Resumen Objetivo: desarrollar un método para la cobertura delta de portafolios de opciones europeas listadas con base en la teoría del cálculo conformable que mejora la precisión de las predicciones usando la aproximación de primer orden. Metodología: permitimos que la primera derivada en el modelo clásico de Black-Scholes-Merton tenga un orden fraccional 0 ≤ α ≤ 1 y calculamos la delta correspondiente de un portafolio como función de este parámetro conformable. Resultados: aplicando este método a un portafolio conformado de ocho opciones europeas listadas sobre el índice SPX, encontramos que la cobertura conformable genera predicciones más precisas, en promedio, que la cobertura tradicional. Limitaciones: este método es aplicable solamente a la cobertura delta (hedging) de opciones europeas. Originalidad: esta es la primera aplicación exitosa del cálculo conformable a la cobertura delta en opciones europeas. Conclusiones: la aplicación del cálculo conformable permite mayor flexibilidad en la aproximación local implícita en la cobertura delta de portafolios de acciones europeas y se ofrece como una metodología novel y de mayor precisión que la tradicional.

Abstract Objective: we aim to develop a method for delta hedging portfolios of European options based on the theory of conformable calculus which improves accuracy of risk management of listed options in a first-order approximation. Methodology: we allow the time derivative in the classic Black-Scholes-Merton model to have a fractional order 0 ≤ α ≤ 1 and calculate the corresponding delta of a portfolio of listed options as a function of this conformable parameter. Results: applying this method to a portfolio consisting of eight European options on the SPX index, we find that conformable delta hedging offers more accurate average predictions than classical delta hedging. Limitations: this method is applicable for delta hedging in European options only. Originality: this is the first successful application of conformable calculus to delta hedging in European options. Conclusions: application of Conformable Calculus allows for a greater flexibility in the local approximation to price in delta-hedging European options and offers a new and more precise methodology to this objective.

Abstract The technique of bending wood by vaporization presents itself as a viable option for curvilinear structural projects, such as gridshells. Coniferous woods are often used in roof structures because, in addition to the desired relationship between mechanical strength and density, they allow the complete treatment of the cross-section of the piece. However, characteristics such as the predominance of sapwood or heartwood and the presence of defects are variables that affect structural performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bending limit of Acrocarpus laxinifloius (Indian cedar) veneers with a bending radius of 21 cm at different thicknesses. The impact of the predominance of sapwood or heartwood and the presence of defects on the bending strength was also investigated. The literature indicates that plastic flexibilization by steam occurs at 100°C, with 2.4 minutes for each millimeter of lamella thickness, which were the parameters considered in this study. The statistical analysis indicated a thickness limit of 8 mm for the lamellae to bend and the greater presence of sapwood or heartwood, as well as wood defects, did not significantly affect the bending force. projects gridshells because density crosssection cross section piece However performance Indian cedar 2 thicknesses investigated 100C C 100 100°C 24 4 2. force 10 1

Resumo Atécnica de vergamento da madeira por vaporização se apresenta como opção viável para projetos de estruturas curvilíneas, como as gridshells. Madeiras coníferas são comumente adotadas em estruturas de cobertura, pois além da desejada relação entre resistência mecânica e densidade, permitem o completo tratamento da seção transversal da peça. Entretanto, características como a predominância de alburno ou de cerne e a presença de defeitos são variáveis que afetam o desempenho estrutural. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o limite de vergamento de lamelas de Acrocarpus flaxinifloius (cedro indiano) com raio de curvatura de 21 cm em diferentes espessuras. Também se investigou o impacto da predominância de alburno ou cerne e da presença de defeitos na força de vergamento. A literatura indica que a flexibilização plástica por vapor ocorre a 100°C, com 2,4 minutos para cada milímetro de espessura da lamela, parâmetros estes considerados neste estudo. A análise estatística indicou o limite de 8 mm de espessura para o vergamento das lamelas e a maior presença de alburno ou de cerne, bem como os defeitos da madeira, não afetou significativamente a força de vergamento. curvilíneas gridshells cobertura densidade peça Entretanto estrutural cedro indiano 2 espessuras 100C C 100 100°C 24 4 2, lamela 10 1

Resumen Introducción. La principal medida de control de la mancha marrón (MM) causada por Septoria glycines, se realiza mediante la aplicación de fungicida foliar, sin embargo, el manejo de la enfermedad podría realizarse con prácticas de manejo cultural y genético. Objetivo. Analizar la evolución de la MM de la soja en diferentes sistemas de producción. Materiales y métodos. Este estudio se llevó a cabo durante dos años consecutivos (2020 y 2022), en la localidad de Pergamino, Buenos Aires, sobre un cultivar de soja DM46i20. Las variables de manejo fueron cultivos de cobertura (CC), rotaciones (Rt), momento de aplicación del fungicida foliar (MAFF). La variable patométrica evaluada fue el área bajo la curva de progreso de la altura de la planta con síntomas (ABCPAPS) y como variable cuantitativa fisiología sobre el cultivo el rendimiento (R) en granos en kg/ha. Resultados. Las prácticas de manejo agronómico tuvieron un efecto significativo (p≤0,05) sobre el R y el ABCPAPS. Las variables CC y MAFF fueron independientes y presentaron una repuesta significativa (p<0,0001) sobre el R. En cambio, hubo una triple interacción significativa (p<0,0001) entre los CC, las Rt y el MAFF para el ABCPAPS y, por lo tanto, los datos fueron explicados con base en esta relación. Conclusiones. La implementación de cultivos de cobertura, de rotaciones de cultivo y de fungicida foliar, redujeron significativamente (p≤0,05) la evolución de la MM en el cultivo de soja. Hubo una correlación negativa y significativa (p≤0,05) entre el rendimiento en soja y el área bajo la curva de progreso de la altura de la planta con síntomas de la MM.

