers and carboxylic acids were identified, indicating the extract's involvement in coating the metallic cores. To assess the catalytic performance, studies were conducted on the catalytic reduction of the contaminant 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol, using Fe(NPs) as catalysts. The results revealed conversions above 80% for Fe(NPs) synthesized with volumetric proportions of up to 40% of the plant extract, suggesting that substituting the chemical agent did not significantly affect the catalytic activity of the biocatalyst. Finally, ecotoxicological tests performed with Lemna minor and artemia salina demonstrated a significant reduction in the toxicity of the contaminant 4-nitrophenol, as well as the biocompatibility of the obtained Fe(NPs). FeNPs, FeNPs Fe NPs , (Fe(NPs)) inputs NaBH4, NaBH (NaBH4) morphological structural material analyses Fe(NPs 25 However syntheses 40 50 stabilization compounds alcohols identified extracts s cores performance 4nitrophenol nitrophenol 4 4aminophenol, 4aminophenol aminophenol aminophenol, 4-aminophenol catalysts 80 biocatalyst Finally 4nitrophenol, nitrophenol, FeNPs. . (Fe(NPs) (NaBH4 2 5 8 (Fe(NPs (NaBH

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar um método de síntese verde de nanopartículas de ferro (Fe(NPs)) utilizando o extrato das folhas de Eucalyptus grandis, visando reduzir a geração de resíduos e diminuir o uso de insumos químicos convencionais, como o Borohidreto de sódio (NaBH4), sem comprometer a atividade catalítica. Diversas proporções volumétricas do extrato vegetal e de agente redutor NaBH4 foram testadas para compreender como essa variação afetaria as características morfológicas, estruturais e o poder catalítico do material. Nas análises realizadas, observou-se uma redução na cristalinidade das Fe(NPs) para proporções acima de 25% do extrato. No entanto, o tamanho das partículas permaneceu estável entre as diferentes sínteses, destacando-se o fato de que os íons de ferro apresentaram melhor dispersão em proporções de 40% e 50% do extrato. Em relação à estabilização, foram identificadas bandas características de compostos fenólicos, álcoois e ácidos carboxílicos, evidenciando a atuação do extrato no revestimento dos núcleos metálicos. Para avaliar o desempenho catalítico, foram conduzidos estudos de redução catalítica do contaminante 4-nitrofenol a 4-aminofenol, utilizando as Fe(NPs) como catalisadores. Os resultados revelaram conversões acima de 80% para as Fe(NPs) sintetizadas com proporções volumétricas de até 40% do extrato vegetal, indicando que a substituição do agente químico não afetou significativamente a atividade catalítica do biocatalisador. Por fim, os testes ecotoxicológicos realizados com Lemna minor e artemia salina demonstraram uma redução significativa na toxicidade do contaminante 4-nitrofenol, além de comprovar a biocompatibilidade das Fe(NPs) obtidas. FeNPs Fe NPs (Fe(NPs) grandis convencionais NaBH4, NaBH , (NaBH4) morfológicas material realizadas observouse observou se Fe(NPs 25 entanto sínteses destacandose destacando 40 50 estabilização fenólicos carboxílicos metálicos 4nitrofenol nitrofenol 4 4aminofenol, 4aminofenol aminofenol aminofenol, 4-aminofenol catalisadores 80 biocatalisador fim 4nitrofenol, nitrofenol, obtidas (Fe(NPs (NaBH4 2 5 8 (NaBH

ABSTRACT Atrazine is a synthetic pesticide widely used in many crops. It is considered a contaminant to soil and water, and due to its leaching and recalcitrant capacities, new treatment technologies have been developed for its removal, with an emphasis on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), since conventional wastewater treatments show reduced capacity to remove persistent organic pollutants. This article provides a literature review of the main AOP approaches, such as photolysis, ozonation, photoperoxidation, fenton and photo-fenton, photocatalysis, and electrochemical processes, for the atrazine treatment and the fundamentals behind each process. In addition, the innovations and applications of hybrid AOP systems were documented. It is worth mentioning that despite the high efficiency obtained by AOPs in the degradation of ATZ, it is important to evaluate the resulting toxicity and by-products formed, as well as the costs associated with the application of these processes. crops water capacities removal AOPs, , (AOPs) pollutants approaches photolysis ozonation photoperoxidation photofenton, photofenton photo fenton, photo-fenton photocatalysis process addition documented ATZ byproducts products formed (AOPs

