ABSTRACT Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) and Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Meneville) are voracious generalist predators, and important aphid control agents. In an environment containing a complex of species, the occurrence of intraguild interactions can interfere in the predator behavior and consumption. The aim of this work was to know the number of nymphs of Rhodobium porosum (Sanderson) and Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus) consumed by larvae of C. externa and H. convergens, and the interaction between these predators when confined together. First, second and third instar nymphs of R. porosum and M. rosae were provided in Petri dishes containing rose leaflets and second instar larvae of the predators. Intraguild interaction was studied in Petri dishes containing first instar nymphs of both aphid species and a second instar larva of C. externa plus one of H. convergens. A third treatment consisted of dishes containing a second instar larva of both predators maintained in the absence of prey. The evaluations took place throughout the entire instar of the predators. C. externa consumed a greater number of R. porosum nymphs and H. convergens a greater number of M. rosae nymphs. For both species of prey, the highest consumption was verified on the last day of evaluation. There was a positive interaction when the predator’s larvae were confined in the presence of aphid nymphs, with no mortality observed for any of them. In the absence of prey, there was 70% mortality of H. convergens larvae due to intraguild predation.

ABSTRACT Frankliniella occidentalis is a pest persistent that attacks the Mexican lemon fruit. Given this, the effect of biorational insecticides on thrips pest management and the impact on natural enemies for the cultivation of Mexican lemon in Michoacán, Mexico, was evaluated, in a completely randomized design, with twelve treatments and ten repetitions; the experimental unit was a tree. The variance data homogeneity test, ANOVA, and Tukey’s comparison of means (p ≤ 0.05) were applied. In the data collection, a previous sampling was done as the starting point of the study and comparison. After treatments, samples were taken at 3, 6, 12, 20, 26, 35, and 41 days later. The study variables were: 1) the number of Frankliniella occidentalis thrips; 2) The number of Olla v-nigrum lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); 3) The number of lacewings Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae); 4) The number of phytoseiids [predatory mites] Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Garlic extract + chamomile and rue extract reduced the thrips population by 58.47; 9.30; 71.43; 40.20; 50.17; 90.37 and 99.67 % at 3, 6, 12, 20, 26, 35, and 41 days after application, respectively. Tolfenpyrad reached its greatest effect by reducing the coccinellid population by 100 % at 3, 6, 12, 26, and 41 days after application. Garlic oil proved to be a good option for thrips control by reducing its population by an average of 60 % and increasing phytoseiid mites by 800 %.

RESUMEN Frankinella occidentalis es una plaga muy persistente que ataca al limón mexicano. Ante ello, se evaluó el efecto de insecticidas biorracionales para el manejo de trips plaga y el impacto sobre los enemigos naturales para el cultivo de limón mexicano en Michoacán, México, en un diseño completamente al azar, con doce tratamientos y diez repeticiones; la unidad experimental fue un árbol. Se aplicó la prueba de homogeneidad de datos de las varianzas, ANOVA y comparación de medias de Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). En la recolección de datos, se hizo un muestreo previo como punto de inicio del estudio y comparación. Posterior a los tratamientos, se realizaron muestreos a los 3, 6, 12, 20, 26, 35 y 41 días después. Las variables de estudio fueron: 1) Número de trips Frankinella occidentalis; 2) Número de catarinas Olla v-nigrum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); 3) Número de crisopas Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae); 4) Número de fitoseidos [ácaros depredadores] Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). El Extracto de ajo + extracto de manzanilla y ruda redujo la población de trips en un 58,47; 9,30; 71,43; 40,20; 50,17; 90,37 y 99,67 % a los 3, 6, 12, 20, 26, 35 y 41 días después de la aplicación respectivamente. El Tolfenpyrad alcanzó su mayor efecto de al disminuir en un 100 % la población de coccinélidos a los 3, 6, 12, 26 y 41 días después de la aplicación. El Aceite de ajo mostró ser una buena opción para el control de trips al disminuir la su población en un promedio de 60 %, e incrementó en un 800 % los ácaros fitoseidos.