Abstract Introduction. The main control measure for brown spot (BS) caused by Septoria glycines is through the application of foliar fungicide. However, the management of the disease could be accomplished through cultural and genetic practices. Objective. To analyze the evolution of BS in soybean under different production systems. Materials and methods. This study was conducted for two consecutive years (2020 and 2022), in Pergamino, Buenos Aires, using the soybean cultivar DM46i20. The management variables studied were cover crops (CC), rotations (Rt), and timing of foliar fungicide application (MAFF). The evaluated pathometric variable was the area under the progress curve of plant height with symptoms (ABCPAPS), and the quantitative physiology variable was grain yield (R) in kg/ha. Results. Agronomic management practices had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on R and ABCPAPS. CC and MAFF were independent variables and showed a significant response (p<0.0001) on R. On the other hand, there was a significant triple interaction (p<0.0001) among CC, Rt, and MAFF for ABCPAPS, and therefore, the data were explained based on this relationship. Conclusions. The implementation of cover crops, crop rotations, and foliar fungicide significantly reduced (p≤0.05) the evolution of BS in soybean cultivation. There was a significant negative correlation (p≤0.05) between soybean yield and the area under the progress curve of the plant height with BS symptoms.

Resumen Introducción. El camote (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam) es sensible a la competencia por arvenses, cuyo control químico en Costa Rica se dificulta por la limitada información local generada sobre selectividad de herbicidas. Objetivo. Determinar la selectividad de seis herbicidas aplicados en diferentes etapas de desarrollo al camote Criollo y su efecto en la cobertura, biomasa y rendimiento del cultivo. Materiales y métodos. Entre agosto y diciembre 2021, se realizaron tres experimentos en la Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno, Universidad de Costa Rica, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Estos incluyeron la aplicación de herbicidas (en kg i.a. ha-1) de la siguiente manera: a) experimento 1: 0,36 de metribuzin, 1,50 de pendimetalina, 0,48 de clomazone, 0,075 de halosulfuron, 1,00 de linuron y 1,25 de metolaclor, aplicados seis días después de la siembra (dds) en diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones; b) experimento 2: 1,00 de linuron y 0,36 de metribuzin, aplicados a los -1, 15 y 30 dds, en diseño de bloques al azar con arreglo factorial 2x3 y tres repeticiones; y c) experimento 3: 0,075 de halosulfuron y 0,36 de metribuzin, mezclado con 0,125 de fluazifop-p-butil en diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. En todos los casos se realizó deshierba 15 y 30 dds. Resultados. En ninguno de los tres experimentos se vio afectada la producción de raíces reservantes. Experimento 1: solo el halosulfuron causó daños leves en las plantas; ningún herbicida afectó la producción de biomasa aérea. Experimento 2: solo el linuron y metribuzin aplicados 15 y 30 dds causaron daños leves. Experimento 3: las mezclas causaron daños temporales en las plantas. Conclusiones. Los herbicidas evaluados fueron selectivos al camote variedad Criollo y no afectaron el rendimiento de raíces reservantes comercializables; solo halosulfuron causó daños leves en todas las formas de aplicación, y metribuzin y linuron solo en aplicaciones tardías.

Abstract Introduction. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam.) is sensitive to weed competition, and chemical control in Costa Rica is challenging due to limited local information on herbicide selectivity. Objective. To determine the selectivity of six herbicides applied at different stages of development to Criollo sweet potatoes and their effect on coverage, biomass, and crop yield. Materials and methods. Between August and December 2021, three experiments were conducted at the Fabio Baudrit Moreno Agricultural Experimental Station, Universidad de Costa Rica, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Herbicides were applied (in kg a.i. ha-1) as follows: a) Experiment 1: 0.36 of metribuzin, 1.50 of pendimethalin, 0.48 of clomazone, 0.075 of halosulfuron, 1.00 of linuron, and 1.25 of metolachlor, applied six days after planting (dap) in a randomized block design with four repetitions; b) Experiment 2: 1.00 of linuron and 0.36 of metribuzin 0.36, applied at -1, 15 and 30 dap, in a randomized block design with a 2x3 factorial arrangement and three repetitions; and c) Experiment 3: 0.075 of halosulfuron and 0.36 of metribuzin, mixed with 0.125 of fluazifop-p-butyl in a randomized block design with three repetitions. Weeding was performed at 15 and 30 dap in all cases. Results. Root yield was not affected in any of the three experiments. Experiment 1: Only halosulfuron caused mild damage to the plants; no herbicide affected above-ground biomass production. Experiment 2: Only linuron and metribuzin applied at 15 and 30 dap caused mild damage. Experiment 3: The mixtures caused temporary damage to the plants. Conclusions. The evaluated herbicides were selective to the Criollo sweet potatoes, and did not affect the yield of marketable storage roots. Only halosulfuron caused mild damage in all application forms, and metribuzin and linuron only in late applications.

