Resumo Um estudo socioeconômico foi realizado no distrito de Mardan, da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Paquistão, para obter maior conhecimento das espécies de árvores agroflorestais cultivadas em terras agrícolas, seu rendimento e estoque de carbono. Para a estimativa de produção e estoque de carbono, foram coletados os dados de 59 parcelas amostrais, medindo-se o diâmetro, a altura, o volume e a biomassa de espécies de árvores agroflorestais selecionadas por meio de fita D e altímetro Haga. Um total de 59 parcelas amostrais foi inventariado usando 2,5% de intensidade de amostragem. Cada parcela amostral possui uma área de 0,5 ha, em que cada árvore com Diâmetro à Altura do Peito (DAP) ≥ 5 cm foi inventariada. A quantidade calculada de volume de cada espécie de árvore foi então convertida em biomassa, multiplicando-a pela densidade da madeira e pelo Fator de Expansão da Biomassa (BEF). A produção total e o estoque de C para as espécies de árvores agroflorestais selecionadas foram 11.535,2 toneladas métricas e 2.102,2 toneladas métricas, respectivamente. Populus euroamericana foi classificada como a principal árvore com 28% de crescimento de estoque, seguida de Morus alba com 21%, enquanto Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Salix tetrasperma e Bombax ceiba apresentaram 15%, 12%, 8%, 6%, 7% e 3% de crescimento do estoque, respectivamente. Entre as espécies encontradas em diferentes parcelas de amostragem, o rendimento de Populus euroamericana foi de 4.747,5 toneladas, seguida pela espécie Morus alba, com rendimento de 2.027,3 toneladas. Da mesma forma, o volume de Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo, Salix spp, Bombax ceiba e Acacia nilotica foi de 1.532,2 toneladas, 1.503 toneladas, 745,7 toneladas, 555,4 toneladas e 220,5 toneladas, respectivamente. O estoque de carbono para Populus euroamericana foi calculado como 777,8 ton/ha, enquanto para Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Melia azedarach, Morus alba, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Salix species e Bombax ceiba foi calculado como 312,3 ton/ha, 272,1 ton/ha, 363 ton/ha, 245,1 ton/ha, 51,4 ton/ha, 27,3 ton/ha e 53,2 ton/ha, respectivamente. A pesquisa por questionário, realizada para a dinâmica de preços, mostrou que os entrevistados, em sua maioria, compram madeira do mercado para construção, mas usam árvores de fazenda em construções urbanas de baixa qualidade. Eles não gostam de utilizar a madeira local na construção convencional, pois ela é suscetível ao ataque de insetos. Em relação às vendas diárias, 50% dos comerciantes vendem entre Rs. 50.000-100.000, enquanto 16,7% têm suas vendas entre Rs.150.000-200.000. Portanto, conclui-se que tanto o governo provincial quanto o governo federal devem promover, por meio de diferentes incentivos, a agrossilvicultura no Paquistão, por ter o potencial de lidar com o dilema do desmatamento de florestas naturais e melhorar a subsistência das populações locais. É fortemente recomendado que projetos especiais, como o Projeto de Reflorestamento de Dez Bilhões de Árvores (T-BTTP), sejam lançados para plantio agroflorestal e promoção no país para sustentar a harmonia ecológica e elevar a condição socioeconômica dos povos do Paquistão.