ABSTRACT Two new entomological surveys were carried out in the República Democrática de São Tomé e Principe in 2019 (earlier surveys were in 1956 and 2001). Of 16 species of Neuroptera identified, only one, a Mantispidae, appears endemic to the archipelago. Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae account for the majority of species and individuals collected, concentrated here in plantations and anthropized environments, and known to be widely distributed in Africa and even worldwide. Unusually, the family Coniopterygidae is again absent, this time on natural terrains, confirming its earlier absence in 2001 on anthropized and plantation terrains. The findings and ecological distribution support the hypothesis that Hemerobiidae and Chrysopidae were introduced with cash crop cultivation, some of them as late as the 19th century. Their isolation in island environments is probably too recent to have allowed speciation mechanisms to generate endemic species in São Tomé.

ABSTRACT This survey presents an overall view of the order Neuroptera from Brazil. A total of 432 valid extant species of Neuroptera divided into ten families, are recorded from the country. Among the Brazilian fauna, 211 species are endemic (48.8%), with the majority belonging to two families: Chrysopidae with 182 species in 19 genera, and Myrmeleontidae with 88 species in 25 genera. The first species discovered from Brazil was Climaciella semihyalina (Le Peletier & Audinet-Serville), in 1825, by European authors. In fact, European authors entirely dominated the description of Brazilian Neuroptera during the 19th century. Father Longinos Navás from Spain authored the highest number of species described from Brazil, 98, followed by US-American Norman Penny, with 83 species. Sérgio de Freitas, a Brazilian researcher, ranks third, with a total of 50 species described. It was not until the 21st century that the study of neuropterans from Brazil was primarily led by Brazilian-born authors. Primary type specimens of species described from Brazil are predominantly deposited in non-Brazilian institutions (65.7%). The order Neuroptera is distributed across all Brazilian states, except for Alagoas. The two states with the highest neuropteran biodiversity are Amazonas and São Paulo, with 132 and 124 species, respectively. Among the Brazilian biomes, the Mata Atlântica is the most diverse region with 227 known species, followed by the Amazônia with 192 species. Data on immature stages of Neuroptera are scarce and known for only 47 species recorded from Brazil (10.9%).

Resumen Ceraeochrysa claveri Navás (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) es un depredador que se encuentra en varios ecosistemas agrícolas y se alimenta de insectos y ácaros fitófagos. Su alto potencial reproductivo y capacidad depredadora lo convierten en un candidato para el control biológico de plagas agrícolas. Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) es una plaga importante que puede dañar varias especies de palmeras, en particular, Cocos nucifera L. Debido a la escasa información sobre aspectos biológicos de crisópidos alimentados con ácaros fitófagos, se planteó el presente estudio con el objetivo de conocer el desarrollo larval de C. claveri teniendo como presa principal a R. indica. Esta información es necesaria para considerarlo en el manejo integrado de esta plaga. La evaluación se realizó sobre la generación F0. La larva 3 es el instar que mayor cantidad de ácaros consume (F value = 32,99; P > 0,0001) (L3: 46,80 ± 10,12 a; L2: 9,80 ± 1,23 b; L1: 9,40 ± 1,58 b). C. claveri no completó su desarrollo larval al alimentarse únicamente con R. indica viviendo los ínstares larvales 7,4 ± 2,2; 7,6 ± 1,9 y 9,0 ± 3,9 para L1, L2 y L3 respectivamente. Las larvas que llegaron al estado de pupa no lograron superar esta etapa. Al adicionar huevo de Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae) a la dieta de L3, el desarrollo fue 7,9 ± 0,2; 7,4 ± 0,8; 6,5 ± 0,9 y 13,6 ± 0,9 días para L1, L2, L3 y pupa respectivamente. El adulto vivió en promedio 6,7 ± 4,9 d. La relación sexual fue rs = 0,42. De acuerdo con las condiciones en las que se realizó el experimento, se puede inferir que C. claveri no completa su desarrollo al alimentarse únicamente con R. indica y en consecuencia toma a este ácaro como presa ocasional.