Summary: The fraction of vegetation cover (FVC) and the Leaf Area Index (LAI) are biophysical variables closely related to the evapotranspiration rate of crops and their biomass production. Despite their importance, they are usually not measured directly due to their time-consuming and costly nature; however, they can be estimated on a large scale and near-real-time using spectral information captured in satellite images, although this requires prior validation at the field level. Simple linear regression models were developed and validated using 13 vegetation indices (VI) related to LAI and FCV in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Three spectral information sources were used: (i) reflectance to derive the VI; (ii) digital photographs processed with the Canopeo application to estimate FVC; and (iii) direct LAI measurements using a ceptometer. Six field samples were taken between March and June, 2020 in four alfalfa plots located in Palmar de Bravo, Puebla, Mexico. To evaluate each VI, the determination coefficient (R2) and the root mean square error (RMSE) were used. We found that the most suitable VI for estimating FVC was the VIgreen (Green Vegetation Index, R2 =0.987 and RMSE = 0.093). For the LAI, the VI that performed best was the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, R2 = 0.935 and RMSE = 0.746). The results showed the suitability and practical utility of spectral information for estimating biophysical variables in alfalfa cultivation and their monitoring.

Resumen: La fracción de cobertura vegetal (FCV) y el índice de área foliar (IAF) son variables biofísicas relacionadas estrechamente con la tasa de evapotranspiración de los cultivos y su producción de biomasa. A pesar de su importancia, usualmente no se miden de manera directa debido al tiempo invertido y costo; sin embargo, se pueden estimar a gran escala y en tiempo casi real mediante información espectral captada en imágenes de satélite, pero esto requiere de su validación a nivel de campo. Se desarrollaron y validaron modelos de regresión lineal simple utilizando 13 índices de vegetación (IV) relacionados con el IAF y la FCV en alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Se usaron tres fuentes de información espectral: (i) La reflectancia para derivar los IV; (ii) fotografías digitales procesadas con Canopeo para estimar la FCV; y (iii) mediciones del IAF utilizando un ceptómetro. Se realizaron seis muestreos de campo entre marzo y junio de 2020, en cuatro parcelas de alfalfa situadas en Palmar de Bravo, Puebla, México. Para evaluar cada IV, se utilizó el coeficiente de determinación (R2) y la raíz del cuadrado medio del error (RCME). Se encontró que el IV más apropiado para estimar la FCV fue el VIgreen (Green Vegetation Index, R2 = 0.987 y RCME = 0.093). En el caso del IAF, el IV que presentó el mejor desempeño fue el Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), R2 = 0.935 y RCME = 0.746). Los resultados mostraron la aptitud y utilidad práctica de la información espectral para estimar las variables biofísicas en el cultivo de alfalfa y su monitoreo.

Resumo A produção de tintas utilizando resíduos de beneficiamento de granito e mármore é uma nova alternativa para contribuir com o desenvolvimento sustentável na construção civil. Entretanto, a carência de estudos sobre a composição e o desempenho dessas tintas inviabiliza a disseminação desse novo material de construção. Logo, este estudo tem como objetivo investigar a composição dessas tintas utilizando ferramentas estatísticas para obter produtos com desempenho compatível com regulamentações técnicas e tintas comerciais. As formulações de tintas foram definidas através de um planejamento de misturas quaternárias. O teor de sólidos, pH, viscosidade, poder de cobertura e resistência à abrasão foram determinados para todas as amostras. As tintas produzidas com resíduos de granito apresentaram melhor poder de cobertura e resistência à abrasão, pois o resíduo de granito apresenta granulometria mais fina, além de ser predominantemente composto por sílica. Por fim, as tintas produzidas neste estudo e as tintas comerciais apresentaram comportamento semelhante, o que corrobora com o aproveitamento do resíduo do processamento de rochas ornamentais na produção de tintas. civil Entretanto Logo quaternárias sólidos pH viscosidade amostras fina sílica fim semelhante

Abstract The production of paints using waste from granite and marble processing is a new alternative to contribute to sustainable development in civil construction. However, the lack of studies on the composition and performance of these paints makes the dissemination of this new construction material unfeasible. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the composition of these paints using statistical tools to obtain products with performance compatible with technical regulations and commercial paints. The paint formulations were defined through a quaternary mixture planning. The solids content, pH, viscosity, hiding power, and abrasion resistance were determined for all samples. The paints produced with granite waste showed better hiding power and abrasion resistance, as granite waste has a finer granulometry, in addition to being predominantly composed of silica. Finally, the paints produced in this study and the commercial paints showed similar behavior, which supports the use of waste from the processing of ornamental rocks in paint production. However unfeasible Therefore planning content pH viscosity samples granulometry silica Finally behavior

Abstract The present research work analyzes the discourse and framing strategies used by the Peruvian media in the second round of the national electoral campaign. For this purpose, a quantitative analysis methodology was used, through the construction of a database with all the news about the second round of the 2021 presidential elections that appeared in the main national media and disseminated on Twitter (actually X). The main finding is that even though the coverage of the second electoral round can be considered mostly neutral, there was a differentiated informative treatment regarding the candidacies of Castillo and Fujimori, favoring a negative and conflictive framing of the former over his opponent. The context reported reflects that the second round of the presidential elections took place under a climate of political polarization as a consequence of the generation of speeches and narratives that have generated wide margins of distrust and a “friend-enemy” logic that has had consequences in current Peruvian politics.

Resumen El presente trabajo de investigación analiza las estrategias de discurso y framing utilizadas por los medios de comunicación peruanos en la segunda vuelta de la campaña electoral nacional. Para tal efecto, se utilizó una metodología de análisis cuantitativo, a través de la construcción de una base de datos con todas las noticias sobre la segunda vuelta de las elecciones presidenciales de 2021 aparecidas en los principales medios de comunicación de alcance nacional difundidas en Twitter (actualmente X), teniendo como principal hallazgo que aun cuando la cobertura de la segunda vuelta electoral puede ser considerada en su mayoría como neutral, existió un tratamiento informativo diferenciado en torno a las candidaturas de Castillo y Fujimori, privilegiándose un encuadre negativo y conflictivo del primero sobre su contendora. El contexto relatado refleja que la segunda vuelta de las elecciones presidenciales se desarrolló bajo un clima de polarización política como consecuencia de la generación de discursos y narrativas que ha generado amplios márgenes de desconfianza y una lógica de “amigo-enemigo” que ha tenido consecuencias en la política peruana actual.