Abstract A socio-economic study was conducted in district Mardan of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan to get a comprehensive knowledge of the agroforestry tree species grown on the farmlands, their yield, and carbon stock. For yield and carbon stock estimation, data were collected from 59 sample plots by measuring the diameter, height, volume, and biomass of selected agroforestry tree species through D-tape and Haga altimeter. A total of 59 sample plots were inventoried using 2.5 percent sampling intensity. Each sample plot has an area of 0.5 ha, where each tree with a Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm was inventoried. The calculated amount of volume of each tree species was then converted to biomass by multiplying it by the density of wood and the Biomass Expansion Factor (BEF). Total yield and C stock for the selected agroforestry tree species were 11535.2 metric tons and 2102.2 metric tons, respectively. Populus euroamericana is classified as the main tree with 28% growing stock prior to Morus alba by 21%, while Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Salix tetrasperma, and Bombax ceiba consist of 15%, 12%, 8%, 6%,7% and 3% growing stock respectively. Among the species found in different sampling plots the yield of Populus euroamericana was found to be 4747.5 metric tons and it was followed by the species Morus alba found at 2027.3 metric tons. Similarly, the volume for Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo, Salix spp, Boombox ceiba, and Acacia nilotica was 1532.2 tons,1503 ton,745.7,203.5ton, 555.4ton and 220.5ton, respectively. The carbon stock for Populus euroamericana was calculated as 777.8 ton/ha, while for Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Melia azedarach, Morus alba, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Salix species, and Bombax ceiba it was calculated as 312.3ton/ha, 272.1ton/ha, 363ton/ha, 245.1ton/ha, 51.4ton/ha, 27.3ton/ha and 53.2ton/ha, respectively. The questionnaire survey conducted for price dynamics showed that the majority of respondents purchase timber from the market for construction. But they use farm trees with low-quality city construction. They dislike using local timber in the conventional building as timber from farm trees is liable to insect attack. Rs. 50,000-100000, (33.33%) of daily sales was concluded from 50% of the trader while (16.7%) of the traders have their sales between Rs.150,000-200,000. Therefore, it is concluded by the authors that both provincial and federal government should promote agroforestry in Pakistan through different incentives because it has the potential to cope with dilemma of deforestation of natural forests and improve the livelihood of local peoples. It is strongly recommended that special projects just like the Ten Billion Tree Afforestation Project (T-BTTP) should be launched for agroforestry plantation and promotion in the country to sustain the ecological harmony and uplift the socio-economic condition of the peoples of Pakistan.

ABSTRACT This article presents and analyzes the history and connections among various black bookstore experiences in Southeast Brazil between 1972 and 2018. Given the lack of research on the topic in Brazil, this study relies heavily on structured interviews with some of the individuals in the sector, as well as on the analysis of secondary data and news. The stores studied are Livraria Contexto, Livraria Eboh, Livraria Griot, Sobá Livraria e Café, Kitabu Livraria Negra, Iná Livros and Livraria Africanidades, located in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. They are owned by black women and men devoted to selling black and African literature, some of whom have been activists in different segments of Brazil’s black movements. Our findings have advanced a deeper understanding of the social meanings black traders assign to their activity, their reach, the connections among their purposes, and their limitations.

RESUMEN El artículo presenta y analiza la historia y las conexiones de diferentes experiencias de comercio de libros en São Paulo, Minas Gerais y Rio de Janeiro, entre 1972 y 2018, a saber: Livraria Contexto, Livraria Eboh, Livraria Griot, Sobá Livraria e Café, Kitabu Livraria Negra, Iná Livros, Livraria Africanidades . Estas son, específicamente, librerías negras, de propietarias negras y dueños negros, que se dedicaron a hacer circular la literatura producida y editada por autoría negra y/o africana. En ocasiones, estas librerías han tenido conexiones con asociaciones y movimientos negros coetáneos. Considerando la escasez de investigaciones sobre este objeto de estudio en específico, fue utilizado como método principal la entrevista estructurada con los sujetos involucrados en esta actividad, el análisis de fuentes secundarias, así como la investigación en periódicos, que se reveló bastante importante para comprender algunos de los sentidos sociales atribuidos por los comerciantes negros a su actividad, sus alcances, conexiones de sentidos y límites.