Abstract Ceraeochrysa claveri Navás (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is a predator found in several agricultural ecosystems and feeds on insects and phytophagous mites. Its high reproductive potential and forage capacity makes it a candidate for biological control of agricultural pests. Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) is an important pest that can damage several species of palms, in particular, Cocos nucifera L. Given the scarcity of available knowledge about the biological aspects of Chrysopidae fed with phytophagous mites, the present work aimed to study the larval development of C. claveri fed mainly with R. indica, in order to obtain information that would be of help in the integrated management of this pest. The evaluation was performed in the F0 generation. Larva 3 is the instar that consumes the most mites (F value = 32.99; P > 0.0001) (L3: 46.80 ± 10.12 a; L2: 9.80 ± 1.23 b; L1: 9.40 ± 1.58 b). C. claveri did not complete larval development when fed only with R. indica. Larval instars L1, L2 and L3 lived 7.4 ± 2.2, 7.6 ± 1.9 and 9.0 ± 3.9 days, respectively. The larvae that reached the pupal stage failed to grow further. When adding Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae) eggs to the diet, the development lasted 7.9 ± 0.2, 7.4 ± 0.8, 6.5 ± 0.9 and 13.6 ± 0.9 days for L1, L2, L3 and pupae, respectively. The adults lived on average 6.7 ± 4.9 days. The sexual ratio was rt = 0.42. According to the conditions under which the experiment was carried out, it can be inferred is that C. claveri cannot complete its development by feeding only on R. indica, and that it thus consumes this mite as an occasional prey.

Abstract The present study provides information on the composition and seasonal abundance of the families Chrysopidae, Coniopterygidae and Hemerobiidae associated with Mexican lime trees [Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle] in Tecomán, Colima. The study was conducted in a Mexican lime orchard, untreated chemically. Field surveys were carried out during 13 months, from May 2013 to June 2014. Sampling was carried out monthly using 5 collecting techniques: Malaise trap, sweeping net, aerial net, yellow pan traps, and canopy fogging. A total of 508 specimens were collected, placed in 3 families and 21 species, 6 of those are new citrus records worldwide, 7 are new distribution records for Colima state, and 7 are new citrus records in Mexico. The most abundant and frequent species were Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen, 1861), Ceraeochrysa cincta (Scheider, 1851) and Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861). Diversity of order 1, including the species of the 3 families and their relative abundance, was 7.1 effective species; and during the first period of vegetative sprouting of Mexican lime trees, the 3 families share maximum values of diversity. The results have implications for the conservation and use of the diversity of Neuroptera associated with citrus trees in the state.

Resumen El presente estudio proporciona información sobre la composición y la abundancia estacional de estas familias asociadas al cultivo de limón mexicano [Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle] en Tecomán, Colima. El estudio fue llevado a cabo en un cultivo de limón, sin tratamiento químico. La colecta se realizó por 13 meses, de mayo de 2013 a junio de 2014. El muestreo fue mensual y se utilizaron 5 técnicas de captura: trampa Malaise, red de golpeo, red aérea, platos amarillos y fumigación de dosel. Se recolectaron 508 especímenes, repartidos en 3 familias y 21 especies; 6 son nuevos registros en cítricos a nivel mundial, 7 son nuevos registros de distribución para Colima y 7 son nuevos registros en cítricos para México. Las especies más abundantes y frecuentes fueron Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen, 1861), Ceraeochrysa cincta (Scheider, 1851) y Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861). La diversidad de orden 1 para las 3 familias fue de 7.1 especies efectivas y compartieron los valores máximos de diversidad durante el primer periodo de brotación vegetativa del limón mexicano. Los resultados tienen implicaciones para la conservación y uso de la diversidad de especies de Neuroptera asociadas a cítricos en el estado.

Resumen En el presente trabajo se informan los números cromosómicos somáticos y/o gaméticos de 15 especies de insectos presentes en Argentina, que se caracterizan por su importancia económica como plagas de cultivos o controladores de plagas agrícolas, pertenecientes a los siguientes órdenes y familias: Neuroptera, Chrysopidae: Ceraeochrysa cincta (n = 5 + XY), Ceraeochrysa paraguaria (n = 5 + XY), Chrysoperla argentina (n = 5 + XY), Chrysoperla asoralis (n = 5 + XY) , Chrysoperla externa (n = 5 + XY), Leucochrysa cruentata (n = 7 + XY) y Plesiochrysa elongata (n = 5 + XY), Coleoptera, Coccinellidae: Cycloneda sanguinea (n = 9 + XYp), Eriopis connexa (n = 9 + XYp), Harmonia axyridis (n = 7 + XYp), Hippodamia convergens (n = 9 + XYp) y Melyridae: Astylus atromaculatus (n = 8 + XYp), Dermaptera, Forficulidae: Doru lineare (2n = 20), D. luteipes (2n = 20) y Diptera, Ulidiidae: Euxesta eluta (n = 5 + XY). Por primera vez, se cita información cromosómica para seis especies, incluyendo un número cromosómico gamético adicional para Euxesta eluta. Además, se da a conocer en Astylus atromaculatus un número cromosómico diferente a los recuentos previamente reportados.