Resumen La carretera Puyo-Tena es propensa a deslizamientos de tierra debido a la geodinámica, geomorfología y materiales geológicos de la zona (afloramientos y estratos inestables). En los últimos años, este problema ha provocado de forma persistente la inutilización parcial o total de la carretera en numerosas ocasiones. El objetivo de la investigación fue generar un modelo cartográfico de susceptibilidad a deslizamientos a partir de variables como la pendiente, las formaciones geológicas, la cobertura y uso de la tierra, así como las distancias a fallas, carretera y ríos. El grado de incidencia de deslizamientos se estimó como la combinación lineal de las variables ponderadas mediante el proceso de jerarquía analítica. La importancia de este método semicuantitativo radica en su capacidad para desagregar un problema de decisión complejo en un modelo de decisión más simple y coherente. El modelo cartográfico resultante se reclasificó en cinco categorías de susceptibilidad: muy baja, baja, moderada, alta y muy alta. Los resultados mostraron que 17 km de los 80 km de la carretera Puyo-Tena tienen una alta probabilidad a deslizamientos, lo que equivale a 21,25% de la carretera. Además, dentro de este porcentaje, se determinó que existen quince regiones con alta probabilidad de deslizamientos debido a su ubicación en zonas con fuertes pendientes, litología porosa y permeable, gran cantidad de ríos y suelos agrícolas. Para la verificación del modelo se utilizó el área bajo la curva (en inglés AUC) de la característica operativa del receptor (en inglés ROC). Los resultados de la verificación mostraron que el modelo cartográfico para el área de estudio tiene un valor de precisión de 83,7%. El modelo cartográfico de susceptibilidad a deslizamientos permitirá tomar las decisiones pertinentes para mitigar eventos potenciales que puedan poner en peligro a transportistas, bienes materiales y residentes de la zona.

Abstract The Puyo-Tena roadway is prone to landslides due to the geodynamics, geomorphology, and geological materials of the area (unstable outcrops and strata). In recent years, this problem has persistently caused the road to be partially or completely disabled on numerous occasions. The objective of the research was to generate a cartographic model of landslides susceptibility based on variables such as slope, geological formations, land cover and land use, as well as distances to faults, road, and rivers. The degree of landslides incidence was estimated as the linear combination of the weighted variables using the analytic hierarchy process. The importance of this semi-quantitative method lies in its ability to break down a complex decision problem into a simpler and more coherent decision model. The resulting cartographic model was classified into five susceptibility categories: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. The results showed that 17 km out of the 80 km of the Puyo-Tena roadway have a high probability of landslides, which is equivalent to 21.25% of the road. Furthermore, within this percentage, it was determined that there are fifteen regions with a high probability of landslides due to their location in areas with steep slopes, porous and permeable lithology, a large number of rivers, and agricultural soils. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was used for model verification. The verification results showed that the cartographic model for the study area has an accuracy value of 83.7%. The cartographic model of landslide susceptibility will enable relevant decisions to be made to mitigate potential hazards that may endanger transporters, material goods, and residents of the area.

Resumen Las desigualdades estructurales sociales y de distinto tipo, intrínsecas al capitalismo, se profundizaron con la pandemia de Covid-19 hasta límites insostenibles para los sectores subalternos, entre los cuales se ubican los conjuntos de migrantes en situación administrativa irregular de los distintos países. A través de un enfoque antropológico transnacional, auxiliado por la etnografía virtual, se aborda el impacto sociosanitario que tuvo la crisis pandémica para estos grupos en Barcelona, São Paulo y Buenos Aires durante 2022-2023, así como sus respuestas grupales-comunitarias para contener y sobrellevar sus necesidades inmediatas y urgentes, más allá de las políticas públicas implementadas en cada país/región/ciudad, con desigual cobertura y eficacia. La realidad abordada, entonces, conjuga esas carencias estructurales que no fueron resueltas como consecuencia de la crisis desatada a partir de la pandemia, con nuevas problemáticas sociosanitarias derivadas de las necesidades de supervivencia de los migrantes en cada contexto, destacándose el protagonismo de las mujeres. tipo capitalismo Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 subalternos países transnacional virtual Barcelona 20222023, 20222023 2022 2023, 2023 2022-2023 grupalescomunitarias grupales comunitarias urgentes paísregiónciudad país región ciudad país/región/ciudad eficacia abordada entonces contexto mujeres Covid1 1 Covid- 2022202 202 2022-202 202220 20 2022-20 20222 2 2022-2 2022-

Abstract Social and other structural inequalities, intrinsic to capitalism, deepened with the Covid-19 pandemic up to unsustainable limits for the subaltern sectors, among which are located the groups of migrants in irregular administrative situations from the different countries. Through an anthropological transnational approach, aided by virtual ethnography, is addressed the socio-sanitary impact that the pandemic crisis had for these groups in Barcelona, São Paulo y Buenos Aires for the period 2022-2023, as well as their group-community responses to contain and cope with their immediate and urgent needs, beyond the public policies implemented in each country/region/city, with unequal coverage and effectiveness. The reality addressed, then, combines those structural deficiencies that were not resolved as a result of the crisis unleashed by the pandemic, with new social and health problems arising from the survival needs of migrants in each context, highlighting the leading role played by women. inequalities capitalism Covid19 Covid 19 Covid-1 sectors countries approach ethnography sociosanitary socio sanitary Barcelona 20222023, 20222023 2022 2023, 2023 2022-2023 groupcommunity group community countryregioncity country region city country/region/city effectiveness then context women Covid1 1 Covid- 2022202 202 2022-202 202220 20 2022-20 20222 2 2022-2 2022-