RÉSUMÉ L’article présente et analyse l’histoire et les liens de différentes expériences de commerce du livre à São Paulo, Minas Gerais et Rio de Janeiro, entre 1972 et 2018, à savoir : Livraria Contexto, Livraria Eboh, Livraria Griot, Sobá Livraria e Café, Kitabu Livraria Negra , Iná Livros et Livraria Africanidades. Des librairies spécifiquement noires, avec des propriétaires noirs, dédiées à la littérature en circulation produite et éditée par des auteurs noirs et/ou africains. Parfois, avec des liens avec des associations et des mouvements noirs contemporains. Compte tenu de la rareté des recherches sur cet objet spécifique, la principale méthode utilisée a été l’entretien structuré avec les sujets impliqués dans l’activité, l’analyse des sources secondaires, ainsi que l’utilisation de la recherche dans les journaux, qui s’est avérée très importante pour comprendre certaines des les significations sociales attribuées par les commerçants noirs à leur activité, leur portée, leurs liens de sens et limites.

RESUMO O artigo apresenta e analisa a história e as conexões de diferentes experiências de comércio livreiro em São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro, entre 1972 e 2018, a saber: Livraria Contexto, Livraria Eboh, Livraria Griot, Sobá Livraria e Café, Kitabu Livraria Negra, Iná Livros, Livraria Africanidades. Especificamente livrarias negras, de proprietárias negras e donos negros, que se dedicaram a fazer circular a literatura produzida e editada pela autoria negra e/ou africana. Por vezes, com conexões com associações e movimentos negros coetâneos. Considerando a escassez de pesquisas sobre este objeto específico, foi utilizado como método principal a entrevista estruturada com os sujeitos envolvidos na atividade, análise de fontes secundárias bem como o recurso a pesquisa em jornais, que se revelou bastante importante para compreender alguns dos sentidos sociais atribuídos pelos comerciantes negros em sua atividade, seus alcances, conexões de sentidos e limites.

ABSTRACT: This study assessed different extension actors in the Aegean region in terms of key indicators that influence the success of extension activities. Along with the primary goal, factors affecting extensionists’ satisfaction with their working conditions were investigated. The data were collected through questionnaires from 966 extensionists working in public, private firms, farmer organizations, input dealers and consultancy in eight provinces in the region. According to the results, 80% of the farmers received extension services from public organizations in the region. While those who work in the public sector are more satisfied economically, their professional satisfaction is the lowest. Extension workers’ personal skills, sharing ideas, creativity, and authority-responsibility harmony, working freedom, staff availability and support are increasing satisfaction with working conditions in organizations. While female farmers are targeting more by the public and consultants, educated farmers are more prioritized in firms, dealers, and consultations. The internalization of innovative values is lower in the public organizations compared to the others. It is foreseen that; the public will carry out extension in developing countries for a long time. The success in extension organizations, the innovation process and pluralistic structure became quite more dependent on the relations with the private sector, domestic and international market mechanisms, demand driven giving advice and government policies on social, economic, and environmental.

RESUMO: Este estudo avaliou diferentes atores de extensão na região do Egeu em termos de indicadores-chave que influenciam o sucesso das atividades de extensão. Junto com o objetivo principal, foram investigados os fatores que afetam a satisfação dos extensionistas com suas condições de trabalho. Os dados foram recolhidos através de questionários a 966 extensionistas que trabalham em empresas públicas, privadas, organizações de agricultores, comerciantes de insumos e consultoria em oito províncias da região. De acordo com os resultados, 80% dos agricultores recebem serviços de extensão de organizações públicas da região. Enquanto aqueles que trabalham no setor público estão mais satisfeitos economicamente, sua satisfação profissional é a mais baixa. Habilidades pessoais dos extensionistas, compartilhamento de ideias, criatividade e harmonia autoridade-responsabilidade, liberdade de trabalho, disponibilidade e apoio da equipe estão aumentando a satisfação com as condições de trabalho nas organizações. Enquanto as agricultoras são mais visadas pelo público e por consultores, as agricultoras educadas têm mais prioridade em empresas, revendedores e consultas. A internalização de valores inovadores é menor nas organizações públicas em relação às demais. Prevê-se que, o público realizará extensão em países em desenvolvimento por muito tempo. O sucesso nas organizações de extensão no processo de inovação e estrutura pluralista de hoje tornou-se muito mais dependente das relações com o setor privado, mecanismos de mercado nacional e internacional, aconselhamento orientado pela demanda e políticas governamentais sociais, econômicas e ambientais.