RESUMO A atrazina é um agrotóxico sintético amplamente utilizado em diversas culturas. É considerado um contaminante do solo e da água, e, devido à sua capacidade lixiviante e recalcitrante, novas tecnologias de tratamento têm sido desenvolvidas para sua remoção, com destaque para os processos oxidativos avançados (POAs), uma vez que os tratamentos convencionais de efluentes apresentam capacidade reduzida de remover poluentes orgânicos persistentes. Este artigo fornece uma revisão da literatura sobre as principais abordagens de POAs, como fotólise, ozonização, fotoperoxidação, fenton e fotofenton, fotocatálise e processos eletroquímicos, para tratamento da atrazina e os fundamentos reacionais por trás de cada processo. Em adição, as inovações e as aplicações de sistemas POAs híbridos foram documentadas. Vale ressaltar que apesar da alta eficiência obtida pelos POAs na degradação da ATZ, é importante avaliar a toxicidade resultante e os subprodutos formados, além dos custos associados à aplicação desses processos. culturas água recalcitrante remoção , (POAs) persistentes fotólise ozonização fotoperoxidação fotofenton eletroquímicos processo adição documentadas ATZ formados (POAs

ABSTRACT The presence of emerging contaminants in surface water is a growing concern, as these substances are not typically monitored by environmental quality systems, potentially leading to the consumption of contaminated water. In this study, the presence of caffeine, an emerging contaminant that is ingested solely by humans and is present in surface water due to its chemical characteristics, was investigated as a potential indicator of anthropogenic contamination in the Itajaí-Açu River in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome. Additionally, twelve other emerging pollutants were examined in the Itajaí-Açu River, including estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), ethinylestradiol (EE2), estriol (E3), prednisone (PD), hexestrol (HEX), acetaminophen (ACM), Oxytetracicline (OC). Surface water samples were collected over five months and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The results revealed that caffeine was present in 84% of the analyzed samples, and emerging pollutants were present in all monitored municipalities. The study also investigated the relationship between an integrated water quality index, the magnitudes and occurrences of caffeine, and land use. The emerging pollutants Estrone, Ethinylestradiol, Hexestrol, Naproxen and Oxytetracycline were not detected in the analyzed samples. However, Ibuprofen, Tetracycline, Prednisone, and Acetaminophen were present in 44% and 36% of the samples, respectively, with Estriol, Ketoprofen, and Estradiol having a lower occurrence. The mean concentrations of Estradiol, Estriol, Ketoprofen, Acetaminophen, and Ibuprofen were 0.08 µg L-1, 0.23 µg L-1, 0.15 µg L-1, 0.42 µg L-1, and 0.44 µg L-1, respectively, and were higher than previously reported. The concentration range of caffeine during the study was <0.10 to 1.48 µg L-1, with the mean concentration being 0.30 µg L-1. These findings highlight the presence of emerging pollutants in the Itajaí-Açu River and the need for continued monitoring and regulatory legislation to protect surface water quality in Brazil. concern systems characteristics ItajaíAçu Itajaí Açu biome Additionally E1, E1 E , (E1) E2, E2 (E2) EE2, EE2 EE (EE2) E3, E3 (E3) PD, PD (PD) HEX, HEX (HEX) ACM, ACM (ACM) OC. OC . (OC) highperformance high performance chromatography 84 municipalities index use Estrone Ethinylestradiol Hexestrol However Tetracycline Prednisone 44 36 respectively Estriol Ketoprofen occurrence 008 0 08 0.0 L1, L1 L 1, 1 L-1 023 23 0.2 015 15 0.1 042 42 0.4 044 reported 010 10 <0.1 148 48 1.4 030 30 0.3 L1. 1. Brazil (E1 (E2 (EE2 (E3 (PD (HEX (ACM (OC 8 4 3 00 0. L- 02 2 01 04 <0. 14 03 (E (EE <0 <