ABSTRACT Among weed control methods, chemical control using herbicides is one of the most widely employed due to its practicality and efficiency. However, there is still a lack of reliable information regarding the effectiveness of low-volume spraying and the droplet spectrum for contact herbicides, such as fomesafen. The objective was to determine the spray volume and droplet spectrum for applying the fomesafen herbicide and its efficacy in controlling hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa) and littlebell (Ipomoea triloba). The herbicide was applied using a CO2-pressurized knapsack sprayer with TT11002 spray tip spaced at 0.50 m, operating at pressures of 100 kPa (very coarse droplets) and 400 kPa (medium-sized droplets) with spray volumes of 35, 70, 140, and 280 L ha-1, obtained by varying the application speed. At the time of application, the percentage of covered area and droplet density (droplets cm-²) were evaluated on water-sensitive paper labels using the DropScope® program. The best control results for hairy beggarticks were achieved when the application was performed with very coarse droplets at a pressure of 100 kPa, with a spray volume between 65 and 280 L ha-1, droplet density exceeding 60 droplets cm-2, and coverage greater than 10%. Fomesafen does not provide effective control of littlebell. methods efficiency However lowvolume low Bidens pilosa Ipomoea triloba. triloba . triloba) CO2pressurized COpressurized CO2 pressurized CO TT TT1100 050 0 50 0.5 m 10 40 mediumsized medium sized 35 70 140 28 ha1, ha1 ha 1, 1 ha-1 speed cm² cm ² cm-² watersensitive water sensitive DropScope program 6 cm2, cm2 2, 2 cm-2 10% TT110 05 5 0. 4 3 7 14 ha- cm- TT11 TT1

RESUMO Dentre os métodos de controle de plantas daninhas, o químico, por meio de herbicidas, é um dos mais utilizados devido à sua praticidade e eficiência. No entanto, ainda faltam informações confiáveis sobre a eficácia de aplicações em baixo volume e o espectro de gotas a ser utilizado para herbicidas de contato, como o fomesafen. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o volume de calda e espectro de gotas para aplicação do herbicida fomesafen, bem como a eficácia no controle de picão-preto (Bidens pilosa) e corda-de-viola (Ipomoea triloba). O herbicida foi aplicado utilizando pulverizador pressurizado por CO2, com pontas TT11002 espaçadas de 0,50 m, operando nas pressões de 100 kPa (gotas muito grossas) e 400 kPa (gotas médias) nos volumes de calda de 35, 70, 140 e 280 L ha-1, obtidos por meio da variação na velocidade de aplicação. No momento da aplicação foram avaliados a porcentagem de área coberta e a densidade de gotas (gotas cm-²) em etiquetas de papel hidrossensível, utilizando o programa DropScope®. Melhores índices de controle do picão-preto são obtidos quando a aplicação foi realizada com gotas muito grossas, na pressão de 100 kPa, com volume de calda entre 65 e 280 L ha-1, densidade de gotas superior a 60 gotas cm-2 e cobertura maior que 10%. O fomesafen não controla a corda-de-viola. daninhas químico eficiência entanto contato picãopreto picão preto Bidens pilosa cordadeviola corda viola Ipomoea triloba. triloba . triloba) CO2 CO TT TT1100 050 0 50 0,5 m 10 grossas 40 médias 35 70 14 28 ha1, ha1 ha 1, 1 ha-1 cm² cm ² cm-² hidrossensível DropScope DropScope® 6 cm2 2 cm- 10% cordadeviola. viola. TT110 05 5 0, 4 3 7 ha- TT11 TT1

Abstract The inescapable influence of social media on journalism has introduced a multitude of challenges that professionals in the field cannot afford to overlook. Increasingly used as sources, social media platforms contribute significantly to the evolution of new dynamics in news production. This is particularly evident in the coverage of unfolding events, prioritising speed of transmission and immediacy as inherent values. This emphasis often encourages the rapid extraction of content available on the internet, leaving minimal time for thorough scrutiny. This article delves into the phenomenon from an ethical standpoint. Through an analysis of 32 codes of ethics - and analogous instruments - that specifically address this evolving reality, it identifies journalistic values and principles concerning information-gathering methods, especially pertaining to digital social networks. The primary emphasis remains on the requirement to verify and validate the material while identifying sources following traditional procedures, given the potential risks to the integrity of journalistic narratives. Most codes in the corpus also prioritise safeguarding citizens’ private sphere, possibly stemming from the dissemination of material. This concern extends beyond general privacy protection, encompassing the highly sensitive issues associated with it: the vulnerability and emotional distress experienced by authors of social media posts and the presence of victims or minors on social networks.