Abstract In the present study, the somatic and gametic chromosome numbers in fifteen species of insects from Argentina are reported. Said species are characterized for their economic importance as pest of crops or as agricultural pest controllers. The species belonged to the following orders and families: Neuroptera, Chrysopidae: Ceraeochrysa cincta (n = 5 + XY), Ceraeochrysa paraguaria (n = 5 + XY), Chrysoperla argentina (n = 5 + XY), Chrysoperla asoralis (n = 5 + XY), Chrysoperla externa (n = 5 + XY), Leucochrysa cruentata (n = 7 + XY) y Plesiochrysa elongate (n = 5 + XY), Coleoptera, Coccinellidae: Cyclonela sanguinea (n = 9 + XYp), Eriopis connexa (n = 9 + XYp), Harmonia axyridis (n = 7 + XYp), Hippodamia convergens (n = 9 + XYp), y Melyridae: Astylus atromaculatus (n = 8 + XYp), Dermaptera, Forficulidae: Doru lineare (2n = 20) and D. luteipes (2n = 20), Diptera, Ulidiidae: Euxesta eluta (n = 5 + XY). Chromosomal information for six species and additional gametic chromosome number for Euxesta eluta are established for the first time. In addition, a new chromosome number is cited for Astylus atromaculatus that is different to the one previously reported.

Resumen Los compuestos de defensa indirectos, denominados compuestos volátiles de plantas inducidos por herbívoros (HIPV por su sigla en inglés), al atraer fauna benéfica, son una de las herramientas de control biológico efectivas para la agregación de enemigos naturales de plagas claves. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la atracción de formulaciones sintéticas de cuatro HIPV principales: [salicilato de metilo (MeSa), benzaldehído (B), linalool (L) y farneseno (F)], solos y en combinaciones binarias (MeSa + B; MeSa + F; MeSa + L; F + B; B + L; F + L) a tres depredadores de áfidos de las familias Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae y Syrphidae en una plantación de manzanas de la provincia Bursa, en Turquía. Este estudio representa la primera evidencia de la atracción que ejercen combinaciones únicas y binarias de HIPV sintéticas a depredadores de áfidos en un manzanar. Relativamente, un mayor número de coccinélidos fue capturado por los tratamientos individuales de B y F en comparación con otras combinaciones de HIPV. Los individuos de crisópidos fueron más atraídos significativamente a las trampas cebadas con estos HIPV sólos. Además, la combinación binaria de MeSa + L atrajo significativamente más sírfidos que sus tratamientos únicos y trampas de control. Por lo tanto, se encontró que algunos de los HIPV evaluados tenían un valor potencial en la atracción de depredadores de áfidos en los manzanos.

Abstract The indirect defence compounds termed herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), which are used to attract beneficial fauna, are one of the most effective biological control tools for the aggregation of natural enemies of key pests. The aim of this study was to test the attraction of three aphid predators of the Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae and Syrphidae families using synthetic formulations of four main HIPVs [methyl salicylate (MeSa), benzaldehyde (B), linalool (L) and farnesene (F)] alone and in binary combinations (MeSa + B; MeSa + F; MeSa + L; F + B; B + L; F + L) in an apple orchard in the Bursa province of Turkey. This study was the first demonstration of the attraction of these aphid predators to single and binary combinations of synthetic HIPVs in an apple orchard. A larger number of coccinellids were captured using single treatments of both B and F than with other HIPV combinations. Furthermore, the chrysopid individuals studied were significantly attracted to traps baited with single HIPVs. In addition, the binary combination of MeSa + L significantly attracted more Syrphids than in both single treatments and control traps. Thus, some of the HIPV’s tested were found to have potential value for the congregation of aphid predators in apple orchards.