RESUMO A presença de contaminantes emergentes nas águas superficiais é uma preocupação crescente, pois essas substâncias não são normalmente monitoradas por sistemas de qualidade ambiental, podendo levar ao consumo de água contaminada. Neste estudo, a presença de cafeína, um contaminante emergente que é ingerido exclusivamente por humanos e está presente em águas superficiais devido às suas características químicas, foi investigada como um potencial indicador de contaminação antrópica no rio Itajaí-Açu no bioma Mata Atlântica sul do Brasil. Além disso, outros doze poluentes emergentes foram examinados no rio Itajaí-Açu, incluindo estrona (E1), estradiol (E2), etinilestradiol (EE2), estriol (E3), prednisona (PD), hexestrol (HEX), paracetamol (ACM), oxitetraciclina (OC). Amostras de água superficial foram coletadas ao longo de cinco meses e analisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Os resultados revelaram que a cafeína estava presente em 84% das amostras analisadas, e os poluentes emergentes estavam presentes em todos os municípios monitorados. O estudo também investigou a relação entre um índice integrado de qualidade da água, as magnitudes e ocorrências de cafeína e o uso da terra. Os poluentes emergentes Estrona, Etinilestradiol, Hexestrol, Naproxeno e Oxitetraciclina não foram detectados nas amostras analisadas. No entanto, Ibuprofeno, Tetraciclina, Prednisona e Paracetamol estiveram presentes em 44% e 36% das amostras, respectivamente, com Estriol, Cetoprofeno e Estradiol tendo menor ocorrência. As concentrações médias de Estradiol, Estriol, Cetoprofeno, Paracetamol e Ibuprofeno foram de 0.08 µg L-1, 0.23 µg L-1, 0.15 µg L-1, 0.42 µg L-1, and 0.44 µg L-1, respectivamente, e foram maiores do que as relatadas anteriormente. A faixa de concentração de cafeína durante o estudo foi de <0.10 to 1.48 µg L-1,, sendo a concentração média de 0.30 µg L-1. Esses resultados destacam a presença de poluentes emergentes no rio Itajaí-Açu e a necessidade de monitoramento contínuo e legislação regulatória para proteger a qualidade das águas superficiais no Brasil. crescente ambiental contaminada químicas ItajaíAçu Itajaí Açu Brasil disso ItajaíAçu, Açu, E1, E1 E , (E1) E2, E2 (E2) EE2, EE2 EE (EE2) E3, E3 (E3) PD, PD (PD) HEX, HEX (HEX) ACM, ACM (ACM) OC. OC . (OC) eficiência 84 monitorados terra Estrona Etinilestradiol Hexestrol entanto Tetraciclina 44 36 respectivamente Estriol ocorrência 008 0 08 0.0 L1, L1 L 1, 1 L-1 023 23 0.2 015 15 0.1 042 42 0.4 044 anteriormente 010 10 <0.1 148 48 1.4 L1,, 1,, 030 30 0.3 L1. 1. (E1 (E2 (EE2 (E3 (PD (HEX (ACM (OC 8 4 3 00 0. L- 02 2 01 04 <0. 14 03 (E (EE <0 <

ABSTRACT Among the impurities that are harmful to the energy conversion of biogas generated in landfills is hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The present study compared the efficiency of H2S removal with the use of granular activated carbon (GAC) of two commercial brands, Norit GAC and Pelegrini GAC, and with the use of granular iron oxide from mineral residues. The tests were conducted on a laboratory scale, in a glass column, filled with filtering material, applying an inlet flow of gas and monitoring the outlet concentration. The best removal efficiencies occurred with the use of Norit GAC, which presented longer rupture times. Wet gas tests were also carried out, in which rupture and equilibrium times increased with the use of Norit GAC, while with the use of Pelegrini GAC the same adsorptive behavior was not observed. Tests with iron oxide showed low potential for H2S removal due to reduced specific surface values, although it provided removal of the contaminant. Knowledge of the saturation time and adsorption equilibrium data is essential for a better understanding and planning of adsorption systems, in addition to the conduction of studies on the influence of external factors and variations in initial concentration. H2S. HS . H S (H2S) (GAC brands residues scale column material concentration out observed values contaminant systems (H2S

RESUMO Dentre as impurezas prejudiciais à conversão energética do biogás gerado em aterros sanitários, encontra-se o sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S). Este trabalho comparou a eficiência de remoção de H2S com o uso de carvão ativado granular (CAG) de duas marcas comerciais, CAG Norit e CAG Pelegrini, e com o uso de óxido de ferro granular proveniente de resíduos minerais. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em escala laboratorial, em coluna de vidro, preenchida com material filtrante, aplicando-se fluxo de entrada de gás e monitorando-se a concentração de saída. As melhores eficiências de remoção ocorreram com o uso do CAG Norit, que apresentou maiores tempos de ruptura. Também foram realizados ensaios com gás úmido, em que os tempos de ruptura e de equilíbrio aumentaram com o uso do CAG Norit, enquanto com o uso de CAG Pelegrini não se visualizou o mesmo comportamento adsortivo. Os ensaios com óxido de ferro mostraram baixo potencial de remoção de H2S, devido aos valores reduzidos de superfície específica, embora tenham proporcionado a remoção do contaminante. O conhecimento sobre dados de equilíbrio é fundamental para melhor entendimento e planejamento de sistemas de adsorção, além da inclusão de estudos de influência de fatores externos e de variações de concentração inicial. sanitários encontrase encontra H2S. HS . H S (H2S) (CAG comerciais minerais laboratorial vidro filtrante aplicandose aplicando monitorandose monitorando saída úmido adsortivo específica contaminante adsorção inicial (H2S