Resumo A influência dos média sociais no campo do jornalismo, hoje incontornável, manifesta-se em várias vertentes, criando desafios que não podem ser ignorados pelos profissionais. Enquanto fontes, estão a ser cada vez mais utilizados, contribuindo para a emergência de novas dinâmicas de produção noticiosa, em particular na cobertura de acontecimentos em continuidade, nos quais impera a velocidade de transmissão e o imediatismo constitui um valor em si mesmo, incentivando a extração de conteúdos disponíveis na internet, sem tempo para escrutínio. Neste artigo, o fenómeno é enquadrado numa perspetiva ética. Através da análise de 32 códigos deontológicos - e instrumentos semelhantes - que incorporam esta realidade em partes específicas foram identificados valores e princípios jornalísticos neles inscritos acerca das modalidades de recolha de informação, sobretudo em redes sociais digitais. A exigência de verificação e validação do material e de identificação da fonte, procedimentos tradicionais, é predominante, atentos os potenciais riscos para o rigor de uma narrativa jornalística. Também é detetada, na maioria dos códigos integrados no corpus, a preocupação de acautelar o dano na esfera privada de cidadãos, eventualmente decorrente da difusão de material. Não se trata apenas de proteger a privacidade, em geral, mas de ponderar questões de grande sensibilidade a ela associáveis: a vulnerabilidade e dor em que possam encontrar-se os autores das postagens e a presença nas redes de vítimas ou cidadãos menores de idade.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Influenza is a global threat, with high epidemic potential and affects between 5 and 15% of the world's population annually. In the hospital environment, vaccination is crucial to protect healthcare professionals. However, despite international recommendations, vaccination uptake is low due to safety concerns and/or distrust. Studies show that vaccinated professionals have lower rates of absenteeism, and when infected with the virus, they present milder symptoms. In this work, a retrospective cross-sectional observational study is carried out on the vaccination rate against this disease in a population of hospital-based workers, from 2019 to 2023. To understand the importance of vaccination against Influenza in these workers and which behavioral determinants may justify considering this evolution, we carried out a review of the challenges of vaccination among health professionals and identified key points to develop strategies with the aim of promoting adherence to vaccination campaigns. Methodology: For the observational study, vaccination data from hospital health professionals by the Occupational Health Service was used, recorded on a specific form at the time of administration. Professional category was the only variable considered. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft® Excel®. For the review, the databases Medline, Science Direct and Google Scholar were used, with the keywords "Influenza vaccine”, “health professional” and “behaviour”, selecting studies from 2010 to 2024. From the result of 1277 works, the exclusion criteria, which included vaccination for other diseases and target populations that did not include health professionals, 22 bibliographic sources were selected. To reflect the national reality, articles on the topic published by the Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional Online were included, as well as complementary studies and reference documents. Results: The study of adherence to flu vaccination in this hospital peripheral to Lisbon, between 2019 and 2023, showed a variation in vaccination adherence, with an average of 30%, a value below the ones reported in other countries. The categories most hesitant about this vaccine were Nursing Staff and Technical Assistants; at the opposite extreme, there was greater adherence from Medical Personnel and Technical Assistants. During the COVID-19 Pandemic, an increasing number of professionals were vaccinated annually, with this trend reversing after the end of the global emergency of this disease. From the review of the literature on vaccine hesitancy, 8 of the 14 behavioral domains stand out that represent theories of behavioral change that constitute modifiable factors that influence behavior in relation to the vaccine. We approach each of them from this perspective, namely: knowledge, the environmental context and resources, social influence, beliefs and knowledge about consequences, beliefs about individual capacity, identity and social/professional role, reinforcement and emotion. Discussion: Flu vaccine hesitancy among healthcare professionals can be a cause of morbidity and mortality for patients. Understanding the barriers and motivation for healthcare professionals to adhere to flu vaccination campaigns is crucial. Professionals who are asymptomatic carriers become sources of transmission. Annual vaccination, although safe and effective, faces variability due to antigenic concordance. In Portugal, educational and communication strategies are vital, highlighting the role of health professionals as models of preventive behavior. Easy access to medical consultations and Occupational Health recommendations is associated with greater adherence. In times of pandemic, the propensity for vaccination has increased, and it is important to promote this change. Strategies adapted to the cultural context are essential to boost adherence to Influenza vaccination among healthcare professionals. Conclusion: The approach to combating barriers and promoting vaccination among healthcare professionals must involve multiple areas and multiple levels, with communication targeted at specific groups, to increase its effectiveness. The message must be adapted to different population groups and different levels of health literacy. Knowing these behavioral determinants can help develop vaccination promotion campaigns from new perspectives and finding strategies to increase vaccination coverage is crucial for Occupational Health Services. Due to the ethical characteristics of the professions involved in providing direct care to patients, there is a need to reinforce the idea that vaccination among healthcare professionals is not only for their benefit, but above all for the protection of their patients.