RESUMO Coffea canephora (café Conilon) tem grande importância econômica para o estado do Acre, porém o uso de inseticidas nessa cultura tem aumentado consideravelmente nos últimos anos. A fim de prospectar espécies de Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) com potencial para uso em programas de controle biológico de pragas dessa cultura, nós amostramos crisopídeos em um plantio experimental de café Conilon no Acre durante um ano, para avaliar a diversidade, abundância e ocorrência sazonal de espécies deste grupo de insetos. As amostragens foram semanais por meio do uso de rede entomológica. Foram coletados 1079 espécimes de sete espécies de crisopídeos: Ceraeochrysa cincta, Ceraeochrysa claveri, Ceraeochrysa cubana, Ceraeochrysa everes, Chrysoperla externa, Leucochrysa (Nodita) cruentata and Leucochrysa (Nodita) marquezi. Ceraeochrysa cubana foi a espécie mais dominante e constante, constituindo 97% dos exemplares coletados e ocorrendo em 82% das amostras. Esses resultados, somados ao fato de que C. cubana é predadora de diversas pragas agrícolas e possui resistência a vários inseticidas, indicam que essa espécie é candidata potencial para o uso em futuros programas de controle biológico de pragas de café Conilon no sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira.

ABSTRACT Coffea canephora (Conilon coffee) has great economic importance for the state of Acre, in northern Brazil. The use of insecticides in this crop has increased considerably in recent years. In order to find species of green lacewing (Chrysopidae, Neuroptera) with potential for use in biological pest control in coffee plantations, we sampled green lacewings during one year in an experimental plantation of Conilon coffee in Acre, in order to assess the diversity, abundance and seasonal occurrence of Chrysopidae species. Samplings were carried out weekly using an entomological net. Overall, 1079 specimens of seven green lacewing species were collected: Ceraeochrysa cincta, Ceraeochrysa claveri, Ceraeochrysa cubana, Ceraeochrysa everes, Chrysoperla externa, Leucochrysa (Nodita) cruentata and Leucochrysa (Nodita) marquezi. Ceraeochrysa cubana was the dominant and constant species, comprising 97% of the sampled specimens and occurring in 82% of the weekly samples. The abundance and constant presence of C. cubana, which preys upon several agricultural pests and has shown resistance to various insecticides, make this species a potential candidate for future programs of biological control in Conilon coffee plantations in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon region.

The diversity of arthropods present in the crops of yellow and white Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. in greenhouse is analyzed, based on the species richness, abundance and trophic roles. The study was carried out in a greenhouse located in El Carmen (Jujuy). Field tasks consisted of three strokes per plant to 30 plants taken randomly, with two repetitions, and a specific sampling of extraction of five flowers in three opening states (floral bud, flower-semi-open and open flower) for each color throughout the crop cycle. Samples were observed under a stereoscopic microscope for the extraction of the associated arthropods, which were identified and stored in flasks with 70% ethanol as well as microscopy slides. A total of 9,027 arthropods were collected, distributed in the classes Insecta (eight orders and 25 families) and Arachnida (three orders and nine families). The most diverse functional group was the phytophagous. This included the dominant species Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera) and Tetranychus urticae (Prostigmata). The entomophagous group was represented by Anthocoridae (Hemiptera), Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) and 11 families of Hymenoptera parasitica, Phytoseiidae (Mesostigmata) and seven families of Araneae. The less abundant groups were the detritivores (Psocoptera), fungivores (Latridiidae), xylophagous (Bostrichidae), and the varied diet (Formicidae).