ABSTRACT The general objective was to determine the relationship between the culture of entrepreneurship and the level of income of the district market of Trujillo, 2022. The research work was developed through a quantitative and descriptive approach with a non-experimental design. Supported by the correlational statistical technique in order to achieve the research objective, the study population was 92 traders of the Trujillo district market, 2022. There is a direct and significant relationship between entrepreneurship and income, represented by a correlation coefficient (RHO) of 0.704, with a significance of .000; therefore, when culture increases, so does income. Selection into entrepreneurship plays an important role in this relationship, as those who choose entrepreneurship tend to earn higher incomes, which may have significant implications for policy and understanding of economic factors globally.

RESUMEN Se planteó como objetivo general determinar la relación entre la cultura de emprendimiento y el nivel de ingresos del mercado distrital de Trujillo, 2022. El trabajo investigativo fue desarrollado mediante el enfoque cuantitativo y de tipo descriptiva con diseño no experimental y alcance correlacional con la finalidad de lograr lo planteado en el objetivo de investigación, La población de estudio fue 92 comerciantes del Mercado distrital de Trujillo, 2022. Existe una relación directa y significativa entre el emprendimiento y los ingresos, representada por un coeficiente de correlación (RHO) de 0.704, con una significancia de .000; por lo que, cuando la cultura aumenta, los ingresos también. La selección en el emprendimiento desempeña un papel importante en esta relación, ya que aquellos que eligen emprender tienden a obtener mayores ingresos, lo cual puede tener implicaciones significativas en las políticas y la comprensión de los factores económicos a nivel global.

ABSTRACT This research aimed to analyze the good practices of social innovation of informal women traders in the parish of Sinincay, canton Cuenca, Ecuador, in their main economic activity. Under a mixed approach, theoretical and empirical methods were used, and the following techniques were applied: survey and focus groups. It was found that 26% of the women surveyed offer the "yapa" as an innovative action in sales; 42% keep going around the city to be closer to customers, and 31.6% use friendly treatment, as they consider that it facilitates their sales; in addition, it was assessed that their level of social innovation is of new principles.

RESUMEN La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las buenas prácticas de innovación social de mujeres comerciantes informales de la parroquia Sinincay, cantón Cuenca, Ecuador, en su actividad económica principal. Bajo un enfoque mixto se utilizaron métodos teóricos y empíricos, y aplicaron las técnicas: encuesta y grupos focales. Se pudo constatar que el 26 % de las mujeres encuestadas ofrecen la yapa como acción de innovación en venta; el 42 % se mantienen recorriendo la ciudad para tener mayor acercamiento a los clientes y el 31.6 % utilizan el trato amable, ya que consideran que facilita sus ventas; además, se valoró que su nivel de innovación social es de nuevos principios.

Resumen Este artículo constituye un aporte empírico sobre la correlación entre la informalidad económica y la pandemia de la covid-19 en Perú. Con base en entrevistas a comerciantes del sector informal de la ciudad de Huancayo, se analizan los impactos pandémicos en relación con sus ingresos y medios de vida y se sostiene que el empleo informal tuvo una gran repercusión en los trágicos indicadores de salud pública en el país. La flexibilidad intrínseca de este tipo de actividades, puntualmente para el comercio ambulatorio, y la falta de acceso a sistemas y esquemas de protección social fueron las principales razones por las que las personas emprendían en este sector para reemplazar los ingresos que perdieron debido al confinamiento. Así, se introduce la noción “recambio de ingresos” en la economía durante la pandemia. La heterogeneidad entre quienes realizan labores informales, específicamente en el acceso a diferentes tipos de recursos, permitió tales emprendimientos y facilitó que algunas personas controlen su posible exposición al virus. Se concluye que en el enfoque de la formalización económica de las últimas décadas de liberalización financiera no se consideran las ventajas que las actividades informales ofrecen frente a la formalización. De hecho, la informalidad sigue brindando la mejor oportunidad de ingresos inmediatos y opciones altamente flexibles, en particular para adaptarse a situaciones de crisis como la pandemia.