RESUMO Introdução: A Gripe é uma ameaça global, com alto potencial epidémico e afeta anualmente entre 5 a 15% da população mundial. No ambiente hospitalar, a vacinação é crucial para proteger os Profissionais de Saúde. No entanto, apesar das recomendações internacionais, a adesão é baixa devido a preocupações de segurança e/ou desconfiança. Estudos mostram que os profissionais vacinados têm menores taxas de absentismo e, perante infeção pelo vírus, apresentam sintomatologia mais ligeira. Neste trabalho é realizado um estudo observacional transversal retrospetivo da taxa de vacinação contra esta doença numa população de trabalhadores de base hospitalar, no período de 2019 a 2023. Para compreender a importância da vacinação contra a Influenza nestes trabalhadores e quais os determinantes comportamentais que podem justificar esta evolução, realizou-se uma revisão dos desafios da vacinação entre Profissionais de Saúde, para identificar pontos chave e elaborar estratégias com o objetivo de promover a adesão às campanhas de vacinação. Metodologia: Para o estudo observacional da taxa de adesão à vacinação contra a Gripe num hospital periférico foram utilizados os dados de vacinação dos Profissionais de Saúde disponibilizados nos registos do Serviço de Saúde Ocupacional. A categoria profissional foi a única variável considerada. A análise dos dados foi realizada com o Microsoft® Excel®. Para a revisão recorreu-se às bases de dados Medline, Science Direct, Google Scholar; com as palavras-chave "Influenza vaccine”; “health professional” e “behaviour" e filtraram-se estudos de 2010 a 2024. Resultaram 1277 trabalhos e, após aplicar os critérios de exclusão, que incluíam vacinação para outras doenças e populações alvo que não os Profissionais de Saúde, foram selecionadas 22 fontes bibliográficas. Para espelhar a realidade nacional foram incluídos os artigos sobre o tema publicados pela Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional Online, assim como estudos complementares e documentos de referência. Resultados: O estudo da adesão à vacinação contra a Gripe neste hospital periférico a Lisboa, entre 2019 e 2023, mostrou uma variação na adesão à vacinação, com uma média de 30%, valor abaixo dos valores reportados noutros países. As categorias com maior hesitação a esta vacina foram o Pessoal de Enfermagem e os Assistentes Técnicos. Na situação oposta estavam o Pessoal Médico e os Assistentes Técnicos. Durante a Pandemia COVID-19 existiu um número crescente de profissionais vacinados anualmente, tendo esta tendência invertido após o fim da emergência global desta doença. Da revisão da bibliografia sobre a hesitação vacinal destaca-se 8 dos 14 domínios comportamentais que representam as teorias de mudança comportamental que constituem fatores modificáveis que influenciam a atitude em relação à vacina. Abordou-se sobre esta perspetiva cada um deles, nomeadamente, o conhecimento; o contexto ambiental e recursos; influência social; crenças e conhecimento sobre consequências; bem como sobre a capacidade individual; identidade e papel social/profissional; reforço e emoção. Discussão: A hesitação vacinal contra a Gripe entre Profissionais de Saúde pode ser uma causa de morbilidade e mortalidade para os doentes. Compreender as barreiras e motivação para a adesão dos Profissionais de Saúde às campanhas de vacinação contra a Gripe é crucial. Profissionais portadores assintomáticos, tornam-se fontes de transmissão. A vacinação anual, embora segura e eficaz, enfrenta variabilidade devido à concordância antigénica. Em Portugal, estratégias educacionais e de comunicação são vitais, destacando o papel dos Profissionais de Saúde como modelos de comportamento preventivo. O acesso fácil a consultas médicas e tal ser recomendado pela Saúde Ocupacional é associado a maior adesão. Em tempos de pandemia, a propensão à vacinação aumentou, importando promover esta mudança. Estratégias adaptadas ao contexto cultural são essenciais para impulsionar a adesão à vacinação contra a Gripe entre Profissionais de Saúde. Conclusão: A abordagem para combater as barreiras e promover a vacinação nos Profissionais de Saúde deve envolver múltiplas áreas e vários níveis, com uma comunicação dirigida a grupos específicos, para aumentar a sua eficácia. Deve adaptar-se a mensagem aos diferentes grupos populacionais e aos diferentes níveis de literacia em saúde. Conhecer estes determinantes comportamentais pode ajudar a desenvolver campanhas de promoção da vacinação a partir de novas perspetivas e encontrar estratégias para aumentar a cobertura vacinal é crucial para os Serviços de Saúde Ocupacional. Pelas características éticas das profissões envolvidas na prestação de cuidados diretos aos doentes, existe a necessidade de reforçar a ideia de que a vacinação entre Profissionais de Saúde não é apenas para seu benefício mas, acima de tudo, para proteção dos seus doentes.

ABSTRACT With the aim of evaluating the agronomic characteristics of three lettuce cultivars under different types of soil cover in the winter - spring period, an experiment was conducted between the months of July and October 2019 in the district of Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay. The experimental design used was complete randomized blocks with a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement, totaling twelve treatments with four replications. Three lettuce cultivars (Tainá, Julia and Legacy) and four types of soil cover (black plastic, bicolor white/black plastic, bicolor silver/black plastic, and control without soil cover) represented the factors under study. Were evaluated total and commercial number of leaves, total and commercial fresh mass, height, and diameter of the head per plant. The results obtained indicate that there were no significant differences between the cultivars in the evaluated characteristics, except for plant diameter, where Julia (30.09 cm) was superior to Legacy. It was observed that ground covers showed statistical superiority in all variables evaluated, in relation to the control, except for head height. The interaction between cultivars and soil cover was not significant. The silver/black, white/black, and black plastic covers promote greater commercial fresh mass per plant (241.11 g, 204.03 g, 218.05g), commercial number of leaves (21.20; 20.30; 20.40) and head diameter (11.54 cm, 11.10 cm, 11.20 cm). It is concluded that soil cover improves the agronomic characteristics of the lettuce cultivars evaluated.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de evaluar las características agronómicas de tres cultivares de lechuga arrepollada sobre diferentes tipos de cobertura de suelo en el periodo invierno - primavera, fue conducido un experimento entre los meses de julio a octubre de 2019 en el distrito de Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay. El diseño experimental utilizado fue de bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial 3 x 4, totalizando 12 tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones. Los factores en estudio estuvieron representados por tres cultivares de lechuga arrepollada (Tainá, Julia y Legacy) y cuatro tipos de cobertura de suelo (plástico negro, plástico bicolor blanco/negro, plástico bicolor plateado/negro y testigo sin cobertura de suelo). Fueron evaluados: número total y comercial de hojas, diámetro de planta, masa fresca total y comercial, altura y diámetro de cabeza por planta. Los resultados obtenidos indican que no hubo diferencias significativas entre cultivares en las características evaluadas, a excepción del diámetro de planta, donde Julia (30,09 cm) fue superior a Legacy. Se observó que las coberturas de suelo presentaron superioridad estadística en todas las variables evaluadas, con respecto al testigo, a excepción de altura de cabeza. La interacción cultivares con cobertura de suelo no fue significativa. Las coberturas de plástico de color plateado/negro, blanco/negro y negro, promueven mayor masa fresca comercial por planta (241,11 g, 204,03 g, 218,05 g), número comercial de hojas (21,20; 20,30; 20,40) y diámetro de cabeza (11,54 cm, 11,10 cm, 11,20 cm). Se concluye que la cobertura de suelo mejora las características agronómicas de los cultivares de lechuga evaluados.