Se analizó la diversidad de artrópodos presentes en Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. de color amarillo y blanco cultivado en invernadero, en función de la riqueza de especies, abundancia y roles tróficos. El estudio se realizó en un invernadero ubicado en El Carmen (Jujuy). Los muestreos consistieron en tres golpes por planta a 30 plantas tomadas al azar, con dos repeticiones, y un muestreo específico de extracción de cinco flores en tres estados de apertura (botón floral, semiabierta y abierta) para cada color a lo largo del ciclo del cultivo. Las muestras se observaron bajo microscopio estereoscópico para la extracción de los artrópodos asociados, los que fueron identificados y conservados en frascos con etanol 70% o bien como preparaciones microscópicas. Se recolectaron 9.027 artrópodos, distribuidos en las clases Insecta (ocho órdenes y 25 familias) y Arachnida (tres órdenes y nueve familias). El grupo funcional más diverso fue el de fitófagos, siendo las especies dominantes Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera) y Tetranychus urticae (Prostigamata). Entre los entomófagos se registraron representantes de las familias Anthocoridae (Hemiptera), Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), Phytoseiidae (Mesostigmata), 11 familias de Hymenoptera parasítica, y siete familias de Araneae. Los grupos menos abundantes fueron los detritívoros (Psocoptera), fungívoros (Latridiidae), xilófagos (Bostrichidae) y de alimentación variada (Formicidae).

Abstract To know the potential of Asclepias curassavica L. in the management of pests, from January 1 to December 28, 2012, a study was established in a plantation of “Persian” lemon Citrus latifolia in Emiliano Zapata, Villamar, Michoacán, Mexico. One section (treatment) included the A. curassavica plant and the other remained without that species (control). Weekly samples documented species and number of predators, phytophages, parasitoids, and parasitism levels in aphids. Toxoptera aurantii, Aphis spiraecola, Diaphorina citri and Phyllocnistis citrella were the main pests. Its largest populations occurred in the second half of the year and coincided with the main periods of budding of the crop. The main natural enemies observed in A. curassavica were the families Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chamaemyiidae, Chrysopidae and the parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes. The Coccinellids predominated during the first semester of the year, while the other groups were frequent throughout the year. The results show a 46.3% reduction in citrus aphid populations where Asclepias were established; however, D. citri populations increased 77%. Probably the greatest biocontrol of aphids favored the availability of empty niches (vegetative shoots) and consequently the populations of the psyllid. The wide diversity of natural enemies registered in A. curassavica suggests a high potential of the plant to be used in the regulation and stability of the entomowildlife of agroecosystems, rather than in the control of specific pests.

Resumen Para conocer el potencial de Asclepias curassavica L. en el manejo de plagas, del 01 de enero al 28 de diciembre de 2012, se estableció un estudio en una plantación de limón “persa” Citrus latifolia en Emiliano Zapata, Villamar, Michoacán, México. Una sección (tratamiento) incluyó la planta A. curassavica y la otra se mantuvo sin esa especie (testigo). Muestreos semanales documentaron especies y número de depredadores, fitófagos, parasitoides, y niveles de parasitismo en áfidos. Toxoptera aurantii, Aphis spiraecola, Diaphorina citri y Phyllocnistis citrella, fueron las principales plagas. Sus mayores poblaciones ocurrieron en el segundo semestre del año y coincidieron con los principales periodos de brotación del cultivo. Los principales enemigos naturales observados en A. curassavica fueron las familias Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chamaemyiidae, Chrysopidae y el parasitoide Lysiphlebus testaceipes. Los Coccinellidos predominaron durante el primer semestre del año, mientras que los otros grupos fueron frecuentes durante todo el año. Los resultados muestran una reducción de 46.3% en las poblaciones de áfidos de los cítricos donde se establecieron Asclepias; sin embargo, las poblaciones de D. citri se incrementaron 77%. Probablemente el mayor biocontrol de áfidos favoreció la disponibilidad de nichos vacíos (brotes vegetativos) y consecuentemente las poblaciones del psílido. La amplia diversidad de enemigos naturales registrados en A. curassavica sugiere un alto potencial de la planta para utilizarse en la regulación y estabilidad de la entomofauna de los agroecosistemas, más que en el control de plagas específicas.