Abstract This article constitutes an empirical contribution regarding the correlation between economic informality and the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. Based on interviews with merchants in the informal sector of the city of Huancayo, the pandemic-related impacts are analyzed in relation to income and livelihoods. It is argued that informal employment played an important role in the tragic indicators of public health in the country. The intrinsic flexibility of this type of activities, specifically for walking merchants, and the lack of access to systems and programs of social security were the main reasons that people worked in this sector to replace the income they lost due to confinement. Thus, the notion “replacement of income” in the economy appeared during the pandemic. The heterogeneity among those who carry out informal work, specifically in terms of their access to different resources, enabled such work and enabled some people to control their exposure to the virus. It is concluded that the focus on economic formalization of the last decades of financial liberalization are not considered advantages that informal activities offer in relation to formalization. In fact, informality continues to offer the best opportunity for immediate income and highly flexible options, in particular for adapting to crisis situations like the pandemic.

Resumen En la última década, después de casi medio siglo de abandono, los mercados públicos entran nuevamente en la agenda pública y en los estudios urbanos. Basado en un acercamiento etnográfico, este texto propone dos aportes principales a estas nuevas investigaciones: 1) dar cuenta del perfil y heterogeneidad de experiencias de los comerciantes que trabajan en tres mercados públicos de la Ciudad de México; 2) a partir de lo anterior, sugerir algunas líneas de reflexión sobre las desigualdades de las condiciones sociolaborales que se reproducen en el interior de los mercados públicos. Con base en ello, proponemos que, si se tiene un mejor conocimiento de las condiciones laborales y de vida de los comerciantes en los mercados públicos, se puede contribuir al desarrollo de políticas públicas más inclusivas, eficientes y democráticas.

Abstract In the last decade and after nearly half a century of neglect, Mexico City’s public markets have once again made their appearance on the urban agenda, both in terms of policy and academic studies. This article, drawn on ethnographic fieldwork with merchants in three public markets, contributes to the burgeoning discussion on markets in two ways: 1) it provides a description of the heterogeneity of merchants and vendors in the markets; 2) on the basis of this description, it proposes ways to analyze the different forms of inequalities which occur in the markets, and the way in which these inequalities intersect with differentiated forms of political representation. We suggest that a better understanding of the heterogeneous life and labor conditions of market vendors is essential to the development of more inclusive, efficient and democratic public policies in these essential urban spaces.

ABSTRACT This text aims to characterize the articulation between smuggling and retail in the Atacama-Lípez border area (EFAL) (Chile and Bolivia). To this end, it analyzes people and goods involved in the phenomenon, highlighting the role of paseras and picoteros (smugglers) and traders in general, on the one hand, and electronic goods from local retail, on the other, reviewing the contribution of this set of actors in the dynamization of border economic flows in the area. It is observed that the commercial circuits and practices analyzed highlight local and historical knowledge and strategies, structuring themselves through routes and dynamics that challenge and friction the paradigms sanctioned by the existing state regulations as well as those traditionally used by social science for their understanding. It is concluded that the consolidation of a diffuse border spatiality in the puna allows local traders to claim power and recognition in everyday life, imprinting their own gravity on the social and economic phenomena that occur there.

RESUMEN Este texto tiene por objeto caracterizar la articulación entre contrabando y retail en la espacialidad fronteriza Atacama-Lípez (EFAL) (Chile y Bolivia). Para ello, se analizan personas y mercancías que participan del fenómeno, destacando el rol de ‘paseras’ y ‘picoteros’ (contrabandistas) y comerciantes en general, por un lado, y de las mercancías electrónicas provenientes del retail local, por el otro, revisando la aportación de este conjunto de actorías en la dinamización de los flujos económicos fronterizos en la zona. Se observa que los circuitos y prácticas comerciales analizadas ponen en evidencia saberes y estrategias locales e históricas, estructurándose a través de rutas y dinámicas que desafían y friccionan los paradigmas sancionados por las regulaciones estatales ahí existentes, así como los empleados tradicionalmente por la ciencia social para con su entendimiento. Se concluye que la consolidación de una difusa espacialidad fronteriza en la puna permite a los comerciantes locales reclamar poder y reconocimiento en el cotidiano, imprimiendo una gravedad propia en los fenómenos sociales y económicos que ahí acontecen.