ABSTRACT The decrease in the yields obtained is associated with different factors, among which Asian soybean rust (ASR) stands out. Chemical control is one of the most widely used alternatives for ASR control. The correct application of fungicides results in a good efficient control practice, since it depends on achieving a good distribution of the active principle, adequate density and good coverage. An experiment was installed in the district of Carlos A. López, Itapúa department, Paraguay to evaluate the efficacy of the fungicide application (Azoxystrobin 30% + Benzovindiflupyr 15%, 0.2 kg ha-1) with different technologies for ASR control. The treatments were 3 volumes of broth (50, 100 and 150 l ha-1, 2 adjuvants (N SOL H2O 10% + P2O5 SOL H2O 10%) and a paraffinic mineral adjuvant (42.8%) applied at 2 times (9:00 and 18:00 hours). The experimental design used was randomized complete blocks in a 2*2*3 factorial arrangement. The variables evaluated were ASR severity and yield. The application time of fungicide with different flow rates of water and adjuvants did not statistically influence the yield and severity of the ASR, therefore it is considered the application of the fungicide with a water volume of 50 l ha-1 it is the most recommended by being easier to handle due to its low volume.

RESUMEN La disminución de los rendimientos de la soja se asocia con distintos factores entre las que se destaca la roya asiática de la soja (RAS). El control químico es una de las alternativas más utilizadas para el control de la RAS. La aplicación correcta de los fungicidas es una de las prácticas más eficientes, de la misma depende garantizar una buena distribución del principio activo, densidad adecuada y buena cobertura. Con el objetivo de evaluar la eficacia de mezcla de fungicida con diferentes tecnologías de aplicación para el control de la RAS, en el ciclo de la soja 2015/2016, se instaló un experimento en el distrito de Carlos Antonio López, departamento de Itapúa, Paraguay. Los tratamientos consistieron en la utilización del fungicida Azoxystrobin 30% + Benzobindiflupyr 15% aplicado con tres caudales de agua (50, 100 y 150 l ha-1), dos adyuvantes (N SOL H2O 10% + P2O5 SOL H2O 10% y un adyuvante mineral parafínico 42,8%) aplicados en dos horarios (9:00 y 18:00 horas). El diseño experimental fue bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial 2*2*3 con 2 variables evaluadas, severidad de la RAS y rendimiento. El horario de aplicación del fungicida con los distintos caudales de agua y adyuvantes no influyeron estadísticamente sobre el rendimiento y la severidad de la RAS, por lo que se considera que la aplicación del fungicida con un caudal de agua de 50 l ha-1 es la más recomendada por la facilidad de manejo debido el bajo volumen aplicado.

ABSTRACT The livestock productive landscape encompassing Playada, La Piedad, San Francisco, and La Rafaela estates in the western region of Paraguay emerges as a representative model with capabilities for both production and conservation of ecosystem services. Through categorization using ArcGIS 10.3, it was identified that grasslands and savannas cover approximately 35% of the total area, around 5,716 hectares. The study, based on landscapescale homogeneity, allowed for the analysis of physical characteristics, distribution, coverage, and anthropogenic pressures in five Homogeneous Environmental Units (HEUs). The characterization of ecosystem services revealed that forest remnants provide regulation, provisioning, and cultural services, while grasslands are the primary providers of supporting services. Technical profiles were generated for each HEU, and conservation strategies such as agroforestry systems and land planning, derived from sustainable production, were proposed for the benefit of both producers and ecosystems, emphasizing the importance of understanding the dynamics of productive landscapes for resource optimization and long-term sustainability.

RESUMEN El paisaje productivo ganadero en las fincas Playada, La Piedad, San Francisco y La Rafaela, región occidental de Paraguay, se erige como modelo representativo con aptitudes para producción y conservación de servicios ecosistémicos. Mediante categorización con ArcGIS 10.3, se identificó que los pastizales y sabanas cubren aproximadamente el 35% del área total, alrededor de 5,716 hectáreas. El estudio, basado en homogeneidad a escala paisaje, permitió analizar características físicas, distribución, cobertura y presiones antrópicas en cinco Unidades Ambientales Homogéneas (UAH). La caracterización de servicios ecosistémicos reveló que los remanentes boscosos proveen servicios de regulación, provisión y culturales, mientras que los pastizales son los principales proveedores de servicios de soporte. Con fichas técnicas para cada UAH, se propusieron estrategias de conservación como sistemas silvopastoriles y planificación predial, derivadas de la producción sostenible, en beneficio de productores y ecosistemas, subrayando la importancia del conocimiento de la dinámica de paisajes productivos para la optimización de recursos y la sostenibilidad a largo plazo.