Abstract The study objectives were to determine species associated Chrysopidae Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama in commercial orchards in the state of Sinaloa, Mexico, and evaluate the ability of predation on eggs and nymphs of D. citri. Five species of Chrysopidae were identified in orange orchards and Mexican lime in different regions of the state of Sinaloa; Chrysoperla comanche (Banks), Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister), Chrysoperla carnea s. lat., Ceraeochrysa valid (Banks) and Ceraeochrysa Claveri (Navas). Ch. Comanche and Ceraechrysa valida were the most abundant species (p< 0.0004); Ch. comanche and Ch. rufilabris and showed greater capacity for predation immature eggs, nymphs girls (nymph 1 and nymph 2) and large nymphs (nymph 4 and nymph 5) to D. citri during the first six hours of exposure prey to predator. However, in the last reading of predation, at 24 h, all species of lacewing consumption had almost similar (p> 0.05), about 100 specimens per predator. Egg consumption and nymph girl was greater than that of large nymphs. These results support the use of Ch. comanche for biological control of D. citri in the state of Sinaloa.

Resumen Los objetivos del estudio fueron determinar especies de Chrysopidae asociadas al psílido asiático de los cítricos Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, en huertas comerciales en el estado de Sinaloa, México, y evaluar la capacidad de depredación sobre huevo y ninfas de D. citri. Se identificaron cinco especies de Chrysopidae en huertas de naranja y limón mexicano en diferentes regiones del estado de Sinaloa; Chrysoperla comanche (Banks), Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister), Chrysoperla carnea s. lat., Ceraeochrysa valida (Banks) y Ceraeochrysa claveri (Navás). Ch. comanche y Ceraechrysa valida fueron las especies más abundantes (p< 0.0004); Ch. comanche y Ch. rufilabris mostraron mayor capacidad de depredación de estados inmaduros: huevos, ninfas chicas (ninfa 1 y ninfa 2) y ninfas grandes (ninfa 4 y ninfa 5) de D. citri durante las primeras seis horas de exposición de las presas al depredador. Sin embargo, en la última lectura de depredación, a las 24 h, todas las especies de crisopa presentaron un consumo prácticamente similar (p> 0.05), de alrededor de 100 especímenes por depredador. El consumo de huevo y ninfa chica fue mayor que el de ninfas grandes. Estos resultados sustentan el empleo de Ch. comanche para el control biológico de D. citri en el estado de Sinaloa.

Diaphorina citri, el vector de Candidatus Liberibacter spp., es atacado en el continente americano por diversas especies de depredadores generalistas que podrían ser aprovechadas en programas de control biológico; dentro de ellos, los crisópidos sobresalen por su abundancia y frecuencia en zonas citrícolas donde D. citri está presente. En este estudio se determinó la preferencia de tamaños de presa en larvas de Chrysoperlacomanche, C. externa, C. rufilabris, Ceraeochrysa cincta, Ce. claveri y Ce. valida (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) en experimentos de opción y no opción en condiciones de laboratorio, donde se registró el número de ninfas consumidas por cada instar larval en un periodo de 6 h; los datos se sometieron a análisis de varianza y se determinó el índice de preferencia de Manly’s (P). Los resultados muestran que los tres instares larvales de las especies de Chrysoperlay Ceraeochrysa estudiadas consumieron los diferentes tamaños de ninfas de D. citri ofrecidos, aunque presentaron una tendencia por consumir ninfas pequeñas (ínstares I y II). Con excepción de Ce. valida, el tercer instar larval fue el más voraz en todas las especies de crisópidos evaluadas. Los resultados mostraron que ambos géneros de crisopas son muy voraces sobre ninfas de D. citri , lo que sustentan el potencial de las especies evaluadas para ser consideradas en programas de control biológico de este insecto plaga.

Diaphorina citri, the vector of Candidatus Liberibacter spp., is attacked in the American continent by diverse species of generalist predators that could be used in biological control programs; among them, green lacewings stand out because of their abundance and high frequency in citrus areas where D. citri occurs. In the present study, the preference in prey size by larvae of Chrysoperla comanche, C. externa, C. rufilabris, Ceraeochrysa cincta, Ce. claveri and Ce. valida(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) was determined in choice and no-choice experiments. The number of nymphs consumed by each larval instar was registered during a 6-hour period; data was analyzed using ANOVA and Manly’s preference index (P). The results showed that species of Chrysoperlaand Ceraeochrysa in their three larval instars consumed different sizes of D. citri nymphs, although they showed a tendency to consume small nymphs (I and II instars). The third larval instar of Chrysoperlaexterna, C. rufilabris, C. comanche, Ceraeochrysa cincta, and Ce. claveri, was the most voracious. The results showed that both genera of green lacewings voraciously consumed D. citri nymphs, thus showing the potential of this species to be considered for biological control programs of this insect.