ABSTRACT From the understanding of space as produced by the forms it is lived and navigated, we inquire about the circulation of traders and goods at the borders running through the Puna of Atacama and that provide continuity at the same time as they redefine the way space is used and travelled. To this effect, first we contextualize the phenomenon by describing the mobility and the economies that have historically organized this space in the twentieth century. Second, we characterize the current moment by recovering some of these trading methods, presented now as "ferias", executed regularly in different locations of the Atacama's circumpuna during summer season. Finally, we penetrate into these traders’ profile, their incentives and ethnic registration, and regarding the goods in circulation, its articulation with global economies and the ways they create value. As a whole, we focus on the new ways of living and shaping the Puna boarders as producers of a new everyday life. Methodologically, we base on an ethnographic research in different events or trade fairs and towns articulated by this economy on the boarders that Chile, Argentina and Bolivia share at the Puna of Atacama.

RESUMEN Desde una comprensión del espacio que lo entiende producido por las formas en que es surcado y vivido, indagamos en la circulación de comerciantes y mercancías que, en las fronteras que atraviesan la puna de Atacama, dan continuidad al mismo tiempo que redefinen los modos en que se usó y atravesó este espacio. Para ello, en primer lugar, contextualizamos el fenómeno describiendo las movilidades y economías que históricamente organizaron este espacio en el siglo XX. En segundo lugar, caracterizamos el momento contemporáneo recuperando algunas de estas prácticas de intercambio, ahora cristalizadas en ‘ferias’ realizadas regularmente en distintas localidades de la circumpuna atacameña durante el período estival. Finalmente, nos adentramos en el perfil de estos comerciantes, sus motivaciones y adscripción étnica, así como también en las mercancías en circulación, su relación con las economías domésticas, su articulación con economías globales y las formas en que adquieren valor. En conjunto, nos centramos en las nuevas formas de hacer y vivir las fronteras de la puna, productoras de una nueva cotidianidad. Metodológicamente, nos basamos en una investigación etnográfica en distintos eventos o ferias y localidades articuladas por esta economía en las fronteras que comparten Chile, Argentina y Bolivia en la puna de Atacama.

Resumen El artículo analiza las luchas por controlar la protectoría partidaria en las últimas décadas del periodo virreinal. En estas disputas la Real Cédula del 11 de marzo de 1781, que otorgó a los fiscales protectores la exclusividad de nombrar a los protectores de partidos, ocupa un lugar de interés, ya que cambió el funcionamiento de esta institución en aspectos formales y en su rol de mediación en la sociedad. En algunos casos, grupos de poder local expresaron una aparente conformidad con los nombramientos, mientras que en otros plantearon una férrea oposición. El estudio de estas alianzas, que podían ser integradas por subdelegados, cabildos de naturales y comerciantes españoles, revela, en el caso de la Intendencia de Trujillo (Perú), que la protectoría partidaria podía quedar fuertemente limitada.

Abstract This article provides an analysis of the struggles to control the protectoría partidaria in the last decades of the colonial period. In these disputes, the royal decree of March 11, 1781, which granted the fiscales protectores the exclusivity of appointing protectores partidarios, plays an important role in changing the functioning of this local institution in formal aspects and the function that it could have in the local society. The appointments of protectores partidarios could generate apparent support by local sectors, but also strong opposition. The study of these alliances, which could include sub-delegates, native councils, and Spanish entrepreneurs, reveals, in the case of the Intendancy of Trujillo (Peru), that the protectoría partidaria could be severely limited.

Resumen La elección de san Bernardo como santo patrono de la ciudad de México en el año de 1699 expuso los vínculos entre el Ayuntamiento de la capital virreinal, el convento de monjas bernardas y algunos miembros del Consulado de Comerciantes. La elección posibilitó que autoridades, religiosas y comerciantes se valieran de prácticas como el otorgamiento de créditos y la toma de decisiones político-administrativas locales para obtener beneficios propios. Tales prácticas respondieron a dinámicas coyunturales de negociación entre corporaciones tras la crisis de abastecimiento de granos que originó el tumulto de 1692. Estas prácticas permitieron al corregidor Carlos Tristán del Pozo, al regidor-comerciante Pedro Jiménez de los Cobos y a los oficiales del Ayuntamiento, Simón Fernández de Angulo y Juan García de las Rivas, fungir como agentes transversales.

Abstract The election of san Bernardo as patron saint of Mexico City in 1699 exposed the links between the City Council of the viceregal capital, the convent of the Bernardas, and some members of the Consulate of Merchants. The election made it possible for authorities, members of the Church, and merchants to make use of practices such as the granting of loans and the making of local political-administrative decisions for personal profit. Such practices were the result of conjunctural negotiation dynamics among corporations, which occurred after the grain supply crisis that originated the tumult of 1692. These practices allowed the corregidor, Don Carlos Tristán del Pozo, the regidor-merchant, Don Pedro Jiménez de los Cobos, and the city council officials, Simón Fernández de Angulo and Juan García de las Rivas, to act as transversal agents.

This research aimed to analyze the good practices of social innovation of informal women traders in the parish of Sinincay, canton Cuenca, Ecuador, in their main economic activity. Under a mixed approach, theoretical and empirical methods were used, and the following techniques were applied: survey and focus groups. It was found that 26% of the women surveyed offer the yapa as an innovative action in sales; 42% keep going around the city to be closer to customers, and 31.6% use friendly treatment, as they consider that it facilitates their sales; in addition, it was assessed that their level of social innovation is of new principles.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las buenas prácticas de innovación social de mujeres comerciantes informales de la parroquia Sinincay, cantón Cuenca, Ecuador, en su actividad económica principal. Bajo un enfoque mixto se utilizaron métodos teóricos y empíricos, y aplicaron las técnicas: encuesta y grupos focales. Se pudo constatar que el 26 % de las mujeres encuestadas ofrecen la yapa como acción de innovación en venta; el 42 % se mantienen recorriendo la ciudad para tener mayor acercamiento a los clientes y el 31.6 % utilizan el trato amable, ya que consideran que facilita sus ventas; además, se valoró que su nivel de innovación social es de nuevos principios.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar as boas práticas de inovação social de empresárias informais da paróquia de Sinincay, cantão de Cuenca, Equador, em sua principal atividade econômica. Sob uma abordagem mista, foram utilizados métodos teóricos e empíricos, e aplicadas as técnicas: survey e grupos focais. Foi possível verificar que 26% das mulheres pesquisadas oferecem a yapa como ação de inovação para venda; 42% continuam percorrendo a cidade para se aproximar dos clientes e 31,6% usam o tratamento amigável, pois consideram que facilita suas vendas; Além disso, avaliou-se que seu nível de inovação social é de novos princípios.

RESUMEN El artículo se basa en documentación archivística primaria en la que se detecta un buen número de esclavos arribados por el puerto de Paita en las dos últimas décadas del siglo XVIII procedentes de Guayaquil, cuando lo común era que proviniesen de Panamá. Por ello, se analizó por qué en los dos últimos decenios ocurrió este comercio con más frecuencia, a diferencia de los primeros ochenta años en que apenas ingresaron algunos al menudeo. Ello nos condujo a ofrecer una mirada a lo sucedido en Guayaquil y en Perú en general. Asimismo, se realizó una aproximación a la cantidad de esclavos introducidos, así como se identifica a los sujetos activos (comerciantes) y pasivos (esclavos) y el papel que tuvieron estos últimos como mano de obra. Se empleó información procedente de los archivos General de la Nación de Lima y Regional de Piura, analizados a la luz del método de triangulación y del modelo establecido por Jean Pierre Tardieu para sus trabajos sobre la esclavitud en distintos ámbitos geográficos, los cuales presentan casi siempre la misma estructura. La investigación concluye que los esclavos procedían de Guayaquil conducidos en su mayoría por comerciantes limeños que aprovechaban el tornaviaje en el comercio del cacao. Además, la compra fue al menudeo, hombres y mujeres en igual proporción. Esto permite sugerir que fueron destinados tanto al trabajo en haciendas como al servicio doméstico.