Objetivou-se, com a presente pesquisa, conhecer a diversidade de espécies de crisopídeos (Chrysopidae) em cultivos de tomateiro estaqueado localizados nos municípios de Cambuci e Seropédica, no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Ovos de crisopídeos foram coletados manualmente, e os adultos do predador, com o uso de aspirador bucal em lavoura comercial, em Cambuci, e em lavoura experimental, em Seropédica. Em Seropédica foram obtidas quatro espécies de crisopídeos: Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider, 1851), Ceraeochrysa sp1., Chrysopodes elongatus (Freitas; Penny, 2001) e Chrysopodes sp1. e em Cambuci, duas espécies: Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) e Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen, 1861).

This research aimed to investigate the diversity of species of lacewings (Chrysopidae) associated to trellised tomato crops in the counties of Cambuci and Seropédica, in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Eggs and adults of chrysopids were collected, manually and by oral suction device, respectively, in Cambuci (commercial farming) and Seropédica (experimental farming). Four species were obtained: Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider, 1851), Ceraeochrysa sp1., Chrysopodes elongatus (Freitas; Penny, 2001) and Chrysopodes sp1. in the experimental farming in Seropédica, while in the commercial farming in Cambuci only two species were found: Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) and Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen, 1861).

Os insetos predadores da família Chrysopidae têm sido relatados tanto em ecossistemas naturais como nos agroecossistemas, sejam eles cultivos consorciados ou monocultivos. Porém, são escassas as informações sobre o comportamento das populações desses insetos nos agroecossistemas diversificados, como aqueles de base agroecológica. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de determinar a riqueza de espécies de crisopídeos e avaliar a influência de diferentes cultivos agrícolas, assim como de fatores climáticos na abundância desses insetos em sistema de produção orgânica diversificada. O estudo foi conduzido de setembro de 2008 a agosto de 2009, por meio de amostragens semanais de adultos de Chrysopidae em áreas do Sistema Integrado de Produção Agroecológica, em Seropédica (RJ), cada qual com um tipo de sistema de cultivo (rotação milho-mucuna/olerícolas, cafeeiros sombreados e rotação cana-de-açúcar/pastagem de braquiária). Um total de 424 espécimes de crisopídeos foi coletado, sendo distribuídos em três espécies: Chrysoperla externa (98,1%), Ceraeochrysa cubana (1,7%) e Ceraeochrysa paraguaria (0,2%). Não houve diferença no número de adultos coletados em função dos diferentes cultivos, embora a análise de correlação evidencie que as rotações com poáceas favoreçam o aumento da sua abundância. A abundância dos crisopídeos foi influenciada pelo clima apenas no sistema de cafeeiros sombreados, sendo correlacionada negativamente com a temperatura média do ar e a com a precipitação pluvial acumulada.

The green lacewings (Chrysopidae) have been reported in natural ecosystems as well in agroecosystems, intercropping or monocropping. However, the knowledge on their behavior on different agroecosystems is scarce. The present work aimed to determine the diversity of green lacewing species and to evaluate the influence of different agricultural crops, as well as climate factors, on the abundance of these insects in an agroecologically-based organic production system. The study was conducted from September 2008 to August 2009, by performing weekly sampling of Chrysopidae adults in areas of the Integrated Production Agroecological System (SIPA) in Seropédica (RJ), each with one type of cropping system (corn-mucuna rotation/vegetable crops; shaded coffees and sugar cane/brachiaria pasture rotation). A total of 424 adult specimens were collected, belonging to three species: Chrysoperla externa (98.1%), Ceraeochrysa cubana (1.7%) and Ceraeochrysa paraguaria (0.2%). There were no differences on the number of green lacewing adults collected in the crops, although the correlation analysis showed that the crop rotations with grasses favor their abundance. The abundance of green lacewings was also influenced by the climate conditions only in the system of shaded coffees, being negatively correlated with mean air temperature and accumulated rainfall.