ABSTRACT This investigation study basis on the archive’s primary documentation, where a gross amount of enslaved people were detected from Guayaquil through the Paita port in the last two decades of the 18th Century when the introduction of enslaved people was common from Panama. It aims to analyze why this commerce has appeared more frequently in the last two decades. This situation leads to a panoramic view of what happens in Guayaquil and Perú in general. Also, an approximation is made to the slavery commercial dynamics by identifying the active subjects (the merchants) and the passive subjects (the enslaved people), as well as the role these had as the workforce. The method used reviews primary documentation from Peruvian archives (Archivo General de la Nación and Archivo Regional de Piura) analyzed by the triangulation method. This investigation continues the model established by Jean Pierre Tardieu about slavery developed in different geographical spaces but displayed almost always the same structure. The study concludes that the enslaved people from Guayaquil were primarily introduced by limeño merchants who exploited the turnaround of the Cacao trading. Likewise, the slave trade was in retail, and men and women were in equal proportion. These results suggest that the enslaved people traded would work either at the estates or domestic work.

Abstract The objective of this research is to show the results obtained from the correlation between the age of shop owners, the innovation implemented in their business models and the economic effects brought about by the covid-19 health crisis, in the municipality of Jerez, Zacatecas. We found that innovation is proportionally inverse to the age of shop owners, that the shop owners' age conditions to some degree the permanence their business in the face of the covid-19 pandemic and that older people are more vulnerable to an economic crisis fancing covid-19.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es mostrar los resultados obtenidos de la correlación entre la edad de los comerciantes, la innovación implementada en sus modelos de negocio y los efectos económicos que trajo consigo la crisis sanitaria por covid-19 en el municipio de Jerez, Zacatecas. Se encontró que la innovación es proporcionalmente inversa a la edad de los comerciantes y que la edad del comerciante condiciona en cierto grado la permanencia de su negocio ante la pandemia, así como que las personas de mayor edad son más vulnerables a una crisis económica frente al covid-19.

Resumo O artigo se baseia em observações etnográficas de comerciantes de carros usados e peças de reposição em Gana para analisar como essas mercadorias são comercializadas nos continentes e como o valor de um carro é moldado por práticas e categorias que descrevo. A posição de Gana nesta cadeia de valor depende das regulamentações forjadas pela aliança entre políticos, comerciantes e mecânicos do setor informal, agora desafiados pelos fabricantes que prometem contribuir para a industrialização do país; e a disponibilidade de mão de obra qualificada e barata. Isso torna viáveis operações impossíveis em outros lugares. Eu suponho que, à medida que estes carros são reavaliados na África Ocidental, eles sustentam o ciclo de produção e a indústria automotiva nos países ricos. descrevo políticos informal país barata lugares Ocidental ricos

Abstract The article draws on ethnographic observations of second-hand car and spare-parts traders in Ghana to analyse how these goods are traded over continents and how the value of a car is shaped by grounded practices and categories that I describe. The position of Ghana in this global value chain relies on regulations forged by the alliance between politicians, traders and mechanics of the informal sector, now challenged by manufacturers who promise to contribute to the country’s industrialisation; and the availability of skilled and cheap labour. This renders viable operations impossible elsewhere. I hypothesise that as these wastes are revalued in West Africa, they sustain the production cycle and automotive industry in rich countries. secondhand second hand spareparts spare parts describe politicians sector countrys country s industrialisation labour elsewhere Africa countries